What Is a Water Pump in a Car?

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The water pump ensures the coolant keeps moving through the engine block, radiator, and hoses to help maintain a proper operating temperature.

What Does a Water Pump Do in a Car?

Using an impeller blade (a rotor used to increase the pressure and flow of fluid) and centrifugal force, it transports cooled water into the engine. Once the water has traveled around the engine, it continues through hoses to the radiator, where the water is cooled by the movement of air over the radiator’s fins. Then, it leaves the radiator, goes back into the water pump completing the cycle and beginning all over again. If the water pump is doing its job, the engine should be able to maintain a normal, consistent temperature.

What Makes Water Pumps Go Out?

1. Worn water pump bearings. If loose enough, can cause belts to lose their grip and fall off.

2. Water pump leaks. This is a sign that seals or gaskets have failed. If the shaft seal is the cause, the whole pump will need to be replaced. If it’s just the gasket, you may not need a whole new pump.

3. Broken fan blades. Serpentine belt driven water pumps equipped with plastic flan blades can break creating vibrations and cause the water pump bearings to fail.

Symptoms of a Failed Water Pump

1. A coolant leak in the center towards the front of your car. Gaskets and seals are meant to keep coolant inside the engine, but over time they will dry out, crack, or break causing the coolant to leak from the water pump.

2. Corrosion of the water pump such as mineral build-up, rust, or contamination identified on the water pump. This is often caused by using the incorrect coolant, which makes cooling the engine more difficult on your vehicle.

3. Loose water pump pulley. A high pitched or light thumping noise might be heard from the front of the vehicle caused by a loose serpentine belt. The buzzing pattern or whining reverberation is created as it circulates. Serpentine belts can snap off due to dryness, the pulley comes loose, or the bearings operating the water pump wear out.

4. Engine overheating. If your water pump is not functioning, the coolant won’t be able to move through the engine to cool it off. Have a technician inspect your vehicle right away if your vehicle is overheating to avoid further damage. Damages from overheating include cracked cylinder heads, damaged head gaskets, or burnt pistons.

5. Steam escaping from the engine. Unless it’s below freezing outside, you should not see any sort of steam rising from the front of your vehicle. Steam is a surefire sign that the engine is overheating. Pull over, open your hood to help the engine cool, and call for a tow truck to take your vehicle to an automotive repair center. Do not continue to drive with an overheated engine or you risk severe damages and costly repairs.

Servicing the cooling system can help prevent unexpected water pump trouble. Since coolant is a lubricant for the water pump and other cooling system components, ensuring the coolant is clean and pure is key. Routine maintenance such as coolant flushes every 30,000 – 45,000 and inspections will help prevent mechanical failures and overheating in your vehicle. Keep yourself hydrated, as well as your car, and you’ll both be able to travel for miles and miles.

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Car Wheel

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A car wheel is a circular device that is an essential part of a vehicle’s structure and functionality. It is typically made of metal, such as steel or aluminium alloy, and is designed to support the weight of the vehicle while allowing it to roll smoothly. Car wheels are attached to the vehicle’s axle and are usually equipped with a tyre that provides traction and cushioning.

Functions of Car Wheel:

Over the years cars have evolved into a wide range of shapes, sizes, and designs. Some auto parts are now obsolete, have expired, or are being replaced by newer models. Wheels are the only car parts that have always been used.

These circular structures generate rotary motion and are responsible for moving the car from one place to another. Consequently, wheels are an essential component of any automobile. Since their discovery in 3500 BC these circular blocks have adopted various designs, structures, and styles.

WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF A WHEEL

The car wheel is one of the essential parts of a vehicle. It produces a rotatory function and moves the car from one point to another. Since their invention in 3500 BC, car wheels have changed various designs, styles and structures. However, their function is still the same. Read on and find more about car wheel parts name and their functions.

1. THE WHEEL DISC OR RIM: This is metallic and can be made of different materials and have different shapes, but basically, it is a tube and the rest of the elements of the wheel are placed on it. These other elements are attached to it through bolts and nuts.

For tubeless tyres, there must be a proper fitting between the tyre and the rim. The car wheel rim is made of a strong material such as steel so that it can take the load of a car. The car’s size determines the width and the diameter of the rim. Moreover, you can also get customised car wheel rims as they come in different colours and styles.

2. THE VALVES: The car tyre valve is one of the key car wheel parts that helps in inflating and deflating the car tyres. The air or nitrogen necessary to fill the chamber is introduced through it or it is removed if an excessive amount has been put in. When closed, this valve keeps the air or nitrogen inside, preventing it from escaping to the outside. It is, therefore, a key element to maintain tyre pressure and driving safely.

The mechanism of the valve is integrated with a tyre pressure monitoring system which helps drivers to understand the pressure condition.

3. THE HUBCAPS: Some wheels have a trim known as a hubcap. Sometimes this hides the nuts or bolts of the rim. In principle, its purpose is merely decorative, although it also helps to keep the rim clean of dirt particles.

Hubcaps caps are securely fit in the hub area of your car to encounter all sorts of dust and debris. Besides, hubcaps also help in increasing the lifespan of your wheel by protecting wheel nuts and bolts from corrosion.

The hubs in the car wheel allow it to take turns. It also maintains the wheel speed sensor and plays an important role in the braking, steering and traction of your vehicle.

4. COUNTERWEIGHTS: Another part of a wheel is the counterweights. In fact, it is an element that some people are unaware of but that is essential for safe driving. These counterweights are small in size and are usually made of lead. These are placed on the rims and their main purpose is to balance all four wheels and prevent vibrations while driving.

Not only is this vibration uncomfortable, but it can also damage shock absorbers, reduce tyre life, and make driving less safe.

5. THE TYRE: Last but not least, tyres are actually one of the most crucial parts of a car wheel system. Because without tyres, the rim, the valve, and the counterweights, it is of little use. Also, it is one with the highest volume.

The job of car tyres is to provide traction and cushion the shock with the help of suspension and shock absorber. Tyres also cover rims from touching the ground.

The tread in car tyres is the outermost part that comes with a tread pattern. If you want to check the tyre tread depth, you can use a coin or follow this guide.

SYMPTOMS OF A BENT TYRE WHEEL

A bent tyre wheels deterioration can put vehicle safety at risk. It can cause the wheel to pinch or pop, resulting in a blowout. Therefore it is important to have a basic understanding of how to diagnose an affected tyre rim. Here are the top signs that you must be able to identify.

1. TYRE KEEPS DEFLATING: If you notice your car tyre keeps losing pressure, it might be due to a bent rim. One of the reasons for a flat tyre is the separation of the rim from the airtight seal around the tyre. As a result, the air leaks causing the tyre to deflate.

Also, there will be visible damage to your wheels such as scratches or abrasions. You can remove hubcaps to see any deformation on the wheel.

2. SHAKY STEERING: When an uneven tyre hits the road, it causes a bump in the ride. These noises will pick up momentum when you accelerate. An unbalanced tyre causes constant vibration and shaking in the steering wheel column and seats.

3. DIFFICULTY IN CONTROLLING THE CAR: When a tyre rim is bent or damaged, it becomes difficult to control your vehicle. This causes a change in the tire pressure which impacts the steering of the car. The vehicle will swerve and jostle around easily. You will notice a thumping sound in your car if it has a bent tyre rim.

4. EXTREME PULLING TO ONE SIDE: When your car pulls to one side, it indicates a misalignment of the wheels. In case of a damaged tyre rim, the car will pull towards one side.

CAUSES OF A BENT CAR WHEEL

A car wheel can be affected by several factors. From driving over uneven surfaces to basic car maintenance mistakes, the tyre rims can be affected, compromising vehicle safety.

Here are the common causes of bent car wheels

1. DRIVING OVER POTHOLES: There are several reasons to avoid driving over potholes since it significantly impacts the car’s structure. Since the tyres are in direct contact with the road, the impact causes deformation and deflation. The car wheel can easily be cracked and dented, leading to less stability of the vehicle.

2. UNDERINFLATED TYRES: It is important that the car tyres have the appropriate inflation. If not, driving over uneven roads with underinflated tyres causes the rim to bend. The impact of bumps, pebbles and ruts results in the deformation of the tyre.

3. CORROSION: The constant exposure to oxygen causes the rims to corrode. The corrosion leads to the deterioration of the metal, weakening its strength. The process gradually increases with time, however, it must be inspected at the earliest to avoid any further damage.

4. CURB DAMAGE: Wheels can be damaged when the vehicle is parked along tall curbs. Curbs grind the paint job and put dents in the metal. Sharp turns also cause the tyre rims to bend.

What Is A Car Tyre

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A tyre is a ring-shaped component that surrounds a wheel's rim to transfer a vehicle's load from the axle through the wheel to the ground and to provide traction on the surface over which the wheel travels

The Importance of Tyre Maintenance

Regular tyre maintenance is a vital aspect to ensuring the safety and optimal performance of your vehicle. By maintaining your tyres, you not only prolong their lifespan but also improve your car's handling, fuel efficiency and overall ride quality. Furthermore, well-maintained tyres help reduce the likelihood of accidents, which can save lives and reduce repair costs.

6 Signs Your Car Needs New Tyres

If your tyres are overly worn, they will worsen the control of your car, give you less grip on the road and increase the chance of aquaplaning. Your stopping distance is poorer when your tyres are overly worn and could even result in a blowout.

So, we’ve put together a checklist of 6 signs you should look out for that your tyres are in need of replacing, so you won't need an expert to tell you it’s time to change.

1. Tyre Tread Depth

Your tyres will need to meet legal requirements for them to be roadworthy. If you disregard these regulations and continue to drive with overly worn tyres, this could result in points on your licence or hefty fines.

If you were to purchase a brand-new car, the tread depth would be around 8mm but, throughout its time, it will wear down. The legal limit for the depth of tread on each tyre needs to have a minimum of 1.6mm. So, when your tyres are lower than 3mm, you must get them booked in at your local tyre garage.

2. Cracks on the Sidewall

When you’re checking your tyres, you should be looking for any visible cracks. The cracks in the sidewall of the tyre are a prior indication of a potential blowout, which is highly dangerous when travelling at speed. Cracks occur due to deterioration in the chemicals and oils in the rubber material the tyres are made up of.

3. Your Tyres are Over 5 Years Old

Tyres have a lifespan which if bought from new, will last around 5 years. After this time the rubber compound begins to come apart, resulting in a high likelihood of cracks and blisters appearing on your tyres and sometimes even blowouts.

Even if they seem usable, it’s still a good idea to get yourself a new set of tyres. Another way you can tell it's time to replace your tyres is by checking their mileage. If you have a look at the manufacturer’s recommendations for how many miles they can do before they will need replacing. On average, tyres will last for around 25,000 miles, however, this depends on your driving style and the car you drive

4. Strange Noises Coming From Your Tyres

We all know how concerning it is when you suddenly hear peculiar noises coming from your car. You must get your car checked out for any odd noises, especially when they’re coming from your tyres. A squeaking, whining or creaking sound is often an indication that you have a problem with your tyres.

These noises occur when a tyre gets a puncture or starts to crack, the sound is produced when there is a change in air compression. You should not disregard this noise if you hear it, as it could result in a tyre blowout.

5. Your Car is Vibrating

If you're noticing excessive vibration in your tyres while driving, this is most likely a sign that there is a problem with your alignment and/or balancing. Tyre vibration is not only irritating, but it can also affect your judgement significantly and it may cause an accident. If you ignore the vibration and don't act upon it, your tyres will begin to wear unevenly and excessively, resulting in an early tyre replacement.

6. Bulges and Blisters on Your Tyre

In some cases, the outer surface of the tyre will begin to weaken. Over time as the tyre continues to weaken, bulges or blisters can emerge from the rest of the surface. This weakened area may cause a sudden blowout, so if you notice anything unusual with your tyre, it is vital to get your tyres checked out immediately or even replaced.

Tyre Replacement

Despite your best efforts, tyres will eventually wear out and need to be replaced. Choose high-quality tyres from a trusted supplier, such as Kamsiparts Limited, to ensure optimal performance, safety and longevity.

What Is A Power Steering Fluid?

A power steering fluid is a hydraulic fluid that acts as a means of transmitting hydraulic pressure in the power steering system of vehicles. Without it, the system may fail and make driving dangerous. It also helps to lubricate and protect the system's components against corrosion. It is important to regularly revise the liquid's level and quality, and replace it according to the manufacturer's recommendations.

Types of power steering fluid

Power steering fluid is a key element in a vehicle's steering system and its choice must be made carefully. The two most common types of fluid are mineral hydraulic and synthetic hydraulic, both designed to lubricate and protect the steering system's components.

What are power steering oils for?

Power steering oils are essential for the proper functioning of the power steering system of a vehicle. These oils are designed to lubricate and protect the components of the system and reduce wear and friction. It is important to choose the appropriate power steering oil for the vehicle, bearing in mind the type of steering system used.

How to detect low oil level in the steering of a vehicle?

To detect if the steering oil level is low in a vehicle, the following steps must be followed:
Locate the steering oil tank in the vehicle.
Check the steering oil level in the tank by using the dipstick or the level indicator if the vehicle has it.
If the steering oil level is below the recommended level, it must be filled with the appropriate steering oil for the vehicle.
Check if there are leaks in the steering system and solve any problems before filling up the steering oil.
It is important to keep in mind that the low steering oil level can negatively affect the vehicle's steering system's performance, which can cause safety problems while driving. Therefore, it is essential to regularly check the steering oil level and fill up if necessary with the oil recommended by the vehicle manufacturer.

How to choose the best steering fluid for your car

Choosing the appropriate steering fluid is important to ensure that the vehicle’s steering system works correctly and lasts longer. It is essential to check the owner's manual to find out the type of steering fluid that is recommended for the vehicle.

It is also important to know the type of steering system that the vehicle has, as some steering systems may require specific steering fluids. Moreover, the appropriate viscosity must be chosen for the steering system, as this affects the hydraulic pressure of the system.

Lastly, it is recommended to use quality steering fluids to properly protect the steering system components. It is important to bear in mind that choosing an inappropriate or low-quality steering fluid may cause damage in the steering system and, ultimately, in the vehicle.

Hydraulic fluid

Hydraulic fluids are specially formulated fluids that are used in hydraulic systems to transmit power. They are formulated to meet the specific requirements of hydraulic systems, which typically operate at high pressures and temperatures. Hydraulic fluids contain various additives that provide lubrication, anti-wear, anti-foaming, anti-corrosion, and anti-oxidation properties.

Why Use Hydraulic Oils?

Best Hydraulic oils are designed to provide a range of essential functions that are critical to the efficient and reliable operation of hydraulic systems. The use of hydraulic oils in hydraulic systems is critical for several reasons:
Transmit Power: Hydraulic oils are the primary medium through which hydraulic systems transmit power. They provide high-pressure fluids that are used to move heavy loads, control the movement of machinery, and operate various hydraulic components.
Lubrication: Hydraulic oils are specifically formulated to lubricate the various components of the hydraulic system, such as pumps, valves, and cylinders. Proper lubrication reduces friction and wear, prolonging the life of these critical components.
Heat transfer: Hydraulic oils are excellent heat transfer fluids, which means they can absorb and dissipate heat from the system’s components, preventing overheating and damage.
Seal compatibility: Hydraulic oils are formulated to be compatible with the system’s seals, preventing leakage and extending the life of the seals.
Corrosion protection: Hydraulic oils contain additives that protect the system’s components from corrosion, preventing rust and other forms of damage.
Contamination control: Hydraulic oils contain additives that help control contamination in the system, preventing the buildup of dirt, debris, and other particles that can damage the system’s components.
Types of Hydraulic Oils

There are several types of hydraulic oils available in the market, including mineral-based hydraulic oils, synthetic hydraulic oils, and bio-based hydraulic oils.
Mineral-based hydraulic oils: Mineral hydraulic oils are the most common type of hydraulic oil and are derived from crude oil. They are cheap hydraulic oils and offer good lubrication and anti-wear properties. However, they are not as thermally stable as synthetic hydraulic oils, which can lead to faster degradation and increased maintenance.
Synthetic hydraulic oils: These are formulated from chemical compounds rather than crude oil. They offer excellent thermal stability, oxidation resistance, and longer fluid life. They are also more expensive than mineral-based hydraulic oils.
Bio-based hydraulic oils: These are made from renewable resources such as vegetable oils and animal fats. They are biodegradable, making them a more environmentally friendly option. However, they may not offer the same level of performance as mineral-based or synthetic hydraulic oils.
Grades of Hydraulic Oils: Hydraulic oils are available in different grades with the hydraulic oil suppliers, depending on their viscosity, each with its unique properties and specifications.

1. Anti-wear hydraulic oils (AW): These oils are specifically formulated to protect hydraulic components from wear and tear, thereby reducing friction between moving parts.

2. Hydraulic oil, L, P (HLP): This grade of hydraulic oil is renowned for offering exceptional wear protection, oxidation stability, and corrosion protection. It is predominantly employed in high-pressure hydraulic systems, such as those found in construction machinery.

3. High Viscosity Index hydraulic oils (HVLP): These oils offer superior viscosity and temperature stability, rendering them suitable for deployment in high-pressure systems and high-temperature environments.

4. Synthetic hydraulic oils: These hydraulic oils are meticulously crafted utilizing synthetic base oils and advanced additives, thereby providing unrivaled performance and protection in extreme temperatures and demanding applications.

5. Fire-resistant hydraulic oils: The fire-resistant hydraulic fluids are engineered to meet stringent fire-resistance standards. And so fire-resistant hydraulic fluids are frequently employed in applications where fire hazards are a concern, such as in steel mills or foundries.

The choice of the appropriate hydraulic oil grade from a reputed hydraulic oil manufacturer is contingent upon several factors, such as the operating temperature, system pressure, and the type of hydraulic equipment utilized. The selection of the correct grade of hydraulic oil is essential to ensure efficient and dependable hydraulic system operation. The most common grades of hydraulic oil are 32, 46, and 68. The viscosity of hydraulic oil is measured in centistokes (cSt), which is a unit of measurement for the fluid’s resistance to flow.

Benefits of Using Hydraulic Oils

1. Enhanced Efficiency: The use of hydraulic oils in hydraulic systems can significantly improve their efficiency. The lubricating properties of hydraulic oils reduce friction and wear, which reduces energy loss and increases the system’s overall efficiency.

2. Longer Lifespan: Hydraulic oils can extend the life of hydraulic systems by preventing premature failure of their components. The anti-wear and anti-corrosion properties of hydraulic oils help protect the system’s components from damage, leading to a longer lifespan for the system.

3. Improved Performance: The use of hydraulic oils can enhance the performance of hydraulic systems. They offer excellent thermal stability and heat transfer properties, preventing overheating and improving the system’s overall performance.

4. Reduced Maintenance Costs: The proper use of hydraulic oils can reduce maintenance costs associated with hydraulic systems. By preventing premature failure of the system’s components, hydraulic oils can minimize downtime and maintenance expenses.

5. Environmental Benefits: The use of bio-based hydraulic oils can provide environmental benefits by reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainability.

Can transmission oil be used in hydraulic steering?

Transmission oil mustn’t be put in the vehicle's hydraulic steering, as transmission oils have different properties and viscosities than the hydraulic oils used in the hydraulic steering systems. Using transmission oil can cause problems in the steering system, such as a reduction in the steering capacity, damage to the components, and possible fluid leaks. To avoid this, it is recommended to use the hydraulic oil recommended by the manufacturer and avoid mixing it with other types of oils or fluids.

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Car Gearbox And How It Works

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What Is Gear?
Gears are one of the most used mechanical components and are widely used in mechanical transmissions. From small gears for clocks to large gears for ship turbines, it can reliably transmit power.

The Function of the Gear

By selecting a combination of different numbers of teeth, an arbitrary and correct speed ratio can be obtained. Using the increase or decrease of the number of gear combinations, the position of the mutual relationship between the rotary axes can be freely changed. It can be used for transmission between various axes such as parallel axes, intersecting axes, and staggered axes.

What Is a Car Gearbox?

A gearbox, also known as a transmission, is a mechanical component that helps to transfer power from the engine to the wheels by using different gear ratios. It is usually located between the engine and the wheels and consists of several gears, shafts, and bearings. The gearbox is connected to the engine's crankshaft through a clutch, which allows the motor and gearbox to be temporarily disengaged when changing gears. Its primary role is to churn out the right amount of power and torque for the wheels at different speeds to achieve optimal performance and mileage.

Parts Of A Car Gearbox

Here are the primary parts of a gearbox:

1: Clutch shaft: It is also known as the drive shaft, which uses the force from the engine and sends the power to other parts. A clutch attaches the drive shaft to the engine and other components. When you engage the clutch, the drive shaft starts to rotate.

2. Counter shaft: It is the second most prominent gearbox part and includes various gears in different sizes that can produce enough torque to propel the vehicle.

3. Main shaft: It is also referred to as an output shaft. It offers mandatory torque to the vehicle. It has ridges and teeth, so the gears can move smoothly.

4. Bearings: They support the rotating shafts and minimize friction.

5. Gears: These transfer power from one shaft to another. The torque transferred through the gears depends on the number of ridges and teeth and the gear size.

How Does A Car Gearbox Work?

The gearbox in a car works by transferring power from the engine to drive the wheels by employing a set of gears that can be shifted to change the speed and torque. The gears are arranged in different patterns to offer different speeds while maintaining the engine performance. A car gearbox is controlled by a lever or an electronic selector inside the vehicle, and the driver physically selects the desired gear. In a manual transmission-equipped car, the driver must shift the gears physically by moving the lever or the selector. In contrast, in an automatic transmission-equipped vehicle, the gearbox employs electronic sensors to change gears based on the car's speed and load.

Types Of Car Gearboxes

The primary types of car gearboxes are manual and automatic. The automatic gearbox is further classified into Torque Converter, CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission), Automatic Manual Transmission (AMT), and DCT (Dual Clutch Transmission). Here's an overview of car transmissions:

1. Manual gearbox: A manual gearbox allows the driver to get complete control and choose the gears manually, operating both the gearstick and the clutch. Manual transmissions are affordable and easier to maintain compared to automatic transmissions. The manual version is a predominant gearbox option in Indian cars due to its low cost and maintenance.

2. Automatic gearbox: An automatic gearbox is a type of gearbox that automatically shifts gears and doesn't require manual intervention. It uses electronic sensors to monitor the vehicle's speed and shift gears with the help of an Electronic Control Unit (ECU). Automatic gearboxes are more convenient and easier to use than manual transmissions, but they are more complex and expensive to maintain and repair. Here is an overview of different types of automatic gearboxes in cars.

Automated Manual Transmission (AMT): An AMT gearbox is a type of gearbox that automates the manual gearbox by employing a hydraulic to actuate the clutch pedal. It removes the manual effort of using the clutch (physically) and gears since the AMT gearbox uses electronic sensors to perform the task. The AMT gearbox in cars has revolutionized the car market in India, offering the option of affordable automatic cars. Its biggest highlight is the lower cost factor since it has fewer components compared to pure automatic gearboxes, thereby reducing the overall cost of the vehicle.

Torque Converter Gearbox: The Torque Converter Gearbox is an automatic gearbox that utilizes fluid coupling to transfer power from the engine to the transmission. This gearbox doesn't require a clutch pedal to shift gears, like other automatic transmissions. The torque converter is one of the traditional gearboxes that has witnessed a decline in its popularity in recent times due to its low fuel efficiency and high maintenance cost.

Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT): A CVT gearbox is a type of automatic transmission that works via a pulley system. It uses several intricate parts to shift between a range of preset gears. The CVT system includes cones at each pulley linked through a belt and moves to increase or decrease the chain belt diameter to change gear ratios. The CVT is reliable and offers higher fuel efficiency. It is common in Japanese cars such as the Hondas, Nissans, and Toyotas.

Dual Clutch Transmission (DCT) The DCT employs two clutches to shift gears, offering optimum performance. It uses two separate clutches for odd and even gear sets, reducing gear shift lag. This allows for quicker and smoother gear shifts compared to traditional gearboxes. While one of the clutches is engaged, offering the required power, the other pre-selects the next gear, allowing for faster transitions. DCTs are popular among high-performance and sports cars. However, it is fast becoming one of the most preferred in the mass-market car segment. Brands such as Volkswagen, Skoda, Audi, and more are offering DCT in their Indian car portfolios.

Functions of A Car Gearbox

Here are some of the functions of the car gearbox:.
Change gear ratio: The gearbox changes gear ratio to match driving conditions. It allows the driver to manually change the gear ratio as per the speed and road conditions.

Transfer power to the wheels: The gearbox transfers the required amount of power from the engine to the wheels at different speeds. This allows for optimising fuel efficiency and performance.

Control the speed: It controls the car's speed by allowing the driver to slow down or speed up the car by selecting the appropriate gear.
Offers torque: It multiplies the engine's torque output to offer more power to the wheels, enabling the vehicle to drive through steep inclines.

Lubrication Method of Gearbox:

Commonly used gearbox lubrication methods include gear oil lubrication, semi-fluid grease lubrication, and solid lubricant lubrication. For better sealing, high speed, large load, and good sealing performance, gear oil can be used for lubrication. For those with poor sealing performance and low speed, semi-fluid grease can be used for lubrication.

The lubrication system of the gearbox is of great significance to the normal operation of the gearbox. Large-scale wind power gearboxes must be equipped with a reliable forced lubrication system to lubricate the gear meshing area and bearings. Insufficient lubrication accounts for more than half of the reasons for gearbox failure. Lubricant temperature is related to component fatigue and the life of the entire system. - Generally speaking, the maximum oil temperature of the gearbox should not exceed 80℃ during normal operation, and the temperature difference between different bearings should not exceed 15℃. When the oil temperature is higher than 65℃, the cooling system starts to work. When the oil temperature is lower than 10℃, the lubricating oil should be heated to the predetermined temperature before starting.

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**Tail Lights vs. Brake Lights**

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**What are brake lights?**

Brake lights are activated only when the driver applies the brakes and they go off immediately when the brake pedal is released which is designed to signal to other drivers that you are stopping or slowing down and give them enough time to prepare and respond.

Brake lights with thicker filament, are generally brighter red than taillights, making them visible not only in the dark or in the rain, but also on sunny days, and quickly catch the attention of other drivers and pedestrians. With brake lights, drivers behind you can react in time and will be able to keep more distance between your car and theirs and avoid traffic accidents.

**What are tail lights?**

When the headlights are on, the tail lights located at the rear of the vehicle will also light on at the same time, designed to provide visibility to the rear of the vehicle, helping other drivers to see your car in low-light conditions or inclement weather.

The tail light can be red, white or amber color with thinner filament, and their brightness is lesser than the brake light. Because tail lights are designed be to switched on in hazy, foggy, and dark conditions and help other vehicles clearly identify the location and action of the vehicle.

For the location of the taillights, they are usually located at the outer edge of the rear of the vehicle to better show the rear edge of the vehicle to allow others to appropriately gauge the size and shape of the car.

**WHY ARE TAIL LIGHTS AND BRAKE LIGHTS IMPORTANT?**

The term “taillights” are the twin light clusters at the rear of the vehicle, which contain tail lights, brake lights, rear turn signals, rear marker lights, and other rear lights, and are essential safety components for driving the vehicle. Most people have misconceptions about brake lights and tail lights and do not understand their importance.

Without tail lights and brake lights, there could not allow your vehicle to be seen during low-visibility conditions and alert others that you're slowing down, potentially getting pulled over and finding yourself with a ticket, and worse, in a rear-end crash.

**Determining The Specific Failure Of Tail And Brake Lights**

The following are some of the common reasons why this happens:

1. Burnt out Bulb: Burned bulbs are one of the most common reasons tail lights and brake lights fail.
If only the filament in the tail light bulb burns out, it will not affect the normal use of the brake light, rear turn signal, and reverse light bulbs. If you notice your tail lights aren’t working but the brake lights are (and vice versa), it may be time for a bulb replacement.

2. Circuit Problem: Burned wiring and corroded bulb sockets can cause the tail light to fail. If you are a tuning car enthusiast, you may connect many other light bars to the tail light wiring circuit, and the wiring may overheat and burn out due to excessive load. Therefore we suggest that you can purchase a relay to carry the extra load before the conversion.
3. Blown-out Fuse: If the fuse blows, it prevents the circuit from completing, in this case preventing the tail lights from lighting. Sometimes when the tail light lens breaks, it can cause moisture to enter the lens and cause a short circuit, which can blow a fuse. Replacing highly durable and highly insulated fuses can effectively prevent such problems.
4. Defective Brake Light Switch: If you push down on the brake pedal and the brake light does not come on, The switch may not be connected correctly or the brake pad may be worn and not open the circuit.

If the brake light stays on after you stop pressing the brake pedal, it may be because the brake switch contact is stuck, causing the switch to continue powering the brake light.

If this happens, we recommend that you go to an auto repair store to get a better solution.

**Why do my brake lights work, but my tail lights don’t?**
You need functional tail lights for safe driving, especially at night or in bad weather, as they help other vehicles see you in these conditions. Usually, these lights turn on when you engage the headlights, but some new models of cars automatically activate them once the system detects excess dimness.

Like other vehicle parts, your tail lights can stop working, but what could cause this if the tail lights go out while your brake lights remain strong? Below, we explain some common causes of this problem.

1. Damaged socket: If the socket that houses the bulb plug becomes damaged commonly due to corrosion, it can also cause your tail lights to fail. To diagnose this problem, disconnect the bulb and examine the socket for broken pins or discoloration.
2. Failing tail light fuse: Checking the fuse is the first step when you have a faulty electrical component. The fuse gets broken as a protective measure when the current that flows through it gets too high to prevent damage to the electrical part concerned. To check if a burnt fuse is the culprit, look in the main fuse box under the hood or behind the plastic under the dashboard on the passenger side.
Once you’ve traced the fuse, you can test it with a fuse tester and replace it if necessary.

3. Failing sensor: Modern vehicles are flooded with several sensors that communicate with the vehicle’s computer system. A failed sensor can interrupt this complex design, causing a part to become defective. Suppose your headlights, parking lights, and tail lights fail, but your brake lights are functional. In that case, a sensor could be the culprit.
**Are Tail Lights And Brake Lights The Same Bulb?**

Tail lights have a few lights that serve different purposes. Brake lights are lights on a tail light that alert other drivers when you are pressing the brake pedal to slow down. The tail lights are lights that illuminate when the headlights are turned on to create visibility for drivers behind you during the night or adverse weather conditions.

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What is a radiator fan?

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A cooling fan is a vital component in a car cooling system, that helps takes away all heat absorbed from the engine using coolant. All its work is done through the radiator by pushing or pulling air through the radiator. A radiator cooling fan is located in front of a car and it’s electrically powered, well, depending on the vehicle design.

Functions of radiator cooling fan

Below are the major functions of the radiator cooling fan:

1. The primary function of a radiator cooling fan is to take away excessive heat absorbed by the engine. The coolant absorbs the heat and goes into the radiator where the heat is blown away.

2. The system is functional when the engine is stationary, where air can’t move through the grille.

3. Cooling fans help to obtain external airflow when moving too slowly.

4. Electric cooling fans control the temperature of the vehicle as it turns on and off based on the engine temperature.

Components of radiator cooling fan

In this article, we are explaining both electrical and mechanical cooling fans. As earlier mentioned, the mechanical cooling fan is found on older vehicles, while electrical fans are found on new vehicles.

The components of the mechanical cooling fan are just a cooling fin mounted on the engine, powered by the engine crankshaft. Though it’s mounted on a machined cup with bolts. This cup is allowed to rotate with the engine pump and it serves as a pulley to the drive belt that powers other essential components of the vehicle

The electrical radiator cooling fan is a standalone device with various parts. The parts include a cooling fan shroud, motor, and cooling fan or fan. The cooling fan shroud serves carriage because the other parts are mounted to it and it’s placed directed to the radiator. Other components will be explained in the working principle section of the radiator cooling fan.

Types of automobile cooling fan

Below are the types of radiator cooling used in automobile engines:

1. Mechanical radiator fans: A mechanical radiator fan is an old design of automobile fans but is still used today. It’s mounted directly to the water pump pulley on the engine and is driven by a belt. The power that rotates the cooling fan is obtained from the engine crankshaft, so when it rotates the fan also rotates.
These types of radiator fans are used in many applications apart from automobiles as they are less complex and just require mechanical power to rotate them. The mechanical radiator fan is always on as far as the engine is running. Depending on the design, it either pulls or pushes air to cool the coolant in the radiator.

However, fan clutches allow the mechanical cooling fan to go “off and on” when required. That’s according to the temperature of the engine. The two types of mechanical cooling fan clutches are:

1. Viscous-drive clutches: These types of clutches work with a fluid coupling, allowing the fan to engage when the engine reaches a specific temperature. These fan clutches contain a bi-metallic sensor that works like thermostats. If the engine is cold or at cold starting, the clutch is disengaged, and the fan freewheels. When the engine heats up, the bi-metallic sensor allows the viscous coupling to engage. This causes the pulley to spin along with the fan attached to it.

2. Electric fan clutches: The electric fan clutches work similarly to the vicious types, but they can be switched on and off by the engine control unit (ECU) depending on the current engine condition. This gives it more turns up than the first type as it allows the operation of mechanical cooling to be tightly controlled.

2. Electric radiator cooling fan: An electric cooling fan is a standalone device that is powered by the engine’s electrical system rather than the engine. the system is mounted directly to the radiator for effective cooling, perfectly tighten with bolts and nuts. These types of radiator cooling fans use a DC motor that switches on and off depending on the engine temperature. This is achieved either by the engine control unit or by a coolant temperature switch. The device can either be mounted at the front or back of the radiator along with the integrated fan shroud.

3. Single Radiator Fan: As the name indicates, a single radiator fan is a one-fan assembly. It’s the most common configuration and used in many different types of cars. A single radiator fan is not suitable for some applications, though. These include large engines that require a lot of air to take away the heat produced. Modified engines, too. In such situations, an assembly consisting of two fans is often used.

4. Dual Radiator Fan The dual radiator fan is a set of two fan assemblies. They are usually used for electric fans and when the engine is large and cooling needs higher. For that reason, these types of cooling fans are most common on large vehicles or those with modified engines. The setup allows more air through the radiator core for a more effective cooling effect.

Working principle

With the following explained above it’s obvious the working of automobile cooling fans is less complex and can be easily understood. Sure you now have a clear understanding of how the system works. But you still watch the video embedded below to have more understanding.

Symptoms of a bad or failing cooling/radiator fan

Below are the signs of bad and failing cooling radiator fans in automobile engines:

1. The cooling fan will not come on: The common and obvious symptom is when the cooling fan not working when the engine ignition is on. This problem often occurs from the fan’s motor or the electrical connection of the system. when this happens, overheating takes place as the hot coolant will not be properly cooled. Drivers often notice this issue when they did not hear the component sound when the car ignition is on.

2. Blown fuse: Most vehicle electrical components work with a circuit fuse which a cooling fan is among. If this fuse has blown or burned, the cooling fan motor stops working, which is one of the common ways that disconnect the device. Sometimes, failing or surging of the motor will cause the fuse to blow so that other components will be prevented from damage. The fuse must be replaced to bring the cooling fan back to life.

3. Vehicle overheating: This is another common sign of a faulty radiator cooling fan; the engine begins to overheat since the source cooling is down. This also occurs when the cooling fan motor burns out or the fan is disabled. The motor is what spins the blades to push or pull air through the radiator. So, if the motor fails or is weak the blade will not spin or generate enough air to cool the hot coolant.
In modern vehicles, cooling fans are designed with thermostats that come on and off depending on the engine temperature. Thus, once a certain temperature is reached, the fan is supposed to start working. If it refuses to work, the engine temperature will continue to increase until the engine overheats.

What Is A Cooling System?

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A cooling system is basically a four-cylinder vehicle that completes its journey producing 4000 explosions per minute inside the engine, when the spark plugs explode in each cylinder to move the vehicle. These explosions produce a great amount of heat that needs to be controlled. If they are not controlled they will destroy the vehicle. The controlling of these temperatures is primarily the job of the cooling system. The modern cooling systems are more efficient and reliable than those cooling systems of the 20’s.


How Does a Cooling System Work?

The coolant flows from the water pump, through the ways which are located inside the engine block. On its way it gathers the heat produced by the cylinders. After that it goes up to the cylinder head (or heads in a V type engine) where it collects the residual heat from the combustion chambers. Then the coolant makes its way to the thermostat in case the thermostat is opened to allow the fluid to pass. From there the coolant goes through the thin flattened tubes that make up the core of the radiator.

Inside there, the coolant is cooled by the air flow through the radiator. From here it flows out of the radiator by the lower radiator hose. It then goes back to the water pump. After this stage the temperature of the coolant is reduced and it can gather more heat from the engine. The capacity of a cooling system depends upon the engine. The cooling system for a bigger and powerful engine in a heavy vehicle will need high capacity than a compact car with a comparatively much smaller engine. In a bigger vehicle the radiator is bigger with numerous tubes for the coolant to flow through.


Types of Cooling System

There are two main types of a car engine cooling system:

● Air cooling system.

● Water cooling system.

Air Cooling System

They are found mostly in older cars and motorcycles, an air-cooled system where the engine block is covered in aluminum fins that conduct the heat away from the cylinder. A powerful fan forces air over these fins, which cools the engine by transferring the heat to the air.

The quantity of heat reduced by the air-cooling depends upon factors such as the total area of the fin surfaces, the velocity/amount of the cooling air and also the temperature of the fins and the temperature of the cooling air.

Air-cooling is mostly used in fewer horsepower engines like motorcycles, scooters, small cars, and small air car engines where the forward motion of the machine gives good velocity to cool the engine. Air-cooling is also offered in compact industrial engines.

Water Cooling System

In the water cooling systems, there are jackets that are provided along the cylinders, cylinder heads, valves, and seats. When the water circulates the jackets absorbs the heat of combustion. Then, the hot water will be cooling the radiator with the help of a fan for the moving of a car. The cooled water will again circulate through the jackets.


Components of Cooling System in Engine

The main parts of a cooling system are explained below

1. Water Pump: The basic function of a water pump is to ensure the motion of the coolant when the engine is running. The water pump turns in the direction of the engine, wherever it is running. A part called fan belt is present whose function is to drive the water pump as well as the alternator.

2. Radiator: The core of the radiator core is composed of flattened aluminum tubes. There are also aluminum strips in zigzag shape sandwiched between the tubes. The function of these fins is to carry the heat in the tubes into the air stream. This heat is eventually transferred away from the vehicle. A plastic tank is located on either end of the radiator core. This tank covers the ends of the radiator.

The tubes are placed horizontal with the tanks on both the sides in the latest radiator designs. In the olden days the radiator core was made with copper and the tanks were made from brass. The cheap and easily manufactured aluminum- plastic system is very popular these days. It is more efficient too.

3. Thermostat: Thermostat is a device (valve) used to determine the temperature of the coolant. If the coolant is hot enough, the thermostat opens to allow the coolant to flow through the radiator. When the coolant is not of high temperature then the flow to the radiator is constrained. In such condition, there is a provision of a bypass system. The fluid goes to the bypass system and gets back to the engine.

This system is important as it maintains the constant and continuous flow of coolant throughout the engine. This continuous flow maintains the temperature and eradicates the formation of hot spots. When the flow to the radiator is choked, optimum operating temperature of the engine is achieved sooner. This will aid in a cold day by allowing the heater to start supplying high temperature air to the inside very fast.

4. Coolant Temperature Sensor (CTS): The coolant temperature sensor functions to check the temperature of the engine. The ECU uses this information to regulate fuel injection and ignition time. There are many types of engines; some engines have numerous coolant temperature sensors while some have just one. The information is also used to control the radiator fan and update the driver console’s temperature gauge.

Most coolant temperature sensors are negative Temperature coefficient type, which means as the temperature increases, the resistance will decrease. The CTS can have a two-pin type or a three-pin type, depending on the make of the vehicle.

5. Coolant (Antifreeze Water): The coolant in today’s vehicles is the mixture of ethylene glycol (Antifreeze) and water. The recommended ratio is fi y-fi y. In simple words, one part antifreeze and one part water. This is the minimum recommendation that is used in automobile engines. Less antifreeze and the boiling point must be too low. For temperatures less than 0 degrees- 75% antifreeze and 25% water is ideally required. Pure antifreeze should not be used as it will not be much efficient.

6. Radiator Cooling Fan: There is one or more than one electric fan inside the radiator is present which are located at the rear side of the radiator on the side nearest to the engine. There is a casing on these fan for safety purpose and to regulate the air flow. The primary function of radiator cooling fan is to maintain the air flow passing through the radiator when the speed of the vehicle is reduced or the vehicle is stopped. Whenever the vehicle stops with the engine being on, these fan reduce the temperature of the engine.


7. Heater Core: Another function of the hot coolant is to provide heat to the inside of the vehicle whenever needed. This mechanism is composed of a heater core which is connected to the cooling system with two rubber hoses. One hose fetch the hot coolant from the water pump to the heater core. The second hose sends back the coolant to the top of the engine.

8. Hoses: Numerous rubber hoses are used to connect the different parts of the cooling system. The main hoses are known as the upper and lower radiator hoses respectively. The hoses are nearly 2 inches in diameter

9. Head Gasket and Manifold Gasket: An IC engine is composed of an engine block and 1 or 2 cylinder heads. The surfaces where the block and head meet are made flat for a tightly closed fit. However, completely watertighting is not possible in order to prevent the combustion gases from flowing out. For sealing the blocks to the heads, a head gasket is put into use.

10. Freeze Plugs: When an engine block is fabricated, special sand is molded to the shape of the coolant passages in the engine block. This sand figure is located inside a mold. Into this mold liquid(molten) iron or aluminum is poured to form the engine block. The sand is slacken after the casting is cooled. Then the casting is removed through the holes in the engine block. The coolant then flows through these holes. These holes are then plugged so that the coolant doesn’t drain out.

What is an AC condenser?

The AC condenser serves as a heat exchanger. When a heated gas or vapor is cooled to the point of condensation by a condenser, it condenses into a liquid.

Additionally, the condenser functions to lower the refrigerant’s temperature when condensation is taking place. A cool liquid will be produced after the warm temperature is successfully cooled and will be released through the vehicle’s air conditioner holes.

How does the AC condenser work?

Heat exchange and pressure gradients are the key factors on which air conditioner condensers work. In a nearly closed system in the car, a substance known as refrigerant is transformed from liquid to gas and back again. The A/C condenser plays a crucial role in this process.

This needs pressure gradients to function properly, so any leaks will eventually lead to system failure. Gaseous refrigerant is pressurized by the air conditioner compressor, which is driven by the car’s crankshaft. The A/C system switches from low pressure to high pressure at this phase of the cycle.

This high-pressure refrigerant then travels to the air conditioner condenser, which is located at the front of the car and looks like a small radiator, where heat is removed from the refrigerant by being transferred to outside air flowing over it. As a result, the gas condenses once again into a liquid.

The receiver-drier/accumulator collects the cooled liquid and removes any debris and excess moisture. The refrigerant then moves to the orifice tube, or expansion valve, which has a small opening intended to let only a small amount of liquid through at a time. This releases pressure from the substance, returning us to the system’s low-pressure side.

The next stop for this very cool, low-pressure liquid is the evaporator, which is often found behind the dashboard on the passenger side. An A/C blower fan circulates cabin air through the evaporator as the refrigerant passes through it.

The air is cooled before it is pumped through the dash and into the cabin by the refrigerant, which absorbs heat from the air and causes the liquid to boil and convert back into a gas. The warmed gaseous refrigerant then circulates back toward the air-conditioning compressor to complete the process.

What causes the AC condenser to fail?

Here are some of the things that can cause an AC condenser to fail:

1. Debris: Any debris that enters your air conditioning system could impede refrigerant flow or harm your condenser by damaging it as it passes through. A damaged compressor, which spews out tiny metallic particles, is frequently the source of debris in your air conditioning system. If your car experiences this problem, you will need to completely repair the compressor and the condenser.

2. Dirty coil: For the condenser to work properly, the coils must be kept clean; otherwise, the unit would overheat. Using a coil brush or vacuum cleaner, you can clean the coils yourself or hire a professional to do it for you. A hose should be used to spray water down the coils of the air conditioning condenser until they are thoroughly wet.

After cleaning the coils of any caked-on debris with an old brush dipped in vinegar, rinse them with water. You should contact a professional if you see any corrosion around the compressor’s fins or elsewhere. Avoid attempting any DIY fixes unless you are confident in your ability to handle them. Air conditioning condenser issues are best left mostly to professionals.

Problem with the AC condenser fan

Your air conditioner’s condenser could overheat if the fan isn’t functioning. Bent blades, motor failures, and blown capacitors are a few issues that can arise with the condenser fan. Since air conditioners require adequate airflow to function properly, a jammed fan will prevent the air conditioner from functioning as intended.

You can attempt a few alternative DIY solutions before calling a professional, but if they don’t work, you should. A tree or bush may be blocking the fan, or it may just be dirty and in need of cleaning. You can either hire a professional to clean it for you or attempt cleaning it yourself using a vacuum cleaner or coil brush.

Refrigerant leak: Problems with the air conditioning condenser might also be brought on by refrigerant line leaks. The refrigerant won’t be reused if there is a leak in the line; it will instead escape into the atmosphere. Refrigerant recycling is one of the reasons air conditioners are so efficient; however, if there is a leak, this recycling is impeded, and the unit will have to work considerably harder to cool the cabin.

Where is the AC condenser located?

The A/C condenser of your car is located right in front of the radiator. Due to its location, it has easy access to the air you breathe while driving, which helps cool the refrigerant. The condenser is visible in front of the radiator, but getting to it can be challenging.

Although it often depends on how your car is set up, the condenser is placed between the radiator and the front bumper, making access to it nearly impossible without taking apart other components.

What are some signs that your car’s AC condenser is going bad?

Below are some of the signs and symptoms you will notice if the AC condenser is going bad.

The cold air is not coming from the vents

The air won’t be as cool as it should be if there is any sort of issue with your car’s air conditioning system. That reasoning still applies if the condenser is also the issue. While there are several problems that might cause an air conditioner to stop blowing cold air, a broken condenser is unquestionably one of them. It’s frequently the first indication that you have a deeper issue.

Watch for any green fluid near your condenser; if you see any, your car is leaking. Additionally, once you’ve used up all of your refrigerant, it should continue to exist for some time. Therefore, your car has a leak if you check the refrigerant levels (you’ll need a pressure gauge with an adapter) and they drop quickly.

Burning smell

There may be unpleasant side effects if you turn up the air conditioning while it isn’t functioning properly. The overheating of the A/C parts is one of the most frequent. When the overheating is severe enough, plastic and other parts may start to melt.

A/C parts are what are burning when you notice a burning smell coming from your vents. Until you fix the problem, keep the A/C off. Otherwise, you run the risk of doing more harm and setting your car on fire.

Refrigerant leak

Leaks are among the most frequent issues that an A/C condenser may experience. While many individuals are aware of the signs of common fluid leaks, it might be more difficult to detect refrigerant leakage. To begin with, refrigerant is green and typically leaks as a gas, but depending on where the leak occurs, it may emerge as a liquid near the condenser.

Car engine overheating while idling

When the condenser stops functioning properly, it can quickly reach very high temperatures. While these high temperatures can cause various parts to melt or become damaged, they can also cause your car to overheat.

Usually, this only occurs after prolonged idle time. If not, the air flowing over the engine while you drive is sufficient to prevent overheating. The radiator behind the condenser may not receive enough cooling if the condenser’s fins are obstructed. This can occur if your car is really old, but it also occurs less frequently.

Warning lights from the dashboard

Dashboard warning lights for A/C issues are uncommon in most cars; however, they are present in certain newer models. The condenser may be the issue if your car’s air conditioning light is on, and it’s a good sign that anything is wrong with the system.

Car Bumpers

A bumper is a part of a car with hinges or is built-in and usually placed at the front or back. Bumpers are often placed at various extreme points of a car, be it at the front or rear.

Bumper shape and placement are very dependent on the design ideas of an automaker. Visually, the bumper will form a unity with the whole car. Bumpers can make the car look more stylish and elegant.

Many drivers still think that the bumper is just a decorative element in a car. But, unfortunately, its role is not good enough to make many drivers remove the bumper to become a standard version of the car.

The modern bumper is designed to be a durable element because it is designed to absorb multiple impacts. Although often explosive and can be broken into small pieces, the bumper is designed to extinguish kinetic energy in the event of a collision.

Car Bumper Functions

In addition to functioning as external security, car bumpers also have several additional functions, so some models are called the front end. There are several functions of the bumper that are very useful for a car.

1. Avoid Serious Injury: The car bumper serves to protect pedestrians from getting severe injuries in an accidental collision. As a result, many manufacturers install car bumpers with rigid materials equipped with rubber pads so that the level of bumper stiffness becomes more optimal.

2. Safety Standards After Minor Collision: Older cars mostly used bumpers made of metal, making it easier for the bumper to change shape due to its impact. However, metal material makes car bumpers more dangerous for pedestrians in the event of a collision.

3. Improve Car Aerodynamics: The modern bumper is made with a cool appearance in mind, making the car look more aerodynamic. There have been many car bumpers whose edges are folded to the rear to maintain downforce.

4. To Install the Parktronic Sensor: Parktronic sensors can be mounted on the bumper. The role of Parktronic sensors is critical in a car because they can help drivers when parking. At least four sensors are usually installed on the rear bumper so that the distance from other vehicles can be appropriately maintained.

5. To Install the Fog Lights: The bumper of the car also serves as a place to install fog lights. The presence of fog lights is beneficial in foggy or rainy road conditions. With fog lights, you can still drive safely even if the weather conditions are not good.

Wuling family, this is a complete discussion of the meaning and function of a car bumper. Hopefully, it can add insight into the importance of bumpers on cars when driving.

Types of Car Bumpers

Car bumpers come in various types, each with its own unique characteristics and design. Some of the common types include:

1. Standard Bumpers: These are the factory-installed bumpers that come with most vehicles. They are designed to meet general safety standards and provide basic protection.

2. High-Performance Bumpers: These are aftermarket bumpers designed for specific vehicle models. They offer enhanced durability and can withstand greater impacts compared to standard bumpers.

3. Off-Road Bumpers: Off-road vehicles often feature specialized bumpers designed to withstand rugged terrains and protect the vehicle’s front and rear from obstacles.

4. Steel Bumpers: Steel bumpers provide excellent strength and durability. They are popular among off-road enthusiasts and offer enhanced protection in various driving conditions.

Materials Used in Car Bumpers

Car bumpers can be made from different materials, each offering its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Some commonly used materials include:

1. Plastic: Most modern car bumpers are made from plastic or polymer materials due to their lightweight nature and ease of manufacturing. Plastic bumpers can effectively absorb impact energy and are relatively affordable to replace.

2. Fiberglass: Fiberglass bumpers are known for their strength and flexibility. They are commonly used in high-performance vehicles and offer better resistance to dents and scratches.

3. Carbon Fiber: Carbon fiber bumpers are lightweight yet extremely strong. They provide excellent protection and are often found in luxury and sports car models.

4. Aluminum: Aluminum bumpers are lightweight and resistant to corrosion. They are commonly used in off-road vehicles due to their durability and ability to withstand harsh conditions.

Should You Replace Your Bumper?

Although bumpers rise to the challenge, their physical appearance often crumbles. Bumpers are actually one of the most damaged parts of a vehicle. Therefore, it’s important to check on its condition from time to time. Consider a visit to your local mechanic. Ask the professionals to confirm that everything is intact, including the trim, molding, and interior components. In all reality, bumpers can be deceiving. A simple fender bender might leave your exterior completely unscathed. The interior, on the other hand, might be in shambles. Depending on the extent of the damage, you might have to replace your bumper entirely.

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PISTON RINGS AND HOW IT WORKS

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What Is a Piston Ring?

Piston rings are metallic split-type rings. These are fitted into the grooves in a piston’s outer diameter. They ensure a good seal is maintained between the cylinder wall and piston.

Functions Of Pistol Rings

Piston rings are used for sealing cylinders. They can work at higher temperatures than elastomeric, fabric, or polymer seals.

Piston ring seals are very important for the efficient performance of combustion engines. Damaged or leaking piston rings can lead to hot exhaust escaping the cylinder and entering the crankcase of the engine, contaminating the engine oil and causing carbon to build up on the pistons. This decreases engine efficiency and can ultimately lead to damage of engine components.

What Are the Types Of Piston Rings?

There are two basic types of piston rings:

1. Compression Rings: These rings form the seal between the crankcase and combustion space; they are located closest to the combustion space and need to withstand significant pressure and temperature variations.

2. Scraper Rings: These rings are used to regulate the amount of oil used for lubrication between the piston rings and cylinder liner; they are located further from the combustion space (under the compression rings) and are not exposed to the larger pressure and temperature variations experienced by the compression rings.

What Are the Functions of The Piston Rings?

There are 3 primary functions of a piston ring. Let’s have a look at all of them one by one:

1. Seal for Combustion Gas: This function involves maintaining airtightness in-cylinder, i.e., between the cylinder wall and piston. It does not let the combustion gas leak from between the piston and cylinder when the explosion creates a gap. If combustion gas leaks, the engine cannot realize full power, leading to increased fuel consumption. This is not good both economically and environmentally.

2. Control Lubrication Oil Or The Engine Oil: The following function is to keep creating a minimum lubricating oil layer that prevents burn.

Inside the engine’s cylinder, the piston ring goes through high-temperature combustion gas, which happens thousands of times every minute.

Thus piston rings ensure that the cylinder and piston ring don’t burn and that the lubricating oil does not get inside the combustion chamber. For the same reasons, the lubricating oil layer of the cylinder wall is kept at the minimum possible.

3. Heat Conduction Function: The third function releases heat from the piston to the cylinder.

When gas explodes in the combustion chamber, the temperature reaches 300 degrees centigrade. This excessive heat poses the risk of engine damage. And thus, it needs to be released. The piston rings help us achieve the task.

4. Piston Attitude Support This last function prevents the piston from making strong contact with the cylinder wall.

Say, the piston is at an angle, and as it moves up and down, it makes direct contact with the cylinder wall. This can cause engine damage. Piston rings ensure the piston works smoothly.

Piston Ring Failure

A piston ring failure, or incorrect lubrication, can lead to ‘blow-by’. Blow-by allows gases to escape the combustion space and enter the crankcase. This situation is undesirable as the engine efficiency decreases due to the reduction in maximum peak pressure achieved during the power stroke. The situation is also undesirable as the gases within the crankcase are exposed to higher temperatures and potentially higher pressures; this could cause a crankcase explosion. Crankcase explosions are a very real threat for large two stroke marine engines.

Signs your piston rings need replacing

Piston rings are incredibly important when it comes to the smooth running of engines. However, all too often people forget about their condition until it’s too late. Here are some signs that you’re in need of some new ones:

1. Excessive smoke: If the smoke coming out of your engine is grey in colour and particularly thick, then it could mean your piston rings need replacing. The bad rings allow oil to leak and burn, resulting in incomplete combustion and smoke.

2. Using more oil than usual: If your oil consumption seems to have increased all of a sudden, then old piston rings could be the culprit. When rings are old and worn, they allow the oil to leak into combustion chambers, meaning you will be using more than you need. Over time, this can cost you a great deal of money, so it’s always best to check your piston rings on a regular basis.

3. Lacking power: Worn piston rings can also cause your engine to experience a reduction in power. There will be less compression, so your engine may struggle to accelerate as effectively. If you’re using the throttle and waiting increasingly long periods of time for your engine to speed up, then the piston rings may be at fault.

4. Decreased performance: When piston rings have really deteriorated, your engine may completely lose power, or its performance will be greatly reduced. You might notice very limited functionality and will need to fix the problem as soon as possible, as work won’t be possible when the engine is running this poorly. However, it’s unlikely that your engine will reach this point if you act quickly when noticing the other symptoms.

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]Click Here[/url]

Exhaust Muffler And How It Work

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What Are Mufflers?

A muffler, often considered the unsung hero of the exhaust system, is a device specifically engineered to reduce noise emitted by the engine. By mitigating the harsh, disruptive sounds produced during the combustion process, a muffler ensures a more comfortable driving experience for both the passengers and the surrounding environment.

THE FUNCTION OF THE MUFFLERS

Whenever exhaust valves open, there is a large burst of burnt gases that have been used during engine combustion, and it's released into the exhaust system. Mufflers thus help in minimizing the noise emitted from the engine and controls the engine backpressure. Mufflers considerably increase the performance and endurance of the engine.

How Does A Muffler Work?

The inside of a muffler is built with a set of perforated tubes. These tubes are designed to reflect sound waves produced by the engine which minimizes the amount of noise that leaves your vehicle. The tubes also act as a way to remove exhaust gases from the engine, which in turn helps to increase the vehicle’s performance and direct the gases away from the interior of the vehicle.

This exhaust, along with the sound waves, enters the muffler through a center tube. They are then bounced off the back wall of the muffler and pushed into the main body of the muffler.

Once in the muffler’s main body, they pass through a series of holes that take them through the last chamber and out the exit pipe

1. Noise Control: As your engine runs, it generates thousands of little sound bursts as highly pressurized gas is released. These sounds travel down your exhaust pipe – so you can imagine how loud they would be if there was no component to muffle the sound.

But mufflers do more than simply muffle sound. The coolest thing about your muffler is that it is meant to “tune” your engine’s sound output. This means that different types of mufflers will give you different sounds. You can make your vehicle as quiet as possible or you can give it a deep growling sound. No matter your wants or needs, there is a performance muffler out there for you.

2. Performance Enhancement: As mentioned above, mufflers do more than tune and muffle sounds. They are also used to increase the performance of your vehicle. How do they do this?

The faster your engine can get rid of exhaust gases, the faster it can take in oxygen and generate more power. By that standard, you may be thinking that no muffler is the way to go – why not cut out the middleman when it comes to releasing exhaust and intaking air? Unfortunately, that may land you a hefty noise violation ticket from your local police, since noise levels are strictly monitored.

Luckily, mufflers are designed to perform this function in the best interest of your vehicle’s performance. Muffler experts have created many efficient designs that minimize exhaust exit time while still keeping in line with noise regulations.

3. Fume Protection: Your vehicle’s exhaust system is designed to draw fumes from the front of the car to the back. The muffler filters these fumes into the atmosphere.

If there is a crack or hole in the muffler, the fumes can make their way to the interior of the vehicle. Exhaust fumes contain carbon monoxide and other highly hazardous chemicals and toxins. Over time, this can cause serious harm to you and your passengers.

Types Of Mufflers

There are different types of mufflers, and each manufacturer will use different design methods to achieve the sound and flow characteristics customers are after. That said, knowing more about the common designs will give you a better understanding of how most mufflers work.

1. Packed Mufflers: These are what many performance enthusiasts prefer because of the flow advantages that the straight-through configuration offers. These feature a metal casing that has a perforated tube running through the center. The inner tube is surrounded by a packing material which absorbs the sound waves as the exhaust gases flow through.

2. Glass Packs: These feature fiberglass packing to combat noise levels and are likely the first thing to come to mind. However, you shouldn’t assume all packed mufflers are all about raw sound. Manufacturers can tweak the design to achieve a particular tone. For example, MagnaFlow’s iconic-sounding mufflers use packing a little more strategically than your most basic designs.

3. MagnaFlow’s Straight: This design is unique in that it incorporates a proprietary perforation core pattern and dual-stage packing material consisting of an initial stainless steel wool to absorb the heat from direct contact with the perforation core while providing the gases an expansion area to make full contact with the second stage of premium acoustic packing material. That’s how we get that distinct MagnaFlow sound.

4. Chambered Mufflers: These are an equally popular design, but they work very differently from packed mufflers. These feature specially designed chambers to get sound waves to bounce off one another. Manufacturers will also typically include other tuning structures within the chambers, such as baffles, to tweak the sound. That said, most work to emphasize the throaty, deeper note of a big displacement engine.

Why Do Mufflers Go Bad?

There are a number of reasons why a muffler has gone bad. Due to being exposed to moisture and heat, mufflers will naturally degrade over time. Moisture causes the interior of mufflers to rust, which affects its quality. Your muffler may also go bad if your vehicle hits something that knocks against the component. If your car suddenly gets noisy, emits an unpleasant smell, or has a drastic drop in fuel economy, then it may be time to inspect your exhaust system.

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BRAKE PAD AND HOW IT WORKS

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Brake pads are a component of disc brakes used in automotive and other applications. Brake pads are composed of steel backing plates with friction material bound to the surface that faces the disc brake rotors.

Functions of the brake pad

By friction, brake pads convert a vehicle’s kinetic energy into thermal energy. In the brake, two brake pads are positioned with their friction surfaces directed toward the rotor. The hydraulic caliper compresses or squeezes the two brake pads against the rotating rotor to slow down and stop the car when the brakes are engaged.
A dull gray coating is left on the disc as a result of the friction material from the brake pad being transferred onto the disc in small amounts as it heats up in contact with the rotor. Due to the application of friction material to both the brake pad and disc, friction is created between them that stops the car.

The Vital Role That Brake Pads Play in Vehicle Safety

When it comes to the safety of your vehicle, there are a few components as crucial as the brake pads. Think of them as the underrated heroes of your braking system, functioning as the front line of defense against accidents. These small but mighty parts are vital in ensuring that your brakes work effectively.

When you press the brake pedal, the brake pads exert pressure on the brake rotors, generating friction between the surface of the brake pads and the rotors. By creating friction, brake pads help convert the kinetic energy of your moving vehicle into heat energy, allowing it to come to a stop.

This frictional force is what gives you control and ensures that your car stops when needed.

Types of Brake Pads?

There are four types of brake pads

1. Semi-Metallic: These brake pads are 30 to 65 percent metal and are considered to be very durable, These brake pads may also not function well in extreme, low temperatures. these brake pads are less expensive and easier on the rotors than ceramic brake pads, but that they are louder and do not last as long as ceramics. According to The best autos ranking site to help you find your perfect car, these brake pads are generally used on high-performance and race cars.

2. Ceramic: These brake pads are generally the most expensive, but are cleaner and produce less noise than other materials. Ceramic brake pads last longer than semi-metallics as well. The best autos ranking site to help you find your perfect car says ceramics outperform organic pads.

3. Low-Metallic, Non-Asbestos Organic (NAO): These brake pads are known to be noisy and to let off a lot of brake dust. However, according to Brake Masters, the copper or steel that is used in these pads helps with heat transfer and breaking.

4. Non-Asbestos Organic: These brake pads are generally made from organic materials including fiber, glass, rubber, and Kevlar. These pads are pretty quiet but can wear faster and produce a lot of brake dust.

Importance of High-Quality Brake Pads

Now that you understand the function of brake pads, it’s crucial to recognize the significance of using high-quality ones. Investing in top-notch brake pads can make a significant difference in your vehicle’s performance and safety on the road. High-quality pads offer:

1. Enhanced stopping power: You’ll get superior performance, allowing you to stop your vehicle more efficiently. This increased stopping power can be particularly crucial in emergency situations where every second counts.

2. Durability: Cheap or low-quality brake pads can wear down quickly, leading to decreased performance and potentially compromising your safety. Opting for high-quality brake pads ensures that they have the durability to withstand the demands of daily driving and provide consistent braking performance.

3. Reduced noise and vibration: Inferior brake pads can generate annoying squealing or grinding noises when braking. High-quality brake pads are designed to minimize noise and vibration, providing a smoother and more comfortable driving experience.

4. Longer lifespan: Investing in high-quality brake pads can save you money in the long run. While they may have a higher initial cost, their extended lifespan means you won’t have to replace them as frequently, reducing maintenance expenses on brake pad replacement.

5. Compatibility and performance: Manufacturers design high-quality brake pads to meet the specific requirements of your vehicle. This ensures optimal compatibility and performance, allowing your brakes to function at their best.

Warning Signs That You May Be Overdue for Brake Pad Replacement

Loud noises coming from your brakes are one of the most common and most noticeable indicators that it’s probably time for brake pad replacement. But here are a couple of other warning signs you should also be aware of:

1. Vibration or Pulsation in the Brake Pedal: If you feel a vibration or pulsation in the brake pedal when pressing it, this could indicate that your brake pads are worn unevenly or have developed deposits on the surface. When this happens, the brake pads cannot provide a consistent grip on the rotor, leading to the pulsation sensation. If you experience this symptom, visit your local brake shop ASAP to have your brake pads inspected and replaced if necessary.

2. The Vehicle Is Pulling to One Side When Braking: When your brake pads wear unevenly, it can result in your vehicle noticeably pulling to one side when you apply the brakes. This can lead to a decrease in how well your vehicle handles.

3. Decreased Braking Performance: If you have noticed that your vehicle takes longer to come to a complete stop when pressing the brake pedal, your brake pads may be worn out. As the brake pads wear down, they gradually lose their ability to grip the brake rotor effectively, resulting in decreased braking performance. If you find yourself having to press the brake pedal harder or if your vehicle takes longer to stop, it’s time to have your brake pads inspected.

By paying attention to these signs of worn-out brake pads, you can ensure that your vehicle remains safe on the road. Remember, it’s always better to address brake pad issues early on to prevent further damage to your brake system.

When To Replace Brake Pads

As mentioned above, brake pads play a crucial role in ensuring effective braking performance by providing the necessary friction to bring your car to a safe stop. But, unfortunately, they don’t last forever. Over time, the friction material wears out and compromises your ability to stop safely.

You don’t want to wait until it’s too late to perform the necessary maintenance on your brake system. So knowing when to replace your brake pads is essential for maintaining optimal braking performance and preventing jeopardizing the safety of your vehicle.

PRT or Performance Ride Technology shares its heritage with the top O.E.S. and O.E.M shock and strut manufacturers in the world. A leader in ride technology for more than 25 years, PRT’s parent company produces applications for nearly 10,000 vehicle models. PRT is building its North American reputation on this tradition of consistent quality, advanced technology, and total value.

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FEATURES OF PRT SHOCK ABSORBER

PRT has always focused on offering consistent value to its customers. It does that by adopting and pioneering the most innovative technologies in the industry and applying them to research and development, training, testing, and manufacturing.

1. Application Tuned Technology

2. Nitrogen Pressurized to Eliminate Foaming and Cavitation

3. Most Shocks feature a 1–3/16” Bore for Improved Ride and Safety

4. Designed to Meet or Exceed O.E. Performance

5. Multi-State Shim Valve Design

6. Micro-Smooth Chrome Plated Piston Rod

7. Vehicle Specific Components and Valving

8. Available for Domestic and Foreign Passenger Car, SUV and Light Truck Applications

9. Teflon Piston Seals

10. High Performance All-Weather Hydraulic Oil

11. Seamless Working Cylinder, Mounts, and Sleeves


TYPES OF PRT SHOCK ABSORBERS

There are two categories of PRT Shock Absorbers

1. HEAVY DUTY SHOCKS AND STRUTS: PRT heavy-duty shock absorbers are designed specifically for each HD application and we have leading coverage in the global market.

PRT Heavy Duty has more than 4600 OEM references available from our new warehouse in GEORGIA to provide a leading delivery service level for the global market


2. LIGHT VEHICLE SHOCK ABSORBERS: PRT Shocks and Struts are uniquely designed for smooth performance, durability, and driving stability in all weather conditions. Each shock and strut is nitrogen-charged to eliminate aeration which improves driving and handling performance. PRT’s Twin Tube Design includes nitrogen gas charging to keep the shock and strut cooler and to extend its service life. A sturdy aluminum alloy piston and high-quality oil seal add to the overall durability


WHERE CAN I GET PRT SHOCK ABSORBERS IN NIGERIA

You can get any PRT Shock Absorber from Kamsiparts Automotive Limited

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What Is A Cylinder Liner

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A cylinder liner, or a cylinder sleeve, is a hollow cylindrical structure installed inside the engine block's cylinder bore. These thin metallic structures play a crucial role in internal combustion engines by ensuring that the piston and engine block do not directly contact each other.

The outer surface of the liner makes complete contact with the cylinder block, while the inner surface, in contact with the moving piston, is meticulously polished. This component is critical and flexible, as it reduces wear on the more expensive engine block while protecting its integrity.

Functions of Cylinder Liners

The various functions of Cylinder Liners are:

1. Formation of Sliding Surface: Cylinder liners serve a crucial role in internal combustion engines by providing a smooth sliding surface for the piston's reciprocating motion. The friction resistance on the inner walls of the liner is minimal, allowing piston rings to glide smoothly along its surface. A thin lubricating film forms on the liner's inner surface, further reducing frictional resistance.

2. Reduction of Wear: IC engine cylinder liners possess exceptional anti-galling properties that effectively decrease wear on both the liner and the piston rings in contact with it. Without the presence of a cylinder liner, the piston rings would directly contact the cylinder block. In such a scenario, the wear on the cylinder block would be considerably higher, making it more cost-effective to replace the cylinder liner than the entire block. Galling, a form of wear caused by adhesion forces between mating parts, is mitigated by the liner's presence.

3. Heat Transfer: Another crucial function of cylinder liners is the transfer of heat generated during the combustion process. These liners facilitate the transfer of heat from the burning charge to the engine block and subsequently to the surrounding environment or coolant (in the case of wet liners). The coolant acts as a heat sink, ensuring efficient heat dissipation.

4. Sealing: Cylinder liners play a pivotal role in maintaining a tight seal between the piston rings and the liner walls. This sealing function relies on the exceptional smoothness of the inner cylinder walls. As a result, it minimizes charge leakage during the compression stroke and prevents the escape of exhaust gases during the exhaust stroke.

5. Withstanding Combustion: Internal combustion engines operate under extreme conditions, generating high pressure and temperature levels. Cylinder liners are designed to withstand these harsh conditions, enduring temperatures as high as 2500 degrees Celsius and pressures of up to 25 bars. Without cylinder liners, the engine's cylinder block would be vulnerable to damage caused by the intense heat and pressure generated during combustion.

Types of Cylinder Liners

There are 3 basic types of liners used in internal combustion engines.

1. Dry Liners: Dry liners are designed not to be in contact with liquid coolant. These are essentially uncomplicated, hollow cylindrical tubes that fit snugly inside a cylinder block. In their construction, the liner is installed within the cylinder block, precisely fitting into the mould, and securely locked on the upper side of the cylinder block. Importantly, no direct contact exists between the liner and the water jackets containing coolants.

The liner, along with the engine block, absorbs the pressure generated by the combustion of the charge due to the minimal clearance between the liner and the cylinder block. Consequently, dry liners have relatively thin walls, typically ranging from 1.5mm to 3mm. Heat transfer initially occurs from the liner to the engine block and subsequently to the cooling jackets, resulting in longer engine cooling times. Replacement of dry liners requires specialised tools, and they are resistant to corrosion since they remain isolated from the water jackets.

2. Wet Liners: Wet liners, in contrast, come into direct contact with cooling water or coolants. The construction of wet liners differs slightly from that of dry liners. Wet liners are fitted within the cylinder block and securely locked at both ends to prevent any cooling water or coolant leakage. These liners tend to have a greater thickness, typically ranging from 3mm to 6mm, compared to dry liners, as they lack the supporting structure provided by a cylinder block.

The wet liner can withstand the forces generated during the combustion of the charge. Heat transfer in wet liners occurs directly from the liner to the coolant, resulting in a more efficient heat transfer rate. This allows the combustion chamber to achieve higher temperatures, enhancing thermal efficiency. Wet liners are relatively easier to remove as they are not as tightly fitted as dry liners.

3. Finned Liners: Finned liners find application in air-cooled engines. These liners feature exposed fins that are in direct contact with the open air. When air flows through the fins, it significantly increases the heat transfer rate, effectively cooling the engine. In some cases, fin-cooled engines may also incorporate a wet liner to further enhance heat transfer rates. Finned liners are commonly used in engines that operate in open-air environments, benefiting from natural air cooling mechanisms.

Difference between Dry Liners and Wet Liners

1. Contact with Coolant: Dry Liners is not in direct contact with cooling water or coolants while Wet liners is In direct contact with cooling water or coolants.

2. Thickness: Dry liners are Typically thin, ranging from 1.5mm to 3mm while wet liners are Generally thicker, ranging from 3mm to 6mm.

3. Support Structure: Dry liners Rely on the engine block for support while wet liners Do not require the support of a cylinder block.

4. Corrosion Resistance: Dry liners Resistant to corrosion as they are isolated from water jackets while wet liners has No specific advantage or disadvantage regarding corrosion resistance.

5. Ease of Removal: Dry liners Requires specialised tools for removal while wet liners Relatively easier to remove as they are not tightly fitted.

6. Cooling Efficiency: Dry liners has Longer engine cooling times due to indirect heat transfer while wet liners has More efficient heat transfer allows for higher combustion chamber temperatures and improved thermal efficiency.

7. Heat Transfer: Dry liners Heat initially transfers from the liner to the engine block and then to the cooling jackets while wet liners Heat transfers directly from the liner to the coolant, resulting in efficient heat transfer.

8. Force Absorption: dry liners Shares force generated during combustion with the engine block while wet dry Can independently withstand forces generated during combustion.

Materials Used For Cylinder Liners

Cylinder liners are primarily crafted from cast iron due to their inherent lubricating properties, porosity, and exceptional damping characteristics. The manufacturing process involves centrifugal casting, starting with raw materials sourced directly from the blast furnace. The best cylinder liner material often depends on the specific application. The various materials used are:

1. Chromium: Enhances liner hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance, ensuring extended durability.

2. Molybdenum: Improves wear resistance strength and withstands high temperatures and pressures.

3. Nickel: Small nickel additions enhance machinability, uniform strength distribution, and overall casting quality.

4. Copper: Copper additions enhance the pearlite structure, reduce friction, provide a superior sliding surface, and improve corrosion resistance.

5. Vanadium: Elevates the liner's metallic structure, hardness, and durability while reducing fragility.

6. Titanium: Added for its reaction with nitrogen to form Titanium nitride, reducing compact graphite structures and minimizing blow holes.

7. Phosphorus: Enhances the grain structure of cast iron, contributing to improved performance.

8. Silicon: Mitigates shrinkage in the liner and reinforces its structural integrity.

Advantages of Cylinder Liners

Here are some of the advantages of using cylinder liners:

1. Wear Resistance: Cylinder liners are made from materials such as cast iron, steel, or even advanced composite materials, which are highly wear-resistant.

2. Heat Dissipation: Cylinder liners help dissipate heat generated during the combustion process.

3. Bore Restoration: Over time, the cylinder bore can wear and develop imperfections.

4. Reduced Friction: The smooth surface of cylinder liners reduces friction between the piston rings and the cylinder walls.

5. Improved Lubrication: Cylinder liners can be designed with specific surface finishes and treatments to enhance lubrication.

6. Compatibility with Different Piston Materials: Cylinder liners allow engine designers to use different materials for pistons and cylinder blocks.


Disadvantages of Cylinder Liners

Here are some of the disadvantages associated with the use of cylinder liners:

1. Increased Weight: Cylinder liners add weight to the engine due to the additional material used.

2. Cost: The manufacturing and installation of cylinder liners can add to the overall cost of engine production or repair.

3. Reduced Cooling Efficiency: In some cases, the presence of a cylinder liner can slightly reduce the efficiency of heat transfer from the combustion chamber to the engine's cooling system, as the liner may act as a thermal insulator.

4. Potential for Liner Slippage: In high-stress or high-temperature engine applications, there is a risk of liner slippage or distortion, which can affect engine performance and require additional maintenance.


Applications of Cylinder Liners

Here are some common applications of cylinder liners:

1. Automotive Engines: Cylinder liners are widely used in automotive engines, including gasoline and diesel engines. They protect the engine block's cylinder bores from wear and corrosion and can be replaced when necessary, extending the engine's lifespan.

2. Industrial Engines: Cylinder liners are employed in industrial engines used in power generation, construction equipment, agricultural machinery, and other heavy-duty applications. They help enhance engine durability and facilitate maintenance.

3. Marine Engines: Large marine diesel engines often use cylinder liners to withstand the high loads and corrosive conditions encountered at sea. Liners help extend the service life of marine engines and simplify maintenance.

4. Motorcycle Engines: Some high-performance motorcycle engines feature cylinder liners to withstand the demands of racing and to provide the option for engine builders to customize bore sizes.

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What Is A Distributor?

A distributor is a component in a spark ignition system that channels high-voltage pulses from the ignition coil to the spark plugs. Distributors are typically driven by the camshaft, which causes them to rotate at exactly one-half the speed of the crankshaft. This precise timing allows a distributor to provide voltage to each spark plug at the correct time and in the proper sequence. Modern direct and distributorless ignition systems perform the same functionality without a distributor.

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Parts of Distributor

The following are the parts of a distributor:

1. Cam It is a part of a distributor that is attached to the distributor shaft and rotates with it. It consists of lobes to open the contact breaker point. The number of lobes in the distributor is similar to the number of cylinders.

When the cam rotates, it drives the cam, follower, and the breaker points are separated causing the current to break.

2. Capacitor It also has a capacitor to protect the contact point of the contact breaker from overheating. It improves the output of high-voltage current by reversing the current flow through the primary coil.

3. Condensor Each ignition distributor is provided with a condenser at the contact points to reduce sparks as they open into the distributor thus minimizing burns and pitting of the points. Arcing occurs due to the effect of self-induction in the coil as the points block the flow of current.

4. Contact Breaker The contact breaker is a mechanical designed breaker point. One end of the contact breaker is movable and the other one is fixed. Its function is to create and break the primary circuit current and is connected to the breaker assembly.

As the cam’s lobe pushes the cam follower of the contact breaker, the breaker’s points that were touching each other separately and break the primary current to flow through the ignition coil’s primary winding.

5. Distributor Cap As the name suggests, it is the cover that protects the internal parts of the distributor system and maintains contact between the internal rotor and the spark plug wires.

It has only one post for each cylinder but contact point-type ignition systems have a central post that is connected to the ignition coil to draw current from it.

6. Terminals Inside the distributor cap, there is a terminal that corresponds to each post. The plug terminals are arranged around the periphery of the cap according to the firing order so that secondary voltage is sent to the appropriate spark plug at the correct time.

7. Distributor Shaft The distributor shaft is located in the middle of the ignition distributor. This shaft is connected to the camshaft of the engine with the help of a gear drive. It has a cam that is used to break the point of the contact breaker.

8. Drive Gear The ratio of the distributor gear is such that it gives the distributor one full turn for every complete turn of the crankshaft and for every two complete turns of the camshaft.

This assures that the spark plugs will burn in the correct position of the piston. The drive gear is firmly attached to the distributor shaft by means of a steel roll pin.

9. Rotor The distributor rotor is a device in a spark ignition system that provides a spark from the ignition coil for proper contact inside the distributor cap. It is driven by the camshaft of the engine and is therefore synchronized with it. As the camshaft rotates, the distributor shaft also rotates. This will cause the rotor attached to the distributor shaft to rotate.

10. Spark Advance Mechanism It is a mechanism used in spark-ignition engines to drive the spark. Its function is to burn the fuel before the piston reaches TDC. This provides the air-fuel mixture in the cylinder to burn completely and, as a result, there will be maximum pressure on the piston.

There are usually two types of spark advance mechanism in this and i.e. centrifugal advance spark mechanism and vacuum spark advance mechanism.


Bad Distributor Symptoms

A faulty distributor can cause a number of issues. Here are some of the most common:

1. Engine Performance Problems: A faulty distributor can cause a wide range of engine performance problems, such as stalling, misfiring, and poor acceleration.

2. Check engine light: If your vehicle was made within the last few decades, chances are, a problem with the distributor will trigger the check engine light

3. Engine cranks but doesn’t start: If the distributor is bad, the engine may not get the spark it needs. As a result, the engine will crank, but it will not start or run.

4. Increased emissions: A bad distributor can cause an engine to misfire. That can lead to an increase in emissions and, potentially, a failed state emissions test.

5. Abnormal noise: In some cases, worn distributor bushings or bearings may allow the distributor to move around and create abnormal noise.


Causes Of A Bad Distributor

Like several car components, some factors can cause the distributor to become faulty. Here are the most common causes you should watch out for.

1. Corrosion: Corrosion is a common issue with most electrical components in cars. It occurs when moisture and a metallic component come into contact. It can also happen due to oxidation when your vehicle runs too hot. Other substances, like grease or deposits, fuel or oil leaks, can cause corrosion.

You can protect your car distributor from corrosion by cultivating a regular maintenance habit.

2. Carbon build-ups: Carbon build-up is the most common reason distributors become bad quickly. High electric flow spark in the distributor can cause build-ups and erosion on the contact points, rotor, and other parts. Carbon build-ups are typically obvious. You can see them once you remove the distributor caps.

3. Wear and tear: Distributors are subject to wear and tear since they are exposed to high electric voltage. Plan on replacing it every two to three years so it won’t fail when you least expect it.


How to fix bad distributors?

If you establish that you have a lousy distributor after a thorough inspection, you must fix or replace it, depending on the type of damage.

If it’s a cracked distributor cap, replacing it with a new one is the most feasible fix. But if the cap is dirty or corroded, you must clean it properly. Here’s a simplified guide on how to clean a corroded distributor.

1. Remove the distributor cables. Ensure they are labeled. If not, label them so that you can reinstall them in the correct order.

2. Remove the distributor cap by unscrewing the fasteners holding it in place

3. Clean the contact points on the distributor cap with a bristle brush and some contact cleaner

4. Dry the cleaned cap with compressed air or a clean rag

5. Reinstall the distributor cap by following the reverse process.

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Engine Oil Pan

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What is an Engine oil pan?

The Engine oil pan is a component responsible for storing the oil that lubricates the engine. With a simple bath-shaped design, it is present in all types of combustion engines, whether diesel engines or petrol engines.

What’s the oil pan for?

The main function is to collect the oil from the engine block and put it back into circulation through the cylinders by the oil pump.

This whole cycle is repeated numerous times to ensure the best possible engine lubrication.

When the engine is switched off, the engine oil is housed in this component thanks to the force of gravity. Then, by removing the oil drain plug, the mechanics are able to remove about 95% of the engine oil thanks to engine oil pan


Parts of an Oil Pan

An oil pan may seem like a simple metal tray, but it actually has a few parts that work together to ensure your engine is lubricated properly.

1. Oil Pan Gasket: An oil pan gasket is a type of sealant between the pan and engine block that prevents oil from leaking from the two parts. It’s usually made from rubber, fiber, or cork ring.

2. Drain Plug: The drain plug is a threaded bolt at the bottom of the oil pan, which is removed to drain oil from the engine during an oil change.

3. Baffle Tray: The baffle tray prevents oil from sloshing around inside of the pan.

4. Windage Tray: Some cars have a windage tray — a metal sheet that prevents oil from contaminating the crankshaft. Some windage trays come with a crankshaft scraper to remove any oil that may infiltrate the shaft.


Symptoms of a Damaged Oil Pan

Because the oil pan is located beneath the vehicle, it may be hard to check for signs of damage. Fortunately, there are other ways to know when it’s time to get a replacement.

1. Illuminated Warning Lights: An oil pan or pan gasket that’s leaking severely can lead to a low oil level, which, in turn, can trigger dashboard warnings, such as the oil pressure and check engine lights.

2. Low Oil Levels: A damaged oil pan or faulty pan gasket can lead to an oil leak that results in a low oil level.

3. Oil Puddles Underneath the Vehicle: Oil dripping beneath the vehicle can indicate a damaged oil pan or gasket.


What Causes Oil to Leak from the Oil Pan?

There are two reasons why oil pan leaks happen: impact damage and worn or damaged gaskets.

1. Impact Damage: Accidents or road debris may cause the oil pan to sustain impact damage and leak oil from the engine.

2. Worn or Damaged Oil Pan Gasket: Over time, the oil pan and gasket may wear out and develop leaks. As the engine ages, cork gaskets may harden and shrink due to extreme heat. If your engine uses a rubber gasket, the gasket may also harden and lose its elasticity, causing oil to leak from the pan.

Benefits of Getting an Oil Pan Replacement

Replacing a damaged oil pan as soon as possible can save you thousands of dollars down the road. A leaking oil pan can eventually lead to a dangerously low oil level that results in internal engine damage. This costs way much more to fix than getting an oil pan replacement.

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What Is An Engine Starter Motor?

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An engine starter motor is an electrical device that is used to rotate (crank) internal combustion engines so as to initiate the engine’s operation under its own power. As soon as the engine begins to run, it gets disconnected from the engine, which now relies on the combustion process. The component is mounted on the engine’s gearbox housing, and the starter motor gear meets the flywheel’s teeth.

In this episode, we discussed the following:

1. Parts of the Starter Motor

2. Types of Starter Motor

3. Common Starter Motor Faults

4. How to Prevent Starter Motor Problems

To learn more about Engine Starter Motor And How It Works, please visit our blog: [url=www.kamsiparts.com/starter-motor/
]Click Here[/url]

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]Click Here[/url]

What Is Flywheel

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The flywheel is a very important component in a manual transmission car. This component keeps moving all the time to ensure the car is well controlled.

In this episode, we discussed the following:

1. Flywheel Function for Cars

2. How Flywheels Work

3. Flywheel types

4. Symptoms of a bad flywheel

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What Is Spark Plug

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A spark plug is an electrical device that is used in internal combustion engines to ignite compressed aerosol gasoline using an electric spark. The electrical component is highly used to perform mechanical jobs. In simple terms, spark plugs turn an energy source (gasoline) into movement. For instance, we have petrol which is highly flammable, and also air, which could cause an explosion when mixed.
The plug is like lighting fire to the compressed gas. Spark plugs are either regular (replacement) or performance. The performance spark plugs are tougher, having the ability to withstand a greater change in temperatures and mechanical stresses. However, regular types can’t. well, we’ll further look into them below this article.

In this episode, we discussed the following:

1. How Do Spark Plugs Work?

2. Major Parts of a Spark Plug

3. Types of Spark Plugs

4. What Causes Spark Plugs To Go Bad Fast?

5. How to Prevent Spark Plug Failure

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What Is An Engine Valve?

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Engine valves are mechanical components of the internal combustion engine responsible for controlling the airflow in the engine. The air inside the valves ignites the fuel that generates energy used for piston movement.

In this episode, we discussed the following:

1. Function of Engine Valves

2. Types of Engine Valves

3. Common Bad Engine Valve Symptoms?

4. How to Correct Engine Valve Failure

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What is connecting Rod?

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`The connecting rod is a connection between the piston and a crankshaft. It joins the piston pin with the crankpin. The small end of the connecting rod is connected to the piston pin and the big end to the crank pin.
The purpose of the connecting rod is to convert the linear motion of the piston into the rotary motion of the crankshaft.
The connecting rod consists of an I-beam cross-section and is made of forged steel. Aluminum alloy is also used for connecting rods. They are precisely matched in sets of similar weight in order to maintain engine balance.
The lighter the connecting rod and piston, the greater the resulting in power and the lesser the vibration because the reciprocating weight is less.
The connecting rod carries the power thrust from the piston to the crankpin, and hence it must be very strong, rigid, and as light as possible.

In this episode, we discussed the following:

1. Parts of Connecting Rod
2. Functions of Connecting Rod
3. Types of Connecting Rod
4. Faults of Connecting Rods

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What Is A Piston?

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A piston is a mechanical device that moves upward to compress gas and downward due to an explosion in a cylinder to transform heat energy into mechanical work.

A piston follows a cyclical process for the continuation of the heat-converting process. The process is achieved in three ways:

1. Providing heat to the gas inside the cylinder for useful work

2. Removing heat from the cylinder to decrease the pressure so that the gas can easily be compressed

3. Applying work to the piston when it’s in its initial state, ready to perform the cycle again.

In this episode, we further discussed the following:

1. Functions Of A Piston In Internal Combustion Engines

2. How Does A Piston Work?

3. Major Parts Of Pistons And Their Functions

4. Types Of Pistons

5. Common Piston Problem

6. Piston Maintenance And Repair

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Crankcase Ventilation System

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The crankcase ventilation system is an essential component of a vehicle’s engine system. It is responsible for maintaining the health and efficiency of the engine by removing harmful gases and excess pressure from the crankcase. This system plays a critical role in ensuring the proper functioning of the engine and preventing potential damage.

The crankcase ventilation system consists of various components that work together to regulate the flow of gases and maintain optimal engine performance. These components include the PCV (Positive Crankcase Ventilation) valve, breather element, and various hoses and pipes.

In this episode, we discussed the following:

1. How Crankcase Ventilation System Works

2. Importance of Crankcase Ventilation System in Vehicles

3. The Role of Crankcase Pressure in Ventilation System

4. Understanding Crankcase Pressure

5. Impact of Crankcase Pressure on Ventilation System

6. Is Crankcase Pressure Bad?

7. Why is Crankcase Ventilation Necessary?

8. The Consequences of Poor Crankcase Ventilation

9. The Benefits of Proper Crankcase Ventilation

10. Regular Checks for Crankcase Ventilation System

11. Signs of a Failing Crankcase Ventilation System

12. Steps to Maintain Crankcase Ventilation System Health

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What is a Crankcase?

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A crankcase is an integral component of internal combustion engines, providing housing and structural support for key engine parts like the crankshaft, connecting rods, and pistons. It also contains the engine’s lubricating oil, which is essential for reducing friction and dissipating heat generated during engine operation.

In this episode, we discussed the following:

1. Construction and Parts of Crankcase
2. Types Of Crankcases
3. Advantages of Crankcase
4. The function of a Crankcase

To learn more about Crankcase, please visit our blog: CLICK HERE

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What Is A Car Horn?

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A vehicle horn is a sound-making device installed on motor vehicles, trains, boats, and other types of vehicles. The horn is activated to warn others of the vehicle’s presence or approach or to call attention to some hazard.

The horn is a tool used to communicate between the driver and other road users. The horn is usually used to give a signal or sign to other road users for the safety of both parties, for example when you want to overtake, ask for road space, and so on.

In this episode, we discussed the following:

1.Car Horn Functions
2. How Do Car Horns Work
3. Types of Car Horns
4. Reasons for a Broken Car Horn & How to Take Care of It
5. How to Care for a Car Horn

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Car Steering And How It Works

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What Is A Car Steering

The basic aim of steering is to ensure that the wheels are pointing in the desired direction to move the vehicle as required. This is typically achieved by a series of linkages, rods, pivots, and gears.

In this episode, we discussed the following:

1. Components of the Steering System

2. Types Of Car Steering

3. Power steering system in cars

4. Difference between power steering and manual steering

5. Types of power steering

6. Electric power steering vs hydraulic power steering

7. Common Steering Problems

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What Is A Car Headlamp?

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A car headlamp is mounted on the front of the car to illuminate roads. Because it is on the front, it is often called a headlight. In addition, it is often called the headlight, although it is more suitable to call it a headlamp.

In this episode, we discussed the following:

1. Differences between Headlamps and Car Fog Lamps

2. Car Headlamp Components

3. Variety of Car Headlamp Technologies

4. Types of Car Headlamps

5. Some Common Headlight Problems and How to Fix Them

To learn more about Car Headlamp, please visit our blog: CLICK HERE

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What is a Car brake?

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A brake is a mechanical device that inhibits motion by absorbing energy from a moving system. It is used for slowing or stopping a moving vehicle, wheel, axle, or to prevent its motion, most often accomplished using friction

In this episode, we discussed the following

1. The types of car brakes?
2. Essential Parts Of Your Braking System
3. Early Warning Signs You Need New Brakes

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What is the coolant in a car?

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Coolant is a fluid that keeps your engine running at optimum temperature. It prevents the engine from overheating, freezing, and metal corrosion.

In this episode, we further discussed the following:

1. What Does Engine Coolant Do

2. How Does Engine Coolant Work

3. Reasons For Using A Coolant Over Water

4. How Is Coolant Supplied To The Engine Block

5. Types Of Coolant For Cars

6. Hybrid And Electric Cooling System

7. How To Know Which Coolant Is Right For Your Car

8. Things To Remember When Buying Car Coolants

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Car Water Pump And How It Works

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What Is A Car Water Pump

A water pump is a vital component in any automobile as it ensures the engine never gets overheated by letting the coolant flow through the engine block. It ensures the optimum operating temperature of the engine, hoses, and radiator.

In this episode, we discussed the following:

1. How does a water pump work

2. Types of automotive water pumps

3. Common problems of car pump

4. What Are The Causes Of Water Pump Failure

To learn more about Car Water Pump, please visit our blog: CLICK HERE

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Car Radiator And How It Works

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What Is A Car Radiator?

The radiator is an essential component of the engine’s cooling system. This mechanism is designed to keep the engine temperature at an optimal level as set by the vehicle manufacturer. Made mostly of aluminum, radiators transfer heat from the hot coolant through tubes, then, as air blows across fins, it cools the fluid.

Modern cars use aluminum radiators, but they are usually made of copper and brass. This is because of their high heat conductivity. their various sections are joined by soldering.

We discussed the following:

1. How Does a Radiator Work
2. Parts of A Car Radiator
3. Types of Radiator
4. Signs of a Failing Radiator
5. Radiator Maintenance
6. Do electric cars have radiators?

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