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[size=8pt]Trading basics for the beginners



The Share market immediately conjures up stories of fortunes made and lost. A share makes the holder a partial owner of the company and different types of shares have different rights associated with them. If you are able to sell off your share at a price higher than your buying price, you make a profit but you also run the risk of incurring a loss if the share price falls. The business you invested in makes profit and they provide you part of it as dividend.
In the share market you are an anonymous player and many have made a reasonable profit. There is no unique formula to ensure consistent gain but before you venture into this market you should know the basics of stock trading.

What does trading stocks mean?

Buying and selling of stocks is referred to as trading in the financial market.

You have to approach a broker in order to trade. You can trade either electronically or on the exchange floor. Exchange floor scene must be familiar to you; the NYSE has been on television as part of news coverage innumerable times. It is here that your broker arranges for your shares to be ordered. . The floor clerk locates the floor trader from whom the shares can be bought. Once the price is agreed upon, the deal is finalized.

Electronic transaction is very common today. It is an efficient and fast method of stock trading. Here too you require a broker but you receive confirmations almost immediately .In online investing your broker will connect to the exchange network and search for a buyer or seller according to your order.
How are the stock prices determined?
The stock prices cannot be predicted, they depend on various factors like political unrest, if there is a huge demand for a particular share at a given time, prices can fluctuate, any event that could adversely affect the company will also cause the share prices to drop.


Before you decide on which stock to buy you must answer the following questions.

Do you know the company well enough?
What is the company’s reputation in the market?
Have you gone through their annual report?
Do you have the confidence to invest in this company?
Is some negative news about the company circulating?
How are analysts predicting the future?
How is the management of the company?
What are their growth prospects?
Am I aware of the insider activity?
Is it an internationally renowned company?
How is their marketing strategy?
Have there been any changes in the management recently?
How consistent has been their performance?
Has there been a sudden shift in their production?
Whenever you invest you should be aware of your limits and remember not to exceed them. Share market involves a lot of risk , risk taking could either lead to fortunate gains or to bankruptcy.
• You should avoid investing money more than you can actually afford.
• Know about your investment well and do not blindly depend upon your broker.
• Follow regular stock market quotes to keep yourself abreast of the market swings.

The share provides you with an earning power, gives you partial ownership of a company and the freedom to buy or sell at any moment. But if you are a novice in stock trading you need to play safe and equip yourself with a lot of information. Unless you are a seasoned player you should invest only after surveying all the alternatives and never go beyond your risk tolerance. Know where to draw the line and begin trading in stocks!




What is your share type?



A Share or stock is a financial security that makes the holder one of the owners of the company. Along with the other shareholders you become a partial owner of the company and your rights will vary according to the type of share owned. Before investing in stocks you should be aware of the rights associated with each type of share and then decide your share type.
Shares are categorized mainly into two groups:
• Common Shares
• Preference Shares
Common Shares
Most of the people hold common shares in a company. These shares entitle the holder to receive dividends and provides them with voting rights. At the company’s Annual General Meeting they exercise their voting rights and elect the directors who in turn are responsible for appointing the managerial body . Shares may be public or private. Common shares are also called “equities” or “ equity securities”. There are regulatory authorities that approve shares , if the share is a Private share then no approval is required. But if the share is Public they are under the regulation of government securities regulators. According to the trading [between buyers and sellers] the stock prices are determined.
Preference Shares
Preference shareholders receive preferential treatment in terms of dividend distribution. If a company goes bankrupt the preference shareholders receive the nominal value of their shares ahead of the ordinary shareholders. There are several different types of preference shares available in the market.

Based on their term or maturity preference shares can be of the following types: Preferred shares with no fixed maturity date are a “Straight” or “perpetual” share and pays the shareholders dividend forever.

Shares that have their maturity date mentioned at the time of issue are called “retractable” or “term” preferred shares. Some shares that have their retraction value payable in cash or in common stock of the same value are called “Soft-retractable” preferred shares. This provides the issuer with the option of not paying back in cash either at the time of maturity or in the case of retraction. He can pay an equal value of stock instead.

Most preference shares are “cumulative” in nature. In case of Cumulative preference shares if the dividends are not paid within the specified period, they get accumulated until finally paid. Before the company pays off its common shareholders, it shall have to distribute the accumulated dividend to the preference shareholders.

Along with Cumulative preference shares there is the “Redeemable” preference share as well. The issuing company can buy back these shares on a specified maturity date.

Stocks may be grouped together according to different sectors, business cycles, and market capitalization of the company.

Before you decide on your share type you must analyze your investment objectives and compare the stocks available with these objectives. There may be several quantifiable measures that you think are of utmost importance when you invest. You have to decide on your stock based on the earnings growth, relative strength, dividend distribution, and revenue growth and tax abnormalities if any. Among the thousands of stocks available it is only by stock screening and stock research that you can finalize your share type.




What is EPS? Comprehensive information


EPS is the abbreviated form of ‘Earnings per Share’. Of course there are other terms clipped as EPS: ‘Extended Portfolio System’ is one, for example. Those are not our concern here. In issues concerning the stock market, the direct concern is earnings from stocks. We take up EPS as Earning per Share and try to understand what it is.

In this sense, EPS is clearly a measure of average earning from shares transacted. Here’s a simple formula for calculating EPS: divide the earnings available to common shareholders with the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year. The resulting quotient is called basic (or simple) EPS.

Often EPS is taken to be the single most important factor in the financial statement. Conventionally it is known as the "bottom line" indicator of financial performance. Other commonly used ratios such as P/E and dividend payout are also calculated on the basis of EPS numbers.

Basic EPS is shown in the income statement of a company when it has no outstanding securities convertible into common stock. When outstanding convertible securities are there, more complex rules are followed, which try to make EPS reflect the potential of such securities to dilute potential earnings of common shareholders.

The kind of importance popularly attached to EPS by users of financial statements is perhaps due to the fact that they are disclosed in the financial statements of public companies, and are liable to be scrutinized by auditors.

But then EPS is tedious and cumbersome to creators and scrutinizers of financial statements. Complex provisions of APB 15 and a host of amending pronouncements make it further complicated. The burden is worsened by SEC stipulation that 10-K reports include a supplementary schedule explaining the computation of EPS whenever it is not apparent in the financial statements.

A serious problem with ongoing standards is that basic EPS is subject to replacement on the income statement by two hypothetical EPS numbers: primary EPS, and fully diluted EPS.

Primary EPS is computed assuming that common stock equivalents were converted to common stock on the first day of the reporting period. The fully diluted EPS is computed assuming that all dilative securities, including the common stock equivalents, were converted.

When fully diluted EPS is less than 97% of basic EPS, these two EPS are the only per-share disclosures required under current accounting standards.
Concerns about the usefulness of dual EPS reporting are not limited to the relative merits of historical and proforma disclosure. Some of the specific rules governing the computation of primary and fully diluted EPS have also been questioned. The test used to identify common stock equivalent securities is among the most controversial of those rules.

Changing prevailing market conditions in relation to terms of particular securities are not considered in the computational rules for EPS. It implies that the appeal of a conversion feature relative to other security characteristics will vary, in different circumstances.

But then the meaning of common stock equivalent status and primary EPS remain confusing and questionable. There are other sophisticated methods that are also questionable, such as Options, Warrants, and the Treasury Stock Method.

So EPS is a popular method of measuring how things are going in the stock market, but the dependability of the measure is not too high because of the complicated procedures and unrealistic assumptions used for its derivation.

There are more comprehensive statistics and formulae that make life in the stock market simpler: the track of P/E ratio for example. Hence though as a primary indicator of performance one can use EPS to get an initial impression, you shouldn’t depend much on it for a deep understanding of what’s happening in the stock market.





Tools you need: Day Trading Must Haves

Day trading previously had been only for the trading firms or the brokers who dealt in the physical market. But with the advent of the internet and a general advance of communication technology day trading has entered the homes of any interested individual who might have not visited the markets in person ever. But to be a successful day trader from your home you need to have the right gear. And by that we mean you need to have the proper hardware and software to build yourself a platform that could help you stay competitive against the market makers and other day traders. Following is a guide to the proper equipment you must have to do well.
Hardware
When you are trading online all you need is a good computer. You need to have only the basic items of hardware installed. But don’t compromise on what you get yourself. Remember that while trading you would have to deal with a lot of numbers and figures and so you would require your computer to handle the data well. Get yourself a decent processor (anything above 1GHz) and plenty of memory. A 100GB hard disk drive is suggested as you would need to stack a lot of information. Higher memory also means better speed. Get yourself at least 1024MB of RAM as it would be necessary when you are crunching those numbers. You will of course need a modem to stay connected and a high quality video card would help you get the live feeds better.
As you would be dealing with a lot of data you should get yourself at least a 19” monitor. You can even go for split screen and use two monitors for a single screen shot.
Connection Speed
While you are day trading you are doing business real time. So you can’t allow for any time lag. You would be placing your orders and quotes and you have to get them done on time or else you might miss out on good trading opportunities. So a dial-up connection isn’t the best choice you have. To be a serious day trader it is always advisable to get a cable or DSL connection. That way you will get real-time data in your hand and can trade effectively.
Software
To make full use of the hardware you have got yourself you would also need the necessary software platforms to go with it. If you are in day trading you can go no where without the proper data in your hand. And even if you have the data you need to get the proper tools to store them well and have an easy access to them. The trading software platforms not only help you in getting the necessary data like the stock quotes, market indices, market stories and price alerts in real-time but they also store and present the data for you in an organized way so that it becomes much easier for you to make sense of it all when you read the spread sheets. You can buy these software platforms online or you can even get them from a few stores if you want to. You should however note that you may have to pay separately for access to the data that you need to download.





Swing Trading – How to Profit from Swing Trading?

Swing trading is a trading strategy where you hold stock positions for a short duration of time, but longer than a day trade. Swing trade positions can last anywhere from 2 to 30 days, and generally try to take advantage of short and mid-term movements in stock prices.

This is also quite risky though may seem to be less so than day trading. Since it is not even mid-term and you don’t wait for long a time, it is possible that that stock falls as you wait and as you come to the pre-fixed end of your target holding period, you have to sell at a trough. It is also possible that the stock makes a turnaround immediately after you exit, and you either narrowly miss a huge profit or avoid a withering loss.

Before going in for swing trading, one needs to understand the difference between swings and stock market cycles.

A cycle is longer than a swing. A cycle is made of many short swings, up and down. There are swing trading firms making lucrative promises and publishing tall advertisements. Watch out or you may get into some disastrous mistake.

The general principle for winning is the same for all stock market entrants: sell the losers and let the winners ride! Longer term investors make profits by selling their appreciated investments, but they hold on to stocks that have declined, hoping for a rebound. Swing traders often do not have that long a time to get into rebound. They have to infer accurately when it is time to give up a stock within their projected time range.

A personal policy to sell after a stock has increased by a certain pre-fixed multiple often pays off in swing trading. But that way it may never fully ride out a winner. Therefore it is wise to allow for some degree of flexibility within this swing trading period.

It is best not to underestimate a well performing stock by sticking to some rigid personal rule. If you don't have a good understanding of the potential of your investments, your personal rules may end up being arbitrary and too limiting. Hence before entering this type of trading, do extensive research on the behavior of your selected sample of ‘good’ stocks.

On the other hand, it's equally important to be realistic about investments that are performing badly. That a stock will bounce back after a lingering decline can never be guaranteed. Hence the best time to sell has to be chosen wisely also, and the wisdom has to be carefully based on research. A standard strategy is to wait till the upswing goes on within the period you remain in the market, and then sell at the end of your chosen end time.

Being an active investor involves knowing the in-s and out-s of buying and selling stock. But for becoming a successful swing trader, there is no substitute to working hard watching and analyzing your personal portfolio. In order to obtain the gains and rewards from swing trading, you need to master the science of timing.



Successful Investors – What They Have in Common


Obviously, the first thing that successful investors have in common is a good net profit. The question is, what common traits do they have that make them so successful?

First and foremost is method. Their methods may differ widely, but the presence of a methodical approach is true for all of them. All successful investors have their respective ways of organizing relevant investment information and take the right pragmatic decision at the right time, be it on investing or disinvesting – that is, withdrawing or selling off one's stock.

Everyone makes a profit on a few deals if they have been in the game for some time. The question is, how do some people make a profit so often? Simplistic advice like ‘keep left’ or ‘follow a witch or a pendulum’ does not really make sense. Nor is there any single fool-proof method regarding investment strategies. If you want to win you have to play, and make the right moves under the rules of the game. The first move is to get and keep track of stock and corporate information properly.

Focus and not emotionality is what successful people have when going into this business. Startups are normally small or moderate, and that is indeed a good thing because successful investors do not make large investments on anything they have not understood adequately. If you invest time to read and observe the market, your time will turn into money.

They analyze their own portfolios and also those of others results, at least in the beginning. They keep written track of the analysis results. Analyzing means figuring out causes and effects of the events intelligently. They are open to mistakes in purchasing and selling of stocks, in speculations on options, on the timings of buying and selling. They initially compare the going rates with some standard mutual fund stock info track such as S&P 500 index fund.

If an investors finds him continuously on the wrong side he should be mature enough to reconsider his approach. He can't stick to any particular stock because of emotional investments. A successful investor knows that the market ruthlessly ignores any emotional attachment.

It is common to find successful investors who pay attention to the immediate trail of prices of the stocks purchased, but still do not get swayed by 10% ups or downs. They have set pragmatic tolerance ranges for themselves. They are confident but not overly so. They will never play a sitting duck in risky affairs; though they will surely absorb a certain amount of risk. They are quick to distinguish between the 'no-risk-no-gain' and 'too-risky' lots, and it is often this acumen that makes them successful investors.

They often will move upstream along their documented analysis to reach proper understanding of the stocks they are considering. It is wise to understand one particular stock in every detail, and to use that knowledge to learn the other stocks better.

Work using your head. Remember, Lady Luck does not smile for a lazy bum. And if there's anything that all successful investors have in common, it's that not one of them is a lazy bum.




Stocks – Better than Bonds?

Bonds are debt securities issued by institutional entities intending to borrow for productive purposes. Issuing authorities can be government entities, corporations or finance companies and the likes. Such issues mean that the issuing entity agrees to owe the holder a debt payable on the promised repayment date. It is a paper of contract between the borrower and the lender of the IOU type, accompanied by a promise to repay with additional earning and interest payment.

One main similarity between bonds and stocks lies in the fact that both are traded in stock exchanges. As it is with stocks, bonds also have a face value that fluctuates according to the confidence level of the investor in the issuer’s ability to repay the bond on promised dateline.

However, contrary to stocks, which are equity securities, bonds as debt securities that have certain specific qualities.

Trading in bonds seems to be quite popular among investors as they are generally taken as a more reliable investment than stocks. There is an sum-assured component in bonds which is absent in stocks. In case of bonds you have a fair idea about when and hw much you'll be repaid, and while you're waiting you will earn an interest for having invested in the bond issue.

Bonds usually accrue interest like a savings account, which is payable either quarterly, half yearly, or annually. This may make one conclude that bonds are better investments than stocks. A stock investment market will never promise any interest or for that matter any promise of positive earning at all.

Bonds look better on another count also. They are often convertible in to equity shares.

Like in stocks, there are many varieties of bonds. Bond varieties refer to the rates of interest, distance of repayment terminal time and nature of conversion ratios, while stocks vary according to the size and probable income potential, which have to be calculated by the investor himself.

But this 'higher worthiness' is not always very well founded. There are bonds that do not pay any interest but guarantee the full repayment of the principal – zero coupons for example. But in a sense that is true with stocks also. The only difference is that you have to be alert to avoid missing the purchase value by agreeing to sell them at the right time. Earning from bonds may vary according to the nature of the bond, whether it is a fixed rate or a floating rate bond.

The main demerit of bonds vis-à-vis stocks is that a bond can never earn more than its face value, while a prosperous stock can earn large multiples of its face value.

This statement needs to be qualified for convertible bonds, which can conditionally (dependent on the occurrence of certain events) be converted into equity stocks of the issuer, rather than being repaid in money. From that point onward it is identical with any other stock in quality.
Bonds can be advocated to be better than stocks for people who are allergic to risks and are happy with lower earnings. For people ready for financial adventure, stocks are the way to go.

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