₦airaland Forum

Helinues


Get your Muslim ass in here

Hananfine:
You're feeling happy now.
She is dying Jesus power can't even save her.

Just like The Black stupid stone could not save Mohamed

Lovenorth:
Jesus has been killed by your lovely Jews

Mad Mohammed was poisoned by the woman he raped

This one resemble Bola the sniffing vagabond

BloomingDale:
Two books actually. QUARAN and BIBLE.

But I can show you this

BloomingDale:
Two books actually. QUARAN and BIBLE.

Never seen anyone screaming in Jesus name and killing .
..


Show me

opamoses1:
The Iranian said they wanted Khomeni and started a revolution to install Khomeini. This was after they got tired of the extravagant lifestyle of their ruling Royal family. They got what they asked for.

Their country may have been like UAE or Malaysia if they were patient.

One book causing problem everywhere.

One book

Na be me talk am I

Na person when experience Jews and owner of Nigeria talk am..


Kano bye bye
...


https://twitter.com/NiohBerg/status/1733232391278194867?t=jNlloLnhnQE4HJeFJ44hUg&s=19

ahnie:
Yes e vex me,I m not igbo by tribe but by marriage and I would always choose Igbos over other tribes.

Sorry for any bad thing I don tell you before.

I must stand by you .

God bless always.

Same thing I tell fools here I have no beef with igbos infact them be better humans than any other tribe I have met

tsdarkside:
sharrap....

We know you

rentgyd2000s:
What could be the reason?

Good relationship.

Let Nigeria tribes keep fighting people who have nothing to do with them

last few years. The banks pay it out but it does not come back; and where it is I do not
know...."6
He further indicated that the problem of transporting large quantities of money had
not been solved by the introduction of British currency. "In this country", he said,
"currency consists mainly of shillings and it is a very bulky business when dealing with
them in millions."7
These statements should demonstrate the kernel of the currency
problem in Nigeria. Traditionally, the local population stored their money in great hoards,
transporting them in any quantity only when needed for major purchases. Most wealthy
men were invariably polygynists and heads of very large households, and in the pre-
colonial setting, they had at their disposal the labour of their kinsmen and slaves as well.
The labour costs involved in transporting large quantities of money, be it manillas, brass
rods, cowries, or later, shillings, were therefore low or often non-existent (except in terms
of costs to the porters themselves) as far as the men of means were concerned. Further, it is
significant that when British currency finally gained local acceptance -- and this was a
gradual process involving about fifty years of continued local use of the pre-existing
currencies -- only the smallest denominations, shillings and pennies were readily taken, and
these were generally hoarded in the traditional manner, thus perpetuating the transport
problems earlier associated with the cowries and other currencies, and forcing the
Government to pry them loose from their hoarders through the standard methods of
increasing taxation.8
This paper is the result of a re-examination of available evidence on the currency
revolution in Southern Nigeria. To fully comprehend the nature and consequences of that
revolution, one may ask the following questions: (1) What are the fundamental differences
between the pre-colonial Nigerian currency system and the system the British Government
wished to impose on the Nigerian economy? (2) Why did the British Government want to
replace the pre-existing Nigerian currencies with British currency? and, (3) What costs did
Nigerians pay as a result of the change in currency (or more generally, what were the costs
and benefits of the new and old systems to British interests and Nigerians respectively)? To
answer the first question, it is useful to reiterate, following Paul Samuelson, the
fundamentals of money.9
It is not a physical thing in essence, but rather, a compendium of
functions broadly identified as follows: (a) a standard of value; (b) a medium of exchange;
(c) a store of value; (d) a unit of account and a standard of deferred payments. All these
functions are logically dependent upon the characteristic of liquidity, which is in turn af-
fected by durability, acceptability over a wide range of transactions, and ease of accounting.

6
Niqerian Legislative Council Debates, 22nd Session, March 14, 1944, Statement by the Member from
Banking (The Hon. K.M. Oliver, M.C.), pp. 151-152.
7
1bid., p. 152.
8
Niqerian Legislative Council Debates, 22nd Session, Statement by the Hon. Financial Secretary, March 16,
1944, p. 273; See also F.D. Lugard, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa, (London: Frank Cass
Reprint, 1965), p. 264.
9
P.A. Samuelson, Economics, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976), p. 283; see also C.S. Belshaw, Traditional
Exchange and Modern Markets, (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey; Prentice-Hall, 1965), pp. 9-10. See also A.G.
Hopkins, An Economic History of West Atrica, (New York, Columbia University Press, 1973), pp. 69-70.

THE CURRENCY REVOLUTION IN SOUTHERN NIGERIA 1880-
1948

Between 1880 and 1948 the British Government replaced the pre-existing
currencies of Southern Nigeria with British currency. There is, as yet, no satisfactory
comprehensive explanation of the manner in which this important change was effected, and
of its impact on the Southern Nigerian economy and society. Much has, however been
written on the subject.1
Of these, the contributions of G.I. Jones and A. G. Hopkins are
easily the most valuable in the degree to which they help to explain the working of the pre-
existing currencies, or the manner in which such currencies were replaced. A. H. M. Kirk-
Greene's article is useful in the information it provides regarding the nature and distribution
of the major currencies in Nigerian history. His explanation of the manner of their
disappearance, like Marion Johnson's, is essentially unsatisfactory. Kirk-Greene suggests
that "the Nigerian cowrie died a natural death, brought about by a demand for a more
portable medium of exchange" and that "by 1923, they had entirely vanished from the main
centers of trade".2
Kirk-Greene accepted at face value the assertion by Assistant Resident
Kisch of Northern Nigeria in 1910 to the effect that British currency was already popular at
that time because cowries were cumbersome, 150 mean being required to carry £ 100 worth
of them.3
Marion Johnson, on the other hand, claimed that the demonetization of cowries
by legislation in 1904 was a superfluous exercise, "a classic case of closing the stable door
after the horse has gone".4
Her explanation for this was essentially that so many cowries
had been imported over the years that by the end of the Nineteenth Century, cowries had
seriously depreciated in value, and enormous difficlties were encountered in trans-porting
them about the country in any quantity.5
These explanations fail to take into account the
nature of the Nigerian economy in the pre-colonial setting, and the role of cowries and
other local currencies in that context, nor do they explain why cowries and other currencies
remained in strong local demand well into 1950 in some parts of Northern and Southern
Nigeria. The dangers of using the weight problem to explain the disappearance of the
traditional currencies from the Nigerian market may be illustrated by what happened to the
British currency with which they were replaced over the period under review. In 1944, the
Member for Banking in the Nigerian Legislative Council, the Hon. K.M. Oliver, drew
attention to the embarrassing fact that the British currency was not circulating in the
Nigerian market:
"it has been a great embarrassment to the Banks and the Currency Board that
currency is not circulating. We get large demands for small denominations particularly
from Calabar, but if the small money in this country would only circulate, there would be
ample. It is not circulating. The banks have received practically nothing back during the

1
See for instance: G.I. Jones, "Native and trade currencies in Southern Nigeria during the XVIII and XIX
Centuries", Africa, 1958, pp. 42-54; A.H.M. Kirk-Greene, "The Major Currencies in Nigerian History",
Journal of the Historical Soceity of Nigeria, Vol. 2, No. 1, Dec. 1960, pp. 132-150; A.G. Hopkins, "The
Currency Revolution in South-West Nigeria in the Late Nineteenth Century", J.H.S.N., Vol. 3, December
1966, and M. Johnson, "The Cowries Currencies of West Africa, Parts I and II", Journal of African History,
Vol. XI, Nos. 1 and 3, 1970.
2
A.H.M. Kirk-Greene, "The Major Currencies in Nigerian History", J.H. .N., 2,1, 1960, pp. 140-148.
3
Ibid., p. 148.
4
M. Johnson, "The Cowrie Currencies of West Africa, Part I", Journal of African History, Vol. XI, No. 1,
1970, p. 24.
5
1bid., pp. 28-33.

Helinues is sad

Tymk:
you look like a product of an agege olosho that got raped and inseminated by ogun state armed robbers

You mean your mother still stand that junction by 3am ?

1TrippleCee:
Nonsense. Na who sell phone casing pass ?

Agbo no get FDA approval ooo.

One day them go arrest your papa for selling non tested roots and gin

tsdarkside and the band of owambe is no happy

See his screenshot below about South East and south South.

With that said , I am happy to let normal thinking people here on nairaland know that Arewa forum yesterday agreed that Biafra should be allowed to go .

The only problem now will be some places within South.

It's on channels tv page for people who might want to go fact check

Tymk:
answer the fucking question

Do I look like your mother?

tsdarkside:
do you think you are here on radio biafra or what....??

We know you afonjaaa

Cyprian is from Aguleri in Anambra state


He is on the 10 kwacha coin of Malawi.

The allies in Africa keeps growing after Cote D'Ivoire summit.

Who knows know

tsdarkside:
let them wail....we dont care no more....

We know you

tsdarkside:
fvck you too....!!

We know you

Solitechworld:
Hamas is not a terrorist organization

No they are music group

Winnin009:
Soldiers look like civilians without their camo outfit. What’s your point?!

Leave the head slamming Rufus

Kazeemabiodun:
Fake news they are just civilians idf can not near hamàs

Mohamed don smoke ganja remain for you Abi?

Nahunger:

Clear road for soldiers wey sabi

Who can battle with deh lord I say no body .


Israel for lifeeeeeee

jkpbestseries:
one day mankind will reason same and feel love for each other

Islam is a cancer to Earth

Am yisreal chai

Dirty things .

Bomb them to thier ganja smoking prophet

Propaganda