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President Muhammadu Buhari came to power
promising Nigerians "change". Novelist and
writer Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani gives five
examples of what has changed in Nigeria since
29 May 2015 when he was sworn in.

1. Are we safer?
Those of us who travel regularly in Nigeria's
north-east had become used to what should be a
15-minute journey turning into an hour-long
ordeal.
You had to stop dozens of times at roadblocks
and disembark, while heavily armed soldiers
inspected your vehicle for traces of the Islamist
militant group, Boko Haram.
Today, the number of checkpoints has fallen
significantly - even on the road to Chibok -
thanks to enhanced confidence in the security of
the entire region.
The army has regained swathes of territory that
the Islamist militants had occupied as part of
their so-called caliphate.
Boko Haram has been considerably weakened,
resigned to attacking soft targets using suicide
bombers.
Thousands of women and girls kidnapped by the
group have also been rescued, including one of
the 219 schoolgirls from Chibok abducted in April
2014.
But while there is progress in the north-east,
trouble in the Niger Delta, the country's oil-
producing region, is resurfacing.
Recent attacks on oil facilities have caused a
drop in production and helped push up the global
price of crude oil.
On patrol with Nigerian soldiers

2. Where's my money?
In the months preceding last year's elections, the
popular chant on the streets was "Sai Buhari, Sai
Buhari", which means "Only Buhari" in Hausa -
the most widely-spoken language in the north
where the president originates.
"Sai Buhari" became an almost magical greeting,
capable of earning you a discount from the
sweaty chap pushing a wheelbarrow of tiger nuts
or sugar cane.
It could even elicit a smile followed by permission
to move along, from the miscellaneous airport
officials who usually ensure that your passage
through Nigerian customs and immigration is
fraught with agonising delays.
A year later, the chant has changed to "Buhariya",
which roughly translates to "Buhari's way" or
"Buhari's time".
The slogan is now used to explain every
unpleasant evidence of Nigeria's troubled
economy and a time of austerity.
Q: "A basket of tomatoes has gone up from
3,000 naira ($15) to 18,000 naira?"
A: It's "Buhariya!"
Q: "How come the naira is plummeting against
the dollar on the black market?"
A: It's "Buhariya!"
.
3. Where's our money?
This time last year, friendship with Sambo Dasuki,
the former national security adviser, could have
altered your economic circumstances forever.
He would have been besieged with invitation
cards to be the chief guest at various events.
When he entered a room, almost everyone would
stand in respect.
Today, he sits in an Abuja jail, awaiting trial for
the alleged mismanagement of billions of dollars
meant for the war against Boko Haram - charges
he denies.
Several other big men, previous untouchables,
such as former service chiefs, top politicians and
government officials, are also sitting in jail
awaiting corruption trials, or out on bail.
And, if you're looking for a second-hand luxury
car to buy, now may be the time.
A number of people formerly linked to the
government are desperate for cash and selling off
their fleets.
It would seem as though the leaking taps that
gushed dollars to be spent carelessly have
stopped flowing since President Buhari came to
power.
Buhari's battle to clean up the oil industry

4. Where are the women?
Ensuring women's participation at all levels in
political, economic and public life is one of the
targets of the UN's sustainable development
goals (SDGs).
But oly six out of Mr Buhari's cabinet of 37 are
women, a meagre 16% and way down on the
previous administration's 31%.
Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani:
"The president's wife, Aisha... appears as the
stereotypical good African wife."
The president's wife, Aisha, is also the most
silent first lady Nigeria has had in decades, barely
seen or heard - except maybe when she is
visiting unkempt children in a refugee camp or
donating food items to victims of Boko Haram.
She appears as the stereotypical good African
wife.
Her invisibility is suspicious when you consider
that President Buhari, during his election
campaign, said he would abolish the office of the
first lady - but then retracted the suggestion
when challenged by feminist voters.


5. What are we wearing?
In Abuja the government in power influences the
style of dress throughout the administration.
Staff of the government, friends of the
government and aspiring friends of the
government all aim to dress like the person at the
top.
Northerners ruled Nigeria for most of the
country's first three decades after independence
from the UK in 1960.
Over time, their traditional outfits, babarigas
(flowing gowns) and kaftans, became firmly
entrenched - even when a non-northerner was
elected in 1999.
Olusegun Obasanjo is an ethnic Yoruba from the
south but throughout his eight-year presidential
tenure, he mostly wore babarigas.
Cartoons depicting a typical Nigerian "big man"
will usually feature him dressed in the flowing
robes, his potbelly distorting the layers of cloth.
All this changed in 2011, with the election of
Goodluck Jonathan.
He was Nigeria's first president from one of the
country's smaller ethnic groups, and also the first
from the oil-producing Niger Delta, in the south.
Mr Jonathan preferred the long shirt and trouser
outfit that is traditional among his Ijaw
community.
Suddenly, the babariga was nowhere to be seen.
Government offices and hotel lobbies began to
feature an inordinate number of men dressed in
the presidential style of the time.
Some even went as far as the fedora hats and
walking sticks that go with the outfit.
Eventually, the style gained its own special
nickname - "resource control" - in reference to
the fact that most people who wore it seemed to
be the ones controlling Nigeria's oil resources.
Indeed, it seemed to be the preferred outfit of
many of Nigeria's newest millionaires.
Not any more. Within a year of Mr Buhari,
"resource control" outfits have almost completely
vanished from view. The babariga is back.
Beyond these five areas, there are many more
profound changes that Nigerians are expecting
from our government, but those will take time.
The structure of corruption and mismanagement
which previous governments left behind must first
be dismantled before a new foundation of
progress can be laid.
And President Buhari is no modern-day Hercules.
Cleaning Nigeria's equivalent of the fantastically
filthy Augean stables of Greek myth is certainly
not a one-year job.


source

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Zika outbreak: What you need to know
By James Gallagher
Health editor, BBC News website
13 April 2016 Health
The World Health Organization has declared the
Zika virus a global public health emergency.
The infection is suspected of leading to
thousands of babies being born with
underdeveloped brains.
Some areas have declared a state of emergency,
doctors have described it as "a pandemic in
progress" and some are even advising women in
affected countries to delay getting pregnant.
But there is much we do not know in this
emerging infection.
What are the symptoms?
Deaths are rare and only one-in-five people
infected is thought to develop symptoms.
These include:
mild fever
conjunctivitis (red, sore eyes)
headache
joint pain
a rash
A rare nervous system disorder, Guillain-Barre
syndrome, that can cause temporary paralysis has
been linked to the infection.
There is no vaccine or drug treatment so patients
are advised to rest and drink plenty of fluids.
But the biggest concern is the impact it could
have on babies developing in the womb and the
surge in microcephaly.
Zika virus: Special report
What is microcephaly?
It is when a baby is born with an abnormally
small head, as their brain has not developed
properly.
The severity varies, but it can be deadly if the
brain is so underdeveloped that it cannot regulate
the functions vital to life.
Children that do survive face intellectual disability
and development delays.
It can be caused by infections such as rubella,
substance abuse during pregnancy or genetic
abnormalities.
Case study: 'It's not the end of the world'
Brazil had fewer than 150 cases of microcephaly
in the whole of 2014.
But more than 4,700 cases have been reported
since 22 October 2015, with 404 confirmed and
3,670 still being investigated.
The link with Zika has not been confirmed, but
the WHO says it is "strongly suspected".
Some babies who died had the virus in their brain
and it has been detected in placenta and amniotic
fluid too.
Why hasn't microcephaly been seen in other
countries?
Cases of microcephaly have been centred in
north-east Brazil, but the outbreak has affected
more than 20 countries.
So where are the other cases of microcephaly?
The outbreak started in Brazil before spreading
elsewhere, and the World Health Organization
says there will be a lag of several months to
know if pregnant women in these newly affected
countries are affected too.
There have been suggestions that Zika led to a
rise in birth defects after the 2013 outbreak in
French Polynesia.
The race to understand link to microcephaly
Is it safe to try for a baby?
The link to microcephaly is not certain, but some
governments have advised women to delay
getting pregnant until more is known.
Experts now believe the virus is linked to a
broader set of complications in pregnancy,
including miscarriage, stillbirth, premature birth
and eye problems.
The US Centres for Disease Control says Zika
lingers in the blood for about a week and can be
spread by sexual intercourse.
"The virus will not cause infections in a baby that
is conceived after the virus is cleared from the
blood," it says.
"There is currently no evidence that Zika-virus
infection poses a risk of birth defects in future
pregnancies."
Why is it a public health emergency?
The World Health Organization is worried that
Zika is spreading far and fast, with devastating
consequences.
Declaring Zika as a "public health emergency of
international concern" singles the disease out as
a serious global threat. It puts it in the same
category of importance as Ebola.
Unlike Ebola, where the focus was on boots on
the ground, with Zika the attention will be on
understanding the link with microcephaly.
The WHO will coordinate countries' health
agencies to conduct trials to determine the risk.
It will also encourage efforts to stop the mosquito
that spreads the disease as well as finding a
treatment or a vaccine to stop the virus.
The work will depend on money donated by
countries.
Where did Zika come from?
It was first identified in monkeys in Uganda in
1947.
The first human case was detected in Nigeria in
1954 and there have been further outbreaks in
Africa, South East Asia and the Pacific Islands.
Most were small and Zika has not previously
been considered a major threat to human health.
But in May 2015 it was reported in Brazil and has
spread rapidly.
It has since also been reported in: Barbados,
Bolivia, Colombia, the Dominican Republic,
Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala,
Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Martinique,
Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Saint
Martin, Suriname and Venezuela.
"Its current explosive pandemic re-emergence is,
therefore, truly remarkable," the US National
Institutes of Health said .
How does it spread?
It is spread by Aedes mosquitoes.
They are found throughout the Americas except
for Canada and Chile where it is too cold for
them to survive.
If they drink the blood of an infected person they
can then infect subsequent people they bite.
It is unclear for how long someone can transmit
the virus after being infected.
They are the same insects that spread dengue
and chikungunya virus.
And, unlike the mosquitoes that spread malaria,
they are mostly active during the day, so bed nets
offer limited protection.
The WHO expects Zika to spread throughout the
Americas , but other scientists have warned that
countries in Asia could face large outbreaks too.
Can it be spread through sex?
There have been reported cases of sexual
transmission with the virus spreading to people
who have not visited affected countries.
This seems to be a very rare event, but it means
Zika has a limited potential to spread in any
country - not just those with the Aedes mosquito.
Some countries advise men returning home from
affected countries to use condoms if their partner
is pregnant or might become pregnant.
This should be done for 28 days after coming
home if you have no symptoms, and for six
months if Zika symptoms do develop.
Zika virus has also been found in other bodily
fluids including saliva and urine, but it is unknown
whether the virus can spread through these
routes.
How long are people infectious?
The best evidence so far suggests that people can
spread the virus via mosquitoes for a week after
being infected.
In semen it may persist for two weeks.
Countries have advised safe sex and a ban on
blood donations for a month after just visiting
such countries and for longer if they developed
symptoms.
What can people do?
As there is no treatment, the only option is to
reduce the risk of being bitten.
Health officials advise people to:
use insect repellents
cover up with long-sleeved clothes
keep windows and doors closed
The mosquitoes lay their eggs in standing water,
so people are also being told to empty buckets
and flower pots.
The US Centers for Disease Control has advised
pregnant women not to travel to affected areas.
What is being done?
The Brazilian Health Minister, Marcelo Castro, has
said a new testing kit is being developed to
identify infections quickly.
He also said more money was being put into the
development of a vaccine.
Some scientists are also trialling the use of
genetically modified sterile mosquitoes that
appear to reduce mosquito populations by 90%.
Meanwhile, efforts are under way to kill the
mosquitoes with insecticide.
Zika vaccine
US experts from the National Institutes of Health
say trials of a Zika vaccine will likely start in
September this year. Depending on the results,
larger trials could begin at the start of 2017.
"The very, very best scenario" would be a vaccine
ready for the general public by the beginning of
2018, they say.
Are the Olympic Games under threat?
Rio de Janeiro is the host city for the 2016
Olympic Games from 5 to 21 August.
The Brazilian authorities will be targeting the
mosquitoes' breeding grounds in the run-up to
the Games.
The International Olympic Committee says it is in
"close contact" with the Rio organisers and that
Olympic venues will be inspected daily in the
lead-up to and during this summer's Games.
It will be to ensure puddles of stagnant water,
where mosquitoes breed, are removed to minimise
the risk of athletes and visitors coming into
contact with the insects.
There is also some hope there will be fewer
mosquitoes in August as the month is both cooler
and drier.


source

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