₦airaland Forum

SODA ASH ANALYSIS
General Consideration:
Soda ash is a technical grade sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 which decomposes to sodium oxide and carbon dioxide at elevated temperatures. However, chloride and sulphate of sodium in addition to
iron (iii) oxide could be found as traces in the material. It is the main source of sodium used as fluxes, in addition to cullet in glass production, a builder in detergent making, pH adjuster in water treatment etc.
Method of analysis is by carbonate titration using dilute hydrochloric acid of 0.1 or 0.2N concentration.
1.00 Preparation of Sample for Analysis
1.10 Collect small portions from the bulk of the material large enough to yield 1000g, mix together and scoop about 5g into a weighing bottle as in other cases of raw materials, dry in the oven at 110 OC for 1 hour, and cool to room temperature in the desiccator.
2.00 Na2CO3 determination.
2.10 Reagents Preparation
2.11 Hcl (0.2N) – Pipette 16.26ml of the concentrated acid into a 1L volumetric flask containing about 800ml of boiled water, dilute to mark with more water and mix.
2.12 Sodium Hydroxide (0.1N) – Weigh 4 g of the pellets and dissolve in about 700ml of water, transfer to 1L volumetric flask, dilute to mark and mix.
2.13 Methyl Orange Indicator – Dissolve 0.1 g of the solid reagent in 100ml of water.
2.20 Standardization of 0.2N Hcl – Dry a primary reagent grade sodium carbonate in the oven at 110 OC for 1 hour, cool and weigh 0.5g into 250ml conical flask, dissolve in 50ml of boiled water, add 3 drops of methyl orange indicator and titrate with the acid from a 50ml burette until color change is from yellow to first perceptible red. Boil for 2 to 3 minutes, cool and complete the titration. Record the volume of acid titer.
2.30 Standardization of 0.1N NaOH – Transfer 25ml of the base into a 250ml conical flask, dilute with 50ml of water, add 2 to 3 drops of methyl orange and titrate with the 0.2N Hcl from a 25ml burette from yellow to the first perceptible red. 1ml of the acid = 2.13ml of the base.
2.40 Indicator Correction – Weigh 2.9221 g of dry sodium chloride and dissolve in 1L of water. Transfer 100ml into a 250ml conical flask, add 3 drops of methyl orange and titrate with the acid until color change goes from yellow to red. Subtract the volume of acid used up in the blank titration from that consumed in the titration of the carbonate standard.
2.50 Example: If in the titration of the primary standard Na2CO3, of 99.5% purity, 0.5g was neutralized by 45.6ml of 0.2N Hcl; Therefore, 1 mole (105.99g) will be neutralized by:

45.6ml x 105.99g
0.5g

% Purity (99.5%) = ml Hcl x f x 105.99g
0.5g

Where f, is a factor = 0.50 x 0.995 = 1.0294 x 10 – 4
45.6 x 105.99

2.60 Procedure: Boil about 500ml of distilled water and cool to room temperature.
Weigh 0.5g of the dry sample each into two, 250ml conical flasks, add 50ml of the boiled water, 3 drops of methyl orange indicator and titrate with 0.2N Hcl solution from a 50ml burette until the solution just begin to change from yellow to red. Boil the titrated solution for 2 to 3 minutes to expel carbon dioxide and cool; the color may change back to yellow indicating that the excess acid has been consumed; add more acid until the first perceptible red is observed. If the color change goes to red directly after cooling, carry out a back-titration with standard 0.1N NaOH until solution changes back to yellow. Subtract the milliliter equivalent of the acid in terms of the base from the milliliter of the total acid used up in the titration. In either case record the value of the true titer and calculate the percent concentration of the carbonate present.
%Na2CO3 = ml Hcl x f x 105.99 g x 100
0.5 g
Where, f = factor for acid standardization.
3.00 Iron (iii) Oxide Determination
3.10 Procedure: Weigh 2.0g of the dry sample into a 100ml beaker, add 20ml of water and 7ml of Hcl (1+1); when the reaction subside, heat to boiling for 5 to 7minutes to expel CO2, cool and filter into a 100ml volumetric flask.
3.11 Add in sequence, 1ml of NH2OH.Hcl, 3ml of 1, 10 Phenanthroline and 2.8ml of sodium acetate to adjust PH of the solution to 3.2. Also prepare a reference standard of 0.25 mg/L iron and a blank with zero iron containing all reagents specified.
3.12 After 5 to 10 minutes, measure off the absorbance or concentration of the sample solution at 508 nm in 1-cm cell; convert readout to milligram of iron by means of a standard curve as in limestone.
%Fe2O3 = mg Fe2O3 x 100
2g x 1000mg





https://insidechemistry..com.ng/2016/10/test-method-for-sodium-carbonate-soda.html#more
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Have you ever wondered what drives the manufactures of goods like laundry detergent, Glass wares, and body cream, to constantly improve their products, even
inagricultural like knowing what to plant on a particular area of land? The answer stems from a field called applied chemistry.

Discover what applied chemistry is.


Applied chemistry is the application of the principles and theories of chemistry to answer a specific question or solve a real-world problem, as opposed to pure chemistry, which is aimed at enhancing knowledge within the field , the above image show a clear illustration of how applied chemist employ all the principles in other various branches in solving real world problem.

Let's say your aim is to find a cure for a disease - Alzheimer's.

You work hard in the laboratory creating a drug that stops dementia from setting in.

This would be an example of applied chemistry, since you used chemistry to solve a specific, real-world problem.

Understanding the Process

Chemistry, like other fields of science, follows the scientific method, though perhaps not as strictly.

The scientific method is composed of techniques and guidelines for conducting research that help scientists ensure their results are accurate.

Let's explore how steps of the scientific method can be used, even loosely, by applied chemists in the laboratory as i do every day in Frigoglass where i work.

Keep in mind that some scientists follow processes that more strictly adhere to the scientific method.

Step 1: Define your problem or question.

This is crucial to applied chemistry. After all, the field is focused on finding an answer or solving a problem, so the first thing we need to do is clearly state the problem or question.

This will help you find the goal of your testing, (view this testing procedure). For example, you might determine that you want to address Rapid Weatherization (Glass Blooming) problem for glass manufacturer, i.e formation of carbonate crystals on the surface of the glass. : Your goal, then, is to produce glass that is inert to the environmental factors that encourages glass blooming.

Determining the problem or question early will make it easier to move through the rest of the steps smoothly.

Step 2: Crack open the books.

Once you've defined your problem, it's time to build up your bank of knowledge about the subject at hand. Again, we're trying to use our knowledge to solve a problem. So looking at glass composition, you might look at compounds that will react with humidity, CO2 in the glass and think of how to mask such. In turn, you might discover potential ways to stop that reaction. This will help guide your research in the right direction.

Step 3: Design the study (Methodology).

Now, you can move on to research design. The aim is to create a conceptual structure in which you'll conduct your study. There are various types of study designs, such as diagnostic, experimental, and exploitative designs, but you can plan your testing in any way best suited for reaching your goal.
and after which you apply analytical Chemistry procedure as follows

Step : 4 Obtain Representative Sample .

At this stage you are to consider the following factors
Sample size, Homogeneity and type.
Sampling statistics and expected errors

Link:[url] http://insidechemistry..com/2016/10/all-you-need-to-know-about-applied.html[/url]

Blog posts, (no matter how epic they may be) are useless unless you promote the heck out of them; If you think writing a post is over when you hit the publish
button, Hello I think you should take a shower and relax from blogging thing.

Create beautiful lead capture forms to grow your email list and convert abandoning visitors into subscribers with exit intent, this sound pretty cool right?

There is a but, the but is that google does not allow such popups on their hosted blog.
if you try it, google would block your account and you will get a massage that your account is send out spam mails.

So if you are hosting your blog with a different host, then this would be a great tool. For you that is running a free hosted blog with google,I still have other great tools for your articles to reach your audience very fast.
You can use: this article use mostly photo illustrations that i could not paste here but you can follo the original link if you wish
[url]http://www.solenzoblog.com.ng/2016/10/how-to-create-pop-up-subscription-form.html [/url]

It is no longer news that financial noose has been tightened around the neck of Nigeria economy.


In a time of Change, there is the need for attitudinal twist to avert being swept away by sudden economic tide.

1. If you are an applicant take the next available offered job even if it is below your dream job.

2. Buy only items that are considered as necessities. Postpone all luxurious articles till later dates.

3. Forget about living a life to satisfy others' expectation at the expense of your purse, income or convenience.

4. Avert taking unnecessary risk in your place of work or business that has the possibility of making you loose your job or major client.

5. Be committed to your profession, job or business more than ever before.

6. Re-evaluate your recurrent expenditure pattern like children school fees and effect necessary changes if found beyond your income line.

7. If you are blessed with many cars try and use those with less fuel consumption capacity. You may have to combine outings instead of members of the family taking different cars out for combinable outings.

8. Except you can afford it, resist all Aso Ebi or color of clothes made mandatory by a person inviting you to a ceremony. Nobody will prevent you from entering the venue even with odd dress.

9. Avert social functions that will tell terribly on your finances in terms of distance and the content of the Programme. Why not just send 'envelope' to the organizer instead.

10. Let those asking you for money know that things are no longer the same: stop pretending at your expense. Stop suffering in silence. When the chips are down you will be alone.

11. Notwithstanding any promise to the contrary, avoid lending money to anyone an amount which if you don't receive on time will hurt your financial stability. Many friendly loans will be irrecoverable now as many expectation will be dashed.

12. If you are a tenant living in a rented palatial apartment with many rooms left unutilized, it is high time you get a smaller accommodation.

13. Where the house is yours and most of your children are adult leaving you and your spouse in a big apartment with less than half of the house being utilized, quickly consider modifying the house into smaller units with the possibility of earning rental income.

14. Plan only on funds at hand, avoid permutations based on promise made by others. In a time like this, the promisor may fail.

15. Where it is possible, talk things over on phone with people rather than putting your car on the road for physical meeting. In addition avoid endless fruitless banters on phone. Be conscious of the call card cost and data usage.

16. If you have a large retinue of hangers-on around you reduce the frequencies of meals.

17. Shut all lights that are not required in your house to minimize the energy bills.

18. Do more physical exercise to minimize constant requirement of drugs. Learn to trek short distances, it helps to improve your health and relive you of avoidable small expenses.

Link: http://www.solenzoblog.com.ng/2016/10/20-ways-to-survive-nigeria-economic.html

Plants and their various soil pH Tolerance - My contribution to solve Nigeria Recession Problem

As a practicing chemist, so many people bring different types of samples ranging from water, Rocks, different mineral for me to test, but as recession struck Nigeria, people started bringing more of different soil samples for pH test, requesting my advice for the plants
that would grow very well on the various samples locations, in order to assist them effectively for free like i normally do, i decide to research very well and apply my empirical knowledge on applied chemistry on how how to test soil acidity and alkalinity.

It didn't end there knowing fully well that different types of vegetable plants require varying degrees of soil acidity and alkalinity which is why they send the samples across for soil pH test (the measure of the amount of lime (calcium) contained in the soil samples)

Generally, soils in moist climates tend to be acidic and those in dry climates are alkaline.

A soil with a pH lower than 7.0 is an acidic soil and one with a pH higher than 7.0 is alkaline., the idea of applied chemistry came to me again that some crops contain some mineral elements that are alkaline earth metals which could do well in a mild acidic soil for example Tomato has these 16 elements [(C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), boron (B), chlorine (Cl), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), zinc (Zn)] that means it can do well in acidic region of pH level 5 and above.

Then i thought of groundnut again that has magnesium ( an Alkaline earth metal) in abundant which can also neutralize acid soil so the thought of helping farmers in this season of economic recession struck my mind then i began to search further and i stumble on the table below on the internet and after i carefully studied it, i found that, that my assumption was right from the table author view; So i took two samples of soil at different location of my land for personal experiment to confirm the below table claim and my assumption,

At the end of my experiment, the result was awesome.

thus i recommend the following Plants and their various soil pH Tolerance to any Nigerian that would invest in agriculture as one the Concepts
to solving economic recession problems from my own perspective Continue[url] http://www.solenzoblog.com.ng/2016/10/plants-and-their-various-soil-ph.html[/url]

Analytical chemistry is the science of obtaining, processing, and communicating information about the composition and structure of matter. In other words, it is the art
and science of determining what matter is and how much of it exists. In 2012 (salary survey data), analytical chemistry was the most popular field of work for ACS chemists.

What Do Analytical Chemists Do?
Analytical chemists use their knowledge of chemistry, instrumentation, computers, and statistics to solve problems in almost all areas of chemistry and for all kinds of industries.

For example, their measurements are used to assure the safety and quality of food, pharmaceuticals, and water; to assure compliance with environmental and other regulations; to support the legal process; to help physicians diagnose diseases; and to provide measurements and documentation essential to trade and commerce.

Analytical chemists often work in service-related jobs and are employed in industry, academia, and government.

They conduct basic laboratory research; perform process and product development; design instruments used in analytical analysis; teach; and work in marketing and law.

Analytical chemistry can be a challenging profession that makes significant contributions to many fields of science.

Typical Job Functions

Perform qualitative and quantitative analysis
Sample, define, isolate, concentrate, and preserve sample
Set error limits
Validate and verify results through calibration and standardization
Perform separations based on differential chemical properties
Create new ways to make measurements
Interpret data in proper context
Communicate their results and conclusions to other scientists

Specialized Knowledge
Automation has decreased the demand for analytical chemists to conduct repeated routine analysis—robots can prepare and analyze many samples, while advances in computer power allow the development of increasingly sophisticated algorithms to analyze and interpret analytical results.

Though high-volume routine instrumental analyses using well-defined procedures are automated, knowledge of the organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry of the sample and the measurement is valuable, particularly when troubleshooting.

These increasingly sophisticated analytical methods and instrumentation as well as increasing regulatory requirements have opened new opportunities for analytical chemists in a variety of areas.

For example, quality assurance specialists help to guarantee that analytical laboratories follow documented and approved procedures, and chemists with solid technical and computer skills are needed to develop and use complex analytical techniques.

Government agencies need analytical chemists to verify compliance with regulatory requirements.

Finally, corporate downsizing and outsourcing have provided the impetus for many entrepreneurial analytical chemists to start their own businesses, specializing in particular kinds of analyses or classes of compounds.


Work Settings
Workplaces for analytical chemists are as varied as their job responsibilities and the sophistication of the laboratories they work in.

The fact that a lab may not be equipped with the state-of-the-art instrumentation does not mean its chemical measurements are any less sophisticated.

It may just mean that the measurements and techniques are cost-effective and sufficient for their intended purpose.

Depending on the industry and job responsibilities, analytical chemists may also work in manufacturing areas or as applications or sales and marketing chemists for vendors of instrumentation and apparatuses.

Employers tend to recruit analytical chemists with experience operating different and increasingly sophisticated instruments that are used for routine measurements.

In addition, they often seek analytical chemists with experience in specific types of analysis—for example, the analysis of samples unique to pharmaceuticals, food, environmental samples, polymers, or minerals.

Much of forensic chemistry is analytical chemistry applied to evidence of potential crimes.


Analytical chemists are generally involved with making measurements by using sophisticated state-of-the-art computer controlled instrumentation in government laboratories and laboratories in all areas of the chemical, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and food industries.

They may also be involved in developing techniques within these laboratories as well as in the laboratories of instrumentation vendors.

Analytical chemists are also suited for positions as quality assurance specialists to guarantee that procedures and protocols are followed and in quality control where they ensure the quality of products being produced. Continue at link http://insidechemistry..com.ng/2016/10/analytical-chemist-science-is-dynamic.html

Analytical chemistry is the science of obtaining, processing, and communicating information about the composition and structure of matter. In other words, it is the art
and science of determining what matter is and how much of it exists. In 2012 (salary survey data), analytical chemistry was the most popular field of work for ACS chemists.

What Do Analytical Chemists Do?
Analytical chemists use their knowledge of chemistry, instrumentation, computers, and statistics to solve problems in almost all areas of chemistry and for all kinds of industries.

For example, their measurements are used to assure the safety and quality of food, pharmaceuticals, and water; to assure compliance with environmental and other regulations; to support the legal process; to help physicians diagnose diseases; and to provide measurements and documentation essential to trade and commerce.

Analytical chemists often work in service-related jobs and are employed in industry, academia, and government.

They conduct basic laboratory research; perform process and product development; design instruments used in analytical analysis; teach; and work in marketing and law.

Analytical chemistry can be a challenging profession that makes significant contributions to many fields of science.

Typical Job Functions

Perform qualitative and quantitative analysis
Sample, define, isolate, concentrate, and preserve sample
Set error limits
Validate and verify results through calibration and standardization
Perform separations based on differential chemical properties
Create new ways to make measurements
Interpret data in proper context
Communicate their results and conclusions to other scientists

Specialized Knowledge
Automation has decreased the demand for analytical chemists to conduct repeated routine analysis—robots can prepare and analyze many samples, while advances in computer power allow the development of increasingly sophisticated algorithms to analyze and interpret analytical results.

Though high-volume routine instrumental analyses using well-defined procedures are automated, knowledge of the organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry of the sample and the measurement is valuable, particularly when troubleshooting.

These increasingly sophisticated analytical methods and instrumentation as well as increasing regulatory requirements have opened new opportunities for analytical chemists in a variety of areas.

For example, quality assurance specialists help to guarantee that analytical laboratories follow documented and approved procedures, and chemists with solid technical and computer skills are needed to develop and use complex analytical techniques.

Government agencies need analytical chemists to verify compliance with regulatory requirements.

Finally, corporate downsizing and outsourcing have provided the impetus for many entrepreneurial analytical chemists to start their own businesses, specializing in particular kinds of analyses or classes of compounds.


Work Settings
Workplaces for analytical chemists are as varied as their job responsibilities and the sophistication of the laboratories they work in.

The fact that a lab may not be equipped with the state-of-the-art instrumentation does not mean its chemical measurements are any less sophisticated.

It may just mean that the measurements and techniques are cost-effective and sufficient for their intended purpose.

Depending on the industry and job responsibilities, analytical chemists may also work in manufacturing areas or as applications or sales and marketing chemists for vendors of instrumentation and apparatuses.

Employers tend to recruit analytical chemists with experience operating different and increasingly sophisticated instruments that are used for routine measurements.

In addition, they often seek analytical chemists with experience in specific types of analysis—for example, the analysis of samples unique to pharmaceuticals, food, environmental samples, polymers, or minerals.

Much of forensic chemistry is analytical chemistry applied to evidence of potential crimes.


Analytical chemists are generally involved with making measurements by using sophisticated state-of-the-art computer controlled instrumentation in government laboratories and laboratories in all areas of the chemical, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and food industries.

They may also be involved in developing techniques within these laboratories as well as in the laboratories of instrumentation vendors.

Analytical chemists are also suited for positions as quality assurance specialists to guarantee that procedures and protocols are followed and in quality control where they ensure the quality of products being produced. Continue at link http://insidechemistry..com.ng/2016/10/analytical-chemist-science-is-dynamic.html

Japan on Monday introduced an automatic facial recognition system for foreigners entering the country as part of anti-terrorism measures in the run-up to the Tokyo
Olympics in 2020, the government said.

An immigration bureau official said it would carry out face checks at 156 ports and airports throughout Japan for all foreigners except children under the age of 16, diplomats and specially permitted permanent residents.

The official said “the new system compares the facial images of foreign nationals with those of suspected terrorists.

“If the images match and those in question are determined to be terrorists, they would face measures including deportation.”

According to a report, since November 2007, all foreigners aged 16 or older are in principle required to be photographed and submit their fingerprints at immigration gates
http://www.solenzoblog.com.ng/2016/10/japan-introduces-facial-recognition.html

Although many would say that there are FIVE main branches of chemistry, namely: Physical, Analytical, Biochemistry, Organic and Inorganic chemistry many would
argue that the science of chemistry actually links out to other branches or sub-branches that include Materials Chemistry, Theoretical Chemistry, Macromolecular (Polymer) Chemistry, Nuclear Chemistry, Metallurgy, Forensic Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry and more.
It is important to note that often sub-branches fall under one or more of the main branches of chemistry.
Let’s start by taking a look at the 5 main branches of chemistry and then delve deeper into chemistry’s many sub-branches:

Analytical Chemistry

Analytical chemistry is the branch of chemistry involving in chemical characterization of matters either quantitatively or qualitatively; e.g. How much caffeine is really in a cup of coffee? Are there drugs found in athlete’s urine samples? What is the pH level of my swimming pool? Examples of areas using analytical chemistry include forensic science, environmental science, drug and food testing and general goods manufacturing industries.

Analytical chemistry is divided into two main branches: qualitative and quantitative analysis.

Qualitative analysis employs methods/measurements to help determine the components of substances. Quantitative analysis on the other hand, helps to identify how much of each component is present in a substance.


Both types of analysis can be used to provide important information about an unidentified sample and help to identify what the sample is.

Biochemistry

The chemistry of life or more aptly put, of chemical processes in living organisms. Biochemists research includes cancer and stem cell biology, infectious disease as well as membrane and structural biology and spans molecular biology, genetics, mechanistic biochemistry, genomics, evolution and systems biology.
Biochemistry, according to many scientists can also be explained as a discipline in which biological phenomena are examined in chemical terms.

Examples are digestion and cellular respiration.
For this reason biochemistry is also known as Chemical Biology or Biological Chemistry.

Under the main umbrella of biochemistry many new sub-branches have emerged that modern chemists may specialize in solely. Some of these disciplines include:


1. Enzymology (study of enzymes)
2. Endocrinology (study of hormones)
3. Clinical Biochemistry (study of diseases)
4. Molecular Biochemistry (Study of Biomolecules and their functions).

There are also others like Pharmacological Biochemistry, Agricultural Biochemistry and more.

Inorganic chemistry
Continue[url] here[/url]http://insidechemistry..com.ng/2016/10/core-branches-of-pure-chemistry-stay.html

Before we go to the subject matter there is need to understand Chemistry as:

1. (Chemistry) the branch of physical science concerned with the composition,
properties, and reactions of substances.
2. (Chemistry) the composition, properties, and reactions of a particular substance
3. The nature and effects of any complex phenomenon: the chemistry of humour.
4. Informal, a reaction, taken to be instinctual, between two persons.


Pure Chemistry is simply the study of the facts and theories of chemistry in their purely scientific relations, without necessary reference to their practical applications or mere utility.

For Example; studying The modern theory of matter dates from the work of John Dalton at the beginning of the 19th century.

The atom is considered the basic unit of any element, and atoms may combine chemically to form molecules, the molecule being the smallest unit of any substance that possesses the properties of that substance.

An element in modern theory is any substance all of whose atoms are the same (i.e., have the same atomic number),

while a compound is composed of different types of elements together in molecules.

Physical and Chemical Changes

The difference between a mixture and a compound helps to illustrate the difference between a physical change and a chemical change.

Different atoms may also be present together in a mixture, but in a mixture, they are not bound together chemically as they are in a compound.

In physical change, it involves a change of state of matter (e.g., from solid to liquid), the substance as a whole changes, but its underlying structure remains the same; water is still composed of molecules containing two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom whether it is in the form of ice, liquid water, or steam.

In a chemical change, however, the substance participates in a chemical reaction, with a consequent reordering of its atoms.

As a result, it becomes a different substance with a different set of properties.

Many of the physical properties and much of the behavior of matter can be understood without detailed assumptions about the structure of atoms and molecules.

For example, the kinetic-molecular theory of gases provides a good explanation of the nature of temperature and the basis of the various gas laws and also gives insight into the different states of matter.

Substances in different states vary in the strength of the forces between their molecules, with intermolecular forces being strongest in solids and weakest in gases.

The force holding like molecules together is called cohesion, while that between unlike molecules is called adhesion.

Among the phenomena resulting from intermolecular forces are surface tension and capillarity.

An even larger number of aspects of matter can be understood when the nature and structure of the atom are taken into account.

The quantum theory has provided the key to understanding the atom, and most basic problems relating to the atom have been solved.

The Relationship of Matter and Energy


The atomic theory of matter does not answer the question of the basic nature of matter. It is now known that matter and energy are intimately related.

According to the law of mass-energy equivalence, developed by Albert Einstein as part of his theory of relativity, a quantity of matter of mass m possesses an intrinsic rest mass energy E given by E= mc 2, where c is the speed of light. This equivalence is dramatically demonstrated in the phenomena of nuclear fission and fusion in which a small amount of matter is converted to a rather large amount of energy.

Continue here https://insidechemistry..com.ng/2016/10/what-is-pure-chemistry.html

[img][/img]The Federal Road Safety Commission has just come out with the concept of “ICE"

Please read carefully, it may save your life or that of someone you know" We all carry
our mobile phones with names & numbers stored in its memory.

If we were to be involved in an accident or were taken ill, the people attending to us would have our mobile phone but wouldn't know who to call.
Yes, there are hundreds of numbers stored but which one is the contact person in case of an emergency?
Hence this 'ICE' (In Case of Emergency) Campaign.

The concept of 'ICE' is catching on quickly.

It is a method of contact during emergency situations.

As mobile phones are carried by the majority of the population, all you need to do is store the number of a contact person or persons who should be contacted during
emergency under the name 'ICE' ( In Case Of
Emergency).

The idea was thought up by a paramedic who found that when he went to the
scenes of accidents there were always mobile phones with patients but they didn't know whichnumber to call.

He therefore thought that it would be a good idea if there was a nationally recognised name for this purpose.

In an emergency situation, Emergency Service personnel and hospital staff would be able to quickly contact the right person by simply dialling the
number you have stored as 'ICE'. Please Share this.

It won't take too many 'shares' before everybody will know about this. It really could
save your life, or put a loved one's mind at rest.

For more than one contact name simply enter
ICE1, ICE2 and ICE3 etc. PASS THIS AROUND AS
MANY PEOPLE AS POSSIBLE AND THIS CAN HELP IN

AN EMERGENCY".Source:http://www.solenzoblog.com.ng/2016/10/frsc-ice-is-free-pick-your-phone-and-do.html#more

Findable and shareable web pages or blog posts are best traffic pullers.
Gone are the days of tricking search engine with code to give more preference to your
site or blog contents.

Nowadays the content itself and the way it’s being shared has taken over that ancient tricks of finding contents, search is still necessary but you should consider Sharing as your utmost priority when writing a content because it increases page ranking on search engine ; It only require good writing than good coding.

Now let consider the technical elements of sharing and SEO strategic writing that can optimize your content.

Every regular blog post consist of three main elements which are the tittle, the main content and the taxonomy but in most cases there is what I call the forth element which is image on the content, they all play key function in optimization on search engines i.e The way the post is shared, indexed, searched for and picked up in search engines.

When a post is shared on social media, the tittle will be picked up and displayed on the tittle field in the preview, the descriptive field will show sentences in the article, what influences this in search engines is the preference of the user.
[url]Continue Here[/url]http://www.solenzoblog.com.ng/2016/10/seo-shareable-and-searchable-posts.html

You might have seen some blogs with a vertical floating share bar widget where Facebook like, Tweet, Google+ buttons are present on the left or right side of the
blogs. Adding this floating sharing bar to your blog will make it easy for your blog visitors to Like, re-Tweet, +1 and share your posts, which will help increasing your blog traffic through sharing
Adding the Vertical Floating Bar to a Blogger blog is very easy. You just have to copy a snippet of code,and drop it into a HTML/JavaScript gadget.


STEPS



Log in to your Blogger account.
Go to Layout
Click "Add a Gadget"
In Add A Gadget window, select HTML/Javascript
Copy the code highlighted below and paste it inside the HTML/Javascript box[url]
Continue here[/http://www.solenzoblog.com.ng/2016/09/blogging-tips-floating-sharing-bar-for.html]
[img][/img]

The positive impacts and importance of the use of the English
language in Nigeria and the world all over cannot be overemphasized.
It shears the Vale/barriers in communication amongst others. But as my

dear Physicist, Isaac Newton would put it, 'To every action, there is
an equal and opposite reaction' and as an addendum for better
comprehension, my countrymen would say ' Bring suya bring suya, na Cow
body dey suffer am' (pun intended) loose translation: Every action has
a consequence.

To be detrimental is to be harmful or hazardous to something.
There are about 521 spoken languages in Nigeria of which 9 of them are
now extinct,according to WIKIPEDIA. This calls for worrying, thus, a
driven force for this writeup; to proffer suggestions for lasting
solution to bridge the gap.

Taking Delta state, Warri precisely as a case study ( 'na where person
know for day time e dey go for night'), where Urhobo (amongst others
tribes) is its local language, I'll analyze three special cases:
PARENTAL FAILURE: In a bid to educate their wards on written and
spoken English and not the 'so called bad one, Pidgin English' ,
parents are lacking in their parental and cultural responsibilities
of inculcating into their children the native norms/values and
language passed unto them by their ancestors. It is a shame to a
family if their Children cannot speak their native tongue. Hence every
parents should endeavor to do the needful, the young ones should be
made to see the significance of imbibing their cultural norms and
language.
THE SOCIETY: Yes, it is expedient to make conspicuous and elucidate
that everyone in Delta state, Warri precisely, can relate to the
disguise on people's face when a person takes the bold step of
communicating in thick accent of Urhobo language or other languages
aside English or Pidgin especially in public place as such an
individual would be stereotyped uncivilized. Then these same
categories of people would be the first to cast the stone when the
individual is almost inutile or not fluent in the local language.
THE INDIVIDUAL: Being educated is no excuse to relinquishing our
native tongues to the background. Take for example in an higher
institution, where speaking refined English language is paramount to
be dubbed as an intelligent person and even feted like Hon.Patrick
Obahiaghon (Grammar destroyer), then someone who is keen to voice out
his/her language would automatically earn the title of being 'an
indigene'.
NIGERIANS IN DIASPORA
It's no doubt no small number of Nigerians are living in abroad either
on a pursuit of greener pasture, business or academic purposes and
recreation. Thus, many may draw excuse from this as the reason they
are wanting in their ability/fluency to speak their local languages.

Even within Nigeria, imagine a man from the west who lives in the
north, probability of him being fluent in his mother tongue is 1/10
SOLUTION
1.Let everyone be encouraged to speak his mother tongue with boldness
and be proud of it
2.Well-explained materials such as novels,poems e.t.c should be
written and the local language be introduced in some section of the
local magazines (if not, have its own newspaper)
3. Online platform should be used to propagate and teach the local
languages. YouTube tutorial videos on how to speak and the glory of
the culture would go a long way in curbing this detrimental effect of

the English language on local languages in Nigeria and other affected
countries.
The last, but paramount, someone once said that 100 years from now,
most languages in Nigeria would be extinct due to the unconscious
negligence and unconcerned efforts of imbibing the language ourselves
and inculcating it and its importance into the young ones. Let's not
allow this to happen,let's join hands to uphold our local language
everywhere we go, and what a heart-felt glamorous smile we would steal
Original Source Link: http://www.solenzoblog.com.ng/2016/07/extinction-of-local-languages-in.html

#Lessons about the Female Orgasm


Perhaps you took a course on human sexuality in college. If you did, you likely remember one thing: the lecture on the female orgasm. Women want to have them, men want to deliver them. But all too often, the fairer sex's big-O falls among the ranks
of the Abominable Snowman—great, even magical, in theory, but not something that's often stumbled across.

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If women are flummoxed by their orgasms, you're thinking, what hope do you have? Lots, it turns out. Sure, the female orgasm is fickle. But if you follow these lessons about the female orgasm, you'll have the knowledge you need to start studying—and finally seeing—it in the wild.

Take Her Off the Clock
Just as you're concerned about lasting longer, many women are so self-conscious about taking too long that they end up faking orgasm or deciding to go without. The solution? Stop obsessing over orgasms—yours and hers.
A brain-imaging study by Swedish researchers shows that relaxation is the single most important factor in bringing a woman to orgasm.
So tell her she has all night. The better you convey not just tolerance for a lengthy buildup, but also appreciation of her sexual pleasure—orgasm or not—the easier it will be for her to unwind and explode. Oh, and studies show that it takes 15 to 40 minutes for the average woman to reach orgasm. Going somewhere?
so don't rush to insertion search for that part that trigger her, starting with the tits of the breast
If you get it right, you observe jerking of her waist , then role your tong gently on one of the tits and rub your finger on the other tit, gradually move your Dickson to the virginal and observe if there is wetness, if there is then insert Dickson but if none then leave Dickson on the vulva and touch her clitoris, as soon as you observe wetness then insert Dickson gently without force.

Now gradually go in and out while touching the clitoris gently and gradually collecting fluid from inside her to lubricate the clitoris to avoid bruise if not you will spoil the game with little bruise.

As soon as you observe contraction and relaxation of her vulva, increase your pumping rate small and hold your breathe back for at-least 5 minutes, then breath out gradually while still pumping up and down .

As you do this gradually, tell her sweet words like, you are sweet inside, i can feel and enjoy your wetness , i haven't had it this sweet before, suddenly you will feel a warm wetness around your Dickson.

Then the contraction and the movement of her waist will increase, Climaxing.
At this point she is coming, some scream, some grab you to themselves

More details later about the climaxing signs
Link: http://www.solenzoblog.com.ng/2016/06/how-to-make-woman-happy-love-you-with.html
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Obama to campaign with Clinton next week

Barack Obama will campaign with Hillary Clinton on Wednesday, 15 June in Green Bay, Wisconsin, the Clinton camp says:


In Green Bay, President Obama and Clinton will discuss building on the progress we’ve made and their vision for an America that is stronger together.


Earlier in the week, Hillary Clinton will campaign in Ohio on Monday, June 13 and Pennsylvania on Tuesday, June 14

Transcript of Obama endorsement: 'I'm fired up'

For more than a year now, across thousands of miles and all 50 states, tens of millions of Americans have made their voices heard.
Today, I just want to add mine. I want to congratulate Hillary Clintonon making history as the presumptive Democratic nominee for president of the United States.
Look, I know how hard this job can be. That’s why I know Hillary will be so good at it. In fact I don’t think there’s ever been someone so qualified to hold this office. She’s got the courage, the compassion and the heart to get the job done. And I say that as somebody who had to debate her more than 20 times.
Even after our own hard-fought campaign, in a testament to her character, she agreed to serve our country as secretary of state. And from the decision we made in the situation room to get Bin Laden, to our pursuit of diplomacy in capitals around the world, I have seen her judgment. I’ve seen her toughness. I’ve seen her commitment to our values up close. I’ve seen her determination to give every American a fair shot at opportunity, no matter how tough the fight was. That’s what’s always driven her, and still does.
So I want those of you who’ve been with me from the beginning of this incredible journey to be the first to know that I’m with her. I am fired up. And I cannot wait to get out there and campaign for Hillary.
I also want to thank everybody who came out to vote and who worked so hard for our candidates. This has been ahard-fought race. I know some say these primaries have somehow left the Democratic party more divided. Well, you know, they said that eight years ago as well. But just like eight years ago, there are millions of Americans, not just Democrats, who’ve cast their ballots for the very first time. And a lot of that is thanks to senator Bernie Sanders, who has run an incredible campaign.
I had a great meeting with him this week, and I thanked him for shining a spotlight on issues like economic inequality, and the outsized influence of money in our politics, and bringing young people into the process. Embracing that message is going to help us win in November. But more importantly, it’ll make the Democratic party stronger, and it’ll make America stronger.
Secretary Clinton and senator Sanders may have been rivals during this primary. But they’re both patriots who love this country, and they share a vision for the America that we all believe in. An America that’s hopeful. An America that’s big-hearted. An America that’s strong and fair, and gives every child the same chance that we had.
Those are the values that unite us as Democrats. Those are the values that make America great. Those are the values that are going to be tested in this election. And if we all come together in common effort, I’m convinced we won’t just win in November, we’ll build on the progress that we’ve made and we’ll build a brighter future for this country that we love.

The Nigeria Police today in Abuja announced it has smashed a deadly killer gang in connection with the kidnapping and murder of an army officer, Col.
Samaila Inusa, in Kaduna last March.
Four suspects are under arrest for the crime.
A statement by police spokesman Olabisi Kolawole said the arrests followed “discreet, sustained and painstaking” work by the Inspector General of Police Intelligence Response Team (IRT) and the Kaduna State Command SIB operatives.
“Sequel to the kidnapping and killing of the officer, the IGP IRT deployed the Technical and Human Intelligence assets of the Force which led to the arrest of a Prison Warder named Abdullahi Adamu, who is a close associate of one of the prime suspects who was using the Tecno mobile phone stolen from the slain Colonel,” the statement said.
It added that further investigation led to the arrest of two men described as the prime suspects: Ibrahim Kabiru 23, (aka Uztaz) and Ebele Precious, 41 (aka pastor). Another man referred to as “gang leader” Emeka Okeke Cyprain, 44, and another member of the syndicate, Chijioke Ugwuanyi, 42 (aka CJ), were later arrested.
The statement said the notorious gang specialised in snatching cars and hijacking trucks, the items then sold to unsuspecting members of the public. Items recovered by the Police from them include one AK 47 rifle, two magnum pistols, one Nissan Pathfinder Jeep and documents of six houses located in Anambra State, confessed by Cyprian to be proceeds of his previous criminal activities.
Commending the IRT and operatives of the Kaduna State SIB detectives for their commitment, diligence, and professionalism which led to the breakthrough in the case, the Inspector-General of Police, Mr. Solomon E. Arase, enjoined Nigerians to continue to support the Police with relevant information.

The four suspects are soon to be arraigned before a competent court of law for criminal charges against them, as efforts continue to arrest the fleeing members of the gang, the police said.
Link: http://solenzoinfo..com.ng/2016/06/nigeria-police-smash-syndicate-in.html

President Muhammadu Buhari on Wednesday said Nigerian football would no longer remain the same with the death of a former Coach of the Super Eagles, Stephen Keshi.

Buhari stated this in a post on his official Twitter handle, @NGRPresident.
He said Nigerians would miss the Keshi because he gave his all for the country.
He said with Keshi’s death, Nigeria had lost a great sportsman, football player and coach as well as a citizen.
The President said, “Nigeria today lost a great sportsman, football player, coach and citizen.
“President Buhari commiserates with the family of the late Stephen Keshi, and with the entire country, on his untimely passing.
“Nigerian football will not be the same without Stephen Keshi. He gave this country his all. May his soul rest in peace.”
Link:http://solenzoinfo..com.ng/2016/06/see-buhari-comment-on-keshi-death-buhari.html

A Federal High Court in Abuja on Wednesday granted bail ‎to each of former President Goodluck Jonathan’s cousin, Roberts Azibaola, and his (Azibaola’s) wife, Stella, in the sum of N500m each.
Justice Nnamdi Dimgba ordered in a ruling that each of the ‎accused person’s bail was to be guaranteed by a surety each.
The judge had on Tuesday ordered the remand of the accused persons in prison shortly after the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission arraigned them along with their company, One Plus Holding Limited.
The accused pleaded not guilty when the seven counts of money laundering, criminal breach of trust and corruption were read to them on Wednesday.
They were accused of diverting $40m purportedly meant for the supply of tactical communication kits for Special Forces.
The money was allegedly transferred from the account of the Office of the National Security Adviser with the Central Bank of Nigeria to the domiciliary account of their company, One Plus Holdings.
The offence is said to be in contravention of Section 8(a) of the Money Laundering (Prohibition) Act, 2011 as amended in 2012 and punishable under Section 15 (3) of the same Act.
In his ruling on the bail application by the defendants on Wednesday, Justice Dimgba‎ noted that the intention of Administration of Criminal Justice Act 2015 was for court to grant bail without attaching excessive conditions.
He ruled, “All things considered, I grant the defendants bail on the following terms:
“The defendants are admitted to bail in the sum of N500m each.
“Two sureties in like sum which shall in turn enter a bail bond of the sum of N500m.
‎”The sureties must each be owners of property in Asokoro or Maitama District of Abuja.”He held that the sureties must show evidence of payment of their income tax.
The judge ordered the defendants to be remanded in prison custody pending the fulfilment of their bail conditions.
The judge granted accelerated hearing of the case and adjourned till June 28 for commencement of trial.

Link:[url] http://solenzoinfo..com.ng/2016/06/alleged-40m-fraud-court-grants.html
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Orgasms. is one of women favorite parts – most of women just wish they would happen more often. Only about 10% of women can climax from penetration
alone and at least a quarter of women have trouble reaching orgasm at all. But how much do you know about what your body is doing when you reach that bliss? Understanding more about what actually happens in your body during arousal and orgasm might help you reach climax more often. So here’s a quick guide to what your body is doing while you’re working towards that peak.

Arousal
The anatomy of an orgasm actually begins in the buildup – as most women can attest, an orgasm is a full body experience, often involving more than one erogenous zone (though most of the time clitoral stimulation is key). For most women it takes, on average, 20 minutes to orgasm. In the meantime your body is going through changes that increase sensitivity and arousal and get your body ready for the big O. Some of these changes are visible, but others are internal and can only be felt.

That warm, tingling sensation you start to feel when you’re excited is due to increased heart rate and blood pressure, and much (but not all!) of that blood is directed towards your genitals. The clitoris, which is made up of over 8,000 individual nerve endings, swells and enlarges. As you get closer to climax your clitoris will pull back up under the clitoral hood (the sheath of skin that protects your clitoris). Your inner labia also begin to swell and your outer lips separate – this is often accompanied by a darkening of color as more blood fills the tissue.

While it’s true that 90% of women can’t orgasm from intercourse alone, there are ways to increase arousal and get you closer to the edge. Try a slow, sensual, full-body massage as you’re getting undressed. Or try a couples’ massager, which is a vibrator that is worn by women during sex and rubs against both the clitoris and center of gravity while your partner is thrusting. It creates intense sensations for both of you and leaves your hands free for exploring. Or try both, one after the other. It can take time to figure out what you like, so enjoy the exploration.

Today most girls fake their Orgasm to deceive most dude


You have a right to know when what you're witnessing is a performance rather than the real deal.
Below are the signs that she faked it

Let's be honest. Genuine orgasms aren't always sexy in the traditional sense of the word. People in the throes of ecstasy contort their faces into strange shapes, make awkward sounds, and pant loudly like dogs in heat. This is not always cute.
If her expressions and sighs seem measured and harmonized, rather than breathless and random, she's probably just rolling out the show she knows you want to see. If the sounds you hear suddenly make you wonder whether you accidentally forgot to close the streaming HD edition of Cocks and Dolls on your laptop, then you might want to question if she's coming from a genuine place.
She's Silent Afterwards
If you're grinning after you finish the business, and she lies there quietly, lips pursed, you may have a problem. You may think she’s overcome with emotion, trying to play it cool, or tired because you rocked her world so hard. But you're wrong, my friend. She’s just afraid that if she opens her mouth, she’ll end up telling you that your signature jackhammer move gave her cramps and reminded her of an S&M session gone terribly wrong. After all, she’s a lady who knows that if you don’t have anything nice to say, you shouldn't say anything at all. (Note: We recommend she quit being nice and start speaking up.)

She Smiles At You Awkwardly

When you finish and grin at her expectantly, rather than congratulating you on a job well done, she stares back for a second, seemingly confused by your excitement. In fact, she looks as though she doesn’t understand why you’re so pleased with herself.
She may force a smile as she remembers her stellar performance from minutes before, but it's only to maintain your delusions of granduer. You're under the impression that you're the man right now, and she looks like she's constipated rather than basking in her post-orgasm bliss, you should wonder why.
She Doesn't Look You In the Eyes
You’re so proud of yourself when you finish, and so overcome with oxytocin (which scientists have dubbed "the cuddle chemical" that you're gushing about how great the sex was. You want verbal confirmation of a job well done, or a high five, at the very least.
If you peer into her eyes and say, “That was amazing" and she actively avoids eye contact and mumbles something about it being “pretty good,” it’s not because she’s shy. It’s because, in retrospect, she feels guilty for lying, but also knows it’s too late to go back. She’s conflicted, so she walks the line by acknowledging your efforts with a half-assed compliment, while ducking from your soul-penetrating gaze.
Just be thankful that she didn't shake your hand. Oh wait, she did? Ouch.
She Needs Stimulants to Prep For Sex

If she brings copious amounts of booze, green, or recreational medicines to your next roll in the hay, there’s probably a reason why she can't stand to be sober. Of course, there are exceptions to this rule—if she’s planned this night for a while, or she’s going out after, or she's a junkie. But if it’s a Tuesday, and she’s on your couch pre-gaming for the sex session, you likely took a few wrong turns the last time.
You're Surprised By How Ecstatic She Seems

If she starts shouting and writhing wildly during the act, and you're left wondering how in the world you managed to make a woman so damn happy, you should sound the alarm.

The general reaction you’ve gotten in the past has been notably more subdued, and now you’ve got a woman shouting dirty nothings into your ear as you go at it in the same manner as usual? You may be tempted to brush off the thought and assume that all that practice has finally made you perfect. But, real talk: Unless you’ve drastically altered your game, she’s putting on an act. If women don’t usually swoon and scream when you enter the building, it’s not likely to happen out of the blue. Pack up your tool kit. It’s time to go home.

She Starts Telling You to Do Everything Differently
You and this girl have been doing the bump and grind for some time now. You feel like you know your way around your lady’s well-oiled machine. Then, one day, as you make your way down south, she starts rattling off directions like she’s directing airplane traffic. Say what? Bend left instead of right? Use less nose but more chin? Huh?!

Unfortunately, this most likely means that she’s fed up with pretending it’s all good when it’s not. She's decided she wants a real orgasm this time and she’s determined to get it, even if it means writing a manual for you. Important advice: do not call her out at this point. Keep your mouth shut (or busy) and take her directives. It’s time you witnessed the real thing, too.
She Looks Visibly Uncomfortable When Anyone Mentions Faking It

You and your woman are at dinner with a few friends when someone brings up fake orgasms. You laugh boisterously, confidently, even gloatingly, like a man who’s never witnessed such a thing would. You turn to catch her eye, and she’s silent. She’s not laughing, and she's not winking at you like you’re the boss between the sheets. Instead, her shoulders are tense, her lips are tight, and her face is turning several shades of pink. It's not that she’s afraid to talk about sex; she just doesn’t want to give your (lacking) game away. Accept the small act of kindness and start putting in more effort.

She Pats You on the Back When It's Over
A pat on the back, a condescending smile, an encouraging word. All of these things boil down to one emotion: pity. If she treats you like a puppy who didn’t get the last piece of steak on the table, or like a kid who lost his favorite baseball in the gutter, you've failed. You were so far from the finish line that you’re getting the consolation prize—her sympathy.

She Brings Up Her Multi-Orgasmic Friend
If she repeatedly mentions her friend’s superhuman ability to knock out not one, but three to five climaxes in one round, she’s likely dropping hints. What these mean is that she hates faking it, but she can’t go back now that she’s begun. You’ve grown used to it. You think you know how to work it. She can't bring herself to tell you that you don't.
Instead of flat out confessing, she’s trying to get you to aim for an “extra” orgasm, when in reality, she just wants one. Her thinking is that if she can make you over-perform, you’ll actually finally help her reach a proper conclusion for once. Do the girl a favor and take the hint.
Link: [url][/url]http://solenzoinfo..com.ng/2016/06/10-signs-your-girl-faked-her-orgasm.html

Awesome

Just give me Ur blog URL I mean it's address and log details I ll put Adsense for u now And apply to get Ur active code from UK and u be paid in Euro, I dnt need a dime from u

One day

Airtel service is always a scam don't believe them pls

my problem here is quantity; I bought cmc 1/4, texapon 1/2, sulphuric 1, sls 1/4, ash 1/2, caustic soda 1/4. And I use up all of them except for sls which I use half and now the soap the pepper dey for hand as is as if the caustic soda too much please what do I do

Any intelligent guy can do all these predictions

It was an observation pls this not prophecy, stop adding ingredients to Nigerian pastors comment's

This one Na man

The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) recently announced the introduction of a Stamp Duty Charge for payments of N1000 and above received into your account.

Effective January 15, 2016, you will be charged N50 as a beneficiary/recipient of funds via cash deposit, cheque deposit or electronic transfers of N1000 and above.
Please see the accounts/transactions that are exempted below;
- Savings accounts
- Salary accounts
- Account transfers to your own account within or outside the bank

Please note that this Stamp Duty Charge applies to transactions of N1000 and above, and NOT every N1000
deposited to your account
source:http://solenzoinfo..com.ng/2016/01/introduction-of-n5000-stamp-duty-charge.html

How to determine the PH level of a solid sample
can someone help

This is a way of trying to remove shame from their face

Awsome