₦airaland Forum

TenQ:
You are not being realistic o! This is what you have been told.

As of today, there is NOT one single local government chairman that had become the governor of their state. If you know one, please, let me know from the fourth republic.

And I am sure you know that only Yaradua and Tinubu are the only governors who have become presidents in Nigeria.

So, the question you should ask yourself is: What are the criteria used in determining who becomes a governor or president in Nigeria

Include Jonathan and when you recall that OBJ and Buhari where already military head of states before they became President, you see that the cycle is complete.
For your earlier poser, the current and the past governor of my State, were one time member of the house of assembly representing their LGA and local government chairman of their LGA respectively. Same goes for Wike, Plateau and a host of others too many to mention.

WhizdomXX:
Include Jonathan and when you recall that OBJ and Buhari where already military head of states before they became President, you see that the cycle is complete.
For your earlier poser, the current and the past governor of my State, were one time member of the house of assembly representing their LGA and local government chairman of their LGA respectively. Same goes for Wike, Plateau and a host of others too many to mention.

You are not getting my point as I already gave you exceptions. Nigeria's Fourth Republic began in 1999, featuring elected civilian governors across its 36 states, with approximately 250 unique individuals serving due to multiple terms, acting roles, and impeachments.

Of these almost 250 different governors, how many cane from the grass roots of first being a local government chairman? If you count from thecfirst republic, we have over 560 governors. How many become Local government chairman before becoming governors.

This means that the probability of rising through the ranks to becoming a president is a joke taken too far!


Again: So, the question you should ask yourself is: What are the criteria used in determining who becomes a governor or president in Nigeria

TenQ:
I am so sorry, I don't know why the bots deleted my post.

I am not sure Nigeria ever generated more than 7GW of power at any time since inception. I stand to be corrected.

Please confirm!

The problem of national grid shutdown is usually caused when one generator suddenly packs up resulting in a spike in load on the other generators because we are not generating enough power. This sudden spike causes overload on the other generators so that they shut down (for their protection).

Switching them back on has to be sequential with load being systematically added on the national grid until it aligns with the magnitude of supply. This is what causes the national grid collapse we often witness.

We are stressing the generation because of underproduction of power. Even, a shut down of a distribution node is enough to cause an instability in the network synchronization.

If we increase the generation, we will witness fewer national grid collapse and we can then begin to increase the distribution network capacity.

The problem is systemic, not isolated. Fairly recently, Nigeria's maximum official power generation peaked at 5,375 MW in February 2024, and we have never reached 7 GW due to several issues:
Gas supply problems seen with IPPs like Papalanto lacking guaranteed gas supply. Even Sahara Energy managing Egbin has it's challenges.

Idle capacity is seen where power plants exist but can't operate due to unavailable pipelines or gas.

GenCos face shutdowns because DisCos are not making payments.

Your analysis is correct that low generation leads to grid instability; if one plant shuts down, others may follow, resulting in widespread failure. Then realistically how much of the transmission lines due to be replaced have been?

Although we have 13 GW of installed capacity, we only transmit 4-5 GW because the transmission lines can't support more power even if we are able to generate this much.

Barth Nnaji points out that the power sector needs tariffs that accurately reflect electricity costs, private investments, and infrastructure upgrades simultaneously, not in sequence.

Fortunately some progress has been made towards reducing line losses seen in transmitting generated power to a centre and then distribution. At least Aba's example is visible.

TenQ:
This is what they have projected as narrative to why they have been failing.

Nigeria needs 10GW, we generate less than 4GW.

Tell me,
1. Do we have the energy source to achieve this?
2. Is Gas-turbine technology Rocket Science?

Why do you think our politicians left the obvious problem of generation to face the problem of distribution?

You are missing my point, I am not talking about willigness now, I am only pointing to the complexity. This is more reason our politicians have to wake up, you need to develop an adjacent industry that would build the long-term power infrastructure, you need qualified engineers in thousands....its not wishful thinking, it's a lot of work....

bamsz:
You are missing my point, I am not talking about willigness now, I am only pointing to the complexity. This is more reason our politicians have to wake up, you need to develop an adjacent industry that would build the long-term power infrastructure, you need qualified engineers in thousands....its not wishful thinking, it's a lot of work....

The technology of Electrical Energy Generation and Transmission is not Rocket Science: it is simple for people who truly want to solve the problem.

Nigeria has thousands of Qualified Engineers to man the problem. There exists many technical partners that can install turbines system

Ohyoudidnt:
The problem is systemic, not isolated. Fairly recently, Nigeria's maximum official power generation peaked at 5,375 MW in February 2024, and we have never reached 7 GW due to several issues:
Gas supply problems seen with IPPs like Papalanto lacking guaranteed gas supply. Even Sahara Energy managing Egbin has it's challenges.

Idle capacity is seen where power plants exist but can't operate due to unavailable pipelines or gas.

GenCos face shutdowns because DisCos are not making payments.

Your analysis is correct that low generation leads to grid instability; if one plant shuts down, others may follow, resulting in widespread failure. Then realistically how much of the transmission lines due to be replaced have been?

Although we have 13 GW of installed capacity, we only transmit 4-5 GW because the transmission lines can't support more power even if we are able to generate this much.

Barth Nnaji points out that the power sector needs tariffs that accurately reflect electricity costs, private investments, and infrastructure upgrades simultaneously, not in sequence.

Fortunately some progress has been made towards reducing line losses seen in transmitting generated power to a centre and then distribution. At least Aba's example is visible.

I understand you perfectly,only that Nigeria had never used up nor maximized the national grid capacity.

Nigeria's national grid transmission (wheeling) capacity stands at approximately 8,000-8,700 MW reliable limit as of early this year. BUT here we are in 2026 never able to push a mere 6GW into the line.

So. you see that the problem is more of generation rather than transmission line capacity.

TenQ:
I understand you perfectly,only that Nigeria had never used up nor maximized the national grid capacity.

Nigeria's national grid transmission (wheeling) capacity stands at approximately 8,000-8,700 MW reliable limit as of early this year. BUT here we are in 2026 never able to push a mere 6GW into the line.

So. you see that the problem is more of generation rather than transmission line capacity.

Nigeria's power grid isn't underutilized due to a lack of plants or weak infrastructure. The installed generation capacity is approximately 13.6 GW, while reliable transmission hovers around 8 to 8.7 GW. However, less than 5 GW is operational, as gas shortages, non-payment issues, vandalism, and maintenance failures leave many plants idle. The centralized, government-owned transmission system contributes to significant technical losses, congestion, and risks of single-point failures. While local or embedded generation can circumvent these losses, it may involve higher upfront costs for local transmission. Ultimately, the main challenges stem from gas availability, cash flow issues, and inefficiencies within the centralized grid not from the generation equipment itself.

Ohyoudidnt:
Nigeria's power grid isn't underutilized due to a lack of plants or weak infrastructure. The installed generation capacity is approximately 13.6 GW, while reliable transmission hovers around 8 to 8.7 GW. However, less than 5 GW is operational, as gas shortages, non-payment issues, vandalism, and maintenance failures leave many plants idle. The centralized, government-owned transmission system contributes to significant technical losses, congestion, and risks of single-point failures. While local or embedded generation can circumvent these losses, it may involve higher upfront costs for local transmission. Ultimately, the main challenges stem from gas availability, cash flow issues, and inefficiencies within the centralized grid not from the generation equipment itself.

Do you know that Nigeria should NEVER complain about gas shortages because we have OIL and we flare our gas during refining crude.

Most turbines can work with BOTH gas and liquid fuel. Honestly, we have no excuse.

I think you are still getting your data skewed
1. Installed Capacity 13GW
This is the total power if ALL our generators are functioning. It includes turbines that are damaged or no more in use
2. Wheeling Capacity 8-8.5GW
This is the maximum power our grid can safety carry.
3. Generated Power 3.5GW to 6GW
This is the range of our power generation. We are not even close to our wheeling capacity of 8-8.5GW capacity because our average generation is about 3.6 GW.


Our grid will start becoming a problem when we are generating more than the 8GW power because the demand will stress the grid line

TenQ:
Do you know that Nigeria should NEVER complain about gas shortages because we have OIL and we flare our gas during refining crude.

Most turbines can work with BOTH gas and liquid fuel. Honestly, we have no excuse.

I think you are still getting your data skewed
1. Installed Capacity 13GW
This is the total power if ALL our generators are functioning. It includes turbines that are damaged or no more in use
2. Wheeling Capacity 8-8.5GW
This is the maximum power our grid can safety carry.
3. Generated Power 3.5GW to 6GW
This is the range of our power generation. We are not even close to our wheeling capacity of 8-8.5GW capacity because our average generation is about 3.6 GW.


Our grid will start becoming a problem when we are generating more than the 8GW power because the demand will stress the grid line

Flared gas isn't power fuel; it remains stranded, unprocessed, and disconnected from turbines. Most power plants in Nigeria run solely on gas, with only a few dual-fuel units available. Operating on diesel is two to three times more expensive. The installed capacity of 13 GW includes plants that are currently inactive, but their inactivity is due to gas shortages, lack of payment, and inadequate maintenance not because of nonexistent capacity. This is why generation typically falls between 3.5 and 5 GW and less, which is significantly lower than the transmission capacity of 8 to 8.5 GW. The primary limitation is the availability of generation not the grid until improvements are made to gas infrastructure and payment practices.

Ohyoudidnt:
Flared gas isn't power fuel; it remains stranded, unprocessed, and disconnected from turbines. Most power plants in Nigeria run solely on gas, with only a few dual-fuel units available. Operating on diesel is two to three times more expensive. The installed capacity of 13 GW includes plants that are currently inactive, but their inactivity is due to gas shortages, lack of payment, and inadequate maintenance not because of nonexistent capacity. This is why generation typically falls between 3.5 and 5 GW and less, which is significantly lower than the transmission capacity of 8 to 8.5 GW. The primary limitation is the availability of generation not the grid until improvements are made to gas infrastructure and payment practices.

After going round and round, you finally agreed that the problem is that we are not even generating enough.

Fuel for turbines are not rocket fuels virtually any fuel type will work. Turbines are not as picky as internal combustion engine for the FUEL type used.

Feed Syngas into a gas turbine sir it will work fine!

TenQ:
After going round and round, you finally agreed that the problem is that we are not even generating enough.

Fuel for turbines are not rocket fuels virtually any fuel type will work. Turbines are not as picky as internal combustion engine for the FUEL type used.

Feed Syngas into a gas turbine sir it will work fine!

If it's just as simple as you put it then it would have been long done. The issue goes beyond low generation; even operational plants cannot function without a steady supply of fuel and guaranteed payments. Additionally, poor maintenance, vandalism, and inefficiencies in the grid worsen the bottleneck.

Ohyoudidnt:
If it's just as simple as you put it then it would have been long done. The issue goes beyond low generation; even operational plants cannot function without a steady supply of fuel and guaranteed payments. Additionally, poor maintenance, vandalism, and inefficiencies in the grid worsen the bottleneck.

The problem is when you put politicians in charge of Technological Innovation and Development. They will leave the problem to face their personal gains.


This played out just recently in our Senate.
1. Who in Nigeria doesn't know that we need electoral reform?
2. Who doesn't know that a core part of the reform is transparency in transmission of results
3. Who doesn't know that real time transmission of results will curb electoral malpractices

BUT,
Your Senators said that because there are 9 states with insecurity problems, this will NOT be possible because the Mobile Network Masts and systems MAY be disabled.

1. They forgot that humans will conduct the elections and they should solve this security problem. If elections will take place in the 9 states, there is no excuse for the mobile network not tonwork.
2. They forgot that Starlink system can be deployed for those 9 states to guarantee internet accessibility.

Its the same problem: our politicians!

TenQ:
The problem is when you put politicians in charge of Technological Innovation and Development. They will leave the problem to face their personal gains.


This played out just recently in our Senate.
1. Who in Nigeria doesn't know that we need electoral reform?
2. Who doesn't know that a core part of the reform is transparency in transmission of results
3. Who doesn't know that real time transmission of results will curb electoral malpractices

BUT,
Your Senators said that because there are 9 states with insecurity problems, this will NOT be possible because the Mobile Network Masts and systems MAY be disabled.

1. They forgot that humans will conduct the elections and they should solve this security problem. If elections will take place in the 9 states, there is no excuse for the mobile network not tonwork.
2. They forgot that Starlink system can be deployed for those 9 states to guarantee internet accessibility.

Its the same problem: our politicians!

You're right—the problem isn't the presence of politicians in Nigeria; it's that ours operate without accountability.

The power sector illustrates the difficulties within our electoral system:

1. Tariff Politics: Keeping prices low for the sake of popularity results in revenue shortfalls for generation companies, leading to neglected maintenance and bailouts instead of essential reforms.

2. Gas-to-Power Breakdown: Unpaid gas suppliers lead to supply disruptions, leaving turbines idle despite their potential, which fosters the narrative of technical constraints.

3. Grid Bottleneck: Weak transmission limits output, so even though we have available generation, it cannot be distributed effectively, causing persistent blackouts despite installed capacity. This is key to the initial Nnaji recommendation from his time as minister that I referred you to.

4. Reform Without Reform: Subsidies, emergency repairs, fuel imports, and opaque contracts become more lucrative than ensuring a consistent supply, turning dysfunction into a profitable model.

Countries that function well don’t have fewer politicians; they enforce accountability. Here, the institutions meant to restrict power are instead dominated by it.

Ohyoudidnt:
You're right—the problem isn't the presence of politicians in Nigeria; it's that ours operate without accountability.

The power sector illustrates the difficulties within our electoral system:

1. Tariff Politics: Keeping prices low for the sake of popularity results in revenue shortfalls for generation companies, leading to neglected maintenance and bailouts instead of essential reforms.

This is certainly NOT one of the problems.
The cost per unit electricity in UK is $0.35, USA is $0.17 and i. Nigeria is $0.13. The cost difference between USA and Nigeria is not that great especially considering the fact that salaries of Electricity workers are much smaller.

Ohyoudidnt:
2. Gas-to-Power Breakdown: Unpaid gas suppliers lead to supply disruptions, leaving turbines idle despite their potential, which fosters the narrative of technical constraints.

This is an administration and management problem as the unpaid gas suppliers do jot have anything to do with consumer not paying.

Ohyoudidnt:
3. Grid Bottleneck: Weak transmission limits output, so even though we have available generation, it cannot be distributed effectively, causing persistent blackouts despite installed capacity. This is key to the initial Nnaji recommendation from his time as minister that I referred you to.

I think until we generate up to 8GW of electric power, we have no right to blame the transmission networks.

Ohyoudidnt:
4. Reform Without Reform: Subsidies, emergency repairs, fuel imports, and opaque contracts become more lucrative than ensuring a consistent supply, turning dysfunction into a profitable model.

Countries that function well don’t have fewer politicians; they enforce accountability. Here, the institutions meant to restrict power are instead dominated by it.

I am 100% in agreement with you here. Nothing else to add.





What do you think would happen if a company like Siemens is contracted to build a 20GW turbine station powered from direct supply of crude oil?

Do you think the company cannot build a Modular Refinery to produce the kind of fuel required fro their turbines?

Do you think that a company like Siemens after Building such a power station cannot build parallel national grid for its energy distribution?


Unfortunately,even if our politicians are convinced to do this, they will look for a Chinese or Indian company to execute the project rather than giving it to a German, UK, Korean, Israeli or Japanese companies?

TenQ:
This is certainly NOT one of the problems.
The cost per unit electricity in UK is $0.35, USA is $0.17 and i. Nigeria is $0.13. The cost difference between USA and Nigeria is not that great especially considering the fact that salaries of Electricity workers are much smaller.








This is an administration and management problem as the unpaid gas suppliers do jot have anything to do with consumer not paying.


I think until we generate up to 8GW of electric power, we have no right to blame the transmission networks.



I am 100% in agreement with you here. Nothing else to add.





What do you think would happen if a company like Siemens is contracted to build a 20GW turbine station powered from direct supply of crude oil?

Do you think the company cannot build a Modular Refinery to produce the kind of fuel required fro their turbines?

Do you think that a company like Siemens after Building such a power station cannot build parallel national grid for its energy distribution?


Unfortunately,even if our politicians are convinced to do this, they will look for a Chinese or Indian company to execute the project rather than giving it to a German, UK, Korean, Israeli or Japanese companies?

Why they don't give contracts to companies from the high income world is because they quote more because of high personnel costs due to high cost of living in those countries. If the Chinese are asking for one billion dollars when Siemens say they will take three billion dollars, how will Siemens win the bid? It is the same reason manufacturing has almost all left high income countries.

lawani:
Why they don't give contracts to companies from the high income world is because they quote more because of high personnel costs due to high cost of living in those countries. If the Chinese are asking for one billion dollars when Siemens say they will take three billion dollars, how will Siemens win the bid? It is the same reason manufacturing has almost all left high income countries.

True BUT the underlying problem is corruption. Chinese or Indian companies can bid low but the price of the awarded contract usually much higher sometimes up to 300% the ordinary cost.

Siemens quoted $3 Billion
China Quoted $1.8 Billion but was awarded the contract for $2.9 billion with difference pocketed.

This is how the system is milked by our politicians

TenQ:
What do you think would happen if a company like Siemens is contracted to build a 20GW turbine station powered from direct supply of crude oil?

Do you think the company cannot build a Modular Refinery to produce the kind of fuel required fro their turbines?

Do you think that a company like Siemens after Building such a power station cannot build parallel national grid for its energy distribution?


Unfortunately,even if our politicians are convinced to do this, they will look for a Chinese or Indian company to execute the project rather than giving it to a German, UK, Korean, Israeli or Japanese companies?

But Siemens have been here since 2006 and probably before.
There's a project worth €161.33 million since December 2024 too.

Ohyoudidnt:
But Siemens have been here since 2006 and probably before.
There's a project worth €161.33 million since December 2024 too.

I don't know the FG terms of agreement with Siemens and no one is showing any update of work accomplished.

Lets cross our hands and watch.

Have a good night rest

TenQ:
I don't know the FG terms of agreement with Siemens and no one is showing any update of work accomplished.

Lets cross our hands and watch.

Have a good night rest

There exactly is where you have concern. I show that there has been such agreement in the past so move your desktop literary study using the FOI and relevant elements of investigation to inquire about what is going on rather than demanding a solution that is already in place. That is more honourable.

TenQ:
This is certainly NOT one of the problems.
The cost per unit electricity in UK is $0.35, USA is $0.17 and i. Nigeria is $0.13. The cost difference between USA and Nigeria is not that great especially considering the fact that salaries of Electricity workers are much smaller.

Erm....UK pays 0.401 USD per unit for residental
USA Pays..0.184 USD

Nigeria pays: 0.036 USD. Also Nigeria: 68% of metered customers bypass their meters and overall 40% don't even pay for the power they use. Not seen in the UK and USA at all.

SAUCE

nairalanda1:
Erm....UK pays 0.401 USD per unit for residental
USA Pays..0.184 USD

Nigeria pays: 0.036 USD. Also Nigeria: 68% of metered customers bypass their meters and overall 40% don't even pay for the power they use. Not seen in the UK and USA at all.

SAUCE

Our Band A with 20 Hours per day of electricity is $0.13–0.14

Where also did you get the information that 68% of metered customers bypass their meters ?

I dont know where you gor your data.

Ohyoudidnt:
There exactly is where you have concern. I show that there has been such agreement in the past so move your desktop literary study using the FOI and relevant elements of investigation to inquire about what is going on rather than demanding a solution that is already in place. That is more honourable.

I do not deny that there was a negotiation with Siemens, I only don't know what was signed with them and the level it is.

The solution is only in place AFTER execution of the plans. Can tou say that about Ajaokuta Steel that has guzzled up hundreds of billions in USD with nothing to show for it?

TenQ:
Our Band A with 20 Hours per day of electricity is $0.13–0.14

Where also did you get the information that 68% of metered customers bypass their meters ?

I dont know where you gor your data.

68% bypassing meters sauce

40% not paying sauce

Band A Users form only 20% of total users.

nairalanda1:
68% bypassing meters sauce

40% not paying sauce

Band A Users form only 20% of total users.

What you have shown is two statements just like yours. Who did the study and why are the culprits not being brought to book?

68% bypass + 40% not paying already exceed 100% of the available power.

If this data is correct, tell me why the electricity distribution companies are operating?

TenQ:
I do not deny that there was a negotiation with Siemens, I only don't know what was signed with them and the level it is.

The solution is only in place AFTER execution of the plans. Can tou say that about Ajaokuta Steel that has guzzled up hundreds of billions in USD with nothing to show for it?

Please focus and stop jumbling matters. With or without Ajaokuta Nigeria needs power. Siemens is a relatively recent inclusion for Ajaokuta who are already multi tens of billions in Power debt. You want to Nigerianise Siemens and kill it in debt?

Think! Other steel plants in Nigeria that employed German, Japanese, or Austrian contractors had successfully begun operations without Siemens at a time ,whereas Ajaokuta, the Soviet project, has been unsuccessful for 45 years. So without the importance you place on Siemens we can have power.

TenQ:
What you have shown is two statements just like yours. Who did the study and why are the culprits not being brought to book?

68% bypass + 40% not paying already exceed 100% of the available power.

If this data is correct, tell me why the electricity distribution companies are operating?

In other words, you won't believe me if i told you that 'The Sun orbits the Galactic Center at a distance of 24,000 to 28,000 light-years'.

Good morning.

Oh, and the 68% of metered customers are part of the overall 40% that do not pay. But since you don't want to accept facts that don't suit you, you chose to misrepresent the statistics.(Note that most people aren't metered yet.)

Ohyoudidnt:
Please focus and stop jumbling matters. With or without Ajaokuta Nigeria needs power. Siemens is a relatively recent inclusion for Ajaokuta who are already multi tens of billions in Power debt. You want to Nigerianise Siemens and kill it in debt?

Think! Other steel plants in Nigeria that employed German, Japanese, or Austrian contractors had successfully begun operations without Siemens at a time ,whereas Ajaokuta, the Soviet project, has been unsuccessful for 45 years. So without the importance you place on Siemens we can have power.

Can we not talk without war of words?
Is is not islamic debates with emotions also involved

nairalanda1:
In other words, you won't believe me if i told you that 'The Sun orbits the Galactic Center at a distance of 24,000 to 28,000 light-years'.

Good morning.

Oh, and the 68% of metered customers are part of the overall 40% that do not pay. But since you don't want to accept facts that don't suit you, you chose to misrepresent the statistics.(Note that most people aren't metered yet.)

So, 28% of those who bypass the meter still go on to pay for a non-existent reading?

TenQ:
So, 28% of those who bypass the meter still go on to pay for a non-existent reading?

You know you've lost the argument , dear boy. You know.

Good morning

The fella I discussed with doesn't want to accept that there is a liquidity problem in the power sector. He doesn't want to accept the cold reality of cost reflective tarrifs, hence his resorting to misrepresenting the figures i presented and facts laid down. He knows he has lost the argument, so he responds in typical nairaland fashion.

That;s one problem I find with nigerians on this site. When confronted with the facts, they resort to vague questions, and adhomiens and sometimes riddiculous rhetorical questions. Even outright personal invective. Because if you don;t lose, you win , at least on the internet.

Well, until we accept the fact that electricity has to be paid for at a cost reflective tarrif, nothing is going to change. Simple and short. Complaining about poverty is basically accepting that government has to take massive loans to build up electricity infrastructure, which would have to be paid back to the detriment of our economy.

Ghana, Ivory coast do it, and are as poor as we are, so why can't we.

nairalanda1:
The fella I discussed with doesn't want to accept that there is a liquidity problem in the power sector. He doesn't want to accept the cold reality of cost reflective tarrifs, hence his resorting to misrepresenting the figures i presented and facts laid down. He knows he has lost the argument, so he responds in typical nairaland fashion.

That;s one problem I find with nigerians on this site. When confronted with the facts, they resort to vague questions, and adhomiens and sometimes riddiculous rhetorical questions. Even outright personal invective. Because if you don;t lose, you win , at least on the internet.

Well, until we accept the fact that electricity has to be paid for at a cost reflective tarrif, nothing is going to change. Simple and short. Complaining about poverty is basically accepting that government has to take massive loans to build up electricity infrastructure, which would have to be paid back to the detriment of our economy.

Ghana, Ivory coast do it, and are as poor as we are, so why can't we.

What is cost reflective tariff to you? Is Geometric power plant in Aba not making profit? Are you suggesting we pay the same as high income countries? We can't because labour cost here is not more than ten percent of what they have there and operations expenses are not therefore the same. I believe electricity costs should be harmonized and there is no reason for Nigerians to pay up to twenty percent of what they pay in western Europe. Check the price of coca cola, Guinness stout and etc in western Europe and compare with Nigeria if you doubt me

TenQ:
Can we not talk without war of words?
Is is not islamic debates with emotions also involved

Appreciate sharing how complicated 'simple solutions' are in the Nigeria space. Enjoy your weekend.