In a competitive market today, every firm strives to have dominion in whatever goods and services they render. Firms do not only strive for dominion they also strive for good reputation. In order to achieve this, firms must have a good and effective communication with their customers as they are one of the most important stakeholders who are responsible for the creation of revenue streams. Firms need to build good reputation because it exerts some sort of influence on both commercial outcomes like profits and non-commercial outcomes like customer trust. One of the qualities a firm should strive for is try to build customers trust.

Read some undergraduate project topics on customer trust

It is therefore expected that firms behave well devoid of any kind of negative attitude and behaviour towards their customers as well as meet customers’ expectations. This will go a long way in strengthening the trust customers have on the firm as well as build firms integrity and reliability.
Customers Trust: What Firms Need To Know
There are some certain things firm must know if they must grow in the competitive market and have the trust of their customers. What every firm need to know are as follows:
i) Reputation: reputation is one among many other things firm need to know. The reputation of a firm matters a lot and its importance cannot be overemphasized because it is one of the reason customers choose product or service above the other or prefers to patronize a firm over the other thereby creating customer loyalty and consistence patronage. It is also a factor that makes lots of difference between the success and failure of a firm.
In terms of customers trust, comparison with other firms and patronage, reputation plays a big role. In other words, the reputation of a firm is a representation of a firm’s status among its employees and external stakeholders.
The strategic behavioural pattern, decision making, planning function and noticeable characteristics of a firm is greatly affected by the reputation of a firm which is important to its growth and survival. It has also been studied that a firm’s reputation is its identity that is interpreted as a firm’s goals and values which create a sense of belonging among the external stakeholders of the firm.
Furthermore, reputation has also been observed as a successful strategy in marketing the products and services of a firm. The intangible assets of a firm in general and the significance of firms reputation in particular have grown rapidly which has helped in creating market entry barriers, to foster customer retention, and thus to strengthen competitive advantages, intangible assets are vitally very important to the growth, survival and retention of customers.
ii) Trust: Trust is the level of reliability ensured by one party to another within a given exchange relationship. In a marketing context, trust is usually linked to consumer expectations concerning the firm’s capacity to assume its obligations and keep its promises. However these expectations are based on the firm’s competence, honesty, benevolence and reputation.
Firms must understand that trust helps in maintaining customer loyalty and retention. Trust of Consumers to a firm is that which they expect the firm to act based upon their interests. Firms must do what they say; it should be what you see is what you get and not the other way round. Promises are to be respected as advertised.
In general, one effective way of reducing a consumer’s uncertainty and disloyalty is the trust built by a firm.
iii) Quality products/ services: another way to build customers trust is through quality products. Once your consumers are certain about the quality of your products or services they will have an uncompromised loyalty and trust for the firm and would even refer others to the product or service of the firm with assurance of good quality. Firms must try not to compromise quality for quantity or under perform as expected by their customers.
Conclusion
In conclusion, customers trust is mainly earned through hard work and consistence and shouldn’t be lost over incompetence, under performance and lack of consistence. The reputation of a firm says a lot about the value placed on it by consumers and stakeholders.
Any firm that strives to be the best and grow must not neglect the importance of reputation which is also an important source of competitive advantage. Good reputations are very critical not only because of their potential for value creation, but also because their intangible character makes replication by competing firms considerably more difficult.

Street hawking is the act of selling goods along the road or from street to street. These sellers also go from house to house which leads to the act of canvassing for these sale items that are carried by these street hawkers.
Street hawking especially by children have been referred to as child labour. Street hawking by a child be it beneficial or an act of wickedness or for whatever the reason is an act can be said to be detrimental and harmful to the child’s personal development.
Street hawking or Child labour has been one of the serious societal problems that have engaged the attention and concerns of scholars, professionals, social workers, and law enforcement officials. It calls for a serious concern because it is perceived as an impediment to the proper well-being and development of children generally. It is a total act of exploitation that can be detrimental to the physical, social, cognitive and even moral development of the child. It has been established that these children hawk in some of the unconceivable and unimaginable conditions where they are at risk at various menace and abuse of any kind such as rape, kidnap and some cases death in the hands of ritual murderers because of their vulnerability at odd hawking hours.
Some irresponsible and pedophilias in the society see these little girls as an object of sexual satisfaction and abuse with promises and threat to their lives if they ever disclose to anyone. Most of the sexual defilements and assault in the society today is as a result of street hawking. Some of the consequences of these acts usually result in an unwanted pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, psychological problems and a gradual creation of fear and withdrawal from a healthy relationship with the opposite gender. The unhealthy exposure of these children to street life leads them to associate with bad company that will eventually pressure and force them into delinquent behaviors.

Causes Of Street Hawking

a) Family background
The family background of a child is one of the root causes of street hawking. When the family is incapacitated to provide the basic things of life for the child, they settle for hawking as a means of survival. While in some cases, because of the poor background of the family, they may resort to sending the child out to another family to serve as a maid or help, and these families may in turn send the child out to hawk as an act of wickedness to the child. Therefore, it has been observed that the dynamics of child labour can be associated to children from poor and difficult family backgrounds.

b) Lack of unemployment

The lack of employment in the society today is overwhelming and has led to the poor living standard of many families in the country. Because of this condition some families even find it difficult to eat not to talk of providing other necessities of life. As a result of unemployment the parent may go into trading therefore, in order to ensure an increased income to the family, some parents engage their children in street hawking of same commodities.

c) socio-economic status of parents

The socio-economic status of parents is another cause of street hawking by children. When parent earn little or nothing it can lead to engaging the children to hawking in the street.

Five (5) major effect of street hawking

a) Poor academic performance

One of the effects of street hawking is poor academic performance of students. The effect of street hawking is not only seen among secondary school students but also those in tertiary institution in Nigeria. This is so since some of the children that are involved in street hawking and till attend school tend to do the hawking in the morning before going to school, some hawk in the evening immediately after school while most of them do it on weekends and during holidays. With the divided attention it will be difficult for the children to concentrate and give full attention to their academics thereby leading to poor academic performance. There have been series of undergraduate research project topics that is based on street hawking and all of them are referencing poor academic performance as a major effect of street hawking.

b) Behavioural pattern

Because of the kind of associations and friends they keep they may end up with a negative behavioural pattern. The unhealthy exposure of these children to street life will lead them into associating with bad company that will eventually pressure and force them into delinquent and immoral behaviors.

c) Unwanted pregnancy

As a result of the social vices such as sexual molestation and assault faced by these little girls while hawking may eventually lead them into unwanted pregnancy.

d) Risk of being kidnapped

Another effect and consequences of street hawking is that the children are at risk of been kidnapped with the intention of asking for ransom from the parents who financially incapacitated while in some cases they could be kidnapped by ritual murderers.

e) Psychological makeup

The psychological makeup of a child is also affected as a result of hawking. The general psychological well-being of the child will be grossly affected. And some of such ways are through stigmatization by the press and public, feelings of disheartenment, stress and irritability, personality disorders, antisocial behaviours, alienation, and isolation from their family.

Conclusion

The general overview to street hawking is that it is highly disastrous and detrimental to children’s psychological, social, emotional, physical and mental development. It also exposes them to danger and at risk of victims of many social vices such as rape, kidnap, and prostitution among others.
Therefore, it is a call to appropriate authorities to look into ways to curbing street hawking and protect the rights of these children and save them from falling victims to any of these social vices.
An enlightenment program should be encouraged through organizations, mass Medias, religious institutions on the negative effect and consequences of street hawking and the need to protect every child regardless of the condition of the family. NGOs and other humanitarian organizations can help these families financially or set up a decent business for them in order to help them provide basic amenities for them to avoid the option of sending their children into the street to hawk. In addition, government should provide free education for children in the country or children should be given school fees waivers as a way of discouraging the tendency for embarking on street hawking in order to augment family income.

Undergraduate project and research work will be lot easier if people especially students understand what is required or expected in every chapter of the research. The understanding and knowledge of what to inculcate in every chapter of your research will save you lot of tine and stress of having to rewrite the final year research work as the case may be. Every research is expected to meet the standard designed by your project supervisor to avoid a restart or even getting frustrated.
There are formats to writing research and as such whatever format you are given, it is expected that you follow it to the later.
However, you must understand that the chapter two of research work has it unique format try as much as possible not to interchange it with what should be in another chapter. Basically in chapter two what is expected of you is to review the various literatures and give a vivid and clear overview of previous studies on the subject matter.

Why Is Chapter Two Important In A Research Work

Since a literature review comprises of summary and analysis of the relevant publications and literatures on a topic, you must first have to understand what is meant by 'the literature'. For the sake of understanding why chapter two is important 'literature’ here means a collection of all of the relevant written sources on a topic. It will include both theoretical and empirical works.
Therefore, you must understand that chapter two of any research work is very important because it is in this chapter you explain to your audience your findings and also review various literature related to your study. The importance of chapter two is to cite major conclusions, your findings as well as methodological issues that are related to the gap in the knowledge from your chapter one. The literatures you review in chapter two must be easily retrieved from the sources of the most recent issue possible.
Furthermore, this chapter is very important because it is in this chapter that an overview of previous study on knowledge sharing are given and provided it goes further to introduce the framework for the case study of the research that comprises the main focus of the research described in this thesis.
Reviewing of various literature works is important because it helps in scoping out the main data collection requirements for the primary research to be conducted, and it forms part of the emergent research design process.

What A Complete Chapter Should Have

a) Conceptual literature
One of the things that a complete chapter must have is the conceptual literature. In the conceptual literature you give an insight to the variable in your research work and also try to draw the nexus between variables in a research work. You can also add the studies by others on that particular variable or variables. Whatever concept you are explaining must give an in-depth knowledge to your readers on what that particular variable entails.
b) Theoretical literature

In theoretical literature you give a particular theory or theories as the case may be that better explains your research work. The theory must be linking to your study or topic of research and can as well be applied to your research findings.

c) The empirical literature

An empirical literature is all about reviewing evidence based on actual scientific experiments, which could be repeated by someone else to check that the results are accurate. Empirical literature carries with it a statement of methodology, research questions that are clear and must be measurable. You find studies been carried out on a group of people, individuals or even subject to ascertain data as regard the subject matter under investigation. In empirical review, instruments such as surveys or test are conducted and data presented from the findings of the research.

d) Summary of literature

It is expected that in this chapter you give a summary of your findings. Here you are not giving a broad explanation to your findings as you must have done that in the conceptual and empirical literature all you need do is just to give a brief summary of your research work which must be concise, clear and comprehensible to your audience/readers.

e) Gap in literature

The gap in literature is to identify the gaps your research you didn’t cover. Gap in literature gives room for further study and research. You must identify the gaps in your study, what and what your research didn’t capture.

CONCLUSION

Conclusively, your research isn’t complete without inculcating conceptual, theoretical and empirical literature and also identifying then gap in your research work. Make sure not to jettison any of the above if you must capture the mind of your readers.

Customer satisfaction is of a strategic importance to many companies. However, the study of corporate social responsibility has been the object of discuss as regards the growth of any business enterprise. The main motive behind corporate social responsibility CSR is the enormous and tremendous potential benefits that firms and organisations can derive when they are perceived as being socially responsible by their stakeholders.

Read also undergraduate project topics and materials on corporate social responsibility

Among this stakeholder group, consumers deserve special attention because; corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs have a significant influence on customer-related outcomes and reactions because in today’s competitive market environment, corporate social responsibility (CSR) represents a high-profile notion that has strategic importance to many companies and organizations. Corporate social responsibility is one of the process by which an organization expresses and develops its ‘corporate culture’ and social consciousness.

Corporate Social Responsibility

In its broad sense corporate social responsibility can be defined as firm’s activities and status related to its obligations toward its stakeholders and society at large. Corporate social responsibility is a type of international private business self-regulation that aims to contribute to societal goals of a philanthropic, activist, or charitable nature by engaging in or supporting volunteering or ethically-oriented practices.

Customer Satisfaction

Customer satisfaction is a term frequently used in marketing. It is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. Customer satisfaction is defined as an overall evaluation based on the total purchase and consumption experience with the good or service over time

Social Responsibility And Customer Satisfaction

Customer satisfaction has been one of the top tools for a successful business. At a glance, customer satisfaction is a crucial component of a business strategy as well as customer retention and product repurchase. The perception of your customers as regards your product and services is of outmost importance for the retention and continual patronage by your customers. Therefore, Strategic corporate social responsibility (CSR) implies that corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities have the potential to improve corporate image and increase motivation and loyalty primarily among various stakeholder groups including shareholders, employees and customers. Thus, more and more companies today consider the adoption of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives as an important strategic objective.
In addition, given that perceived value and customer knowledge are acknowledged as possible antecedents of customer satisfaction it is not surprising that corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities, through both adding value to the company and improving customer knowledge, promote customer satisfaction. It is an established fact that Customers are likely to be more satisfied by products and services offered by socially responsible firms. However, not only that there exists a direct link between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and customer satisfaction but that customer satisfaction fully mediates the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and firm market value. Firms must understand that Customer satisfaction is a barometer that predicts the future customer behavior.

Conclusion

Conclusively, when an organization wins a customer it should continue to build up a good relationship with the client. Providing the quality of goods and services in the business world today is not only about satisfying the customers but also to have a safe position. Indeed, this has benefited the customers significantly on consuming qualitative products.

The COVID-19 pandemic was felt also by the world of education not only the economy of the country. One of the visions of higher institutions is to be pace-setting institutions in terms of learning, character building and service to mankind with a mission to produce competent and resourceful graduates with high moral standards in our society, and the total development of men and women in an enabling environment through appropriate teaching, research and service to humanity, influenced by the constitutional ethics and culture of the country. It is an established fact that over the years, universities have played dominant and important roles in the developing and developed world. Universities are usually in the forefront of any social, economic and political challenges, especially with the power of research being focused on areas that will promote human development and solve existential problems.
However in this period of covid19, education has been adversely affected especially those their final year that are expected to handle their undergraduate project topics; the problem is also seen in the primary and secondary schools leading to the discontinuity of education in the country and all over the world. Over the years, strike was the major cause for the lockdown of higher institutions. Strike is an organised work stoppage by a body of workers to enforce compliance with demands made on an employer or a group of employers. It is an aspect of industrial conflict used by workers to express their grievances.
Recently, another form of discontinuity or lockdown of schools emerged not only in the country but the world at large. This discontinuity in education is caused by global issues that affect almost every continents of the world and as a result led to total lockdown. This discontinuity in education was caused by COVID-19, a newly discovered virus. In 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) started monitoring the outbreak of a new corona virus, SARS-CoV-2, which causes the respiratory illness now known as COVID-19.
Therefore, as a result of the pandemic Students in digital environment were left with the option of communicating with their peers and lecturers online which has enabled students to achieve a higher level of understanding. Online discussions enable students to improve their literacy skills. The use of internet in education requires focusing on the interests and needs of the students as well as enhancing connections with the students not only due to physical presence in the classroom.

What Is Online Learning

Online learning is the use of computer and internet to teach students and also used to deliver a broad solution in order to enable learning and improve academic performance.

Effectiveness Of Online Learning

Adequate feedback

An online learning ensures adequate feedback, as the students can interact with their colleagues and lecturers alike. This allows them to ask and answer questions that seem difficult or not well understood. With the various types of applications padded in e-learning, it will be easy for any student to use any of the platforms to communicate with their lecturers and their fellow students.

Continuous learning: It also allows continuous learning, as there is no obstruction by either the lecturer or the student to the scheduled classes on the e-learning platform.

Individual distance learning: there is no need for any institution of learning to develop any distance learning application of their own since this framework presents the open sources distance learning applications.

Less cost of implementation and accessibility: there is no implementation or maintenance fee required, the only charges involved in an online learning is data which network providers charges for using the internet.

Makeup classes: with the use of an online learning there will be no need for a makeup class for any student who miss a class or teaching because you can always go back online to access all the information or what was taught.
Exposure to new teaching method: Though all the e-learning platforms on the e-learning zone might not be new to some, yet, it will be a means of exposure to new teaching methods and platforms for many others.

Factors That Militate Against The Effectiveness Of Online Learning

Power supply: The first factor that militates against the effectiveness of online learning during this covid19 is lack or unstable power supply which is one of the problems facing Nigeria even before the pandemic. The lack of power supply poses as a major threat to the smooth running of online learning because many lecturers and students spend so much on generator and fuel usage for those who can afford it while others wait till anytime PHCN supply power.

Network problem: network is another problem that militates against the effectiveness of online learning because some places in the country do not have any network as well as not all part country have network at the same time when an online class is ongoing.

Internet Access: The rate at which the data subscribed are deducted is quite alarming and this can be a major drawback as lecturers and students will need to be subscribing from time to time so that they can be available for the online classes and what happen to those who can’t afford it at all.

Affordability of learning equipment: Not all students have and can afford smart phones or laptops because some parents are still struggling to fund their children’s education and may not be financially capable to provide them with smart phones or laptops.

Inadequate technical knowhow: Since it is not all the lecturers or students that are aware of some of the platforms, some people will need training, guide or help in order to use the platforms successfully.

Environmental Distraction: As observed from the society, series of environmental distraction can be a drawback to this system. These could include various addictions, house chores, family influence and others.
Conclusion
The covid19 has affected not just the economy of the country but also the education sector, as a result of the pandemic schools have been lockdown, students and parents alike have been affected. However, the pandemic should not be an end to education or learning. Other means can be devised to teach students like online teaching and learning which has it effectiveness and ineffectiveness. Either ways students shouldn’t be left idle; the online learning can be adopted to keep them productive up until schools are reopened again.

Recently as at 10th June there have been series of killing in the northern Nigeria. Lots of citizens were made homeless and others lost their lives. Arm banditry has eaten deep into the fabric of socio economic development in Nigeria. The variation in the level of arm banditry in the Northern Nigeria is in correlation with change in political administration.
Armed banditry, facilitated the emergence of a complex informal security sector in the region, including the growth of armed local vigilante groups established to protect communities against bandits. Many of these groups lack adequate security training and often compete against one another.

Growth of arm banditry in Northern Nigeria

The growth of arm banditry is worrisome; there have been so much tension in the Northern part of the country; states like Borno State, Zamfara State, Jigawa State, Nassarawa State have all had their fair share of the outcome of arm banditry. Arm banditry becomes so obvious in the present administration; the reason being that the security department of various security agencies in Nigeria especially the northern part of the country lack adequate funding. There have been series of complaints to the federal government of Nigeria to curb the prevalence of arm banditry in Nigeria especially the Northern part of the country; despite all the effort put in place to stop or control the growth of arm banditry, the result of the effort seems a far cry from desired result.

Causes of arm banditry In Northern Nigeria

The first case of arm banditry this year was in buruku local government area, Benue State. The cause of arm banditry was reported to be Fulani herdsmen attack on the people of Buruku Local government of Benue State. The reason for the attack was the people of Buruku local government area refusal to give into the grazing law endorsed by the president mahammadu Buhari.
But the case was different in the northern part of the country; the Boko Haram and other bandits in the Northern part of the country made it clear that they have no interest in western education. They end up attacking the northerners even though they share the same religious beliefs. The continuous killings in the northern part of the country have drawn attention from different part of the world.
The Nigeria soldier that made a video criticizing the Nigeria army of complacency over the little effort they put in the control of arm banditry was arrested. Up till date people are still complaining that nothing has been done about the prevalence of arm banditry in the Northern part of the country. There are lots of twitter messages on the prevalence of arm banditry in the northern part of the country.
The U.S. President Donald Trump has tasked President Muhammadu Buhari to do everything humanly possible to put an end to the killings of Christians in Nigeria and also ensure the release of those kidnapped. Trump described the spate of killings in Nigeria as a "terrible problem". The government has made lots of promises that they will bring all the perpetrators to book.

The Role of Negotiation

Negotiation seems not to be a good idea for the control of arm banditry in the northern part of the country. Lately the governors of katsina state and that of Zamfara State negotiated with the bandits to stop the killing in their various communities but the negotiation that was intended to for peace and unity seem not to be effective as the killings continues. The result of the failed negotiation made the governors of the mentioned states above pulled out of the peaceful negotiation since the bandit were unyielding.

The criticism

The people of Nigeria especially those in the northern part of the country blasted their governors for using negotiation as a means to stop arm banditry. Most of the affected individuals were complained that it has never been heard in most of the developed countries in of the world that a governor or a president negotiates with terrorists or bandits but the case was different in Nigeria. Most of the northern are regretting voting in President Muhammadu Buhari. Some said that the mohammadu Buhari’s administration is a failed administration.

Conclusion

Arm banditry is among the major problem Nigeria as a country is currently facing. There have been so many messages coming from the northern part of the country as regard arm banditry. The growth of arm banditry is as a result of the poor security situation in Nigeria. Aminu Bello Masari and Babagana Umara Zulum the governor of Katsina State and borno state respectively engaged into negotiation with the arm bandits but the aim was defeated. People criticized the decision of the federal government of Nigeria to use negotiation as a means to control or put an end to arm banditry in Nigeria. There is need for the federal government of Nigeria to look into the menace of arm banditry and put a stop to it.

You may wish to read up other undergraduate research project articles on arm banditry on projectregards.com

Education is one of the tools among many for enhancing the population quality of a nation and the level of growth and development, and education during childhood is the foundation for the formation of human labor-force quality. Home background is the source of early stimulation and experience in children. The home influences the child at a time when his mind is most receptive. It provides the first impression which may last through the whole of the child’s life and also shape his attitude towards learning.
Parents in many parts of the world especially in the developing nations are unaware that home background has a lot of effect whether positive or negative on the academic performance of their children in school. Home background plays a big role on the academic performance of children at all levels of education in the school system. It is an established fact that the quality of family interactions has important associations with the children’s academic motivation and achievement. Whatever be the educational attainment of a child, parent and teacher support must be involved. Therefore, the poor academic performance of students especially in examinations have been attributed to many factors that are mainly family based such as those that are faced with changing hard economic times which has made it not possible for them to meet their responsibilities of ensuring a healthy and literate family.
The home environment is supposed to be a conducive environment for learning and also an element of the basics for students’ life that can affect academic performance. Providing opportunities to learn outside the school helps to facilitate student’s success in the school environment
A discussion of home background and how it affects the academic performance of student cannot take place without considering family income levels.

What Is Home Background?

Home background encompasses everything that makes a family from their number to their physical, psychological and socio economic status.
Home background is the source of early stimulation and experience in children. The home influences. The child is at a time when his mind is most receptive. It provides the first impression which may last.

Home Background And Academic Performance

a) Socio-economic status of parent and student academic performance

The socio-economic status of parents has a great effect on the academic performance of students. Children from low socio economic status households and communities develop academic skills more slowly compared to their counterparts from higher socio-economic status families. The low socio economic status deprives children of what is necessary and needed to support their growth and welfare. Initial academic skills are correlated with home environment where low literacy involvement and chronic stress negatively affect a child’s academic performance. Parents from low socio economic background are less likely to have the financial resources or time availability to provide children with academic support.
Family financial resources, which are associated with parent’s education attainment and occupation, often imply increased learning opportunities both at home and at school. In general, the socio-economic background of the family impacts negatively or positively on the academic performance of students.

b) Family size and academic performance

The size of the family in which the child grows especially if the family does not have adequate resources will affect the child growth and development due to lack of quality feeding, lack of proper medical care, and more so a child will not be given the required attention on his/her academic work which can make him/her lose focus.

c) Parent level of education and academic performance

Parent educational level also affects the academic performance of students. Most students who perform very well academically are strongly linked to having parent with high educational levels.

Conclusion

It is important to note that education process and success is positively impacted by favorable home learning opportunities such as parents encouraging that their children have the right feeding, have security, and are happy and calm. I therefore conclude that a good home background will influence students performance in all undergraduate research works and other subjects.

Many undergraduates project students do not see the need for budgeting because what they receive from their parents or guardians have been assigned a specific purpose and as such many undergraduates feel they cannot save from what they are given. And many even have the notion that since they are not earning or working class there is absolutely no need to save. But this notion is totally wrong everyone needs to budget for every income coming in and try as much as possible to save for the rainy day no matter how little. However, Budgeting is one of those words that can make undergraduates students tune out pretty quickly.
The idea of managing money when you are already trying to manage as an undergraduates especially for those coming from poor homes or societies and communities that do not believe in education, can seem like a hassle. However, just having a savings account where you deposit little amount daily, weekly or monthly depending on how the income is coming in can help you hit the ground running in your later years of life and even while in school.
Saving money is as easy as cutting out that coffee or frivolous lifestyle a couple of days a week and sticking it into your savings account. Your stomach may be against the idea at the time, but your wallet will thank you later.
Deciding to cut down on some unnecessary expenses and focusing it on more important things is a great start to budgeting. It’s also a small step towards learning the importance of watching your financial habit throughout your entire life. As an undergraduate your saving culture in your years in higher institution may determine how your spending habits are going to be later in life and how far you will go in life.
Therefore, understand the culture of budgeting before spending, spend according to priority understand the difference between wants and needs when budgeting and purchasing items. If the item you are buying is not important or a priority to your survival then it can be viewed as a want. Being able to differentiate between the two and having a budget even before going to the grocery store helps you to curb that impulse buying in most cases.
What Is Budget?
Budgeting is a proactive approach to organizing your finances. Budgeting ensures you're not spending more than you're making, allowing you to plan for short- and long-term expenses. It's an easy, helpful way for people with all types of income and expenses to keep their finances in order. You simply want to be able to track your income left over after all expenses to ensure you're not falling into debt. Budgeting can also be said to be the process of creating a plan to spend your money. This spending plan is called a budget. Creating this spending plan allows you to determine in advance whether you will have enough money to do the things you need to do or would like to do. Furthermore, Budget means a quantitative statement, prepared before a particular period to serve as an estimate of future receipts and disbursements. The integrated process of preparing, implementing and operating budgets is called as Budgeting.
A budget is a quantitative plan for acquiring and using resources over a specified period. Individuals often create household budgets that balance their income and expenditures for food, clothing, housing, and so on while providing for some savings.
According to Wikipedia, a budget is a financial plan for a defined period, often one year. It may also include planned sales volumes and revenues, resource quantities, costs and expenses, assets, liabilities and cash flows. Companies, governments, families, students and other organisation use it to express strategic plans of activities or events in measurable terms.
Types Of Budget
There are two (2) major types of budget which are:
i. Long-term Budget, and
ii. Short-term Budget.
Long-term Budget

This budget is related to the planning operations of an organization for a period of 5 to 10 years. The long-term budget may be adversely affected due to unpredictable factors. Therefore, from a control point of view, the long-term budget should be supplemented by short-term budgets.
Example: Research and Development Budget, Capital Expenditure Budget, etc.

Short-term Budget

This budget is drawn usually for one year. Sometimes a budget may be prepared for a shorter period (like monthly budget, quarterly budget, etc.). Short ¬term budgets are prepared in detail and these budgets help to exercise control over day-to-day operations.
Example: Material Consumption Budget, Labor Utilization Budget, Cash Budget, etc.

Why Budgeting Is Important To Undergraduates

a) It helps control expenses

One of the importance of budgeting is that it helps you control your expenses. You plan your spending according to priority; it helps you understand the difference between your wants and needs and also helps you curtail frivolous lifestyle to avoid spending unnecessarily.

b) It helps improve saving

Since budgeting allows you to create a spending plan for your money, it ensures that you will always have enough money for the things you need and the things that are important to you. Not only will it help you have enough money for the things you need, it will help you have a savings for the rainy days and in cases of emergency. Following a budget or spending plan will also keep you out of debt or help you work your way out of debt if you are currently in debt.
The image of poor college students is a pervasive one, but it need not be true. Those who plan and budget wisely actually can save money while in school. Even if it doesn’t seem like much, it does add up.

c) It promotes planning among students

The image of poor undergraduates’ students is a pervasive one, but it need not be true. Those who plan and budget wisely actually can save money while in school. Even if it doesn’t seem like much, it does add up. Knowing how to plan while in school will be of great advantage to you later in life as against those who do not plan.

Conclusion

As an undergraduate if you understand the importance of budgeting while you’re in school, you will be a step ahead of most people when you graduate. More importantly, these habits will stick with you your entire life as you continue to build your wealth.
Budgeting is very important for your financial stability, ensuring you can pay common expenses like rent, tuition, student loans, credit card bills, and entertainment won’t be such a big deal.

Discussion of findings is a kind of summary of the chapter four of undergraduate project topics with theoretical and empirical underpinning. The discussion of findings is usually at the chapter four after the interpretation of the data analysis and test of hypothesis. Some of the importance of discussion of findings is listed below:

1. it improve the level of understanding of the project topic
2. it gives credibility to the author of your research topic
3. it helps provide justification for the result of the data analysis
4. it gives room for suggestion for further studies on the topic
5. it helps students draw final conclusion on the topic they are working on

It Improve The Level Of Understanding Of The Project Topic

Every project topic under social science usually involves statistical data analysis and discussion of findings. The discussion of findings improves the level of understanding of the topic for both the audience and the student that carried out the research because it will capture all the result of the data analysis and draw conclusion on the variables that have positive and negative effect on the topic. The discussion of findings help student understands the effect of one variable on the other.

It Gives Credibility To The Author Of Your Research Topic

Every discussion of findings usually involves the citation of authors that have done one or two researches on the variables in the analysis carried out. For example; the topic: effect of single parenting on child personality development in Nigeria; here you see that the first variable is “single parenting” and “child personality development” is the second variable. Now, if the result of the data analysis shows that there is a relationship between single parenting and child personality development; then we have to look for any author or a researcher that his/her empirical study or studies have been able to determine the relationship between single parenting on child personality development and use it back up our result of data analysis.

It Helps Provide Justification For The Result Of The Data Analysis

Discussion of findings helps provide justification for the result of the data analysis carried out on the research project topics. For example when the result of the data analysis shows that there is a relationship between single parenting and child personality development and also the research works done by previous authors or researchers shows the same thing; then the findings of the data analysis is justified.

It Gives Room For Suggestion For Further Studies On The Topic

Most students find it difficult to generate suggest for further studies; well here the discussion of findings can help you out on this. When have gathered all the result of the data analysis and you find out that most of the empirical studies by previous authors is not really captured on your analysis and you also know that the empirical studies is suppose to be captured on your topic, you can now suggest it for further studies.

It Helps Students Draw Final Conclusion On The Topic They Are Working On

Every research work has aim and objectives. At the end of the data analysis, you will observe that some result of the data analysis favours your aim; then you can draw conclusion based on those and recommend for improvement on those that didn’t favour your objectives.

Rape as an act of sexual assault against women has been on the increase in today’s society. The sexual assault and humiliation against women is one of the great crimes against humanity. The act never leaves the victims the same way. A woman in an insecure world is the roots of gender based violence in social conditioning and the society at large. However, it is worthy of note to understand that the gender based violence lies in the pervasive systems of inequality that penetrate the domination of men and the subordination of women in our society today. Men are given upper hands in everything and seen as superior and important than women in the society. The mentality of men superiority against women has led to many to see women as subject of sexual satisfaction; no value is placed on the girl child. Every now and then her body is violated and womanhood taken by force without her consent as the case may be. The issues of rape seem to be an everyday occurrence and discuss in the society as the act keeps increasing every day. The sexual violation of women leaves most of them traumatized; the memory never leaves them it takes a life time to heal from the trauma. No woman deserves to be sexually assaulted this way.

See sample of Undergraduate project topics on rape

WHAT IS RAPE?

Rape is the act of forcefully going into a woman sexually without her consent. The act is usually done by force or threat to the woman’s life. Sex should be done by the consent of both party and not by the use of force by either of the party.
Rape leaves it victim feeling devastated and depressed, worthless and used. The psychological trauma that comes with been raped is frustrating and devastating and takes months and months of counseling to get the victim out of this state of trauma, worthlessness and hatred for the opposite sex that is seen in most rape victims.
Rape can also be said to be a type of sexual assault that involves sexual intercourse or sexual penetration usually carried out against the persons wish or consent. The act is usually carried out by physical force, coercion or against a person who is not able to give consent, such as one is unconscious, incapacitated or has an intellectual disability in some cases the person is below the age of legal consent.

THE SAFETY OF THE GIRL CHILD IN THE SOCIETY

With the recent occurrences of rape in the society, it can be categorically said that the safety of the girl child can no longer be guaranteed and is under threat in a patriarchal society as ours. Is it not bad enough that some society do not place value on the girl child and sees her as a mere tool for sexual satisfaction. Families especially in the rural areas do not give equal treatment or opportunity to the girl child as they do to the boy child. They do not care if the girl child is matured enough to handle sexual intercourse or give legal consent before giving her out for marriage, in most cases the man she’s married to end up raping the girl because she is unaware of what sex is neither can she handle it. this act not only excludes girls from decision regarding the timing of marriage and the choice of spouse is an abrupt and violent initiation into sexual relations.
Women live in an insecure world indeed. Rape and sexual abuse and exploitation remain a reality for countless women; many are trafficked, while some are even sold like cattle. What an insecure world for women.
The world health organisation estimated that one out of five women will be a victim of rape or attempted rape in her lifetime.
The deeply rooted phenomenon of violence against women is one of the great crimes against humanity

THE LATEST INCIDENTS OF RAPE CASES IN NIGERIA

There have been recent rape cases making news in Nigeria. One of such cases is the rape and murder of a 22years old microbiology student by name Miss Uwavera Omozuwa that was rape and murdered in Redeemed Christian Church of God in Benin City. According to the security guard in the church who found Uwa, he said he found her unconscious and in the pool of her own blood, she was immediately rushed to the hospital by her family but later died after few days in the hospital.
The attack on university female students in Nigeria has horrified many in the country as students’ no longer feel safe in school or any other place. As seen in the social media today “justice for Uwa” has been trending and appropriate authorities informed we believe the perpetrators of this crime will be brought to book and justice served.

WHAT THE GOVERNMENT HAS DONE ABOUT IT?

The government through the Nigerian police force is investigating the rape and murder of the 100level microbiology student of the University of Benin as seen in a statement by the Governor of Edo State he said:
“I’ve ordered the Nigerian police force to thoroughly investigate the circumstances that led to the death of Miss Vera Uwaila Omozua, a 100level student of UNIBEN. We believe this is a move in the right direction to bring justice to Uwa. And will also serve as a deterrent to others in the society.

5. WAYS TO CONTROL RAPE CASES IN NIGERIA

Rape or sexual assault occurs worldwide but is mostly pervasive in the developing countries like Nigeria. Sexual assault like social or legal anomalies can be amenable to preventive measures. There are various ways to control or curtail rape cases in Nigeria and some of them are:

i. enlightenment: there should be public enlightenment on rape. Enlightening people has shown to change their perceptions, attitudes, beliefs and even value system. Their mentality on how they see and view rape cases must be changed, most people leave the perpetrator of the crime to looking at what she was wearing, and the place she was at the time of the crime, leaving out the perpetrator of the crime. We often instinctively search for a cause other than the real one failing to understand that she was raped because a man with the power to do so decided to rape her. This way of thinking obviously deflects blame from where it rightly belongs with the perpetrator of the crime.

ii. Educating the girl-child: educating the girl child goes a long way in boosting the socio economic and socio cultural status of women in the society. Educating the woman will empower her especially women who are often disadvantaged by the undue attention paid to the education of male children over their female counter parts as seen in most developing countries.
Educating the female child an giving her equal right and opportunity will go a long way in curtailing female trafficking and attendant risk of sexual assault and exploitation of the female child in the society.

iii. Security: providing adequate security for the girl child in the society is very paramount if rape cases must be controlled. There should be a formation of strong institutional framework to handle the cases of rape. All security agencies in the society like the police and justice systems should all be involved in any rape case and ensure justice is served. By so doing, every rapist will know that he will not go scot free if found guilty of any rape case.

iv. parents or guardians: parents/guardians have a big role to play in controlling of rape cases in Nigeria. Parents should let their children know what sexual assault means and also not to be quiet if they are sexually violated, no threat from whosoever should make them keep quiet and die in silence. Parents should also be mindful of the kind of people they leave their children to and also educate them on the importance of dressing decently.