Illiteracy is a society-wide problem that belongs not just to one strand or tier but to everyone. It is a deep-rooted problem which, despite huge investments from government, remains a long way from being solved. Adult education, also called continuing education, any form of learning undertaken by or provided for mature men and women. Adult education comprehends such diverse modes as independent study consciously pursued with or without the aid of libraries; broadcast programs or correspondence courses; group discussion and other “mutual aid” learning in study circles, colloquia, seminars or workshops, and residential conferences or meetings; and full- or part-time study in classes or courses in which the lecturer, teacher, or tutor has a formal leading role.
See undergraduate project topics and materials on adult education
Adult education gives mature learners the chance to increase their knowledge, develop new skills and gain helpful qualifications and credentials. The importance of adult education is difficult to overstate. Adult education plays an important role in helping mature aged learners develop new skills and improve the career prospects available to them.
ADULT EDUCATION
Adult education is education aimed at mature students that have already taken part in the workforce. Learning as a mature student gives individuals the chance to gain new skills and expand their knowledge.
ILLITERACY
Illiteracy is the inability to read or write. It is also the lack of knowledge in a particular subject; ignorance.
Literacy means the ability to read and write. Usually, people learn how to read and write at school. People who can read and write are called literate; those who cannot are called illiterate.
Illiteracy affects all areas of life. Those with low literacy skills are far more likely to live in poverty, face health problems because they can't read prescription labels or instructions, and grow isolated in a world increasingly dependent on computers.
ADULT EDUCATION AND ILLITERACY AMONG THE ELDERLY
Educating adults differs from educating children in several ways given that adults have accumulated knowledge and work experience which can add to the learning experience. Most adult education is voluntary, therefore, the participants are generally self-motivated, unless required to participate, by an employer. The practice of adult education is referred to as andragogy to distinguish it from the traditional school-based education for children pedagogy. Unlike children, adults are seen as more self-directed rather than relying on others for help.
Adults are mature and therefore have knowledge and have gained life experiences which provide them a foundation of learning. An adult's readiness to learn is linked to their need to have the information. Their orientation to learn is problem-centered rather than subject-centered. Their motivation to learn is internal.
Adults frequently apply their knowledge in a practical fashion to learn effectively. They must have a reasonable expectation that the knowledge they gain will help them further their goals. The purpose of adult education in the form of college or university is distinct. In these institutions, the aim is typically related to personal growth and development as well as occupation and career preparedness. Another goal might be to not only sustain the democratic society, but to even challenge and improve its social structure.
CONCLUSION
There are numerous advantages to adult education. Learning after secondary school as a mature aged student allows adults to develop valuable skills to improve career prospects and expand their professional knowledge.
Developing literacy and numeracy skills in adulthood also gives individuals a better ability to reach their full potential. Many adult students gain additional confidence in their academic skills after pursuing adult education.
Finally, adult education teaches students valuable skills that can be put into action in a wide range of situations. The confidence and aptitude gained with adult education is valuable both in and out of the workplace.

While awareness is the ability of knowing what’s happening around you, self-awareness is the ability of knowing what you’re experiencing. Self-awareness is the ability to know what we are doing as we do it and understand why we are doing it. Our level of self awareness and degree of it accuracy is strongly influenced by the psychological state we are in at that time, and this in turn is determined by our context or situation. This is because such things as the task we are engaged with, our goals for the moment and our level of arousal will greatly affect the aspect of the self concept that is made salient or that has become accessible. By and large, individual can be encouraged/discouraged from an active consideration of the self by situational cues.
Therefore, viewing self awareness as traits motivates many of our practices such as family, school, and work. The assumption is that if people differ on this attributes, we might use it as a basis for choosing someone as a life partner or even an employee.
Furthermore, it operation as traits allows us to assume or predict that a person with a high levels of self awareness will exhibit this attributes in a relatively consistent basis across settings and time. Self awareness can be seen as a malleable trait. Therefore, one can invest in programs to improve its degree or accuracy in those seen as deficient. To obtain or maintain self awareness, people need more related skills such as self monitoring skill, self regulation skill, and self assessment skill all of which could be trained through programs with developmental purposes.
It is very important to improve our self awareness because when we see ourselves clearly, we are more confident and more creative; even as a student we tend to perform better in academic activities like assignments, undergraduate projects, seminar, paper, dissertation etc. We also make sounder decisions, build stronger relationships, and communicate more effectively. We’re less likely to lie, cheat, and steal. We are better workers who get more promotions. And we’re more-effective leaders with more-satisfied employees and more-profitable companies.
SELF AWARENESS
Self-awareness is the ability to focus on yourself and how your actions, thoughts, or emotions do or don't align with your internal standards. If you're highly self-aware, you can objectively evaluate yourself, manage your emotions, align your behavior with your values, and understand correctly how others perceive you.
In philosophy of self, self-awareness is the experience of one's own personality or individuality. It is not to be confused with consciousness in the sense of qualia. While consciousness is being aware of one's environment and body and lifestyle, self-awareness is the recognition of that awareness. Self-awareness is how an individual consciously knows and understands him/herself character, feelings, motives, and desires.
More so, self-awareness is the ability to see yourself clearly and objectively through reflection and introspection.
While it may not be possible to attain total objectivity about oneself there are certainly degrees of self-awareness. It exists on a spectrum.s
HOW TO IMPROVE SELF AWARENESS
A) ALWAYS LISTEN AND CONTROL YOUR EMOTIONS
One of the ways to improve self awareness is to always listen and control your emotions. You learn more when you listen and pay attention than when you talk more. Also it is imperative that you don’t let your emotions have a better part of you at every given situation and time. You should be in control of your emotion and not the other way around. That way, you can have a better understand ding of yourself as well as how you behave in any given situation.
B) TRY TO BE SELF FOCUSED
For the improvement of self awareness, it is very important to be self focused and give no room for any kind of distractions especially when it has to do with your-self growth and improvement. This is because you achieve more when focused and this will help you a great deal in improving yourself awareness.
C) AVOID TOO MUCH CROWD
Growth is more feasible in isolation. Try as much as you can to avoid too much crowd. In as much as no man is an island, it is also important to know when to withdraw from the crowd for self examination and assessment which eventually leads to self growth and improved self awareness.
CONCLUSION
Self-awareness, or understanding one’s self, is foundational for the well-being, growth, and performance of individuals in all sphere of life. Self awareness is important because when we have a better understanding of ourselves, we are able to experience ourselves as unique and separate individuals. We are then empowered to make changes and to build on our areas of strength as well as identify areas where we would like to make improvements. Self-awareness is often a first step to goal setting. Self-awareness is being conscious of what you're good at while acknowledging what you still have yet to learn. This includes admitting when you don't have the answer and owning up to mistakes.

Social skills are the skills we use in every environment that includes two or more people. They include such things as manners and reading and reacting appropriately in 'social environments'. Being able to read social cues is probably the most important skill we need as almost every environment we are in is a social environment. Many children with social disability in that they are unable to read the 'social cues' of the many environments of which they are part family, school, recreational activities, etc. If they are lacking in these skills, they are often labeled as being social misfits, loners or having behavior problems. This disability can cause far more challenges for them than the academic difficulties they may have because academic problems can be dealt with by remediation, calculators, computers, taped materials, etc. Also, this lack of social awareness creates problems that quickly destroy their self-worth as they are seen as being different or 'weird' by their peers, and therefore, have few or no friends or the wrong kind of friend.
Reason why an effective social problem solving requires reading one’s own and others’ feelings, and being able to accurately label and express those feelings. Such skills are aspects of social and emotional learning. Well-developed social skills can help youth with disabilities develop strong and positive peer relationships, succeed in school, and begin to successfully explore adult roles such as employee, coworker/colleague, and community member. Social skills also support the positive development of healthy adult relationships with family members, project supervisors and peers. Adolescents, who have strong social skills, particularly in the areas of conflict resolution, emotional intimacy, and the use of pro-social behaviors, are more likely to be accepted by peers, develop friendships, maintain stronger relationships with parents and peers, be viewed as effective problem solvers, cultivate greater interest in school, and perform better academically. Adequate social skills need to be acquired while students are still enrolled in school and further supported and refined in post-secondary, community, and work settings.
Social skills can manifest themselves in abilities of different levels starting with elementary communication (for example, eyesight contact), social perception abilities (such as understanding and interpreting social signals), specific behaviors, ways of interactions (for example, active listening, mutual communication, ignorance, etc.), which are applied by the individual when performing a social task; and finishing with communication skills i.e. effectively interact with others, adequately react, avoiding interpersonal conflicts, adapt to both simple, and complex situations
SOCIAL SKILLS
Social skills are socially acceptable patterns of behaviors that allow students to gain social reinforcement and acceptance and avoid aversive social situations. A socially skilled person is capable of managing his or her social environment by understanding and responding to social situations effectively. It is believe that the purpose of training in social skills should not be restricted to teaching a specific social skill in one context but should be to promote overall social functioning that includes a wide repertoire of social skills that produce socially acceptable responses in various social situations.
Social skills are specific, identifiable, discrete, learned behaviors that result in positive social consequences in social situations. A person, who has acquired social skills and learnt to solve problems, can undergo changes more easily, and adapt to the circumstances; due to insufficient social skills an individual becomes dependent on the surrounding people. Undoubtedly, social skills determine the quality of person’s social functionality and the quality of social situations’ management, as well as make a great influence on the quality of personal and social life. Education and possession of these skills enable individuals to effectively communicate, meet the needs, relate with others and be able to interact with people in various situations.
WHY STUDENTS FALL OUT WITH THEIR SUPERVISOR
There are many reasons why students fall out with their supervisors and some of these reasons are:
DELAY IN SUBMITTING YOUR RESEARCH PROJECT FOR VETTING
One of the reasons why students fall out with their supervisors is delay in submitting their undergraduate project topics and research materials for vetting. Some supervisors get angry with their supervisees when they don’t, meet up with the deadline for submission of their research work. Why most supervisors ask to see the project work of their students even before defense or before further research is to ascertain that they are on the right track like how far they’ve gone in the research work, are they following the approved university or departmental format of project writing, is the methodology used in consonant with the research hypothesis, if the aim of the study concise with the literature reviews and so on and so forth. So when these supervisors are ready and have made out time to go through your research work at an agreed date and time and you don’t show up or come up with a flimsy excuse, it get them angry and they begin to see you as an un serious students and might conclude you don’t know what you are waiting and as such may leave you to your fate which may end in regret and frustration.
POOR IMPLEMENTATION OF INSTRUCTIONS
Another reason why students fall out with their supervisor is as a result of poor implementation of instructions. Nobody likes to give an instruction and not see it been carried out. One of the roles of your supervisor is to guide you and tell you what to do to make your research work easy and an excellent one. But it pains your supervisor when he/she gives you an instruction and you don’t implement it/them. It is a show of disrespect and lack of seriousness on your part. Also when your supervisor gives you instruction and you don’t do it the way he/she asked you to do, its poor implementation and could deter and severe your relationship with your supervisor.
SOCIAL SKILLS AND STUDENTS RELATIONSHIP WITH THEIR SUPERVISOR
Social skills can be defined as the set of skills people use to interact and communicate with one another. They are based on the social norms of our society and they tell us what attitudes and behaviors are considered to be normal, acceptable and expected in a particular social situation. However, when these skills are lacking in you as a students, you may have social problem with your project supervisor and that will not be so good for your undergraduate project. Social skills is very important and must be acquired by all regardless of status or position this is because e a person who has acquired social skills and learnt to solve problems, can undergo changes more easily, and adapt to the circumstances. As a student, social skills will help you in communicating better with your project supervisor and also know how to behave around him/her to avoid having problems with your supervisor.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, social skills are very important to all and sundry. It is a skill that helps us interact and communicate better with one and another as well as regulates our behaviors and attitudes towards others. With the acquisition of these skills comes a better co-existence with our social and immediate environment. Students need to have these skills because they will need it more during their project writing in terms of their relationship with their supervisors.

Learning is relatively permanent products of experiences that come out as a result of the interaction between individual and environment. A part of a person’s all learning’s occur incidentally while an important part of it occurs in a specially structured learning environment in a planned and programmed manner. It is an accepted fact that teachers are usually not born but made. Good teachers nurture their knowledge and skills through constant and deliberate efforts. One of the prerequisite to be good teacher is to understand the teaching learning process in more depth. This facilitates better appreciation of the teaching profession as well as the process of imparting education. Having or producing grade “A” students as a teacher is very possible and achievable if only you understand certain techniques to use. The effect of teacher’s quality in producing grade “A” students can be seen the students competence in handling undergraduate project topics and research writing, seminar, paper and conferences
TEACHING AND LEARNING
Teaching is a set of events, outside the learners which are designed to support internal process of learning. Teaching (Instruction) is outside the learner. Learning is internal to learners. You cannot motivate others if you are not self-motivated. Motives are not seen, but, Behaviors are seen. Is learning a motive or behavior? Learning is both a motive and behavior but only behavior is seen, learning is internal, performance is external.
Learning is about a change. The change brought about by developing a new skill, understanding a scientific law, changing an attitude. The change is not merely incidental or natural in the way that our appearance changes as we get older. Learning is a relatively permanent change, usually brought about intentionally. When we attend a course, search through a book, or read a discussion paper, we set out to learn!
Other learning can take place without planning, for example by experience. Generally with all learning there is an element within us of wishing to remember and understand why something happens and to do it better next time.
HOW TO PRODUCE GRADE “A” STUDENTS
A) DO NOT EXPECT PERFECTION FROM YOUR STUDENTS
One way to produce grade “A” students is not expecting perfection from your students. The understanding that everyone is not perfect will help you as a teacher in knowing how to handle all your students and the different technique to use in teaching and learning. Every student has his/her level of learning. There are fast learners and there are slow learners so understand these levels of students and follow them up the way they are that way you can get the best from them.
B) ENCOURAGE THEM INSTEAD OF CRITICIZING THEM
As a teacher if you must criticize then it should be a constructive criticism, do not critics so break the student or make him/her feel less of him/herself. There is always room for improvement that is why it is important that you understand each students’ level of understanding and learning that way you can derive the best teaching technique to fit everyone’s level of understanding and retentiveness. What most students need is encouragement and not destructive criticism as it can lower their morale instead increasing it and instead of improving their confidence it can deter it.
C) ALWAYS TEACH WITH ILLUSTRATION
Teaching with illustrations has a way of sticking in the memory of students than teaching with illustrations. When teachers illustrate, students tend to have the picture stuck in their head than when it is theories with no practical illustrations. Whatever the eyes sees sticks faster than what it been said. Therefore, teachers at all level must inculcate the habit of teaching and learning with practical illustrations that way, students can learn faster and retain as well.
D) ORGANIZE QUIZ FOR YOUR STUDENTS
Testing your students once in a while or after each lesson is advised and encouraged that way you are able to know how well they understood what you taught whether theory or practical. Students also tend to pay more attentively when they know they are going to be writing quiz on any of the topics been taught or just concluded lesson.
Organizing a quiz will also help improve students’ ability to learn and retain as well as teat their learning ability and level that way teachers will know where they need to concentrate and improve on in terms of teaching and learning.
E) ENCOURAGE GROUP READING AMONG THEM
Last but not the least is to encourage group reading among students. Group reading is very important and highly encouraged as far as academics are concerned. When students read in groups, they learn from their colleagues as some students have shown to have a better understanding of subjects when explained by their fellow students or reading partners than when taught in the classroom by teachers. They also get to ask each other questions and possibly give themselves assignment that way their academic performance is improved.
CONCLUSION
Conclusively, for teachers to produce grade “A” students they must first of all understand their students and the different level of understanding and learning speed they posses that way they can derive the best method and technique to use in teaching and learning. Teachers should try as much as possible not to talk down ion any students no matter his/her level of understanding and retentiveness as doing that will only demoralize the students and kill the little morale in him/her. Every student need to be given a chance to grow and improve. Set all machineries to improve him/her in academic performance.

Every student; be it undergraduate or post graduate students want to be the best in all academic activities. However most of them still struggle to be very effective in their day to day academic activities like seminars, papers, undergraduate projects, dissertation and thesis. Reason is because most of these students have not been exposed to various learning techniques. In the last article I talked about how cramming can exhaust students study potentials and academic performance. But from various studies I have I came to understand that one of the best ways to become better is by doing some extra studies on your own. That is why I came about the independent learning techniques.

INDEPENDENT LEARNING TECHNIQUES

Independent learning techniques are one of the “secrets to success” for tertiary level learning, and the importance of such skills is widely acknowledged in universities. There are consistent references to “independent learning” in statements of graduate learning outcomes and capabilities across the sector. There are many different ways to articulate the nature of independent learning. It is sometimes referred to as “self-regulated learning,” “self-directed learning” or “learning how to learn”. Also self-regulating learners have the following three key characteristics: “understanding of their own approach to learning and how best to efficiently maximize their learning; motivation to take responsibility for their learning; and ability to work with others to enhance the depth and breadth of their learning”. Independent learners: “develop the values, attitudes, knowledge and skills needed to make responsible decisions and take appropriate actions in regard to their own learning”; are curious, self-confident and self-reliant; understand their own learning needs and interests; and value learning “for its own sake”. An independent learner actively (rather than passively) receives knowledge taking a degree of “ownership” of learning.
Independent learners can manage their studies, their time and themselves. Being an independent learner does not mean that a student is isolated in their approach to learning. Indeed, it is an important characteristic of independent learners that they are able to identify when they need to seek out the assistance of others, such as tutors, lecturers, or peers to support their learning. Having the skills and capacity to learn independently at the tertiary level is a key element of student learning success. However, we rarely explicitly teach and develop this skill in our discipline classrooms. Instruction on how to be an independent learner is not commonly found in law lectures, physics labs, or English literature classrooms. Rather, university teachers tend to assume that students are already equipped with the necessary independent learning skills to support their transition to tertiary study. In our classrooms we tend to focus on imparting new disciplinary knowledge, rather than asking if students understand what skills are required to support their learning efficacy, both in their first year and throughout their degree. We also make the assumption that where students lack the necessary independent learning skills, that they will identify this for themselves as an issue needing attention, and seek out support for this endeavour on their own. These expectations and assumptions are problematic. Many first year students, whether they have come to university directly from the final year of secondary schooling, or from another context, simply do not understand how a tertiary student learns.

UNDERGRADUATE PROJECTS

Undergraduate research is the exploration of a specific topic within a field by an undergraduate student that makes an original contribution to the discipline. It is a fairly recent concept in the academic community, with roots in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Undergraduate research experiences help students understand a particular topic or phenomenon in a afield while simultaneously strengthening their comprehension of research and research methods. Undergraduate research is inquiry based learning that involves practicing a discipline, nit just being told about it. Undergraduate research experiences help students understand a particular topic or phenomenon in a field while simultaneously strengthening their comprehension of research and research methods. Undergraduate research is inquiry-based learning that involves practicing a discipline, not just being told about it. Students learn and apply the tools by which knowledge is created in their disciplines. They discover firsthand how the steps of the research process are related to one another, experience the triumphs and pitfalls inherent to the creative process, see that research is an iterative process and that ambiguity is part of the real world, develop an understanding and appreciation of how knowledge evolves, and produce an original contribution to that body of knowledge.

INDEPENDENT LEARNING TECHNIQUES AND UNDERGRADUATE PROJECTS

Having the ability to learn independently is a blessing any one could wish for. But is very much interesting to know that anybody can become an independent learner; all that is required is discipline. Most students lack discipline when it comes to study and this has affected their performance in their academic activities like departmental examination, seminars, and term paper and undergraduate projects. Independent learning is a gradual process. No one is an Ireland of knowledge; however there are few things any ambitious student will consider if he or she wants to become and independent learner. First he or she need to understand his or her strength when it comes to study time. Some people read or study better during the day while other study better at night. When you are able to discover your strength in terms of study time, then you can use this time to develop your independent learning techniques.
All you need to do it to get the undergraduate projects you want to work on; then get related learning materials and study the approaches used to solving various problems and then try to apply these to your project topic. Repeat the process for undergraduate project topics and be dynamic in your approach.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the best teacher or project coach any student get can get is to become an independent researcher. To become an independent researcher your must engage seriously in independent learning and improve on various techniques to independent learning. The more research topics you work on the more your learning skills improves.

People have come to have an interest in or affinity toward certain career fields or occupations. However, such aspirations and preferences are formed early in life and are a product of genetics, socio-economic status, gender, person¬ality, and learning history among others. These early hopes and dreams are modified either positively or negatively by forces in society that act upon individuals and groups of individuals as they make career-related decisions such as labor market constraints, competitive admission to schools and programs. Career choices result when indi¬vidual aspirations and preferences are re-examined in light of the constraining forces imposed by the social environment in which that individual lives. It is possible to differentiate several levels of career choice based upon the degree to which that choice has been sub¬jected to the limitations of societal constraints.
More so, anxiety has shown to play a role in many career decisions and may serve as a constructive motivator if the levels of anxiety are low or moderate. At higher levels, however, anxiety exacerbates career indecision and will make it more dif¬ficult for the individual to make and implement a career choice.

See undergraduate project topics and materials on career choice

There are certain career choice mistakes fresh graduates make and these common mistakes by fresh graduates are the reasons why it takes too long for them to get a job. Even the aspiring and the potential ones become hopeless and some even think there is no merit in the industry. Career choice is one of the biggest dilemma and challenge in any student’s life. It involves interplay of many factors which are intricately intertwined. It is not a straightforward task and involves a difficult process of decision making.
However, certain factors like an individual’s environment, talents, skills, and academic achievement has shown to exert an influence on career choices of individuals. In case of a wrong career choice, it may lead to resultant failure and disappointment. Homes, schools and the social setup also influence an individual’s career choice. Educational level of parents, their profession and income are also identified as very important career choice factors. Every student at a certain juncture in their life has to make a choice regarding their career. It is incumbent that students make the correct choice. This will make them more poised, stable, and endowed with a pleasant countenance.
Consequently, making the right career choice will lead to knitting a better fabric for the society. Unfortunately, career choices are made with little awareness of the real world. Students make crucial decisions at a stage when they may not be fully informed of their choices, or else unavoidable circumstances prevent them from pursuing their goals. Thus counselors can play a positive role in guiding them to make informed choices. Being interested in a particular profession is very important in decision making. If a student is forced into a career, he may exhibit low self-esteem and poor performance in whatever career choice he/she is forced into.

CAREER CHOICE

Career choice is defined as a decision about which career to pursue, is one of many work‐leisure decisions made by people throughout their lives. As such, each of these decisions is a career decision, or at least part of the collection of activities that is viewed as one's career choice.
A choice implies the completion of some actions or successful steps, and the attainment of a career is the final out¬come of the career choice process. The distinction among these three constructs preference, choice, and attainment is important to a comprehensive under¬standing of career choice.
Career is a profession for which one trains and which is undertaken as a permanent calling for example, a career in medicine. Choosing a career is one of the most important decisions you will make in life. It's about so much more than deciding what you will do to make a living. To start with, think about the amount of time we spend at work. The importance of selecting a career with which we are satisfied cannot be overemphasized.

CAUSES OF CAREER CHOICE MISTAKE

A) PEER GROUP INFLUENCE

One of the causes of career choice mistake is peer group influence. Peer group influence here is having your colleagues or course mate choose a career for you. In other case, you make a career choice based on the choices of your peer group. You don’t have the mind of your own and can’t make the right career choice for yourself like choices based on what you have passion and interest for.

B) PARENT INFLUENCE

The role of parents in the lives of children is undeniable. Parents tend to pre-determine the careers for their children, and only serve to steer them in that direction. The attitude of parents and the influence of the home environment influence a child's career path and decision which can turn out positively or negatively. Similarly, parents’ education has been proven as a factor influencing career choice. Parents’ education sometimes is linked with the students’ career choice and path. Parents’ educational level is the most important factor in students’ career decision. The results uphold that parents are a child’s first teacher, and thus they have the role of a guide, advisor and counselor in their lives. Parents exert emotional pressure on their wards regarding the choice of careers which is harmful to the career choice of their children. They make independent consultations regarding the career they think is most suitable for their children. The child’s preferences are never a matter of concern for them.

C) COURSE OF STUDY

Course of study is another career choice mistake students make. Some students will have interest in one thing but study another in school which is totally different and not in line with their passion and interest in life. Their course of study contradicts what they want to e or what they have passion for in life therefore, leading to a wrong career choice.

HOW TO AVOID CAREER CHOICE MISTAKE

A) HAVE A PASSION

Having a passion is one way to avoiding making the wrong career choices. Passion is what you can give up sleep for to achieve. It is what you have interest in and wants to see yourself doing it. Nothing and nobody can stop a passionate man/woman. When you have passion for something, you try as much as you can to achieve it. Your passion serves as a drive to your dream and goals in life. It is also a factor to consider while making career choices as it will help you in making you the right career choice.

B) GO FOR THE COURSE THAT IS IN LINE WITH YOUR PASSION

In as much as students now just want to get into school regardless of the course of study they are offered by the institution, it is also important that students consider their career choice while choosing or accepting to study some courses offered them by higher institutions. Your course of study must also be a factor to consider while making career choices. Make sure that your course of study is in consonant with your career choice. Avoid studying one thing and wanting to become another it is a sign of derailing from your passion and the career choice you want for yourself.

C) AVOID PEER GROUP INFLUENCE

Avoiding peer group influence while making career choice is very important if you must make the right career choice. You can seek for advice but however, if you must it is advisable you meet a counselor for that. Peer group have a way of influencing you to choose career path they have chosen for themselves and which may be totally different from what you envisage for your future. Therefore, you must try as much as possible to avoid peer group influence when making career choices.

D) LEARN FROM YOUR ROLE MODEL

Lastly, learn from your model. It is advisable to have a model, someone you look up to, and someone who inspires and motivates you to be a better version of yourself. When you have a role model you aspire to be like, it will help you in making the right career choice since you aspire to be like him/her.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, career choice isn’t something you just decide on without deep though about it as well as seek counseling if need be. You must be very sure of what you want and what choice you are making. Make sure, you are not been forced or influenced; it should strictly be your choice. The understanding that whatever career choice you make in life is what you are going to spend almost all your life doing, will make you realize that you need to make this choice yourself and non other.

Entrepreneurship is the activity of setting up a business or businesses, taking on financial risks in the hope of profit. As an undergraduate student, it is very important that you add Entrepreneurial skill even if you didn’t study entrepreneurship. The world today has grown beyond depending on the government for provision of jobs. Entrepreneurship is the soul of every nation’s economy. Undergraduate students need to understand the importance of having a skill even if it’s one. It will help them greatly even while in school and after graduation. There are various books; undergraduate projects on entrepreneurship that students can lay hands on to improve their knowledge on entrepreneurship.
When you have a skill, you will not have to depend on the government to provide job for you, and you would become an employer of labor yourself with time and by so doing, you are contributing to the economy of the country. When you start to develop entrepreneurship potential from school, it will be easier for you to run your own business or organization after graduation rather than staying idle and waiting on the government for a job that may never come. Everybody has entrepreneurship potential in them no matter how little just that some people have not discovered it may be because the opportunity has not presented itself while for some they need to boost the entrepreneurship potential in them.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Entrepreneurship is the creation or extraction of value. With this definition, entrepreneurship is viewed as change, which may include other values than simply economic ones.
A person who undertakes the risk of starting a new business venture is called an entrepreneur. An entrepreneur creates a firm, which aggregates capital and labor in order to produce goods or services for profit. Entrepreneurship is an important driver of economic growth and innovation.
An entrepreneur is an individual who starts and runs a business with limited resources and planning, and is responsible for all the risks and rewards of his or her business venture. Marketing, sales and distribution are other important aspects which are controlled by the entrepreneur.
HOW TO BOOST ENTERPRENEURSHIP POTENTIAL
A) GO FOR WHAT YOU HAVE PASSION FOR
One of the ways to boost entrepreneurship potential is by going for what you have passion for. Whatever you have passion for, you will look for ways to grow and you will put your best in it to make sure you get the best out of it. Entrepreneurship needs total and complete dedication, consistency, commitment, innovation, patient among others. And you can only put in these things if you have passion for it. It is very important that in whatever you decide to do or are doing, it is something you have interest and passion for. It shouldn’t be something you were cajoled into or forced to do. If that be the case, you may never boost your entrepreneurship potential in you but would rather lead to its death.
B) READ BOOKS ON ENTERPRENEURSHIP
There is a saying that if you are not informed, you are deformed. Reading is one of the ways to be informed and grow both in business and otherwise. Therefore, if you must boost your entrepreneurship potential, you must read books on entrepreneurship. There are books on entrepreneurship that will help you on how to grow a business with limited resources and also how to plan for the future of the business.
C) HAVE A ROLE MODEL
Having role model that you look up to in business is highly advised and encouraged if you must go far as an entrepreneurship. A role model is someone you look up to, someone you emulate and see as an example to what you want to become in life or want to achieve in life. Therefore, it is pertinent that you have someone you look up to especially if you want to boost your entrepreneurship potential. You must also ensure that whoever you are using as a role model must be in the same niche as you so that you can be learning firm him/her and also read about how they started and how they got to where they are today that you admire. So having a role model is one of the ways to boosting your entrepreneurship potential.
D) LEARN FROM PEOPLE’S MISTAKES
We learn from other people’s mistake. You must ensure not to repeat the mistake done by others. That is why reading books on entrepreneurship is very important because from there you can read about the mistakes of some entrepreneurs and how they overcame them. You the reader is expected not to repeat same mistake but to try as much as possible to avoid them and improve on their successes.
E) BE COMMITTED
Commitment is highly needed in entrepreneurship and if you must boost your entrepreneurship potential, then you must be highly committed to it. Every business needs commitment and dedication. That is why from the onset it is advised that you go for what you have passion for. Because when you have passion for something, you will be committed to it. When you choose your business yourself and have passion for it, you will be your own motivation because you will really want to improve and succeed in it.
CONCLUSION
Conclusively, it is important that undergraduate student boost their entrepreneurship potential as it will be what they will lay back to after school especially with the rate of unemployment in the country today.

Case study refers to both a method of analysis and a specific research design for examining a problem, both of which can be used to generalize findings across populations. A case study in an undergraduate project examines a person, place, event, phenomenon, or other type of subject of analysis in order to extrapolate key themes and results that help predict future trends, illuminate previously hidden issues that can be applied to practice, and/or provide a means for understanding an important research problem with greater clarity. A case study in an undergraduate project usually examines a single subject of analysis, but case study papers can also be designed as a comparative investigation that shows relationships between two or more subjects.

THE NEED FOR CASE STUDY IN UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT

Case study is very important in every undergraduate project topics it is what tells your supervisor and audience where you want to base your research on. Your case study could be a community, state or a local government it could even be an organization. The most important thing is that you have case study. Having a case study in an undergraduate project is necessary as it helps you to be focused and gives direction to your research project.

ISSUES WITH THE CASE STUDY

A) DISTANCE

One of the issues with case study in an undergraduate project is the issue of distance. Some undergraduate students make the mistake of choosing case study that is quite distant from their location making it difficult for them to access or they spend lots of money just to get to their case study to get all the necessary information they need for their research project. Therefore, it can be said that distance has been identified as one of the issues with the case study in an undergraduate project.

B) FUND FOR TRANSPORTATION

Fund for transportation is another issue with the case study in an undergraduate project. When your case study is very far from you, spending more becomes inevitable because you will need to transport yourself to your case study and also distribute questionnaires if you are making use of the primary data in your research project.

C) LANGUAGE ISSUE

Language issue has also been found to be one of the issues with the case study in an undergraduate project. When choosing a case study you must be very intentional and careful, language has shown to be a problem to final year student writing undergraduate project. Ensure to choose a case study of a people that you understand their language as it will make your research project easier. The importance of language is that it will be easy for you to communicate with them and let them know your mission and what you intend to achieve.

HOW TO SOLVE IT

A) CHOOSE A CASE STUDY CLOSE TO YOU

One of the ways to solving the issues of case study is choosing case study that is close to you. When choosing a case study, ensure to choose a case study that is within or not far from you it will save you money and time.

B) PRINT YOUR QUESTIONNAIRES AND GO TO YOUR CASE STUDY BEFORE THE COMMENCEMENT OF YOUR RESEARCH

Another way of solving the issue of case study is to print questionnaires and go to your case study before the commencement of your research project. It is advisable that you get your questionnaires ready and distribute them at your case study even before you commence with your undergraduate project. Distributing them on time will help you get them back on time as well especially if your case study is not within your place of residence.

CONCLUSION

Conclusively, as much as case study is important and needed in a research project, it is also important that you understand the issues that comes with case study and how to avoid them in order to have a smooth experience through your undergraduate project writing.

Research project is an academic exercise that students undergo at the final year in the university. It is a show of many years of knowledge and ability gained in all the years spent in the university. It is a way of test-running what has been put in place. In the process of project writing, it is expected follow the format approved by either the school or the department.
Undergraduate research project writing is an academic exercise every undergraduate student must encounter in their years of study in the university. Most universities tend to brief their students on this exercise which they must carry out in their final year as well as give them a clue of what they are expected to do. This is to get them ready mentally, financially, psychologically, and otherwise. Therefore, the process of project writing will require them to make intensive research and come up with a well formulated and articulated project topic and then sort ways to source out materials for their research work.
Conducting research can be a powerful experience for students. It comes with lots of benefits to both students and the entire education system. It helps to increase research awareness and enthusiasm in undergraduate students; it also improves professional presentation and self evaluation skills as well as promotion of active learning and collaboration with fellow students, supervisors, and professors of the school. The research carried out by undergraduate students makes an original intellectual or creative contribution to their various disciplines.
With the numerous benefits that comes with a good research it is expected that statement of the problem be included in every research because it is what explains in clear terms your purpose of research. It is also this problem of research that influences your project topic and of course the whole research work. There is always a problem which you’ve identified and seek to find solution to which is the obvious reason for going into research which at the end of the research it is either you find solution to the problem stated or add to an already existing knowledge.
Therefore, the key objective of every research is not just about discovering new knowledge but also to confront assumptions and explore what we don’t know.
WHAT IS THE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Statement of the problem is the reason behind every research. It is the part of research that explains why and what you intend to achieve in the research. Through your statement of the problem your audiences are able to understand the problem you identified and seek to find solution to or finding the reasons why certain things happen and making appropriate recommendations and conclusion. In short, the statement of the problem is what necessitated the research in the first place.

HOW DOES IT INFLUENCE THE OUTCOME OF UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT

A) IT CREATES A PATHWAY TO THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

One of the ways statement of the problem influences the outcome of undergraduate project is that it helps in creating a pathway to the objectives of the study. It acts as a direction to the objectives of the research. The objectives of the study in every research draw its strength form statement of the problem. From the statement of the problem, a researcher is able to identify and state in clear terms what the aim and objectives of the research is and that explains what the research wants to achieve. It doesn’t end in just stating the research problem; you must also be able to draw your objectives from the identified research problem. A researcher should be able to create objectives of the research which is the part of reason for the research and also tells your supervisor and audience what you intend to research on or make findings about. And to get these objectives, you must understand your research problem very well because that is where your objectives will emanate from.

B) IT GIVES IDEAS ON THE METHODOLOGY TO BE ADOPTED

An understanding of your research methodology is vital in the process of your research work. That is why it is also important you have more understanding on the statement of the problem as it will influence then methodology to employ in the research work. After choosing a project topic, the next thing you should have in mind is the methodology to apply which must concise with your project topic. Just as the variables in your research topics determines the methodology to use in your research work so also does your statement of the problem influences and gives you idea on the methodology to use or adopt in your research. Going by what you intend to achieve form the research, you will able to know what method to adopt in achieving your research aim. In the use of methodology there is the primary and secondary data. If your research work requires primary data then you must understand the use of the primary data very well and apply it accordingly in your research work. If it’s the secondary data, then you must also understand it application in your research work. Whatever methodology you use, make sure you understand it very well and apply it accordingly.
However, your research methodology must be able to convince your readers how you propose to carry out the project work.

C) IT GIVES YOUR RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS A TARGET

Through statement of the problem in a research, it also influences your research by giving your research hypothesis a target. It shows the direction in which your research hypothesis should go.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the statement of the problem in an undergraduate research has a great influence in the whole of the research work. No research work is complete or can be considered a good research without first stating why or what necessitated the research. Your audience must be able to know and understand what led to the research as well as what you intend to achieve which can either be a solution or an added knowledge.

Students seem not to have an idea the effects their handwriting has on their academics generally. Your handwriting as a student matters a lot as it can either improve your academic performance or lead to poor academic performance. Instances like during examination, some students write in such am way that the teacher can hardly see or understand what they are trying to explain in writing as such it can make them lose marks even though what they wrote is right or what the teacher expects but the nature of the handwriting has cost you marks.
See Undergraduate projects on student handwriting
An improved or good academic performance does not just happen in a day; it is the accumulation of efforts and hard work put into your academics that result to a very good academic performance. Handwriting, as vague as it sounds is very important and shouldn’t be ignored by any student. As much as everyone must not have same handwriting, but at least your handwriting should be written in a way that anyone can read and comprehend what you put down in writing. Having a good handwriting is not only important for academic activities but also for personal dealings such as proposals, requisitions etc. that is if you are not typing them. Therefore, for whatever purpose, a good and readable handwriting is advised.

HANDWRITING

Handwriting has to do with the structure of your writing. Handwriting can either be bad or good. A bad handwriting is one in which another person other than you cannot read or comprehend. While a good handwriting is one written in a way that can be clearly read, understood and message well passed.
There are also different types of handwriting such as bold, small, slant among others. The most important thing is that whichever way you write just make sure your reader or whoever comes across it will be able to read and comprehend without difficulties.

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Academic performance or academic achievement is the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has attained their short or long-term educational goals. Completion of educational benchmarks such as secondary school diplomas and bachelor's degrees represent academic achievement.
Academic performance is the measurement of students’ achievement across various academic subjects. Teachers and education officials typically measure achievement using classroom performance, graduation rates and results from standardized test.

HANDWRITING AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Handwriting also influences academic performance. A student with a bad handwriting may have his/her lecturer or teacher finding it difficult to read and understand what the student has written and this can have a negative effect on the academic performance of the student in external examination and their research projects. When a lecturer cannot read what a student has written, he/she takes it that the student does not know what he/she has written. In such a case, there is likelihood that the student will lose some marks as a result of that and this will affect his/her grades.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, a good writing can make or mar a student. Having a good handwriting can help in improving the academic performance of students while a poor and unreadable handwriting can lead to the poor academic performance of students. It is therefore, advisable that students especially the ones with bad handwritings that cannot be read and understood to improve on them. As a matter of fact some lecturers or teachers even award marks to students with a good handwriting. A good handwriting impresses as well to whoever comes across it.

Concentration is a prerequisite for success within teaching. It is about being totally immersed in the here and now, in the present. The past and future are not important. Your focus on the present seems effortless. There are a variety of factors which affect student concentration in the classroom. Some of these factors are controllable by the teacher which can be considered as manageable factors, while others are outside of the realm of control, and are generally accepted as Attention Span Distractions Interest and Understanding Learning Preferences uncontrollable can also be called the unmanageable factors. However, the duty of the teachers is to first identify which classroom disturbances are manageable, and then to make the necessary changes so as to minimize the total contribution of manageable distractions. Manageable factors which impact student focus include the classroom noise level for instance talking, shouting etc., student behavior (which may not necessarily be auditory in nature.
Anxiety about school or grades from promotional examination and undergraduate project topics selection and research can be another deeper issue leading to lack of focus and concentration in the classroom. Students who are overwhelmed or stressed by a subject may simply check out, leading to dropping grades and confidence. Student concentration in class can also be interrupted due to an external distraction, or as a result of the student reaching the limits of his or her attention span. Once concentration has been interrupted and a student is no longer able to focus, it calls for solutions.

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Academic performance or academic achievement is the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has attained their short or long-term educational goals. Completion of educational benchmarks such as secondary school diplomas and bachelor's degrees represent academic achievement.
Academic performance is the measurement of student achievement across various academic subjects. Teachers and education officials typically measure achievement using classroom performance, graduation rates and results from standardized test.

CLASS PERFORMANCE

Class performance is how well or the measure of how students perform in the classroom from class attendance, concentration, participation, comprehension and general academic performance.

CLASS ATTENDANCE

Class attendance is an important part of the academic process and should be considered both a privilege and a responsibility.
It is a common belief that students who attend more classes earn higher final examination marks compared to those who always skip classes. In a class that involves calculation, it is important for students to be present in class to see the several methods taught by their lecturers to solve any questions and tutorial since there are various way of solving any statistical problem. Hence, for students who frequently skip class, they will be at a drawback for they had missed several materials covered.
Students are expected to attend all meetings of the classes in which they are enrolled in. It is a common belief that in higher education, attendance is a significant contributor to course grades; however, this is not always the case. Some students may learn promptly from being in class and listening to lectures, whereas others may only derive little advantage from them; time spent going to lectures contributed to a successful achievement

WHY STUDENTS EASILY LOSE CONCENTRATION IN CLASS

A) FAMILY BACKGROUND

One of the reasons why students easily lose concentration in class can be attributed to family background. The family background of students can affect or impact on his/her level of concentration in class. Students who come from peaceful, well to do and educated homes tend to concentrate more in class than students who come from homes that are not at peace, poor and uneducated. Reason was that the former will give the child a sense of acceptance, love and care as well as footsteps to follow in terms of wanting to be as educated or even more educated than his/her parents. The parents will be a motivating factor to the child as a result the child will concentrate unlike the later where the child comes from a poor family and also uneducated. The parents might be struggling to pay his/her school fees at same time not living in peace and harmony this situation of the family will have negative effect on the child and will tell on his/her level of concentration in class.

B) HEALTH ISSUES

Health issue is another reason a students can lose concentration in class. When a student is sick or having some health challenges, loosing concentration is inevitable as the whole body system is not in order. The students will feel unease and sickly and as such will not be able to concentrate very well in class.

C) RELATIONSHIP ISSUES

When students have relationship issues which can stem either from family, peers, classmates or even the teacher as the case may be they tend to lose concentration and focus this is because they are not sound emotionally. In the case of having relationship issues with teachers, some students may not be in good terms with a particular teacher may be because of the way the teacher treats him/her etc. the students may therefore not like the course of that particular teacher and it will lead to him/her not concentrating in class.

D) LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

The learning environment is another factor that can make students lose concentration in class. When the learning environment is not conducive for learning may be the classroom is stuffy, lack of instructional materials etc. it is easy for students to lose concentration in the teaching and learning process in class.

HOW TO IMPROVE

A) MEDITATION

Meditation is one way of improve the level of concentration in class by students. Several studies have shown that the brain changes through meditation by reducing the stress which slows the progress of age-related cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. Meditation has a way of relieving stress and making one feel alright again. After a well done meditation it feels like a burden has just been lifted. It also enables you reflect on your life and what you’ve done so far. It opens your eyes to where you need to make necessary adjustment and improvement. So meditation once in a while is advisable for easy concentration and focus.

B) SEEK COUNSELING SERVICES

Counseling services has shown to be an effective factor for an improved level of concentration. As a student when you notice that you are losing concentration and the cause is something beyond your control, them it is advisable you seek the services of a counselor who will help you gain concentration and focus again.

C) IMPROVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

To improve students’ concentration, it is important that the learning environment be improved. A good learning environment is supposed to be conducive for teaching and learning which allows for full concentration and focus.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, concentration is very necessary for students’ because it is the beginning of academic success and performance.

Self reflection is very good for an improved personality development because it is veritable tool for which one can use to develop him/herself. In the hassle and buzzle of life, it is important that one sits and reflect on his/her life. Doing this helps ones to identify places where he/she needs to make necessary adjustment as well as improve on. It is the key to self-awareness which allows one to look neutrally at our thoughts, feelings, emotions, and actions.
Self-reflection enables pone to look critically to him/herself with interest and curiosity. Through it you begin to think deeply generally about your life, achievement, and relationships and otherwise. Strengthening emotional intelligence it gives you time to self-reflect, you look inwards. It also helps you think deeply on your core values

SELF REFLECTION

Self reflection is a serious thought about one’s character and actions. It is a careful thought about your own behavior and beliefs. In fact it is self examination.
Self reflection is the capacity of humans to exercise introspection and to attempt to learn more about their fundamental nature and essence.

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

Personality is a characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Personality embraces moods, attitudes, and opinions and is most clearly expressed in interactions with other people. It includes behavioral characteristics, both inherent and acquired, that distinguish one person from another and that can be observed in people’s relations to the environment and to the social group.
Personality development is the development of the organized pattern of behaviors and attitudes that makes a person distinctive. Personality development occurs by the ongoing interaction of temperament, character, and environment.
Browse more undergraduate project topics on self reflection

Personality development is the relatively enduring pattern of the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguish individuals from each other. The dominant viewpoint in personality psychology indicates that personality emerges early and continues to develop across one’s lifespan.
Personality continues to evolve over time and respond to the influences and experiences of life; much of personality is determined by inborn traits and early childhood experiences.

SELF REFLECTION AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

Self reflection which involves knowing thyself and thinking deep about your core values, beliefs, habits, behaviors, strengths, weakness etc. it allows you a moment of introspection into your life and how far you’ve come as well as where you need to make necessary improvement and change. It allows you to self motivate yourself as well as manage stress, helps you make positive life decisions which will lead to personality development.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it is good to self reflect on life generally and identify where we need to improve and develop. Undergraduate students need to understand the importance of self-reflection once in awhile, you need to sit, and self evaluate and examine your life which will lead to your personality development.

Final year is usually a very busy week for students. Student will engage in seminar presentation, undergraduate project writing, and defense. Students usually get nervous because of the final year exams. Most of them already have the notion that final year exams are difficult and more technical than other exams they’ve written in other levels. However, what they fail to understand is that for any examination, without prior and adequate preparations, you are bound to perform poorly or even fail. Therefore, whether you are in final year or first year, it is important that you prepare very well for your examinations. As a matter of fact it is your performance in other levels that will determine how well you will finish your final year. You cannot perform poorly in your other levels in school and you expect a miracle to happen in your final year. For a miracle to happen, you need to work extremely hard to meet up and end with a good grade. Therefore, adequate and early preparation is key to performing excellently well in your examinations. Final year students are most nervous at this level because they are graduating and all aim for a good CGPA.
FINAL YEAR EXAMINATION
A final examination is a test given to students at the end of a course of study or training. Final year examination is an examination written by final year students at the end of the semester. It is the examination that concludes their academic year in the university and therefore, demands that they put extra efforts to come out with good grades. Below are some tips on how to prepare for final year examination.

HOW TO PREPARE FOR FINAL YEAR EXAMINATION

A) GET ALL LECTURE NOTES FOR YOUR COURSE

Getting all lecture notes for your course is a step in the right direction for an adequate preparation for final year examination. To prepare very well, you need to have your notes up-to-date. Ensure you do not miss out on any lecture note as that may be where the questions or some questions may be asked in the examination. You also need the lecture notes to read, if your notes are not up to date, reading for the examination will not be an effective one as some notes are missing.
In order to be sure that you didn’t miss out on any lecture note, you can check the notes of your course mates to be sure it tallies with yours. However, of any case you find out your course mates have notes you do not have, it is advisable you collect theirs and make up yours so that you can complete note to read for your final year examination.

B) SUMMARIZE ALL YOUR LECTURE NOTES TWO MONTHS BEFORE THE EXAMS

Another tip to note in preparing for final year examination is summarizing your lecture notes two months before the exams. Most students make the mistake of summarizing their notes few weeks or even a week before the examination which is wrong. The mistake is in using the times you are suppose to be reading and revising to summarize lecture notes, you will not have ample time to really study and retain what you’ve studied before the examination.
Therefore, it is advisable that you try as much as possible to summarize all your lecture notes two months or even earlier before the exam day.

C) MAKE USE OF PAST QUESTION

Studying with past questions is another effective way of learning. After studying, you can refer to past questions to answers them, by so doing; you are testing your ability and level of retention as regards what you’ve studied. It will also improve your learning process. Form those past questions; you are also exposed to likely questions during the examinations. Over the years, students have come to realize that questions are likely to be repeated over and over again. So if you are wise to study with past questions, you are an edge above your course mates because when you come across those questions in the examination, it will not look strange nor be difficult for you to answer.

D) PRAY

Last but not least is to pray. After all said and done, you need the grace of God to prevail. Prayer is very important in all things and praying before and during examination is not bad at all. So pray that God helps you even though you’ve studied and done what is required on your part, ask God to do his own part in helping you remember all that you’ve read and above all coming out in flying colors.

CONCLUSION
Conclusively, the final year examination is one which students strive so hard to make sure they pass all courses in order to avoid having carryovers at the end of the exams which could delay their graduation year and no students ever wants to have an extra year in the university. However, it is inevitable if students do not prepare very well for their final year examination. Preparation they say begets success and opportunities. Therefore, students must be ready at all times for examination.

Every student regardless of the level wants to come out with good grades and an improved academic performance. Reading is well-planned and deliberate pattern of study which has attained a form of consistency on the part of students toward understanding academic subjects and passing at examinations. The level of reading determines the academic achievements of students to a great extent. Both reading and academic achievements are interrelated and dependent on each other.
Students often come from different environments and localities with different levels of academic achievement. Therefore, they differ in the pattern of reading habits. While some students have good reading habits, others tend to exhibit poor reading habits. Academic achievement means how much knowledge the individual has acquired from the school.
Group reading is very important during final year research projects; students share ideas and materials for research purposes. Effective reading is important avenue of effective learning and reading is interrelated with the total educational process and hence, educational success requires successful reading habit.
GROUP READING
Reading is the ability to understand words contained in a document and make use of the knowledge for personal growth and development. This implies making meaning out of recorded information either printed or non-printed in the life of an individual. People read for different reasons and purposes, some of which include for pleasure, leisure, relaxation, information and for knowledge.
Reading is the identification of the symbols and the association of appropriate meaning with them. It requires identification and comprehension. Comprehension skills help the learner to understand the meaning of words in isolation and in context. Reading is an essential tool for knowledge transfer and the habit of reading is an academic activity that increases skills in reading strategies.
Group reading is designed to provide differentiated teaching that supports students in developing reading proficiency'. The small group model allows students to be taught in a way that is intended to be more focused on their specific needs, accelerating their progress.
Guided reading helps students develop greater control over the reading process through the development of reading strategies which assist decoding and construct meaning.
THE NEED FOR GROUP READING
The need for group reading especially as undergraduate cannot be overemphasized. The need for group reading is as follows:
i. Improves/broadens understanding: Group reading helps students understand courses better especially difficult ones because ideas are shared among group members. It also broadens the knowledge of courses/subjects. From the various contributions of group members, understanding improves and knowledge broadens.
ii. Retention: group reading also increases retention. It is easier to remember what group members shared than what you read alone in your closet. By so doing, it improves academic retention.
iii. Good use of time: group reading also helps students to make good and judicious use of their time. Some students find it difficult keeping to their personal reading time-table and as such may experience low academic performance. But when you read in groups, it helps you make good use of time since you are not the only one reading, you will be constantly reminded of your appointment with other group members.
iv. Opportunity to ask questions and gain clarification: group reading enables you to ask any questions as regards the course or subject you do not understand or need further clarifications on form other group members who have a better understanding of the course than you.
GROUP READING AND THE PERFORMANCE OF FINAL YEAR STUDENTS
Final year students need good grades more than anyone below their level in school because they need to graduate with a good and impressive CGPA after round up their undergraduate project defense even though good grades should be worked for from the very beginning of entry into the university.
Therefore, group reading is advised for final year students especially those who underperform academically and needs to improve their CGPA.
CONCLSUION
Reading is a lifelong skill to be used both at school and throughout life. Reading is a basic life skill. Without the ability to read well, opportunities for personal fulfillment and job success inevitably will be lost. Despite its importance, reading is one of the most challenging areas in the education system. The ever-increasing demand for high levels of literacy in our technological society makes this problem even more pressing. Reading comprehension is considered the real core and the peak for the reading process, and a big process around which all other processes are centered.

Health is not merely the absence of disease but rather the state of physical, emotional, mental, psychological, and social well-being.
Health is very important to all regardless of age or status. To carry on with the activities of life, one needs to be healthy and not just healthy, but live a healthy lifestyle. Just as the saying goes “health is wealth.” You have to be healthy first, to pursue success, dreams, goals, and aspirations in life. That is why health education is very important. People need to be aware of the importance of health and also checking their health status for any health challenges. For those who already have any form of health challenge, it is also imperative that they are fully educated on how to manage it or get cured as well as prevention from future reoccurrence. People also need to be aware of how to protect themselves from getting infected with some certain disease that are communicable and how to avoid spreading it around to other people this is where public health comes to play where policy making and research for disease and injury prevention are made for the people and various communities.
Health education is the process of educating people on the importance of health and how to live and maintain a healthy lifestyle while public health is the science and art of preventing disease and improving the quality of health especially as it regards to the public and communities. It is all about physical, mental, social, psychological well-being. It is a state of general well-being.
However, students tend to mistake health education with public health because they both deal on health and its improvement. You can see a lot of this mistake when they are choosing their undergraduate project topics. They end up choosing topics that are beyond the scope of health education. Health education is more on enlightening people all about health such as how to live a healthy life, how to prevent getting sick, various symptoms of diseases and its control and general well-being.

HEALTH EDUCATION

Health education can be defined as the principle by which individuals and groups of people learn to behave in a manner conducive to the promotion, maintenance, or restoration of health.
Health education builds peoples' knowledge, skills, and positive attitudes about health. Health education also teaches about physical, mental, emotional, and social health. It motivates people to improve and maintain their health, prevent disease and reduce risky behaviors that could be detrimental to their health.

PUBLIC HEALTH

Public health has been defined as "the science and art of preventing disease”, prolonging life and improving quality of life through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, communities and individuals.
Public health is the health of the population as a whole, especially as the subject of government regulation and support. Public health can also be defined as the science of protecting the safety and improving the health of communities through education, policy making, and research for disease and injury prevention.
However, public health promotes the welfare of the entire population, ensures its security and protects it from the spread of infectious disease and environmental hazards, and helps to ensure access to safe and quality care to benefit the entire population.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEALTH EDUCATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH

Health education is the principle by which individuals and groups of people learn to behave in a manner conducive to the promotion, maintenance, or restoration of health.
While Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease”, prolonging life and improving quality of life through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, communities and individuals.
Health education builds peoples' knowledge, skills, and positive attitudes about health.
While public health seeks to improve people’s knowledge on prevention of disease and also promotes the welfare of the entire population, ensures its security and protects it from the spread of infectious disease and environmental hazards

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, health education should be encouraged. People need to be aware of the importance of health and staying healthy as well. The relevance of staying healthy and living a healthy lifestyle cannot be overemphasized. There is need for students to look at some project topics on health education and also some on public health so as to get a clearer view of the difference between them.

Project writing is an academic exercise undergraduate student undertake at the last year of their academic pursuit in higher institution. It therefore requires them to come up with a project topic and then the complete project work which also require them to defend their written research work and explain their aim and findings of their research work.
Therefore, the whole process of project writing is not without an assigned supervisor to every student who oversees the whole proves of the research work and ensures that the student comes out with an excellent research work. The supervisor also renders assistance to the students and put them through where he/she feels they’ve made or making a mistake.
Because of the relevance and importance of a supervisor to a supervisee, it is advised that the supervisee try as much as possible to be in the good book of his/her supervisor. Ensure you have or build a mutual relationship with your supervisor as doing this will do you lots of good and may also make your research work easy and hitch free. Falling out with your supervisor for any reason isn’t healthy for your research work as it may delay your whole research process.

UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT

An undergraduate project is an academic exercise students carry out in their final year in the university. It is a show of accumulation of knowledge and ability throughout their years in their university. It is expected that you identify a problem which will necessitate your research and then come up with your research findings and make appropriate recommendations.

THE ROLE OF PROJECT SUPERVISOR

The role of a project supervisor is like the role of a guardian and mentor. The supervisor is assigned to the student to coach him/her, guide them, assist them in way they need help and generally ensure they come up with an excellent project work at the end of the day.

WHY STUDENTS FALL OUT WITH THEIR SUPERVISOR

There are various reasons as to why students fall out with their supervisors some of them are:

A) DELAY IN SUBMITTING YOUR RESEARCH PROJECT FOR VETTING

One of the reasons why students fall out with their supervisors is delay in submitting research project for vetting. Some supervisors get angry with their supervises when they don’t, meet up with the deadline for submission of their research work. Why most supervisors ask to see the project work of their students even before defense or before further research is to ascertain that they are on the right track like how far they’ve gone in the research work, are they following the approved university or departmental format of project writing, is the methodology used in consonant with the research hypothesis, if the aim of the study concise with the literature reviews and so on and so forth. So when these supervisors are ready and have made out time to go through your research work at an agreed date and time and you don’t show up or come up with a flimsy excuse, it get them angry and they begin to see you as an unserious students and might conclude you don’t know what you are waiting and as such may leave you to your fate which may end in regret and frustration.

B) PLAGIARISM

Another reason students fall out with their supervisors is plagiarism. Plagiarism is using another person work without acknowledging the person.
As a result of technology, anyone can test for plagiarism in any work. Therefore, when your supervisor go through your research work and test it for plagiarism, and it comes out positive especially with a high percentage of plagiarism, he/she may be very angry and feel you didn’t do any research work on your own all you did was to use someone else’s work. This will only sever your relationship with your supervisor who will see you as been lazy and not ready to work.

C) POOR IMPLEMENTATION OF INSTRUCTIONS

Nobody likes to give an instruction and not see it been carried out. One of the roles of your supervisor is to guide you and tell you what to do to make your research work easy and an excellent one. But it pains your supervisor when he/she gives you an instruction and you don’t implement it/them. It a show of disrespect and unseriousness with your research work. Also when your supervisor gives you instruction and you don’t do it the way he/she asked you to do, its poor implementation and could deter on your relationship with your supervisor.

HOW TO IMPROVE

Irrespective of the reason why you feel out with your supervisor, your relationship with him/her can be restored and some of such ways to improve and do better are as follows:

A) SUBMIT YOUR RESEARCH PROJECT ON TIME

Ensure to submit your research project on time. Try as much as possible to meet up with the time of submission. Don’t allow your supervisor to keep extending time for you. That is why it is advised to start your research work as early as possible. Choose topics that you can easily find materials on also choose topics that are of interest to you and not topics given to you to research, also seek help from your supervisor when needed. When you do this, you are one step ahead of finishing your research work on time which will help in improving your relationship with your supervisor.

B) AVOID PLAGIARISM

Try as much as you can to avoid plagiarism in your research work. Do your research yourself, ask questions, and seek help from the right sources it will go a long way in ensuring you do your research work yourself and make feasible and appropriate recommendations.

C) FOLLOW ALL INSTRUCTIONS

Make sure you follow all instructions given to you by supervisor to the later. Where you are confused, ask questions, and seek clarity that is how to learn and improve. The instruction your supervisor gives to you is for you own good. So ensure to follow them accordingly as you will be glad you did at the end of the day.

CONCLUSION

Conclusively, in dealings with people there must fall out and misunderstanding. But it is important that we avoid anything that will deter or sever our relationship with those we should be learning from even if there is misunderstanding along the line, we should find possible ways to make amends and improve.
Supervisors are very relevant in any research work especially free projects for academic research; they are there to help and guide you through your research journey and ensure you come out with an excellent research work. Therefore, it is expected that you the supervisee listens and follow all instructions given to you by your supervisor. Avoid anything that will lead to you falling out with your supervisor.

Breastfeeding is one of the most important times in a child’s life. This is because it shapes and influences the development of a child physically, mentally, socially, and otherwise. Breastfeeding also determines how healthy a child will grow to become as well as his/her mental makeup. It is healthy for both the mother and the child. Breastfeeding helps in stimulating the brain development of the child and also acts a first vaccine which improves the health well being of the child. As a result of its health benefits to both mother and child, it lowers the cost of healthcare services and leads to healthier families and a smarter workforce.
The findings from most undergraduate projects, medical researches and from recommendations of physicians, it is believed that breastfeeding is good for both mother and child. Every child development encompasses a wide range of processes that take place right from conception to the age of say 5. 1 it takes place in conjunction with growth and refers to the maturation of the function of acquiring skills, behavior and values, and adaptation with the environment which affect their psychosocial, cognitive, and psychological makeup.

BREAST FEEDING

Breastfeeding is perhaps the oldest practice in human history. It is the healthiest, simplest, and least expensive means of meeting the nutritional needs of newborns and infants. Breast milk contains all essential nutrients carbohydrates, essential fats, proteins, minerals, and immunological factors required for the optimal growth and development of infants; hence, it is the ideal meal for them.
Breastfeeding confers short-term and long-term benefits on both child and mother, including helping to protect children against a variety of acute and chronic disorders. Below are some methods of breastfeeding.

i) Exclusive breastfeeding

Feeding on breast milk or expressed breast milk only, excluding water, breast milk substitutes, and other liquids and solid foods. Oral rehydrating solution, vitamin drops, minerals, and medicines may be given.

ii) Predominant breastfeeding

This is the type of breastfeeding on breast milk or expressed breast milk with other liquids (including water), semi-solid and solid meals. Oral rehydrating solution, vitamin drops, minerals, and medicines may be given.

iii) Complementary breastfeeding

This is feeding on breast milk, expressed milk or milk from a wet nurse, as well as on solid or semi-solid foods. There is no restriction, anything – food, liquid, non-human milk may be given.

CHILD DEVELOPMENT

Child development refers to the sequence of physical, language, thought, and emotional changes that occur in a child from birth to the beginning of adulthood. During this process a child progresses from dependency on their parents/guardians to increasing independence. Child development is strongly influenced by genetic factors (genes passed on from their parents) and events during prenatal life. It is also influenced by environmental facts and the child’s learning capacity.
However there are some areas in Child Development. These areas includes: Physical development, Cognitive development, Social and personality development
Physical development: it involves the body’s physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses and the need for food, drink, and sleep.
Cognitive development: it is an area of development involving the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person’s behavior.
Social development: this is the way in which individuals’ interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life.

BREAST FEEDING AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT

Adequate nutrition during infancy and early childhood is essential to ensure the growth, health, and development of children to their full potential. Poor nutrition increases the risk of illness, and is responsible, directly or indirectly, for one third of the estimated 9.5 million deaths that occurred in 2006 in children less than 5 years of age (1,2). Inappropriate nutrition can also lead to childhood obesity which is an increasing public health problem in many countries.
Early nutritional deficits are also linked to long-term impairment in growth and health. Malnutrition during the first 2 years of life causes stunting, leading to the adult being several centimeters shorter than his or her potential height. There is evidence that adults who were malnourished in early childhood have impaired intellectual performance. They may also have reduced capacity for physical work. If women were malnourished as children, their reproductive capacity is affected, their infants may have lower birth weight, and they have more complicated deliveries. When many children in a population are malnourished, it has implications for national development. The overall functional consequences of malnutrition are thus immense.
The first two years of life provide a critical window of opportunity for ensuring children’s appropriate growth and development through optimal feeding

BREAST FEEDING ON PARENTING

Breastfeeding may influence parenting by facilitating mother-child bonding, interaction and, indirectly, cognitive growth. Positive maternal contact may induce a biological response in offspring that have a positive effect on the development of neuro-endocrine aspects of the stress response. The amount of mutual touch, tactile stimulation, and the mother’s gaze to the infant were significantly elevated during breastfeeding when compared to bottle-feeding. Mothers who breastfeed have been found to report lower levels of perceived stress and negative mood, higher levels of maternal attachment, and perceive their infants as more reinforcing than mothers who formula-feed. There is evidence that breastfeeding mothers hold their babies for longer and feel more confident as parents. After breastfeeding, mothers report reductions in negative mood compared to mood levels prior to breastfeeding. Breastfeeding also has some stress-reducing properties for mothers and assist parenting confidence.

CONCLUSION

Breast feeding is the best start to an infants’ life. It ensures proper nutrition for the baby and contributes to both cognitive and non-cognitive development of the child. Breast feeding infants show higher scores on IQ and on motor skills. Breast feeding also has positive influence towards the psychosocial development of the infant and improves parenting confidence. Benefits of breast feeding in terms of infant nutrition, immunity, and maternal wellbeing are usually highlighted during counseling for breast feeding. However, little attention has been focused on coordinating programs of breast feeding and early child development. It is recommended that the impact of breast feeding on parenting, its effect on to cognitive development, behavior, and social adaptation during infancy and beyond should also be emphasized during the promotion of breast feeding and early child care.

Violence, intimidation, and threats against journalists and media workers continue to present a significant challenge to the establishment of a free and safe media environment. The role of news media in Nigeria’s national security cannot be overemphasized. The primary functions of the media in any society are to inform, educate, and entertain. Beyond these, they serve as watchdogs of the society, agenda setters, and force multipliers. Through these functions, the mass media sensitize, enlighten, and persuade members of the public to participate actively in developmental activities. Based on the findings from most undergraduate projects, the ability of the media to effectively carry out these functions depends on the amount of freedom they enjoy in societies where they exist and operate. However, press freedom is very crucial to the effectiveness of media in any society. The information disseminated by the news media could be either harmful or useful to the society.
The mass media have the power and ability to contribute enormously to national security, and this can be achieved through the observance of professional ethics and in accordance with the provisions of the constitution. In other words, for the media to contribute meaningfully to national security there is the need for strict adherence to professional ethics of journalism profession. The media are watchdogs of the society. They set agenda for public discussions on issues of national interest.

MASS MEDIA

Mass media could be described as “the channels or technological devices through which messages are conveyed to a large and heterogeneous audience. They are the vehicles that are used for conveying messages from a source to a large destination. In addition, mass media are the devices for moving messages across distance or time to accomplish mass communication.”
Mass media constitute all the means through which messages are relayed from different aspects of the society such as education, entertainment, health, politics, economy, and so on, to a large, heterogeneous, and anonymous audience at the same time.

INSECURITY IN NIGERIA

A nation has security when it does not have to sacrifice its legitimate interests to avoid war, and is able, if challenged, to maintain them by war.
When the capacity to control those domestic and foreign conditions that the public opinion of a given community believes necessary to enjoy its own self determination or autonomy, prosperity and well-being is not available, then it can be said to be insecurity.
From independence to the present democratic dispensation, Nigeria has witnessed series of ethno religious and politically-motivated crises. This has been one of the major causes of the country’s political instability and economic challenges. It has even come to the extent that the word “insecurity” cannot be mentioned without mentioning Nigeria. The first words to come to mind when it comes to insecurity in Nigeria are Boko Haram, kidnapping, Niger Delta crises, and ethno-religious crises. These words constitute a brand used in identifying the nature of insecurity peculiar to Nigeria among other African nations.
However, before the public manifestation of Boko Haram terrorist activities in 2009, Nigeria had been witnessing series of kidnapping and lots of insecurity issues of mostly foreign expatriates by militants in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The militants were said to be agitating against what they saw as injustice against their region. They were initially operating in the creeks but once their activities extended to the streets, they constituted palpable insecurity in the south southern region of Nigeria. The Boko Haram constituted the insecurity in the Northern part of the country especially in the North-east of Nigeria and incidents of kidnapping in the Southeast.

JOURNALISM PROFESSION

Journalism is an unbiased production and distribution of reports on current or past events based on facts and supported with proofs or evidences. The word journalism applies to the occupation, as well as citizen journalists who gather and publish unbiased information based on facts and supported with proofs or evidences.
Journalism is the activity of gathering, assessing, creating, and presenting news and information. It is also the product of these activities.
Journalism can be distinguished from other activities and products by certain identifiable characteristics and practices. These elements not only separate journalism from other forms of communication, they are what make it indispensable to democratic societies. History reveals that the more democratic a society, the more news, and information it tends to have.

THE ROLE OF THE NIGERIAN GOVERNMENT

Beyond their impact on the individual victims, violence against journalists represents a threat to freedom of expression as a human right. Governments have an obligation to provide adequate protection to members of the press and to thoroughly investigate any violence or threats perpetrated against them.
The mass media which is a medium for dissemination of information to a large population need not to be threatened with the incessant killings and other social vices in the society that constitute an act of insecurity. The government needs to provide adequate security to media personnel and ensure the safety of their lives and properties especially when they go to cover events.
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The mass media which is known as an indispensable tool used for nation building needs an urgent attention of the government this is because Governments can hardly survive without effective use of the mass media as they provide them with all the information they need both locally and internationally.

CONCLUSION

The rising dangers faced by mass media globally is leading to greater levels of concern and support for efforts to improve their safety and to hold accountable those who endanger, harm, hold, or kill journalists.
Most news organizations, however, do not have crisis management plans in place to respond to the kidnapping of their journalists and lack capabilities to respond to them. These deficiencies make it very hard for media organizations initially to respond to abductions. Therefore, government must assure all media personnel’s of their safety by providing them with all the security they need to perform their duties very well and more effectively without hurdles of any sort.

The consolidation of banks has been the major policy instrument being adopted in correcting deficiencies and under-performance in the financial sector. The economic rationale for domestic consolidation is indisputable. An early perception of consolidation in banking industry was that makes more cost efficient because larger banks can eliminate excess capacity in areas like data processing, personnel, marketing, or overlapping branch networks.
Cost efficiency also could increase if more efficient banks acquired less efficient ones. Efficiency in banking raised doubts about the extent of overcapacity, it however did point to considerable potential for improvement in cost efficiency through mergers and acquisition.
The Nigerian banking industry has witnessed and is still witnessing revolutionary metamorphosis in recent years as a result of the restructuring programmes channeled towards resolving the existing problems of the industry by the apex bank.
Consolidation is viewed as the reduction in the number of banks and other deposit taking institutions with a simultaneous increase in size and concentration of the consolidation entities in the sector. The consolidation reform is consistently predicted to engender some positive changes in the Nigerian banking industry.
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Therefore, it hopes to place the banking industry in a better stead to compete at the global level, more so that national barriers have been dismantled by Information and Communication Technology (ICT). It also hopes to equip the Nigeria banking industry to finance the key sectors that will foster growth in the economy, reduce unbridled competition among banks and over dependence on government and interbank funds.
the driving forces in bank consolidation include better risk control through the creation of critical mass and economies of scale, advancement of marketing and product initiatives, improvements in overall credit risk and technology exploitation. These drivers have led to improved operational efficiencies and larger and better capitalized institutions. The results of this policy are neither here nor there contrary to the policy expectation. However, the most difficult aspect of consolidation is the ones induced by government through mergers and acquisition.
CONSOLIDATION
To consolidate (consolidation) is to combine assets, liabilities, and other financial items of two or more entities into one. In the context of financial accounting, the term consolidate often refers to the consolidation of financial statements wherein all subsidiaries report under the umbrella of a parent company.
Consolidation is a type of merger in which two or more companies create an entirely new corporate entity and transfer all their assets and liabilities to the new entity. The former companies may continue to exist on paper, but they have no assets or liabilities.
Bank consolidation is the process by which one banking company takes over or merges with another. This convergence leads to a potential expansion for the consolidating banking institution.
REASONS FOR BANK CONSOLIDATION
Banks consolidate foe son many reasons however, one of the reasons for banks to consolidate is to alleviate competing institutions. Consolidation may also occur when a banking house wants to gain domestic or international capital power. The larger a company is the more potential it has to compete with other mega banks. Another motivation for banks to consolidate is the ability for firms to expand their providing services while decreasing the cost of operating two institutions.
BANK OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY
Operational efficiency is connected with diverse aspects of its operations, its financial soundness, its profitability, and quality services to customers. The word efficiency is a combination of growth & performance, productivity, profitability, and technical efficiency.
Operational efficiency‘refers to the efficient utilization of human and material resources or the efficient use of people, machines, tools and equipment, materials funds. Better utilization of any or a combination of these, can increase output of goods and services, and reduce costs.
Operational efficiency is also the tactical planning of an organization to keep a healthy balance between cost and productivity. It identifies the wasteful processes that contribute to drainage of resources and organizational profits. It deals with minimizing waste and maximizing the benefits of resource to provide better services to the customers. To face tough competition lowering costs is a best option as internal wastage contributes to enhanced cost. Any input that is not processed through system into useful output is waste. It means producing more goods and services with no greater use of resources or maintaining the same level of production using fewer resources.
However, the efficiency of banks is directly linked to the productivity of the economy. Without a sound and efficiently functioning banking system, the economy cannot function smoothly and efficiently. When banking system fails, the whole of a nation‘s payment system is in jeopardy.
More so, the efficient banks are better able to compete because of their lower operational costs and can steal business away from less efficient banks. In sum, the relative efficiency of banks is always a matter of serious interest to the regulators, customers, stakeholders, and managers because efficiency is a broader concept; it involves optimally choosing the levels, and mixes of inputs and outputs.
HOW CONSOLIDATION WILL IMPACT ON BANK OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY
The basic aim of a bank’s management is to achieve a profit, as the essential requirement for conducting any business. The consolidation of banks has been the major policy instrument being adopted in correcting deficiencies in the financial sector. The economic rationale for domestic consolidation is indisputable. An early view of consolidation in banking was that it makes banking more cost efficient because larger banks can eliminate excess capacity in areas like data processing, personnel, marketing, or overlapping branch networks. Cost efficiency also could increase if more efficient banks acquired less efficient ones.
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Each bank has its own benefits in the pursuit of performance goals including increasing growth, profitability, or maximum stock value. However, there are also important operating efficiency goals to pursue in order to obtain power in the market. These serve to give banks an increased control over prices and customer relations. Operating efficiency also results in modest rewards for shareholders.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, consolidation as a policy did not improve the performance of Nigerian banks. As a result of this, it is recommended that the management of Nigerian banks should improve their total asset turnover and diversify in such a way that they can generate more income on their assets. Also consolidation of banks should be looked from the angle of profitability by taking consideration of all angles of economy before setting up the minimum capital for the banks in order to make significant profit

Tourism is essentially a labour intensive industry, requiring large numbers of people to service it. The critical socioeconomic importance of tourism to tourist destinations, the increase in world tourism and in tourist demand for quality goods and services, the concomitant requirement for tourist destinations to deliver quality services and products, and the labour intensive nature of the industry, all suggest the need for a well-educated and trained cadre of hospitality and tourism professionals.
Tourism is a labour intensive service industry and dependent for survival (and for competitive advantage) on the availability of qualified personnel to deliver, operate, and manage the tourism product. In these regard individuals with more human capital, for example; skills, knowledge and expertise developed through education and personal experience, achieve higher performance.
Since the continued prosperity of tourism depends, to a large extent, on the employment of well educated, motivated, and committed people who are satisfied with their jobs, it is very important to provide qualified tourism graduates with a positive attitude towards working in the tourism industry. Because, probably the most fundamental challenge facing the hospitality industry is “the attraction and retention of the necessary number and quality of young people, attracting people who wish to choose tourism as a career has become a challenging task, and particularly when we consider the negative image many people have of the industry. There seems to be an increasing imbalance between the demand for and supply of tourism workers and this issue if not addressed immediately will severely affect the sustainability of global tourism. When tourism graduates end up not working in tourism, this results in wasted effort and investment in providing the knowledge and skills needed by the tourism industry. It has been suggested that an effective way to manage the retention of graduates to work in tourism is by targeting the first stage in the human resource management process; the recruitment stage.
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Many universities in the world strive to increase the number of hospitality and tourism programs. The reasons behind this interest are related to the growth of the tourism sector. In general, education is very important for the hospitality and tourism industry because it provides support for undergraduates to be more knowledgeable and more experienced in the field.

TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

The Hospitality and Tourism Cluster prepares learners for careers in the management, marketing and operations of restaurants and other food services, lodging, attractions, recreational events and travel-related services.
Tourism is a social, cultural, and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes while the hospitality industry is the combination of the accommodation, food and beverage groupings which collectively make up the largest segment of the industry.

BENEFITS OF BEING TOURISM STUDENTS

A) COMMUNICATION SKILLS

One of the benefits of being a tourism student is that it improves your communication skills. Because of the nature of the hospitality and tourism industry which includes mention people every day, it helps you grow and improve on your communication skills because you would need to communicate fluently and a manner your clients will understand and be comfortable.

B) GLOBAL OPPORTUNITY

Careers in the tourism and hospitality industry are amongst the fastest growing areas of employment in the world. In Australia, the government has launched the Tourism Employment Plan Guide and a new Tourism Employment Plan Advisory Service to help tourism businesses overcome recruitment, retention, and skills deficiencies. The jobs out there are plentiful, and not just in Australia, you can land a job anywhere in the world.

C) VERSATILITY

A career in travel and tourism offers endless opportunities generally in non-traditional hours. Whether you want to work in a hotel, resort, cruise ship, plane the world is literally your oyster. Professionals in the tourism industry have so many exciting work settings and opportunities to choose from.

D) LEADERSHIP SKILLS

A degree in Tourism teaches students about business management, marketing fundamentals, human resources, project management, sustainability, cross-cultural awareness and so much more. The knowledge and skills acquired through the program is essential and useful for a variety of different careers. Students leave the program well-rounded in many important business and leadership aspects.

E) TOURISM IS FUN

Field trips is said to enhance students’ learning and increased their practical knowledge in the absence of actual work experience. Besides enhancement of student learning, fieldtrips also benefit faculty members with valuable professional development experience especially for younger tourism educators. As the hospitality and tourism industry has become a more complex industry, research on fieldtrips in this area of education is an important and neglected research area, where future employers expect non-vocational skills as well such as interpersonal skills, analysis, and reflection.
Ever notice how people in the tourism industry always seem to be smiling and having a great time? It’s because a career in tourism is so much fun. When you are exposed to new things and meeting people from all over the world every day, life becomes an adventure. Travelling is the best way to not only understand the world we live in but also to understand ourselves.

F) NEW IDEAS AND TECHNOLOGY

The hospitality and tourism industry helps you come up with new ideas and technology specifically for the growth of the industry. You sort ways to improve on the performance of the industry and attract more tourist and investors into the industry.

G) PROBLEM SOLVING ABILITY

Last but not the least is problem solving ability. As a tourism student, it avails you the opportunity to solve problems such as to customers comfort, continuous patronage, and attraction of more tourists.

CONCLUSION

Changes in the higher educational environment are having a tremendous impact on the education process, curricular, learning outcomes, and instructional practices. In particular, education and training are vital to the tourism and hospitality industry in terms of providing a foundation of knowledge and experience for those who wish to enter the tourism industry as a career choice. Effective tourism education and training require a cooperative approach, involving partnerships among academic institutions, private enterprises, and government at different levels, to balance between academic principles and technical knowledge and vocational skills.

Small and medium Enterprises play vital roles in the growth and development of any nation whether developed or developing nations. Many countries across the globe have come to the full realization of the importance and relevance role SMEs play in the development of the country and the value it adds in terms of economic growth of the country. However, these SMEs are characterized by witty innovations, dynamism, efficiency as well as their small size which allows for faster decision making process.
It is an established fact that SMEs are very important to the development even though they are small in size but there contributions are well felt in all spheres of the country. They have contributed greatly to the enhancement of major economies in the world. They can as well be seen as the back bone of the Nigerian economy and any other developed or developing nation.
E-Commerce builds on traditional commerce by adding the flexibility and speed offered by electronic medium, thereby facilitating improvement in operations leading to substantial cost savings, as well as increased efficiency and competitiveness through the redesign of traditional business methods.
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SMEs play an important role as a breeding ground for entrepreneurs and provider of solutions to address the problems of unemployment, job creation, innovation, and long-term economic development.
Nevertheless, SMEs are faced with the current challenge of foreign currency spend limit which is not so good for small business because with the limit placed on foreign currency which automatically affects their transaction, it can slow down businesses as well as sever on their relationship with their foreign client who may think they are not willing or ready to make payment for a particular goods and services rendered. SMEs whose business is online may have their business site taken down if complete payment is not made.
E-COMMERCE
Ecommerce, also known as electronic commerce or internet commerce, refers to the buying and selling of goods or services using the internet, and the transfer of money and data to execute these transactions. Ecommerce is often used to refer to the sale of physical products online, but it can also describe any kind of commercial transaction that is facilitated through the internet.
Electronic commerce or e-commerce (sometimes written as e-Commerce) is a business model that lets firms and individuals buy and sell things over the internet. It also means buying and selling of goods, products, or services over the internet. It however, involves the transaction of money, funds, and data which are all considered as E-commerce.
Types of E-commerce Models
There are four main types of ecommerce models that can describe almost every transaction that takes place between consumers and businesses.
i). Business to consumer (B2C): this is an e-commerce model where a business sells a good or offers a service to an individual who is a consumer.
ii). Business to business (B2B): this is when a business sells a good or service to another business.
iii). Consumer to consumer (C2C): when a business sells a good or service to another consumer it is considered as an e-commerce model of consumer to consumer.
iv). Consumer to Business (C2B): this is an e-commerce model that entails consumers selling their own products or services to a business or organization.
Examples of Ecommerce
Ecommerce can take on a variety of forms involving different transactional relationships between businesses and consumers, as well as different objects being exchanged as part of these transactions.
i). Retail: the sale of a product by a business directly to a c0onsumer without any intermediary.
ii). wholesale: the sale of products in bulk, often to a retailer who in turn sells to the consumers.
iii). Drop shipping: the sale of product which is manufactured and shipped to the consumer by the third party.
iv). Crowd funding: the collection of money from consumers in advance of a product or service being available to raise the startup capital necessary to bring it to the market.
v). Subscription: the automatic recurring purchase of a product or service on a regular basis until the subscriber chooses to cancel.
vi). Physical products: this is any tangible good that requires inventory to be replenishes and orders to be physically shipped to the customers as sales are made.
vii). Digital products: this is downloadable digital goods, templates and courses, or media that must be purchased for consumption or licensed for use.
Viii). Services: a skill or set of skills provided in exchange for compensation. The service provider’s time can be purchased for free.

PERFORMANCE OF SMES

The performance and growth of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is a major driver and indices for the level of industrialization, modernization, urbanization, gainful and meaningful employment for all those who are able and willing to work, income per capital, equitable distribution of income, and the welfare and quality of life enjoyed by the citizenry, because SMEs contribute to employment growth at a higher rate than larger firms. The SME sector is globally regarded as an important force of driving the economic growth and employment creation in both developing and developed countries, which is well documented. SMEs (firms with 200 or less employees) makes up the largest business sector in every world economy, and governments around the globe are increasingly promoting and supporting the SME growth as part of their overall national development strategy.

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SME sector offers linkage development of large industries and essential for a competitive and efficient market apart from the stated contributions. SMEs have remained a harbinger of change and a pivot of economic catalysts in industrialized states as they are in the developing world.
In Nigeria, the Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) is the driving force and establish an important mainstay of the Nigerian economy. A few years ago SME represent about 90 percent of the industrial sector in terms of the number of enterprises. This sector economically, holds the key to sustainable development of the country and its importance can be put in proper aspect in relation to the structure of the Nigerian economy with many performance contributions as the source of technology innovation and new products
The performance and development of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) has throughout the world, been of great interest to, among others, development economists, entrepreneurs, governments, venture capital firms, financial institutions and non-governmental organizations. Performance management involves establishment of a shared understanding about what is to be achieved, how it is to be achieved; and an approach to managing people that increases the probability of achieving success within an agreed framework of planned goals, standards and individual and team competence requirements. Performance is from the aspect of tangible and intangible resources.

FOREIGN CURRENCY SPENDING LIMIT AND E-COMMERCE

You cannot take away foreign currency or exchange from e-commerce. This is because; SMEs that are e-commerce business need to make transactions with their foreign client which automatically involves foreign currency or exchange. But with the limit placed by the central bank of Nigeria on foreign currency spending limit, it will greatly affect on the business of the SMEs in Nigeria.

CONCLUSION

Small and medium enterprises (SME) performance forms a very important part of the Nigerian economy. The SME sector is a major engine which encourages the growth of jobs and wealth creation in the country’s economic system. SMEs performance act as a significant part that is linked to the strengthening and enhancement of the development of the country.
The SME sector of the economy cannot be overlooked because it plays a very important role in a nation's economy and this is true for both developed and developing countries. They also form a high proportion of business activities and engender more employment opportunities than the large corporations in recent years.

Team work is a means of improving manpower utilization and potentially raising performance of not just the individual but the organization ultimately, because it can expand the output of individuals through collaboration. It is a known fact that employees who work in teams automatically become the standard for the organization. Employees also tend to work comfortably and confidently in teams or when merged together in work place which of course increases organizational productivity and performance.
One importance of team work in any organization is that it enables individuals to work collectively in the achievement of organizational goals and provision of an excellent quality of services. It also enables the members of the team to have a higher level of emotional security and self confidence. Workers are more motivated to work as a team than they are as individuals. The mistakes and unproductively that sometimes accompanies working alone to accomplish a task can be reduced with the adoption of team work.
See Undergraduate project topics on team work
Team work has a way of creating a healthy working environment, increased creativity, positive and workable strategies as well as values which when put together increases organizational performance and growth. However, when team work is absent in an organization it can lead to organizational failure, low performance, and low productivity and dampens the morale of employees which threatens the general organizational goals and objectives. Reason employees who work in organizations where there is no team work, lack the capacity to deliver expected result and perform better. Therefore, it is necessary for team work to be inculcated in every organization that desires an improved organizational performance and productivity because it is necessary tool that help employees to work together towards the organizations goals and objectives. The benefits of working as a team outweigh working as individuals especially when the work requires a broader scope of knowledge and research. The overall advantage of teamwork is significant productivity and organizational growth in the spheres that require creative solving of different tasks, a high degree of adaptability and operational management.
For team to be effective, it will require team members to corporate, share vital information’s as regards their task settle their differences and accommodate the opinions of every member for the greater good of all member as well as the organization. The degree of motivation, co-ordination and purpose is dependent on the effectiveness of team members whose synergy produces energy and creativity which is beyond them as individuals. Hence, team members must possess a definable membership, group consciousness, and a sense of shared purpose. They must all understand that they are working towards the accomplishment of same goal.
The attitudes and behaviors of employees in their various teams have a way of influencing organizational performance. Therefore, for an effective organizational performance, employees’ attitudes must be geared towards motivation, satisfaction and commitment towards achievement of organizational goals because no employee would like or be motivated to keep working in an organization where his/her work isn’t appreciated or satisfying. Therefore, organizational performance and success requires the positive force of teamwork because it helps the employees to empower and develop themselves and their potentials, as well as learning the proper strategies to achieve the required tasks efficiently. Also, the positive interaction and collaboration among employees allow them to have a better understanding of the significance of teamwork in building up the human civilization and helping the human beings to achieve the common goals and purposes that they all need.

ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

Organizational performance comprises the actual output or results of an organization as measured against its intended outputs. Organizational performance encompasses three specific areas of firm outcomes: financial performance; product market performance; and shareholder return. Therefore, performance of an organizational system is a complex relationship involving seven performance criteria that must be followed: effectiveness, efficiency, and quality, and productivity, quality of work, innovation and profitability.

TEAM WORK

Team work is a group of employees whose individual efforts result in a performance that is greater than the sum of their individual inputs. Teamwork helps employees to corporate, enhance their skills, provide feedback and reduce individual conflicts.
Teamwork can be also described as a strong power given by a group of individuals to make better decisions efficiently. It helps in developing the skills and perspectives of the employees through the automatic exchange of positive opinions, feedbacks, experiences and viewpoints between the members of the team, and this process create a constant development regarding the services of the organization and employees occupational performances.
Team work is also seen as an essential occupational skill that is necessary to accomplish and achieve the visions, goals, plans and objectives of the organization and to activate and enhance the performances of the workers there.

THE NEED FOR TEAM WORK

For any organization who wants an effective and efficient work force must adopt the strategy of teamwork to ensure organizational performance. Through team work, employees learn to trust and like and communicate with each other more effectively which will create a more workable and conducive working environment for all. People who communicate and trust each other work better than those who don’t and this is what any organization should look at for.
There is an urgent need for teamwork in every organization because it also has the ability of bringing out the potentials in your employees as well as gives them a sense of direction and purpose with a strong feeling of belonging to the accomplishment of organizational goals.
Another need for teamwork in an organization is that it’s an opportunity to employees to attain uncommon results with the collective aid of team members which is recognized as a positive force for teamwork in any organization to succeed in the achievement of its goals. By the virtue of coming together to work towards a common goal, individuals learn the importance of teamwork and how an organization operates as well as an empowering tool for employees to increase benefits from cooperative work.
Therefore, companies need to encourage teamwork in order to gain competitive advantage as well as come up with new ideas for the betterment of the organization. With shared work and responsibility of each team member, work load is reduced and broken into smaller pieces. The backward development in organizations today can be attributed to inadequate teamwork among workers in an organization which in the long run affects the performance of the organization. Here are few reasons why organizations need teamwork.

i). innovation

With an effective and efficient teamwork comes with it innovations discovered by team members for the betterment of the organization. Also ideas and solutions are generated when members work as teams than as individuals this is because, members will come up with their own ideas and opinions concerning the project at hand and how best to go about it. A team approach can therefore lead to faster and deeper innovation that fosters organizational performance.

ii). Teammates learn from each other

There is a high tendency for team members to learn new things from other team members. Team work goes beyond just accomplishing task but also improves team members in all aspect of organizational performance as they get to learn from each other what they never knew or can do. Where another is weak he/she will be strengthen by the virtue of teamwork.

iii). Creation of healthy competition

Another important need of teamwork is that it creates healthy competition among employees. When given a task to accomplish, every team member will strive to be best at it or one who found solution to the problem. However, promoting a healthy competition among workers can only be effective provided the right challenge and rewards are in place you can be sure of team performance to keep improving.

iv). Promotes strong working relationship

It is an established fact that employees work together and succeed as a team, they form string bonds that can even turn into trust and healthy friendship which is great fir any organization since employees who trust and like each other can easily communicate, share ideas, cooperative and support one another in the realization of personal and organizational goals. It’s little wonder successful organizations value teamwork so highly.

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN TEAMWORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

There is a great correlation between teamwork and organizational performance. No organization desires unproductive employees that will hinder the organizational performance and achievement of organizational goals and objectives. Therefore, every organization sorts for ways to improve on their performance and increase productivity which lead them to applying the strategy of teamwork to improve organizational performance. Team work allows workers to put in their best especially when rewards are attached to the task given; it also motivates them and increases their morale.

CONCLUSION

Teamwork in an organization is the only way anything gets accomplished with quality and efficiency and a major reason why economic growth is under control and a determinant factor for organizational performance and success that is scrutinized by top management to achieve the desired organizational goals. Most of the successful organizations do not hire an individual who cannot work with teams to solve conflicts and achieve various tasks, and that proves the importance of teamwork as an essential skill in any work environment
However, the core value of teamwork is the reduction of workload which helps the employees to perform better without any kind of work pressure because the tasks are distributed equally among all the members of that team. Some organizations are not succeeding and lack an effective organizational performance due to inadequate teamwork and team spirit among the employees which certainly affects the performance of that organization and its employees in the long run. Huge amount of resources is also wasted because of teamwork inadequacies which directly threatens the organizations development and growth.
Finally, the goal of every organization is to succeed in their achievement of its goals and objectives. They seek for an effective organizational performance and productivity as well as high morale of employees which will lead to its success. It is therefore, encouraged that organizations adopt the strategy of teamwork.

The hospitality industry is one of the world’s largest and most important industries as it contributes to the economy of a nation. The view of the hospitality industry first and foremost is a vital element within the service sector. There are lots of factors that attract tourist anywhere in the world. Some of these factors are infrastructures, transport, recreation facilities, healthcare system, communication, and financial intermediation, as the exchange of currencies, credit cards among other things; and competent managers. Who would be confident enough to tell their guests that they have all it takes to make their stay an exciting and memorable one. This is besides peace and security that crowns it all.
Aside the contribution of the hospitality industry to the economy of the country it has also shown tremendous strength in the aspect of human capital structural development of the hospitality industry.
Therefore, creative tourism is a potential form of tourism. It is also a segment of tourism offering tourists the opportunity to develop their creative potential. Creative tourism provides tourist with the opportunity to experience new things. Creative tourism has also shown to be a better solution for a more sustainable form of tourism as it is closer to communities and is centered in endogenous resources, which contradicts the massified form of cultural tourism. It can also be a good solution to the development of less dense territories that are unable to diversify their economies.
See final year research project on creative tourism
Creative tourism has also drawn attention due to complementary trends associated with meaningful and authentic experiences, creative activity for personal well-being as well as travelers’ desire for active involvement with culture and contact with “real people and the community.
Creative tourism, much like heritage tourism is a niche that has emerged within the rapid growth and fragmentation of cultural tourism and is also a response to the massified segments of cultural tourism. As contemporary tourists crave new experiences, it is a call to all hospitality industry to inculcate creative tourism for a better tourist experience.
Creative tourists interact with the city in an unusual way, constructing a sense of place that may differ from the image that is promoted by cultural tourism. However, organisations that bring together and endorse creative tourism offer platforms that connect and promote disparate initiatives and have structured the development of the field.
THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
Hospitality industry is a broad category of fields within the service industry that includes lodging, food and drink service, event planning, theme parks, transportation, cruise line, traveling and additional fields within the tourism industry.
Hospitality is seen as a friendly and generous behavior towards visitors and guests, intended to make them feel welcome: food, drink, room and entertainment given to customers by a company or organization.
Hospitality is concerned with the provision of physiological and psychological comfort within define levels of service. It helps in developing social relationships and plays a role in promoting guest perception of comfort and security in the hospitality industry. The primary interesting elements is that of the social relationship fostered by the warm, friendly, welcoming, courteous, open, generous behavior, of host creating the security and comfort created by physical structure, design, décor and location of facility.
Finally, it is the provisions of accommodation facilities to sleep, eat, relax and wash, together with the supply of beverage, service and entertainment.
CREATIVE TOURISM
Creative Tourism is tourism directed toward an engaged and authentic experience, with participative learning in the arts, heritage or special character of a place”
Creative tourism is a type of tourism which offers visitors the opportunity to develop their creative potential through active participation in courses and learning experiences which are characteristic of the holiday destination where they are undertaken.
Creative tourism appears therefore as a key development option for various reasons and can serve distinctive objectives. Firstly, it responds to the need for tourism to re-invent itself as well as to the need for destinations to do something different in a saturated market. It can also meet the desire of tourists for more fulfilling and meaningful experiences.
THE IMPORTANCE OF CREATIVE TOURISM
Creative tourism is becoming more important not just because the tourists are bored, but also because the cultural sector and hospitality industry managers are looking for new ways to interact with tourists and make their stay an interesting and memorable one. It is becoming increasingly important not just to sell the culture of a place, but also to use tourism to support the identity of the destination and to stimulate the consumption of local culture and a show of creativity. Below is some of the importance of tourism.
High culture to everyday culture
One importance of creative tourism is the shift form high culture to everyday culture. In the past, cultural tourism was dominated by high culture like the museums, art galleries and monuments which constitute the must-see sites for many tourists. The local bar or café, the intimate restaurant serving local food eaten by local people; the market selling fresh regional produce these are the types of places where tourists hope to encounter ‘authentic’ culture. High culture may attract mass cultural tourism, but everyday culture is increasingly the refuge of the knowledgeable cultural tourism and the creative tourist.
Desire for more active and engaging experiences
What the tourist seeks is more contact with real people and engagement with the local culture and creative practices. The search for identity, meaning and roots impels many to seek experiences which give them the opportunity to interact with local communities, learning more about what makes them tick and how they relate to the world. What people increasingly seem to want is an experience which makes them feel part of the community rather than a passive observer.
New experience
Because tourists are always looking for new experiences so more and more places are transforming themselves into tourist destinations. With the adoption of creative tourism, tourists get to have new experiences different from what they’ve had before as such it will bring more tourists as well as improve the hospitality industry.
WHY THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY SHOULD EMBRACE CREATIVE TOURISM
The growing importance of the creative sector also stems from the notion of the experience economy, which points to the shift from delivering goods and products towards production of engaging and memorable experiences. The outcomes of tourist experience are becoming more important than the experience by itself.
The hospitality industry should embrace creative tourism because it creates an atmosphere of new things to be experienced, it creates a direct link between the culture of the tourist and the host population, and also feeds on peoples need for self development. However, creative tourism does not just happen it must be actively created through interaction between tourists and the places they visit. One of the most important elements of creative tourism is that the experiences developed should be characteristic of the place in which they happen. In order to develop such experiences, hospitality industries need to make creative use of a wide variety of creative assets in order to provide creative experiences for tourists. The crucial thing is to develop a specific reason for tourists to engage in creative activities in your particular destination.
This requirement implies that destination managers need to become more creative. In particular, they need to stop thinking about their role as simply supplying tourist products, services or experiences, and to start thinking about their role as enablers of tourist creativity. They need to find ways to actively involve tourists as the co-creators of the experiences which their community offers.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, it’s obvious that creative tourism can offer many advantages to destinations wishing to develop new forms of tourism activity. Arguably, it has a number of important advantages over many more conventional forms of tourism, including cultural tourism and others. Creative development of tourism can help sustain the atmosphere of the destination and enable local people to use their own creativity. Creative tourism can also become a means of business development for crafts producers and other small creative enterprises.

Education is considered as one of the determinant factor in measuring of a nation’s growth and development and as such seen as imperative aspects that not only inculcates societal values, skills, abilities and general knowledge to an individual but also leads to the general growth and development of a nation. That is why in order to bring about improvements in all spheres of the society and also be able to utilize modern and innovative techniques and methods, individuals need to generate awareness and enhance their educational skills especially for those handling their final year project topics.
Therefore, an educated person is not only able to accomplish his desired goals and objectives, but is also able to render an efficient contribution towards the growth and development of the country.
Since education is the bedrock of a society, it is pertinent to ensure a high academic [performance of students in terms of looking for ways to improve on their academic performance. However, one of such ways is the use of charts in teaching and learning. The use of charts in teaching and learning will help teachers to bring into reality what they teach and as such makes teaching more effective. Charts are good examples of visual presentations which assist students in understanding ideas more than when the teacher just talks. There are courses that require the use of use of charts to bring about connections within and between concepts been taught as well help students make connections and applications. In order to bring about this connection the charts need to be properly prepared to be relevant to the particular concept being taught.
Furthermore, the use of charts in teaching and learning is highly advised because it unfolds a whole lot of ideas that real life models may not unfold. There are also courses that require the use of instructional materials in the teaching and learning in order to enhance students understanding of the concept and to also clear any doubt and misconception the students may have. The visibility of teaching is achieved through the use of charts and makes teaching and learning process more interesting. Instructional charts can be used for demonstration, practical, collaboration, etc. however, each of these strategies calls for skilful and effective use of the chart. Chart is useful to complete formative assessment in the classroom and it also allows the teachers to find out students’ prior knowledge in a particular topic or course. The understanding of courses that is as a result if the use of charts, improves the academic performance of students.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Academic performance is the outcome of education and the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has achieved their educational goals.
Academic performance is also the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has attained their short or long-term educational goals. Completion of educational benchmarks such as secondary school diplomas and bachelor's degrees represent academic achievement.

CHARTS

Chart is known as one of the visual aids that can be used in teaching and learning process. It is one of the visual aids that is used to resume, compare, and against the reality. Chart is information in the form of diagrams, lists or drawings and often displays the relationship between numbers for the students to refer to. Chart also can be used to illustrate many types of data. It is also usually called diagram since the material that will be taught is about expressing the facts and figures. Therefore, for effective teaching and learning, chart could become the appropriate media to be used.

THE IMPORTANCE OF USE OF CHARTS IN TEACHING

a) IT IMPROVES THE LEVEL OF RETENTION AMONG STUDENTS

One importance of the use of charts in teaching is that it improves the level of retention among students. Using charts during a lesson helps engage students a lot. Many students are visual learners, so they understand and retain information better when the concepts are associated with images. If you are teaching a lesson about caterpillar anatomy, for instance, you might draw or post a large picture of a caterpillar on an easel and then label its body parts while the students watch. When creating a chart or diagram in front of the students, pause to ask questions or to invite the students to help you complete the chart. This is an effective teaching process.

b) IT IMPROVES THE UNDERSTANDING OF A TOPIC

Another importance of the use of charts in teaching is the improvement in the understanding of a topic. Students tend to have a better understanding of courses taught with the use of charts as it outcome steers them in the face bringing to life their imaginations and clearing all doubts and misconception. The visibility of teaching is achieved through the use of charts and makes teaching and learning process more interesting and understandable.

c) IT IMPROVES ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

With easy comprehension, retention and understanding of courses through the use of charts in teaching and learning process it automatically leads to an improved academic performance.

CONCLUSION

Education is necessary to the growth of an individual and the nation as a whole. Education is very vital in living a fulfilled life. Therefore, no one should be deprived of education. Depriving anyone of education is as good as depriving the person of a good life. Effective teaching and learning are the important element in education. The teacher uses different approaches to teach students in order to ensure active learning. With the passage of time, altered methods and techniques are entered in the field of education and teacher use different kind of aids to make effective learning and one of such aids is the use of charts to convey concepts properly so that students can comprehend and retain. Charts in teaching and learning have shown to be an effective instructional material for effective teaching and learning.

It’s no longer news that the level of growth and development of a country is highly dependent on education. A country that invests so much in education is investing in the overall development of the nation. Education is very important because it is the process of enlightenment and transmitting knowledge to an inexperienced person in order to help the individual develop mentally, socially, physically, psychologically and emotionally. Educated individuals are functional members of the society and an agent of societal growth and development.

You can also see some project topics on girl child education

The girl child education enables her to acquire knowledge and makes her realize her full potentials and abilities and in turn uses the knowledge acquired for self-actualization and in helping others. Education is a culture in today’s world as it is the most talked about and encouraged achievement around the world which has also made it a lifelong process that enables an individual irrespective of age, religion, family background or gender to understand the relationship between the environment and the individuals potentials. However, the lack of education has a negative effect on individuals and society at large.
Therefore, having seen the relevance of education to the individual and the society, it can be boldly said that the development of any society would be grossly lopsided if the girl child is not given quality education or given equal right like the male child in the society. Education in any normal society is accepted as an instrument to power, prestige, survival, greatness and advancement for men and women but contrary to human rights and equality, the girl child is discriminated against in terms of education and given out to early marriage thereby denying the girl-child the required competences for community development and advancement. Education should be for all regardless of gender or cultural beliefs because whether formal, informal or non- formal education helps towards the development of a complete balanced and rational personality and an overall community development.

GIRL CHILD EDUCATION

There is a popular saying that if you educate a man, you educate an individual but if you educate a woman you educate a nation. Girl child education is the process of equipping the girl child with the knowledge, skills, abilities and mental abilities for self actualization and development of others and the society. However, irrespective of this, there still exist gender inequality in terms of education and utilization of then girl child potentials. Instead of giving room to the girl child to make positive impact to her world, she is subjected to an early marriage and child bearing especially in developing nations like Nigeria. There is need for parents in developing Nation to understand the philosophy behind educating a girl child rather than discriminate them in all spheres of life with education inclusive.

IMPROVED EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY

The education of the girl child is vital for the sustainable development of any society reason why educating the girl child cannot be overemphasized. The girl-child’s education also has it influence on the economic growth of a country. With education, in adulthood, the girl child can easily gain employment in the formal labour force and therefore contribute not only to her family income but national growth and development.
More so, education enables the girl child provide financial support to their families especially with the recent economic recession which has made it almost impossible or challenging for a man to provide adequately for his family with his meager income. Thus, an educated woman with a good earning power can help reduce the financial problems of the family and thus avert frustration and other financial problems. Also, should the inevitable occur such as death or divorce the educated widow can easily cater for herself and her children?
A woman’s literacy also increases productivity and self-employment in the informal sector for example; the educational level of rural women is linked to increased productivity in agricultural sector in many developing countries. Been educated enables people to acquire skills and knowledge that help to facilitate better use of the country’s natural resources thereby increasing productivity in all sector of the economy. Thus, allowing the girl-child become an active participants in all stages of the productive chain of a country.

PROMOTION OF GENDER EQUALITY

With the established fact that educating the girl child is basic for the development of a community and the nation at large and regardless of international laws and declarations regarding gender equality gender inequality and disparity has continued to exist with no hope in sight of total eradication.
Globally and more prevalence in developing nations, gender inequality has continued to exist as seen in all spheres of life. The limitations faced by the girl child in terms of access of resources, freedom from violence and molestation and lack of equal status and positions in the society all because of her gender and the general belief of women been the weaker vessels.
Therefore, there is an urgent call for the protection of the rights of the girl child and creating both equality of opportunity and genuine equality of outcomes even without an affirmative action measures. The girl child should be given equal opportunity as the boy child. Both genders should be allowed to explore their individual abilities and competences in community development.

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Community Development (CD) seeks to empower individuals and groups of people by providing these groups with the skills and abilities they need to effect change in their own communities. Community development also involves changing the relationships between ordinary people in positions of power so that everyone can take part in the issues that affect their lives and general well-being. It starts from the fact that within any community there is a wealth of knowledge, experience and creativity which can be harnessed and channeled into collective action to achieve the community’s desired goals. Thus, education can rightly be said to be the key to effective participation in Community development.
Women have been known to have contributed in many ways to the development of the society. Hence, for the girl-child to face the challenges of our time, full participation requires they have access to the benefits of formal and informal education to the same level, and of the same quality as that given to the men because that is the only way the girl-child can contribute maximally to the socio-economic development of their communities and the country at large.

CONCLUSION

Conclusively, it is a widely accepted fact that the main pointer to social and technological advancement of any community is the level of educational development of its citizens. The role that education plays in the improvement of the quality of people’s lives, economic growth, harnessing of human intellect and potentials and the institution of peace and unity, cannot be quantified.
The girl-child education incorporates the necessary attitude, cultural and behavioral training which parents give to their daughters at home to enable them become useful, resourceful and respectful citizens of their countries. However, beyond the training given at home by parents, there is the formal education which equips the girl child for societal change and positive impact to others. It helps in harnessing her full potentials and skills for herself actualization and growth.
Therefore, any country that wants to grow and develop must understand the place and usefulness of educating the girl child as well as try as much as possible in eradicating the belief of superiority of the male child above the female child.

Old age comes with a lot of health issues especially those that do not monitor or go for regular checkup. Of recent, one of the most common diseases among the elderly one is the hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia refers to high levels of sugar, or glucose, in the blood. It occurs when the body does not produce or use enough insulin, which is a hormone that absorbs glucose into cells for use as energy.
Findings from various undergraduate project topicsshow that high blood sugar is a leading indicator of hyperglycemia. High blood sugar (hyperglycemia) affects people who have diabetes. Several factors can contribute to hyperglycemia in people with diabetes, including food and physical activity choices, illness, nondiabetes medications, or skipping or not taking enough glucose-lowering medication. It's important to treat hyperglycemia, because if left untreated, hyperglycemia can become severe and lead to serious complications requiring emergency care, such as a diabetic coma. In the long term, persistent hyperglycemia, even if not severe, can lead to complications affecting your eyes, kidneys, nerves and heart.
The rate of metabolism and exercises are at the reduced state when people start aging. But the intake of calories seems the same. Most people consume more calories than they should; thereby leering to high sugar level and weight gain. It is advisable that at old age certain food should no longer be consumed by the elderly.
There are so many things that high calories intake can cause and one of them is diabetes and high blood pressure. The mortality rate as regard high blood pressure is on the increase in Nigeria. There is every need for improved medical and health facilities in Nigeria.

Causes of hyperglycemia

Your blood sugar may rise if you:
• Skip or forget your insulin or oral glucose-lowering medicine
• Eat too many grams of carbohydrates for the amount of insulin you took, or eat too many carbs in general
• Have an infection
• Are ill
• Are under stress
• Become inactive or exercise less than usual
• Take part in strenuous physical activity, especially when your blood sugar levels are high and insulin levels are low

Signs And Symptoms Of Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia doesn't cause symptoms until glucose values are significantly elevated — usually above 180 to 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or 10 to 11.1 millimoles per liter (mmol/L). Symptoms of hyperglycemia develop slowly over several days or weeks. The longer blood sugar levels stay high, the more serious the symptoms become. However, some people who've had type 2 diabetes for a long time may not show any symptoms despite elevated blood sugar levels. Recognizing early signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia can help you treat the condition promptly. Watch for:
• Frequent urination
• Increased thirst
• Blurred vision
• Fatigue
• Headache
Later signs and symptoms
If hyperglycemia goes untreated, it can cause toxic acids (ketones) to build up in your blood and urine (ketoacidosis). Signs and symptoms include:
• Fruity-smelling breath
• Nausea and vomiting
• Shortness of breath
• Dry mouth
• Weakness
• Confusion
• Coma
• Abdominal pain
How to avoid hyperglycemia
The best way to avoid hyperglycemia is basically homemade remedies. Some of the best homemade safeties guides are eat fewer calories, less carbohydrate, exercise regularly but not intense. There is also need to work on your feeding habits.

The rate of unemployment in today’s society is alarming and a concern to many especially students who are writing their undergraduate projects. The rate of unemployment is prevalence in developing countries and because of this, undergraduate students are scared and unsure about what the future holds for them seeing the multitude that are yet to be employed or have anything doing. The thought of this alone have greatly affected the passion of students towards studying and even furthering their education. The zeal to study is gradually fading away. Most undergraduate students just go to school to either please their family or the society. Some even go to school just to fulfill all righteousness but has absolutely nothing to do with their choice or desire and that the reason for many drop outs and low grades in school.
The reality of today as seen is that most millionaires and business tycoons are not graduates and this fact discourages the younger ones who want to go to school to better their lives and make positive contributions to the society. But unfortunately, most of these dreams are killed by the rate on unemployed graduate in the country thereby discouraging others.

UNEMPLOYMENT

The unemployment rate is a useful measure of the underutilization of the labour supply. It reflects the inability of an economy to generate employment for those persons who want to work but are not doing so, even though they are available for employment and actively seeking work. Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment.

HOW UNEMPLOYMENT RATE AFFECT UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS COMMITMENT TOWARDS ACADEMIC PURSUIT
ACADEMIC COMMITMENT

Unemployment has greatly affected students’ commitment towards academic pursuit in the sense that when they hear and read about the rate of unemployment in the society, it makes them feel as though they are wasting their time studying since its obvious the society has nothing for them. Most undergraduate students feel there is no need to study hard since there won’t be an opportunity for them to practice what they studied. however, this can affect greatly on their academic performance and commitment to be the best in their field of study.
Therefore, the motivation to study will no longer be there which eventually will lead to poor academic performance and negligence towards academic pursuit. These has got some youths saying “school na scam”. Meaning there is nothing for the graduate who has gone through a lot to study with the purpose of impacting his/her world positively. It is disheartening and heart breaking to spend such years in schooling only to come out and be unemployed for years. However, undergraduate students must understand that studying or going to school isn’t a total waste of time and effort because you never can tell when an opportunity will come calling and the only gateway to grasping such an opportunity is your educational qualification. So imagine when you are not educated or a graduate, you automatically lose such an opportunity.
More so, for those who would want to go into business, also needs education because it will give them an edge over their illiterate competitors. Education is light and it will help you with knowledge on how to package your products and services which an illiterate won’t do because he/she isn’t educated.

CONCLUSION

Conclusively, unemployment has corrupted the minds of undergraduate students who initial desire and dreams is to be highly educated and graduate with good grades. But the unemployment rate in the country is a weakening factor and a discouragement to many.
There is an urgent call to the government to provide more jobs opportunities for graduate as this will serve as a motivation for them to study well and see the good reasons for been educated.

Pregnancy is a critical stage of development. During this period the nutrition of the mother greatly influences the growth and wellness of the foetus as well as that of the mother. That is why it is important for pregnant women to be mindful and critical about their nutrition.
During pregnancy optimal nutrition is very important and necessary to maintain the health of the mother and ensure a safe and healthy delivery. It also helps in reducing the risk of birth defects, foetal development and serious health challenges in childhood.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines poor nutrition as ‘the cellular imbalance between the supply of nutrients and energy and the body’s demand for them to ensure growth, maintenance, and specific functions’. Contrary to the common use, the term malnutrition refers not only to deficiency states but also to excess and imbalance in the intake of calories, proteins and/or other nutrients.
However, studies from some undergraduate project topics I have come across, I came to conclusion that poor nutrition often result in pregnancy complications and poor obstetric outcomes. Pregnant women in Sub-Saharan Africa are mostly at risk of poor nutrition because of the level of poverty, food insecurity, political and economic instabilities, frequent infections, and unplanned pregnancies.
Therefore, the main nutritional problems affecting these women are maternal under- and over-nutrition and deficiencies of key pregnancy micronutrients like vitamin A, vitamin D and iron which can be gotten from good balanced diet and a good nutrition.
Consequently, poor nutrition and health challenges during pregnancy such as anaemia, tube defects, low birth weight, maternal and neonatal mortality are most common in developing countries.
Women should be made to understand the importance of a health nutrition during pregnancy to avoid complications during or after child birth.

POOR NUTRITION

Malnutrition is a serious condition that happens when your diet does not contain the right amount of nutrients. It means "poor nutrition" and can refer to: under nutrition not getting enough nutrients.
When your meal doesn’t contain the classes of food is considered poor nutrition because you will lacking in some nutrients that the body needs to function properly.

HOW NUTRITION AFFECT PREGNANT WOMEN

Nutrition affects a great deal on pregnant women because pregnancy and breastfeeding predispose to under nutrition due to deficient intake of appropriate food requirement as a result of increased nutritional demand or losses. Children who are malnourished are not spared from the effects of poor nutrition. They are more likely to be faced with cognitive impairments, stunted growth, lower immune system and possibly death.
Therefore, a balanced amount of nutrients is necessary for the proper functioning of the general body system. Nutrition is like the fundamental pillar and strength of the human life, health and development throughout the entire life span. That is why it is advisable to eat health and nutritious meals because they are essential for survival, physical growth, mental development, performance and productivity, health, and general wellbeing.
Nevertheless, Poor nutrition in pregnancy negatively or adversely affects the woman’s health and that of the unborn child. To the mother, it causes weakness and lethargy, anaemia, weakness during child birth and loss of life for both the mother and the foetus and also reduces the woman’s lactation performance.
However, nutrition requirements and needs vary with age, gender, and during physiological changes such as pregnancy. Pregnancy is such a critical phase in a woman's life when the expecting mother needs optimal nutrients of superior quality to support the developing fetus and improve her health condition to avoid any form of pregnancy complications.

CONCLUSION

Conclusively, it can be said that an adequate nutritional status of pregnant women is essential for their health and that of the child as well as pregnancy outcomes. Due to increased nutritional requirements, pregnancy is a critical period for meeting the body’s demand for macro/ micro nutrients. Thus, anemia and vitamin A are common micronutrient deficiencies that affect pregnant women around the world most especially women in developing countries.
In general, fetal exposure to malnutrition is associated with congenital anomalies, intrauterine growth restriction, lower birth weight, stunting in childhood, shorter adult height, lower educational attainment, and reduced economic productivity. Stunted women often encounter greater risks during pregnancy such as obstructed labor, while low birth weight babies from malnutrition have been linked to an increased risk of obesity later life.

Human resource management has that have the potential to improve and sustain organizational performance. Organizations today have increasingly become aware of the importance of Human Resource Management. This awareness in a system is a critical dimension in the performance of organizations. Most organizations today are undergoing some structural, operational, and business strategic changes with the aim of improving their organizational performance.
According to some undergraduate projects I read online, I found out that the organization’s competitive strategy may include mergers and acquisitions, downsizing to increase efficiency, internal operations, or the acquisition of automated production technology. These strategic decisions determine the demand for skills and human resource. Incompetent and unbalanced: resourcing, training, development, reward, and appraisal methods have led to poor performance. These practices include emphasis on employee selection based on fit with the company’s culture, emphasis on behavior, attitude, and necessary technical skills required by the job, compensation contingent on performance, and employee empowerment to foster team work, among others.
Human Resource Management indicates the policies, practices and procedures that persuade the behaviors, attitudes and also performance of employees. So, Human Resource Management (HR) practices are involved in recognizing Human Resource Management (HR) needs, getting pools of applicants, screening them and then giving them training, compensating, evaluating and further involved in labor relations, health and safety programs and also concerned towards fairness. Hence the effective execution of HRM practices in organizations is the main foundation in order to create a unique edge and it has positive relationship with the company performance.

ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

Organizational performance covers both what has been achieved and how it has been achieved. Performance is measured through key performance indicators which are usually to do with financial results or productivity.
Organizational performance refers to both short term and long term measurable outcomes which contribute to the sustainability of the organization. These outcomes could include financial, human/social and environmental outcomes. However, the emphasis is on the way these outcomes contribute to the long term financial survival and adaptation of the organization.

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Human Resource Management is a strategic, integrated and coherent approach to the employment, development and well-being of people working in organizations. The overall purpose of human resource management is to ensure that the organization is able to achieve success through people. HRM aims to improve organizational effectiveness and capability-the capacity of an organization to achieve its goals by making the best use of the resources available to it.

ROLES OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

The role of human resource management are employment security; Selective hiring of new personnel; Self-managed teams and decentralization of decision making as the basic principles of organizational design; Comparatively high compensation contingent on organizational performance; Extensive training; Reduced status distinctions and barriers, including dress, language, office arrangements, and wage differences across levels and Extensive sharing of financial and performance information throughout the organization.
Human resource management practices can also improve organizational performance through: Developing a psychological contract; Increasing motivation and commitment; Increasing employee skills and extending the skills base; Providing employees with extended responsibilities so that they can make full use of their skills and abilities; Instituting processes of performance management and continuous development ; Using reward management systems to convey message about what the organization believes to be important and what it is prepared to provide financial and non-financial rewards for; and Developing employee relations strategies which provide employees with a voice. HR can contribute to the achievement of competitive advantage and added value, and to total quality initiatives.

CONCLUSION

Conclusively, the potential success of a business depends on its organizational performance, which means its ability to effectively implement strategies to achieve institutional objectives. The performance of any organization depends in large part on the level of skill its leaders possess when it comes to implementing strategies.