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Strategies in learning and teaching children who are visually impaired.

1.Encourage the student to use visual aids/resources that have been prescribed (e.g. glasses, magnifiers, big-print books, etc).
2.Seat the student appropriately in the classroom (e.g. in the middle towards the front).
3.Make sure lighting is suitable.
Photo of young boy against blue sky, being lifted in the air by two handsMake efforts to eliminate the risk of glare from the desk and whiteboard.
4.If possible ensure lights are coming from behind or to the side of the student.
5.Give clear instructions as the student may misinterpret gestures and facial expressions.
Consider the use of enlarged print/magnified worksheets.
6.The less configurations on a page the better (worksheets can be cut in strips and stapled together to present less work at a time).
7.Print materials need to be clear and dark.
6.Have lined paper for assignments (the darker the lines the better).
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10 tips for good eye health

Changes to the health of your eyes can happen gradually and you may not have any obvious signs of disease. It is important to have your eyes checked on a regular basis by an optometrist or other eye care health professional. Most vision problems are avoidable or can be treated. You can take action to keep your eyes healthy.

Here are 10 actions you can take to keep your eyes healthy:

Wear a hat and sunglasses when you are outdoors. Ultraviolet light can cause damage to your eyes and, in the long term, lead to eye conditions such as cataracts.

Wear eye protection at your workplace. Sixty per cent of all eye injuries occur at work. Jobs that involve handling hazardous chemicals or the use of machinery to cut, drill, grind, hammer, sand, spray or weld increase your chances of eye injuries.

Visit your eye care health professional regularly. Regular checks may help to detect problems at an early stage, which means you can potentially have treatment before any permanent damage occurs to your eyes.

Wear eye protection when playing sports. Eye injuries can easily occur when playing sports such as fencing, squash or high-speed ball sports. It is also a good idea to protect your eyes from road grit or projectiles when riding a bicycle.

Quit smoking. Smoking damages your whole body, including the blood vessels that supply blood and nutrients to your eyes. If you are a smoker, it is not too late to improve your eye health by quitting.

Stick to a healthy diet and exercise routine. Eating fresh, healthy food and exercising regularly helps to keep your blood vessels, eyes and your body in good shape.
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Standard vision is required for effective Learning in school.

I will suggest you take your child/ward for vision screening even as they resume another term in school so as to ensure him or her is visually fit to effectively and efficiently compete with others in the classroom.

Give the gift of sight to every child by a simple donation

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Hyperopia in children


What is hyperopia?
Can it be corrected?
Symptoms of hyperopia in children
Correction of hyperopia





Hyperopia, hypermetropia or farsightedness in childhood appears as a refractive defect whereby the image is focused behind the retina, and vision is blurred. The cause may be in the eyeball or it may be because the optical power of the cornea and lens is less than necessary. There is also a certain hereditary component.

Can it be corrected?

Most children are hypermetropics at birth (physiological farsightedness), but this situation is corrected as the eye grows and develops, so farsightedness tends to decrease, until it disappears into adolescence.

If by then it has not been completely corrected, the defect is likely to persist for the rest of their life. The ability to accommodate (focus) the eye in children is greater than in adults and is usually sufficient to compensate for low farsightedness and allow seeing nearby objects well. Even so, having to make this effort of accommodation can cause eye strain, discomfort or headache, even if the farsightedness is not very high.

In those under 8 years of age, who have not yet completed their ocular development, there is a risk that high uncorrected hyperopia causes strabismus or amblyopia (lazy eye). Therefore, it is necessary to carry out visual checks on children between 3 and 8 years old.

Symptoms of hyperopia in children

Children are not aware of their defective vision, so we must be aware of other symptoms that can guide us. In case a child shows any of these symptoms, it is advisable to go to the ophthalmologist to do an eye test:

Headache: Although most are not of ocular origin, extra effort to focus closely can cause it. It usually increases in intensity as the day progresses and improves on weekends.
Endotropia: Strabismus in which one of the eyes is turned inwards. It can be totally or partially corrected.
Eye pain, stinging and tearing that cause the child to rub his eyes, blink frequently or wrinkle his forehead.
Difficulty reading and writing, poor school performance and difficulty concentrating.
Correction of hyperopia
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Why children need regular vision screenings and eye exams

As a parent, seeing your children excel in school is ecstatic. All parents do everything possible to provide their kids with the best education opportunities.

A child requires various abilities to thrive in school, and good vision is paramount. Students engage in many visual learning activities such as reading, writing, using computers, chalkboard work and sports. Eyes are constantly utilized in classroom and in outdoor activities. As such, poor vision adversely affects a child’s education and sports participation.

Demand for visual abilities increase as children progress in school. School years are important pillars in every child’s life. Parents strive to provide the best environment and resources for their kids to learn. Unfortunately, vision is often overlooked.

Understanding visual skills needed by your child to succeed in school is key.

Vision skills necessary to succeed in school
Although there are numerous vision skills beyond seeing that come together to realize academic success, eyes play a vital role. Every child requires the following vision skills to effectively read and learn:

Visual acuity: describes the ability of a child to see clearly when reading a book up close, viewing chalkboard at a distance and viewing a computer at an intermediate distance.
Eye focusing: refers to the ability to accurately and quickly keep clear vision as object distances change. For instance, when looking at the chalkboard and changing to a paper on the desk quickly back and forth.
Eye tracking: describes the ability to maintain eyes on target when looking from one object to another. For example, when moving eyes while reading a printed page or keeping an eye at a moving object like a ball.
Eye teaming: ability to use both eyes and coordinate when moving them along a page, and judging distances in sports or seeing classwork depth.
Eye hand coordination: ability to visually monitor and direct hands when hitting a ball or drawing pictures.
Visual perception: ability to organize images on a page into words, letters and ideas, understand and remember.
As kids progress in school, demand on their visual capabilities rises. Books become small and the duration spent studying and reading increases exponentially. Additional homework and classwork increases the need for a child’s vision. Sadly, some children have visual challenges.

Signs of learning related visual challenges
When some visual skills are undeveloped or underdeveloped, learning becomes difficult and stressful. Such children will typically show the following signs:

Avoid visual work like reading as much as possible
Struggle doing visual assignments with lowered efficiency or comprehension
Experience fatigue, short attention and discomfort
Slow reading and poor reading comprehension
Confusing similar words
Persistent word reversal
Difficulty identifying and reproducing shapes
Excessive eye rubbing or blinking
Crossed eyes or eyes moving independently
Double or blurred vision
Eye strain or headaches
Tilting head to use one eye, closing or covering one
Placing head very close to a book when reading
Behavioral signs such as inattentiveness and acting out
Since vision may change often during school years, frequent eye and vision care is vital. Although myopia is the most common vision challenge, some children exhibit other forms of refractive error such as astigmatism and farsightedness.

Eyeglasses and contact lenses may correct most visual issues. However, vision therapy programs can also help in enhancing vision skills.

Identifying causes of learning challenges related to vision can increase the chances of addressing them successfully.

Learning challenges related to vision
Vision is a multifaceted process that involves both the brain and the eyes. Learning challenges related to vision can affect visual input, processing and integration. They include;
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Pediatric Dry Eye Syndrome: Signs and Solutions
Dry eye syndrome in children is a rare but serious condition. That is why you should pay close attention when your child is complaining about recurring dry and itchy eyes. This condition is usually associated with a number of autoimmune, endocrine, congenital, and inflammatory disorders. Nutrition or deficiencies may also factor in the development of pediatric dry eye.

Symptoms of Pediatric Dry Eye

It is necessary that you catch the symptoms of dry eye early. This makes it easy to treat and eliminate the underlying cause of this condition. Park Slope Eye, your expert in dry eye treatment in Brooklyn, NY, notes that these are the signs you should look out for:

1. Frequent blinking

2. Redness around the eyes

3. Constant eye rubbing

4. Veers away from sources of light

5. Stinging or burning sensation in the eyes

6. Moments of blurred vision

7. Difficulty in reading, working on the computer, or any activity that requires visual attention

8. Sandy or gritty feeling inside the eyes, as if there is something inside

Common Cause of Pediatric Dry Eye

A growing number of children are spending more time in front of digital screens. Unfortunately, frequent usage of electronic devices, like laptops, tablets, and game consoles, can increase the risk of dry eyes. Allergies, inflammatory conditions, poor nutrition, and diabetes may cause this, as well. To deal swiftly with dry eye, take your child for a visit to Park Slope Eye, your trusted pediatric eye doctor in Brooklyn, NY.

Excellent Dry Eye Treatment
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Nystagmus in children

WHAT IS NYSTAGMUS?

Nystagmus is a rapid, involuntary, shaking, “to and fro” movement of the eyes. These dancing or jerking movements are usually in horizontal or vertical directions.

What are the different types of nystagmus?

Nystagmus is typically classified as congenital or acquired, with multiple subcategories.

Congenital nystagmus onset is typically between 6 weeks and several months of age. If it starts after 6 months of age, this it is considered acquired nystagmus and may require imaging such as an MRI of the brain to look for a cause of the nystagmus.

Congenital nystagmus tends to be divided into two groups, children with abnormal vision and children with normal vision. In children with impaired or abnormal vision, the eyes are unable to send back to the brain a clear message of what they are seeing. The brain needs feedback or stimulation from the eyes—through vision—to learn to keep them steady. Conditions that can be associated with this type of nystagmus include congenital cataracts, optic nerve hypoplasia, Leber’s congenital amaurosis, achromatopsia, oculocutaneous albinism, aniridia, choroidal coloboma, and severe refractive error among others. The common factor in all of these conditions is that they cause moderate to severe visual impairment in both eyes from birth. This type is sometimes referred to as “sensory nystagmus” referring to the fact that the eyes have an impaired ability to “sense” vision. This type of nystagmus tends to start around 2-3 months of age and continues throughout life.

The other type of infantile nystagmus occurs in children who have normal or near-normal vision, but the brain has an impaired motor control of eye steadiness. For this reason, this type of nystagmus is commonly referred to as “Congenital Motor Nystagmus.” This type of nystagmus is more common but frequently doesn’t have an identifiable cause. If a child presents with nystagmus in the first few months of life, typically a work-up is performed that looks for the conditions listed above, but if the eyes and brain are found to be otherwise healthy and normal in their visual function, than the diagnosis may likely be congenital motor nystagmus.

Acquired nystagmus occurs later, as early as 6 months of age but can occur anytime age thereafter. It can have many etiologies—structural and functional brain abnormalities, medication side-effects, cancer, genetic and metabolic disorders and many more. Acquired nystagmus can be associated with serious medical conditions and will usually require further evaluation with imaging studies—such as an MRI of the brain—and laboratory testing from a blood draw in order to determine a potential cause.

WHAT OCULAR/MEDICAL CONDITIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH NYSTAGMUS?

Cataract
Strabismus
Amblyopia
Optic nerve hypoplasia
Leber’s congenital amaurosis
Aniridia
Achromatopsia
Severe refractive error
Retina coloboma
Other optic nerve and retina disorders
Albinism
Medication use
Vitamin deficiency
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Trauma
Inner ear (vestibular) problems
Stroke (most common cause in older people with acquired nystagmus
Brain tumor (rare cause of acquired nystagmus)
All children and adults with new nystagmus should be evaluated by an ophthalmologist (and primary care physician) to determine if any underlying cause exists.

IS NYSTAGMUS INHERITABLE?

Most nystagmus spontaneously occurs in a child, meaning it was present in either parent nor does it run in the family. However, there are families with multiple members who have nystagmus that have helped us identify genes that run in the family that are linked to nystagmus. These genes have been found to come in multiple forms of inheritance: dominant, recessive and x-linked. Even if families who with multiple members afflicted with nystagmus, there might be a spectrum of varied degrees of severity among all those afflicted family members.

HOW DOES NYSTAGMUS AFFECT A CHILD’S VISUAL DEVELOPMENT? WHAT WILL THE VISION BE AS AN ADULT?

This question cannot be answered without first identifying what type of nystagmus the child has. If it is a congenital sensory nystagmus, then the vision will be impaired and likely poor, but not necessarily because of the nystagmus but rather the underlying cause of the nystagmus. For instance, a child with bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia (or developmentally abnormal optic nerves), the child will have poor vision predominantly due to the abnormality of the optic nerves, not to the subsequent nystagmus.

In a child with congenital motor nystagmus, where they eyes are healthy and normal, the vision can be quite good, typically 20/50 or better. It is difficult to predict early on what the eventual visual acuity will be for the child with nystagmus. The most helpful approach is performing careful testing that will help identify if there are any other problems with the eyes that could be causing the nystagmus.

WHAT DOES A PERSON WITH NYSTAGMUS ACTUALLY SEE?

Children with nystagmus typically see the world similarly to other children, but with some blurriness. To the surprise of many parents and caretakers, in congenital nystagmus the world does not actually appear to be “shaking” to the child. In contrast, individuals with adult onset or acquired nystagmus often do report the appearance of movement or “shaking” of the seen world, an experience referred to as oscillopsia.

WHY DO PEOPLE WITH NYSTAGMUS TILT OR TURN THEIR HEAD?

The severity of the eye shaking can vary upon where the individual is looking. In other words, a child with nystagmus may notice that the eyes wiggle more when they look to the right, and less when they look to the left. Because decrease wiggling or eye shaking correlates to improved vision, that child with turn their head to the right to allow them to look to their left more easily. This is called a “null point.” Not every child with nystagmus has one, or it may already be straight ahead in which case they will hold their head normally. If a child is turning their head to access their “null point,” this is a positive thing. It means they have identified a way in which they can have their best vision. The child should not be encouraged or forced to turn the head the opposite direction to “balance” things out, this only decreases their ability to see things clearly.

CAN NYSTAGMUS OCCUR IN ONE EYE?

Yes, but rarely. It is usually asymmetric rather than truly being in one eye only. It is also associated with other abnormalities within the brain or visual system and will likely need additional testing such as a brain MRI. One example of this is “Spasmus nutans,” a condition which has a triad of symptoms: nystagmus, head bobbing or nodding, and a head turn or tilt. It often looks like the nystagmus is in just one eye. However, under close observation, the nystagmus is actually in both eyes but is highly asymmetric with a high frequency “shimmering” movement.

CAN SURGERY MAKE NYSTAGMUS GO AWAY?
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THE IMPACT OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT ON A CHILD’S LEARNING ABILITY

Severe visual impairment is a profound disability and affects every aspect of the child's perception, cognitive development, learning, behaviour, interaction, emotional state and autonomy.

Visual impairment can affect:

1.The child's development of mental processes such as conceptual thought, logical memory and language.

2.His/her perception of the immediate environment, objects, learning resources and other people.

3.The time needed to take in information or perform tasks.

4.His/her ability to detect non-verbal clues, facial expressions, posture, body language, and spatial arrangements (height, width, length and shape), resulting in a delay in building up an understanding of objects or situations from separate components.

5.The child's awareness of his/her own non-verbal gestures and expressions on others.

The fact the your child is seeing doesn’t mean he or she is well sighted. Any child that is visually impaired can see like every other child but his or her vision may not be up to the standard visual acuity required for an effective learning in the class room. When a child visual acuity is below 6/12 then such a child is considered to be visually impaired and this may affect his or her learning ability. The only way to know if your child is visually impaired is to go for a comprehensive eye examination to access how well he or she can see. That little child who is not doing well in school maybe as a result of visual impairment. A child who is visually impaired should not be allow to compete in the same classroom with those children who are well sighted. A child who is visually impaired can be made to learn in the same environment with those who are well sighted if only the child’s vision is corrected. Learning be very difficult for a child who is visually impaired.


Early signs and symptoms of vision impairment

Children who have vision impairment might have normal-looking eyes. Often, it will be something about a child’s behaviour or the way he uses his eyes that makes you think there might be a problem with the way he sees.

Most babies start to focus on faces and objects by 4-5 weeks of age. By about 6-8 weeks, most babies will start smiling at the familiar faces and things they see. But if a baby has a vision impairment, you might notice she has trouble doing this.

Other signs that a baby might have a problem with his vision are if his:

1. eyes move quickly from side to side (nystagmus), jerk or wander randomly
2. eyes don’t follow your face or an object, or he 3. 3. doesn’t seem to make eye contact with family and friends
4. eyes don’t react to bright light being turned on in the room
5. pupils seem white or cloudy rather than black
6. eyes don’t appear straight but turn towards the nose or drift outwards.
An older child might:

1. hold things up close to her face
2. say she is tired or rub her eyes a lot
3. turn or tilt her head or cover one eye when looking at things up close
4. get tired after looking at things up close – for example, reading, drawing or playing handheld games
5. seem to see better during the day than at night
seem to have crossed or turned eyes or a squint (lazy eye)
6. seem clumsy – for example, she might knock things over or trip often.


Every child must have his or her checked before being admitted into the class room so as to ensure effective learning and equal playing ground for the class mates

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Pediatric Low Vision

WHAT IS LOW VISION?

Partial vision loss that cannot be corrected causes a vision impairment known as low vision. A person with low vision has decreased vision (usually defined as 20/70 or less), a decreased field of vision (peripheral vision), or both. People with low vision are not blind and usually retain some useful vision. Low vision care is about rehabilitation. It is not a cure. It’s about finding new ways to accomplish the tasks of daily life. For a child, this is about helping them in school and play.

WHAT ARE THE SIGNS OF LOW VISION?

Some signs of low vision include difficulty recognizing a familiar face, difficulty reading, difficulty seeing objects that are potential hazards such as steps, curbs, and walls. Printed material can appear broken or distorted.

What are some of the causes of Low Vision in children?

Low vision can be the result of childhood conditions such as albinism, pediatric cataracts, pediatric glaucoma, nystagmus, and retinal and optic nerve abnormalities.

WHAT IS A LOW VISION EXAM?

The pediatric low vision exam will vary depending on the age of the child. The pediatric ophthalmologist will try to gain as much knowledge as possible about your child’s visual functioning. This will include visual acuity (a measure of how small an object your child can see), refractive error (the type of eyeglass prescription that may improve your child’s vision), visual field (the extent of peripheral or side vision), eye muscle function (the alignment of the eyes and ability to move them in all directions), and color vision. Additional testing may be recommended including an electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP). These studies typically will be done in a hospital or clinic setting and may require some sedation. A low vision assessment should also be done by qualified personnel.

WHAT TYPE OF TREATMENT IS AVAILABLE FOR PATIENTS WITH LOW VISION?
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Amblyopia
What is amblyopia?

The visual system develops rapidly during a child’s first seven to ten years, when important connections that allow light to pass back and forth between the brain and the optic nerves develop. Amblyopia, also known as “lazy eye,” occurs when the brain favors one eye and develops pathways to only one eye. The condition typically begins in infancy or early childhood.

Amblyopia is the most common cause of vision problems in children, affecting 2 to 3 out of every 100 kids. If treated early, it can often be corrected. Left untreated, amblyopia can permanently impair vision and depth perception.

The condition often runs in families. A child’s chances of developing amblyopia are greater if a parent or a sibling has the condition.

There are three kinds of amblyopia:

Refractive amblyopia – This form of amblyopia may occur when there is a focusing difference between the two eyes. This may be caused by conditions such as astigmatism, hyperopia, or myopia. The brain only sees with the stronger eye, and as a consequence, the vision in the weaker eye does not develop. In some cases, vision may not develop in either eye properly when there is a significant focusing problem of both eyes. Because there are no visible signs of this type of amblyopia, and the child may not realize there is a problem, the condition often goes undetected until a child’s vision test.
Strabismic amblyopia – This form of amblyopia may occur when the eyes are not aligned properly and one eye crosses outward or inward. Strabismus and amblyopia affect between 2 and 4 percent of the population.
Deprivation amblyopia – This form of amblyopia may develop when a child has cataracts in one or both eyes that impair their vision. Cataracts are rare in children but can run in families. Cataracts be present at birth, shortly after birth, or develop as a result of trauma, steroid use, or other childhood diseases.
Doctors recommend treating a child with amblyopia before the age of 7, while the brain is still maturing, but for the best possible results, treatment should start before age 5. While treatment can improve vision for teenagers with amblyopia, there is no treatment that can restore vision to normal at that age.

What are the symptoms of amblyopia?

Symptoms of amblyopia are usually subtle, if they exist at all. The child may not notice that anything is wrong and may not say anything. Parents or teachers may notice one of the following symptoms:

misaligned eyes (strabismus)
frequent squinting, or difficulty seeing
tilting or turning their head to see better
closing or covering an eye to see
Since the eye without amblyopia has excellent vision, there are usually no symptoms, and amblyopia is most often discovered during a routine vision exam.

What causes amblyopia?

Amblyopia occurs when one eye sees better than the other eye and the brain ignores the blurred images from the other eye. Connections between the brain and the stronger eye get stronger and the connections between the brain and the weaker eye decline.

The following visual problems can trigger amblyopia:
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Why am I seeing double

Double vision occurs when a person sees a double image where there should only be one. The two images can be side by side, on top of one another, or both.

The condition can affect balance, movement, and reading ability.

If double vision affects just one eye, it is monocular. If it affects both eyes, it is binocular. Treatments depend on the cause and type, but they include eye exercises, specially designed glasses, and surgery.

This article will look at the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of double vision.

Fast facts on double vision

Here are some key points about double vision. More detail is in the main article.

Double vision, or diplopia, can result from a range of underlying conditions.
Diplopia can affect just one eye or both.
A childhood squint, or eye turn, can sometimes recur and cause double vision.
Temporary double vision can be caused by alcohol or other recreational drugs.
Treatments can include surgery, eye exercises, or corrective lenses.

Causes

double vision blurred hand crop
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Nerve or muscle damage in the eye might cause double vision.

Each eye creates its own image of the environment. The brain combines the representations from each eye and perceives them as one clear picture.

Damage to the muscles that move the eyes or the nerves that control eye movement can create a double image.

The eyes must work together to create depth of field.

Certain illnesses can weaken the muscles moving the eyes and produce double vision.

Causes of binocular double vision

A common cause of binocular double vision is a squint or strabismus.

This occurs when the eyes are not properly aligned. Strabismus is relatively common in children. However, the condition does not always result in double vision.

Strabismus causes the eyes to look in slightly different directions. This might be because the affected eye muscles have the following difficulties:

They are paralyzed or weak.
They have restricted movement.
They are too strong or overactive.
The nerves controlling the eyes muscles have abnormalities.
Sometimes, a squint can return later in life for people who had a squint as a child. In some cases, the treatment of a squint can actually cause double vision, despite the individual’s vision being normal before the squint was treated.

This is because the brain had been suppressing signals from one of the eyes in an attempt to maintain normal vision.

Other conditions can cause double vision include:

Thyroid dysfunction: The thyroid gland is in the neck and produces a hormone called thyroxine. Changes in thyroid function can affect the external muscles that control the eye. This includes Grave’s ophthalmopathy, in which the eyes can appear to protrude because fat and tissue build up behind the eye.
Stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA): In a stroke, blood fails to reach the brain due to an obstruction in the blood vessels. This can affect the blood vessels supplying the brain or nerves controlling the eye muscles and cause double vision.
Aneurysm: An aneurysm is a bulge in a blood vessel. This can press on the nerve of the eye muscle.
Convergence insufficiency: In this condition, the eyes do not work together correctly. The cause is unknown, but it is thought to be due to the muscles that control the eye not lining up correctly.
Diabetes: This can affect the blood vessels that supply the retina at the back of the eye. It can also affect the nerves that control eye muscle movements.
Myasthenia gravis: This can cause weakness in the muscles, including those that control the eyes.
Brain tumors and cancers: A tumor or growth behind the eye can interfere with free movement or damage the optic nerve.
Multiple sclerosis: MS is a disease that affects the central nervous system, including the nerves in the eyes.
Black eye: An injury can cause blood and fluid to collect around the eye. This can put pressure on the eye itself or the muscles and nerves around it.
Head injury: Physical damage to the brain, nerves, muscles, or eye socket can restrict the movement of the eye and its muscles.
Causes of monocular double vision

If double vision is noted when one eye is covered but not the other, this is referred to as monocular double vision.

cataract double vision
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Cataracts are a possible cause of double vision.
Monocular double vision is less common than binocular double vision. The following conditions can cause monocular double vision and can be caused by the following conditions:
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9 Tips to Protect Children from Digital Eye Strain

Girl Looking at Digital Tablet
After the holidays, many homes are full of exciting new electronics loaded with the latest apps and games. Kids of all ages are likely having a blast as they learn the amazing new capabilities of their devices. If you have children who are spending more time on digital devices this season, take a moment to notice just how much screen time they are getting and if, during all of this excitement, they begin complaining that their eyes hurt.

What is Digital Eye Strain?
While new tablets, smartphones, computers and TVs can provide hours of entertainment and discovery, they can also have an adverse effect on our vision. Staring at digital screens can cause hazy, blurred vision and can make eyes burn and feel dry, itchy and irritated. This condition is known as digital eye strain or computer vision syndrome. Other symptoms of digital eye strain can include:

Problems focusing
Neck and shoulder pain
Headaches
Fatigue
Words moving on the screen (due to underlying eye alignment issues)
According to Sarah Hinkley, associate professor at Ferris State University Michigan College of Optometry and spokeswoman for the American Optometric Association, digital eye strain is a nationwide problem, and it is occurring more frequently in kids. “As children acquire cellphones at younger ages and are using them more frequently during the day,” Hinkley explains, “we are seeing the symptoms presenting in younger children more than we have before” (Source: Gunnar).

Don’t Banish the Device. Train the Operator
Electronics are great tools for education and leisure. Children do not naturally set boundaries for themselves, so adults can help by teaching moderation. It begins with having conversations with kids about digital eye strain and how electronic devices affect eye health. You can even ask them to help set guidelines for electronics and come up with a family plan. Here are some tips to get you from digital strain
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Childhood Myopia

Everything About Childhood Myopia.

PREVALENCE OF MYOPIA IN SINGAPORE
Myopia is the top visual impairment among Singaporeans. Roughly 28% of Primary 1 and about 65% of Primary 6 students are diagnosed with myopia. However, the percentage had remained stable for the past decade. There are more children now with myopia than there was in the past, as children compete in a highly educated society, with many investing most of their time in making education their top priority, along with the increased availability of electronic devices and smartphones.

SO WHAT IS MYOPIA? (short-sightedness)
Myopia is a condition of an elongated eyeball, causing distant objects to be incorrectly focused in front of the retina, thereby resulting in blurred vision. Myopia progresses as the eyeball grows and can occur as infant as juvenile years. There’s a need for early detection and treatment.

High degree of myopia comes with the risk of a higher probability of early-onset cataract, glaucoma and retinal detachment in adulthood, which may give rise to severe damage and possibly leading to total loss of vision.

CAUSES:
Genetics. Children with parental history of myopia were found to be more likely to develop myopia. Studies have revealed that 18.2% in children with one myopic parent and 32.9% in children whose both parents are myopic, are prone to develop myopia early. (Mutti DO et al., 2002)
Environmental factors also play a role, as in 2008, researchers assessed the relationship of indoor and outdoor activities with the prevalence of myopia in children and the assessment revealed that higher levels of outdoor activities with UV exposure correlates to lower myopia prevalence. (Kathryn A.Rose et.al, 2008)
SYMPTOMS
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Astigmatism
What is astigmatism?

Astigmatism is a common condition that causes blurry vision. Typically, the cornea, the clear outer layer of the eye, is dome-shaped, like the top of a basketball. But with astigmatism, the cornea is shaped more like a football. This changes the way light enters the eye and makes objects both near and far appear blurry. A child can have astigmatism in one or both eyes.

Astigmatism is common in infants and often clears up on its own by the time a child is one year old. Children with myopia (nearsightedness) or hyperopia (farsightedness) are more likely to have astigmatism. Astigmatism affects Hispanic children at higher rates than other children.

Astigmatism is a refractive error. Nearsightedness (myopia) and farsightedness (hyperopia) are also refractive errors.

Hyperopia is a condition in which an image of a distant object becomes focused behind the retina, making objects up close appear out of focus.
Myopia is a condition in which, opposite of hyperopia, an image of a distant object becomes focused in front of the retina, making distant objects appear out of focus.
Up to 28 percent of children have at least one of these common vision problems, which tend to run in families.

Children with undiagnosed astigmatism may struggle in school, which teachers or parents could wrongly interpret as a sign of a learning disability. It is important for all children to have regular eye exams, starting when they are infants and throughout their school years. Prescription eyeglasses can correct a child’s vision.

What are the symptoms of astigmatism?
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Glaucoma tend to run in families which means it is hereditary, if there is an ocular history of glaucoma in ur family there is about 80% chance of you having it in the long run. But for now you may not experience symptoms because glaucoma takes years to manifest and at the time it manifest damage may have been done to your eyes, so the way out is for you to always go for regular eye examination where an eye pressure test will be done for you. Mind you glaucoma can also be acquired through excessive smoking and taking of hard drugs, so someone who has an history of glaucoma in the family and also engage in excessive smoking and taking of hard drugs will automatically develop the condition in time and the severity may be worst.
Glaucoma has no permanent cure but can be damaged with anti- glaucoma medications when it is detected on time but when some percentage of vision has been loss the drugs can only but work to preserve the vision let but not to restore what is loss.

What is congenital glaucoma?
The optic nerve is a nerve cord composed of more than one million nerve fibres that connect the retina to the brain. In order to ensure good vision, it is essential that the optic nerve is healthy. Glaucoma encompasses a group of ocular diseases that cause progressive damage to the optic nerve. This damage can result in a reduced visual field and even a complete loss of vision if the condition is not treated.

It is common in adulthood, but some forms of glaucoma, such as congenital glaucoma, only occur in childhood. This is a very rare condition affecting 1 out of every 30,000 live births, but it can cause severe and irreversible loss of vision in children who are affected.

What causes congenital glaucoma?
There is a space inside the eye known as the anterior chamber. This space is full of a clear fluid called aqueous humour that bathes the structures of the eye and maintains its optical properties. It constantly enters and exits the anterior chamber. It drains through the angle formed by the cornea and the iris. The function of this angle is to allow the aqueous humour to flow out of the eye and ensure that the intraocular pressure is stable and does not damage the optic nerve. It is therefore essential that the angle remains open so that the aqueous humour can drain from the eye.

In congenital glaucoma, the intraocular pressure increases because there is a birth defect in the development of the angle of the eye as a result of poor development of the eye. This means that the aqueous humour cannot flow out normally, so the intraocular pressure increases and leads to optic nerve damage.

How is it diagnosed?
Congenital glaucoma is detected through a full eye examination, which is usually carried out under sedation in the operating theatre in the case of babies and children under three years of age.

The examination consists of:

Examination of the front part of the eye: This aims to assess the condition of the cornea and the angle and then determine the most appropriate surgical procedure for each case.
Examination of the fundus: After dilating the pupils with eye drops, the ophthalmologist looks through a special magnifying lens to examine the retina and optic nerve and identify any signs of damage. Glaucoma causes a progressive loss of nerve fibres from the optic nerve, resulting in a gap (excavation) that increases in size as the disease develops.
Tonometry: This is performed to measure eye pressure. To perform this test, the ophthalmologist applies some drops to numb the eyes and then places an instrument on the eye to measure the pressure. Normal ocular pressure is between 10 and 20 mm of mercury.
Symptoms of congenital glaucoma
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Trachoma in children
Trachoma (truh-KOH-muh) is a bacterial infection that affects your eyes. It's caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Trachoma is contagious, spreading through contact with the eyes, eyelids, and nose or throat secretions of infected people. It can also be passed on by handling infected items, such as handkerchiefs.
At first, trachoma may cause mild itching and irritation of your eyes and eyelids. Then you may notice swollen eyelids and pus draining from the eyes. Untreated trachoma can lead to blindness.

Trachoma is the leading preventable cause of blindness worldwide. Most trachoma cases occur in poor areas of Africa, where 85% of people with active disease reside. In areas where trachoma is prevalent, infection rates among children under 5 can be 60% or more.

Early treatment may help prevent trachoma complications.

Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of trachoma usually affect both eyes and may include:

Mild itching and irritation of the eyes and eyelids
Eye discharge containing mucus or pus
Eyelid swelling
Light sensitivity (photophobia)
Eye pain
Eye redness
Vision loss
Young children are particularly susceptible to infection. But the disease progresses slowly, and the more painful symptoms may not emerge until adulthood.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified five stages in the development of trachoma:

Inflammation — follicular. The early infection has five or more follicles — small bumps that contain lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell — visible with magnification on the inner surface of your upper eyelid (conjunctiva).
Inflammation — intense. In this stage, your eye is now highly infectious and becomes irritated, with a thickening or swelling of the upper eyelid.
Eyelid scarring. Repeated infections lead to scarring of the inner eyelid. The scars often appear as white lines when examined with magnification. Your eyelid may become distorted and may turn in (entropion).
In-turned eyelashes (trichiasis). The scarred inner lining of your eyelid continues to deform, causing your lashes to turn in so that they rub on and scratch the transparent outer surface of your eye (cornea).
Corneal clouding (opacity). The cornea becomes affected by an inflammation that is most commonly seen under your upper lid. Continuous inflammation compounded by scratching from the in-turned lashes leads to clouding of the cornea.
All the signs of trachoma are more severe in your upper lid than in your lower lid. Without intervention, a disease process that begins in childhood can continue to advance into adulthood.

When to see a doctor

Call your doctor if you or your child has itchy or irritated eyes or discharge from the eyes, especially if you live in or recently traveled to an area where trachoma is common. Trachoma is a contagious condition. Treating it as soon as possible helps prevent serious infection.

Causes
Trachoma is caused by certain subtypes of Chlamydia trachomatis, a bacterium that can also cause the sexually transmitted infection chlamydia.

Trachoma spreads through contact with discharge from the eyes or nose of an infected person. Hands, clothing, towels and insects can all be routes for transmission. In developing countries, eye-seeking flies also are a means of transmission.

Risk factors
Factors that increase your risk of contracting trachoma include:

Crowded living conditions. People living in close contact are at greater risk of spreading infection.
Poor sanitation. Poor sanitary conditions, inadequate access to water, and lack of hygiene, such as unclean faces or hands, help spread the disease.
Age. In areas where the disease is active, it's most common in children ages 4 to 6.
Sex. In some areas, women's rate of contracting the disease is two to six times higher than that of men. This may be attributed to the fact that women have more contact with children, who are the primary reservoir of infection.
Flies. People living in areas with problems controlling the fly population may be more susceptible to infection.
Complications
One episode of trachoma caused by Chlamydia trachomatis is easily treated with early detection and use of antibiotics. Repeated or secondary infections can lead to complications, including:

Scarring of the inner eyelid
Eyelid deformities, such as an inward-folding eyelid (entropion) or ingrown eyelashes (trichiasis), which can scratch the cornea
Corneal scarring or cloudiness
Partial or complete vision loss
Prevention of trachoma
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Colour vision deficiency (colour blindness) in children

People with colour vision deficiency find it difficult to identify and distinguish between certain colours.

It's sometimes called being "colour blind", although total colour blindness (an inability to see any colour) is very rare.

Colour vision deficiency is usually passed on to a child by their parents (inherited) and is present from birth, although sometimes it can develop later in life.

Most people are able to adapt to colour vision deficiency and it's rarely a sign of anything serious.

Types and symptoms of colour vision deficiency

Most people with colour vision deficiency have difficulty distinguishing between shades of red, yellow and green.

This is known as "red-green" colour vision deficiency. It's a common problem that affects around 1 in 12 men and 1 in 200 women.

Someone with this type of colour vision deficiency may:

find it hard to tell the difference between reds, oranges, yellows, browns and greens
see these colours as much duller than they would appear to someone with normal vision
have trouble distinguishing between shades of purple
confuse reds with black
In rare cases, some people have trouble with blues, greens and yellows instead. This is known as "blue-yellow" colour vision deficiency.

Tests for colour vision deficiency

Ask for a colour vision test at an opticians if you think you or your child may have a colour vision deficiency, particularly if it started suddenly or is getting worse.

Colour vision tests do not usually form part of the routine NHS eye test, but you can specifically ask for them.

Two of the main tests used to diagnose colour vision deficiency are:

the Ishihara test, where you're asked to identify numbers contained within images made up of different coloured dots
colour arrangement, where you're asked to arrange coloured objects in order of their different shades
There are a number of online tests using similar techniques that may help detect a possible problem, but it's best to have a proper test at an opticians if you have any concerns about your colour vision.

Issues for people with a colour vision deficiency

Colour vision deficiency is not usually anything to be concerned about.

Most people get used to it over time, it will not normally get any worse, and it's rarely a sign of anything serious.

But it can sometimes cause issues such as:

difficulty at school if colours are used to help with learning
problems with food, such as identifying whether meat is fully cooked or whether fruit is ripe
getting medications confused if they're not clearly labelled
trouble identifying safety warnings or signs
slightly limited career choices – certain jobs, such as pilots, train drivers, electricians and air traffic controllers, may require accurate colour recognition
Overall, many people with a colour vision deficiency have few, if any, difficulties. They can do most normal activities, including driving.

Treating and living with a colour vision deficiency

There's currently no cure for inherited colour vision deficiency, although most people are able to adapt to it over time.

It may help to:

tell your child's school if they have problems with their colour vision so learning materials can be adapted accordingly
ask your friends or family for help – for example, they can help you choose matching clothes and check whether food is safe to eat
install good-quality lighting in your home to help you distinguish colours
make use of technology – computers and other electronic devices often have settings you can change to make them easier to use, and there are a number of mobile phone apps available that can help identify colours for you
try special tinted lenses – these are worn in 1 or both eyes to help you distinguish between certain colours, although they only seem to work for some people
Visit Colour Blind Awareness for more information and advice about living with colour vision deficiency.

If your colour vision deficiency is caused by an underlying condition or a medication, your symptoms may improve by treating the cause or using a different medicine.

Causes of colour vision deficiency

In the vast majority of cases, colour vision deficiency is caused by a genetic fault passed on to a child by their parents.

It occurs because some of the colour-sensitive cells in the eyes, called cones, are either missing or do not work properly.

Occasionally, colour vision deficiency may develop later in life as the result of:

an underlying health condition, such as diabetes, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration and multiple sclerosis
a side effect of a medication, including digoxin, ethambutol, chloroquine, hydroxychloroqine, phenytoin and sildenafil
exposure to harmful chemicals, such as carbon disulphide and styrene
Many people also find it more difficult to distinguish between colours as they get older. This is normally just a natural part of the ageing process.


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Childhood Dyslexia

Dyslexia is a learning disorder that involves difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words (decoding). Also called reading disability, dyslexia affects areas of the brain that process language.

People with dyslexia have normal intelligence and usually have normal vision. Most children with dyslexia can succeed in school with tutoring or a specialized teaching.
Though there's no cure for dyslexia, early assessment and intervention result in the best outcome. Sometimes dyslexia goes undiagnosed for years and isn't recognized until adulthood, but it's never too late to seek help.

Symptoms
Signs of dyslexia can be difficult to recognize before your child enters school, but some early clues may indicate a problem. Once your child reaches school age, your child's teacher may be the first to notice a problem. Severity varies, but the condition often becomes apparent as a child starts learning to read.

Before school

Signs that a young child may be at risk of dyslexia include:

Late talking
Learning new words slowly
Problems forming words correctly, such as reversing sounds in words or confusing words that sound alike
Problems remembering or naming letters, numbers and colors
Difficulty learning nursery rhymes or playing rhyming games
School age

Once your child is in school, dyslexia signs and symptoms may become more apparent, including:

Reading well below the expected level for age
Problems processing and understanding what he or she hears
Difficulty finding the right word or forming answers to questions
Problems remembering the sequence of things
Difficulty seeing (and occasionally hearing) similarities and differences in letters and words
Inability to sound out the pronunciation of an unfamiliar word
Difficulty spelling
Spending an unusually long time completing tasks that involve reading or writing
Avoiding activities that involve reading
Teens and adults

Dyslexia signs in teens and adults are similar to those in children. Some common dyslexia signs and symptoms in teens and adults include:

Difficulty reading, including reading aloud
Slow and labor-intensive reading and writing
Problems spelling
Avoiding activities that involve reading
Mispronouncing names or words, or problems retrieving words
Trouble understanding jokes or expressions that have a meaning not easily understood from the specific words (idioms), such as "piece of cake" meaning "easy"
Spending an unusually long time completing tasks that involve reading or writing
Difficulty summarizing a story
Trouble learning a foreign language
Difficulty memorizing
Difficulty doing math problems
When to see a doctor

Though most children are ready to learn reading by kindergarten or first grade, children with dyslexia often can't grasp the basics of reading by that time. Talk with your doctor if your child's reading level is below what's expected for his or her age or if you notice other signs of dyslexia.

When dyslexia goes undiagnosed and untreated, childhood reading difficulties occurs.
Causes
Dyslexia tends to run in families. It appears to be linked to certain genes that affect how the brain processes reading and language, as well as risk factors in the environment.
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