Saocv's Posts
Nairaland Forum › Saocv's Profile › Saocv's Posts
University of Nairobi students’ president, Ann Mwangi Mvurya, has rubbished rumours suggesting she could be seeing Sonko after she was pictured in the governor’s City Hall office shortly after being declared the students poll winner. Twenty-year-old Ann Mwangi Mvurya won the University of Nairobi Students Association (UNSA) race for chairperson by garnering 24 votes against her closest challenger, Samuel Ayoma’s 8 in polls held on Friday, April 5. Being the first female learner to lead UoN student governing council, the Third Year Bachelor of Law student was showered in praise and approval by many Kenyans, including Nairobi Governor Mike Sonko. Mr Sonko even invited her to City Hall, and took pictures with her, sending the rumour mill into overdrive. read more here https://sandekennedy.com/confirmed-uon-student-leader-ann-mwangi-mvurya-dating-govonoe-mike-sonko/
|
In the crime-ridden borderlands where Zimbabwe and South Africa meet, donkeys have been sought-after by smuggling syndicates since late 2015 because they are silent and can transport heavy cargo across the rough terrain. In the crime-ridden borderlands where Zimbabwe and South Africa meet, donkeys have been sought-after by smuggling syndicates since late 2015 because they are silent and can transport heavy cargo across the rough terrain. Donkey’s are being used in rural Africa for heavy agriculture work. Recently, however, the beasts of burden have themselves become targets of smugglers and traders who sell them to abattoirs in South Africa, which export their hides and meat to China. Thousands of Donkeys are slaughtered in Africa every day… for China. Edmore Mathibela leads a cross-border smuggling syndicate that operates in the Madimbo Corridor, on the South African side of the border. Donkeys drag a luxury car stolen from South Africa across the dry Limpopo River border into Zimbabwe. The vehicle was seized by police near Beitbridge border post in August 2017. Photo courtesy SAPS “For the right money, we smuggle cigarettes, bales of clothing, minerals and stolen cars parts. We also run live cargo like human border jumpers and stolen livestock, which can be cattle, goats or donkeys,” he said. “Most donkey thefts on the Zimbabwean side are perpetrated by locals who are hired by South African syndicates based in Limpopo province. We help with smuggling them out to South Africa.” https://sandekennedy.com/china-is-slaughtering-millions-of-donkeys-in-africa-heres-why/
|
Been wondering which are the largest cities and towns in Kenya as of 2018? Well, it’s evident that the country’s population is growing at an alarming rate. Today, we take a close look at top 10 largest cities and towns in Kenya by population. All the listed towns are capitals of their respective counties. read more here >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> https://sandekennedy.com/top-10-largest-cities-and-towns-in-kenya-by-population/
|
this is religion Seun: |
Are you feeling the pain of Economic sabotage and helplessness? Kenyans in the capital city Nairobi have organized a peaceful protest scheduled for 30th April, 2019. The protests which are known as ‘Red Vests’ is organized by like-minded Kenyans who are appalled by the runaway corruption. Kenya is a beautiful country with diverse resources but it is being plunered by a few families which have been in leadership since independence. Ours is a criminal aristocracy that eats everything on its way. The current Jubilee regime has been the most kleptomaniac. Every state official is stealing from the coffers of their respective government institution. The president, Uhuru Kenyatta, seems out of touch.He continues to borrow without sealing the loopholes for corruption. Kenyans are not stupid, only fearful. None has had the courage to organize people to protest the ills the country is in. On the contrary, many wananchis are even afraid of what might happen in case abrupt demos are organized, making them shout down those who want good for out country. https://sandekennedy.com/the-revolution-kenyans-have-been-waiting-for-is-here/
|
This is a guide on how to apply for a work permit in Kenya. Foreign nationals who wish to work in Kenya are required by the law to obtain a work permit. A work permit is a document issued by the director of immigration services to enable foreign nationals to engage actively in trade, professional employment, farming, missionary activities and business. There are different types of permits and we have simplified the application process for each of them in the table below complete with the requirements. FOllow this ling and get real info and steps on how you can get to Kenya and start a business where you are all welcome https://sandekennedy.com/how-to-apply-for-a-work-permit-in-kenya/
|
Postinor-2 commonly known as P2 has for years been an emergency contraceptive pill for preventing unwanted pregnancies but now considered a painkiller especially by campus girls. The tablet prevents pregnancy when used within 72 hours of unprotected sex. The magic tablet will, however, not prevent you from contracting sexually transmitted diseases’ reads a disclaimer on the pills package but despite this, many campus girls are not bothered by the risks involved in unprotected sex as long as they are not getting pregnant and are now popping them faster than a chicken swallowing grains. On most Friday evenings you can’t help but notice skimpily dressed girls and young men with funny haircuts and attires at campus gates boarding matatus heading in different directions in twos. This is where the madness starts.See Also: Facts about affairs in relationships After all, it’s the start of the weekend and no one will be needed in class till Monday morning and thanks to the Higher Education Loans Board and their parents’ pockets, they are loaded. Club hopping and experiments with all sort of drugs and alcohol as well as sex escapades thrill the weekend nights. With young and hot blood running in their veins they end up engaging in unprotected intercourse either knowingly or unknowingly. Pregnancy is feared more than STIs by campus girls. The steamy weekends’ reality dawns on these girls on Monday morning and that’s how P2 comes into the picture. Mariam (not her real name) is a 2nd-year student at a leading university confessed to being a regular user of P2. “I was introduced to p2 by my friends after I went out with my boyfriend and ended up having unprotected sex while drunk. I use it any time after having sex and it has really helped me continue with my studies”, said Mariam. Another student, Berryl, said, “My boyfriend first introduced me to P2 after insisting on unprotected sex assuring me that nothing would happen. Afterwards we headed to a nearby chemist where he bought me these green-packaged tablets which I later came to treasure much. I am now a regular user.” Some of the campus girls are forced to play ‘wife duties’ to their boyfriends, talk of living under one roof, cooking and feeding this guy and playing all the housewife chores believing they are in love and will get married immediately after graduation. The results being the misuse of P2 to hinder unwanted babies. The infamous pill which can be acquired over the counter is sold in a pack of two. The first pill is taken within the first 12 hours of unprotected sex and the other 12 hours later. Those in the chemist business have unending stories about young campus girls frequenting their premises to pick up the pill late on Sundays and Monday mornings. Many young campus girls are abusing this pill without thinking of the consequences. A pharmacist once confirmed to me that some are taking them even twice in a week, which poses a great health concern to them. Medical experts argue that misuse of P2 has long-term reproductive effects on women, including disrupting the normal hormonal cycle which can cause complications such as irregular bleeding and ectopic pregnancy among many others. Make a better decision and put your health and life first, do not be carried away by a minute or two pleasure which can ruin your life forever. Be smart. see more here https://sandekennedy.com/opinion-why-kenyan-girls-should-stop-misusing-p2-pregnancy-controls-pills/
|
This question will elicit a lot of hate among Sande kennedy readers but its something I feel needs to be addressed urgently. The country’s future hangs on this very important question. Who is Kenya’s most attractive female celebrity? The contenders are below link: https://sandekennedy.com/these-are-the-most-attractive-female-celebrities-in-kenya-poll-by-mpasho/ |
France since 1957 controls 85% of the national reserves of 14 African countries. All are FORCED to pay colonial taxes to France. The 14 countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea Bissau, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon) in foreign currency at the Bank of France, and can only use 15% per annum, and when they exceed the limit of 15% they are obliged to pay 65% fee under the total amount of the “loan”. (Find out what France did with Togo in 1963 three days after the country “conquered” its independence) Haiti is one of the most miserable countries in the world due to the enslavement of Africans promoted by the French empire. Until 2004, Haiti paid about 77 billion dollars in colonial rates to France. France “collects” about 500 BILLION dollars annually from countries that are hitherto coerced to pay taxes so that they are not destroyed by the French government. The colonial powers were not interested only in natural resources and raw material in the lands they set foot on. They were also interested in the languages, religions and cultures of the indigenous peoples of those lands. Therefore, colonialism both had economic-commercial and cultural-political objectives. On the other hand, it is possible to say that France left more permanent effects at cultural and political levels. For instance, it is very hard for an African country to vote against the national benefits of France at the UN today. French imperialism found itself new markets, capital, raw material and cheap labor force and established colonies or protectorates in Africa by claiming that it was their mission to “civilize” the “primitive” folks. France, for instance, as one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, did not do much to prevent the ethnic clashes and genocide in Rwanda during 1994. Due to its right to veto, the French responsibility in Rwanda was never questioned at the UN or international war crime tribunals. To maintain its dominance in Central Africa better, France established a federal structure called the “French Equatorial Africa” in 1908 and united Cameroon, Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Chad and Gabon. These countries are all independent states and are in political conflict with eachother today. It is not possible to speak of a good vicinity in North Africa either. For example, Morocco has serious problems with Mauritania and Algeria because of West Sahara issue and political reasons. In some cases, African countries tend to co-operate against eachother with the country that colonized and exploited them. That is why, it is not really possible to speak of an African solidarity, unity. https://sandekennedy.com/this-is-why-europe-is-the-monster-to-african-progress/
|
In ancient Egypt existed toilets and sewerage systems! One with the pharaohs built a city now often known as Amarna. An American urban planner noted that: “A great importance was placed on cleanliness in Amarna such as other Egyptian cities. Toilets and sewers were in use to dispose waste. Soap was created for washing the body. Perfumes and essences were their favorite for body odor. To keep the insect away from their homes they used natron. Amarna might as well be the very first planned ‘garden city’. ” Sudan has more pyramids than other country on earth – oddly enough, even more than Egypt. There are minimum 223 pyramids inside Sudanese cities of Al Kurru, Nuri, Gebel Barkal and Meroë. They are commonly 20 to 30 meters high and steep sided. The Sudanese city of Meroë is full of surviving monuments. Becoming the main city of the Kushite Empire involving 590 BC until AD 350, there are 84 pyramids in this particular city alone, many created with their own temple miniature. In addition, there are ruins of a bath house sharing affinities with those with the Romans. Its central feature is a large pool approached by way of a flight of steps using waterspouts decorated with lion heads. Bling culture really has a long and interesting history. Gold was used in order to decorate ancient Sudanese temples. One writer reported of which: “Recent excavations at Meroe and Mussawwarat es-Sufra revealed temples with walls and statues covered with gold leaf”. In around 300 BC, the Sudanese invented a writing script that had twenty-three letters which four were vowels and there is also a word divider. Hundreds of prehistoric texts have survived that have been in this script. Some are on display inside the British Museum. Within central Nigeria, West Africa’s most well-known civilization flourished between 1000 BC and 300 BC. Found in 1928, the early culture was called the Nok Civilization, named after the village that early artifacts were identified. Two modern scholars, announce that: “After calibration, the time scale of Nok art ranges from 1000 BC until finally 300 BC”. The site itself is much older going back as soon as 4580 or 4290 BC. West Africans imade stone by 1100 BC. In the Tichitt-Walata spot of Mauritania, archaeologists have found “large stone masonry villages” that date from the time of 1100 BC. The villages contain roughly circular compounds attached by “well-defined streets”. Africa Facts By 250 BC, the foundations of Western side Africa’s oldest cities were established such as Old Djenné in Mali. Kumbi Saleh, the capital of Ancient Ghana, prospered from 300 to 1240 AD. Located in modern Mauritania, archaeological excavations found revealed houses, almost habitable these days, that of course need renovation and are some stores high. These houses had underground rooms, connecting halls and staircases and. Some even had nine rooms. One part of the city alone is estimated to have housed 30, 000 men and women. West Africa had walled towns and cities inside pre-colonial period. Winwood Reade, an English historian visited West Africa inside nineteenth century and left a comment that: “There are… thousands of big walled urban areas resembling those of Europe in the MIddle Ages, of the amazing early Greece.” An English official, Lord Lugard estimated that in 1904 were 170 walled towns. They are still accessible in the whole just the Kano land of northern Nigeria. Cheques are not as new as an invention as many of us believe. In the 10th century, an Arab geographer, Ibn Haukal, went to a fringe in Ancient Ghana’s region. In a writing in 951 AD, he told of a cheque for 42, 000 golden dinars written to some merchant in Audoghast by his or her partner in Sidjilmessa. Ibn Haukal, writing in 951 AD, tells us that the King of Ghana was “the richest king around the world” who’s pre-eminence was as a result of quantity of gold nuggets that were amassed by himself or by his predecessors. The Nigerian city regarding Ile-Ife was paved in 1000 AD around the orders of a woman ruler with decorations that originated from Ancient America. Naturally, no-one really wants to explain how this happened approximately 500 years ago from the time of Christopher Columbus! Glass windows existed during that time. The residence of the Ghanaian Emperor in 1116 AD was: “A well-built fort, thoroughly fortified, decorated inside with sculptures and images, and had glass house windows.” The Grand Mosque inside Malian city of Djenné, called “the largest adobe [clay] building in the entire world”, was first made in 1204 AD. It was built on a block plan where each area is 56 meters long. It has three large towers on one side, each with projecting wooden buttresses. One of many great achievements of the Yoruba was their city culture. “By the year 1300 AD,” says a modern day archeologist, “the Yoruba men and women built numerous walled metropolitan areas surrounded by farms”. These cities were Oyo, Owu, Ijesa, Ijebu , Ketu, Igbomina, Popo, Egbado, the sixteen Ekiti principalities, Sabe, Owo, Egba, Dassa and Ondo. Yoruba metal art within the mediaeval period was of world-class. An archeologist wrote that Yoruba art “would endure comparison with anything which often Classical Greece, and Rome Ancient Egypt, or Renaissance Europe could offer.” Inside the Malian city of Gao is the Mausoleum of Askia the fantastic, a weird 16th century edifice that resembles a step pyramid. rWqzNx6 Many mediaeval tumuli have already been found across the west of the African continent. Nearly 7, 000 have been discovered in north-west Senegal which were spread over nearly 1, 500 sites. They were probably constructed between 1000 and 1300 AD. Excavations at the Malian city of Gao performed by Cambridge University discovered glass windows. One of the windows was entitled: “Fragments of alabaster window surrounds and a piece of pink window glass, Gao10th– 14th century.” Africa Facts: In the year 1999, BBC developed a television series named Millennium. The program was devoted to the fourteenth century opens with all the following disclosure: “In the fourteenth century, the century with the scythe, natural disasters were a danger to civilizations extinction. THE Black Death kills a lot more people in Europe, Parts of Asia and North Africa when compared with any catastrophe has done before. Civilizations which avoid the plague thrive. In West Africa the Empire of Mali becomes the richest on the planet. ” Malian sailors had gone to America in 1311 AD, 181 years before Columbus. A great Egyptian scholar, Ibn Fadl Al-Umari, published for this sometime around 1342. Inside the tenth chapter of his book, there is a merchant account of two large maritime voyages ordered by predecessor of Mansa Musa, a king who inherited the Malian throne in 1312. This mariner king was not named by Al-Umari; however modern writers identify him as Mansa Abubakari II. A pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 AD, a Malian leader, Mansa Musa, brought a great deal of money with him that his visit ended in the collapse of gold prices in Arabia and Egypt. It took twelve years for the economies of this region to come back to normal. West African gold mining happened on a massive scale. One modern writer stated that: “It is estimated that the total amount of gold mined in West Africa approximately 1500 was 3, 500 tons, worth more than $30 billion in today’s market.” The ancient Malian capital of Niani had a 14th century building called the Hall of Audience. The windows of the upper floor were plated using wood and framed in silver; those of the floor were plated using wood, framed in a rare metal. Mali in the 14th century was extremely urbanized. Sergio Domian, the Italian architectural and art scholar, who studied about this period of time said that: “Thus was laid the foundation of an urban civilization. With the height of its energy and power, Mali had at least 400 cities, and the inside of the Niger Delta was very densely populated”. One of the Malian cities called Timbuktu, had a 14th century population of 115, 000 people- 5 times bigger than mediaeval London. The Djinguerebere Mosque was biutl by Mansa Musa during the fourteenth century. 25, 000 students studied in the University Mosque for Oratory of Sidi Yayia. There have been over 150 Koran schools in which 20, 000 children have been educated. London, in the other hand, had a total of 20, 000 men and women in the 14th century population. National Geographic recently described Timbuktu to have been the Paris of the mediaeval time, because of their intellectual culture. According to the highly known Professor Henry Louis Entrances, 25, 000 university boys and girls studied there. Africa foto Many old African families from the West have private selection and collections of books that go back to many centuries. Chinguetti and Oudane which are cities of the Mauritanian, possess a total of 3, 450 give written mediaeval books. There could be another 6, 000 books still surviving inside other cities of Walata. Some date to the time of the 8th century. There are 11, 000 textbooks in some libraries in Niger. Finally, in Timbuktu, Mali, you can find about 700, 000 books that have survived since ancient ages. A bunch of 1600 books was considered a smaller library for a West African scholar in the early 16th century. Professor Ahmed Baba regarding Timbuktu is recorded as saying that he had the smallest library of any one his friends – only 1600 books. Relating to these old manuscripts, Jordan Palin, in his TV series Sahara, said that the imam of Timbuktu “has an amount of scientific texts that definitely show the planets circle around the sun. They date back centuries… Its convincing evidence which the scholars of Timbuktu knew greater than their ‘colleagues’ in the European countries. In the fifteenth century in Timbuktu the mathematicians knew about the rotation of the planets, they also knew about the details of the eclipse, they knew things which we’d to wait for 100 or 200 years to know in Europe when Galileo and Copernicus invented these same calculations and got in very big troubles and were given a very hard time for it.” The Songhai Empire in the 16th century in the Western part of the African continent had a government position called Minister for Etiquette and Protocol. Africa Facts: The mediaeval Nigerian location of Benin was designed to “a scale comparable with the Great Wall of China”. There was undoubtedly a big organization regarding defensive walling, in total 10, 000 miles. Even before China, The wall of Benin was in the Guinness Book of Records in the 1974th edition that described this metropolis as: “The largest earthworks on the planet made in the mechanical era.” In around 300 BC, the Sudanese invented a writing script that had twenty-three letters which four were vowels and there is also a word divider. Hundreds of prehistoric texts have survived that have been in this script. Some are on display inside the British Museum. Within central Nigeria, West Africa’s most well-known civilization flourished between 1000 BC and 300 BC. Found in 1928, the early culture was called the Nok Civilization, named after the village that early artifacts were identified. Two modern scholars, announce that: “After calibration, the time scale of Nok art ranges from 1000 BC until finally 300 BC”. The site itself is much older going back as soon as 4580 or 4290 BC. visit https://sandekennedy.com/40-interesting-africa-facts/
|
A Message to all Africans let Me Just remind you that .. Africans must know all this information More than $ 5 trillion in gold and oil were stolen in the invasion of Iraq. Remember that Saddam did not have weapons of mass destruction and was not involved in 9/11, but the wealth of his country was sacked. Then they went to Afghanistan to secure the poppy fields and the lithium mines by force after the Taliban destroyed all the poppy. After that, they went and killed Gaddafi in Libya to gain control of his more than 22 tons of gold, the 30 trillion more oil pipeline that would have brought Africa back to life and the diamonds, silver and other deposits. Throughout the world there is war and genocide for gold, oil, drugs and other natural resources and everything is for the Rothschilds, the Vatican, royalty and bankers, however, they claim that we owe billions to the same families who have stolen everything, they have plundered all countries !!!! https://sandekennedy.com/a-message-to-all-africans-let-me-just-remind-you-that/ |
Did you know? Africa has a population of 1. 3 billion Equatorial Guinea is Africa’s only spanish speaking country. South Africa is the most visited African country. Nigeria has the richest Black people in Africa. Samuel Eto’o was formerly the highest paid Footballer in the world, he received about £350,000 weekly in Russia in 2011. A person from Botswana is called a Motswana, the plural is Batswana. A person from Lesotho is called a Mosotho. A person from Niger is called a Nigerien. A person from Burkina Faso is called a Burkinabe. Nigeria has won more football cups than England. Zimbabwe’s former President, Robert Gabriel Mugabe was the world’s most educated President with 7 University degrees, two of them are Masters. Al-Ahly of Egypt is the richest football club in Africa. Didier Drogba is Chelsea’s highest goalscorer in European competition. Johannesburg, South Africa is the most visited city in Africa. Zinedine Zidane wanted to play for Àlgeria, but the selector rejected him, saying they are already many players like him in the team. President Jacob Zuma was given a special award by Fifa for refereeing on Robben Island during his years as a political prisoner. President Robert Mugabe was jailed for 11 years for fighting for freedom. President Robert Mugabe is Africa’s oldest Head of State and the world’s second oldest Head of State. He was born in 1924. Zimbabweans are the most educated Africans, literacy rates (Adult: (Adult:91.2%,Youth: 99%). Rwanda is a better country for gender equality than England and USA. Somalia got its first ATM on October 7, 2014. South Africa has the most Grammy award winners in Africa. Ethiopia has the most airports in Africa. Ethiopia’s economy is growing faster than China’s. Eritrea’s President, Isaias Afwerki is the least richest President in Africa Ethiopia is Africa’s oldest independent country, it has existed for over 3,000 years without being colonised. Haile Selassie 1 was the 225th and last Emperor of Ethiopia. Nigeria has the most monarchs in the world. Angola has more Portuguese speakers than Portugal. President Jose Eduardo Dos Santos has ruled Angola since 1979. President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo is Africa’s longest serving Head of State. He has ruled Equatorial Guinea since August 3, 1979 when he overthrew his uncle, Francisco Nguema. His son,Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue is his Vice President and will succeed him if he resigns. He started ruling Dos Santo George Weah of Liberia is the first man to win World, European and African footballer of the year in the same year. Swaziland is the only remaining absolute monach in the world. The Gambia is the smallest country in Africa followed by Swaziland. King Sobhuza ll of Swaziland took the longesttime in reigning Swaziland, 62 years as he wascrowned in 1921 and died in August 1982 at theageof 83 years. 34.1. King Sobhuza II of swaziland, married 70 wives, who gave him 210 children between 1920 and 1970. Zimbabwe is the only country in the world where almost everyone was a billionaire at one point due hyperinflation. Kenya has the highest paid members of parliament. They are paid more than those even in oil rich countries 37.Botswana has the most valuable Diamonds in the world but is one of the country with poorest people in Africa Ghana was the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to gain independence post-colonialism. Ghana was ranked as Africa’s most peaceful country by the Global Peace Index. Lake Volta, in the Volta region of the country, is the world’s largest man-made lake Uganda. There are a wide range of ethnic groups in Uganda with many different languages spoken, namely Luganda (most common), English (only a small portion speak it), Bantu, Swahili, Nilotic and Lumasaba. Christians make up 85.2% of Uganda’s population, there are a certain amount of Sikhs and Hindus, and 12% are Muslims. Tanzania is the largest country in East Africa and includes the islands of Zanzibar, Pemba and Mafia. Tanzania’s population includes around 120 different African tribal groups. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is extremely rich in natural resources but has had political instability, a lack of infrastructure. In 2009, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) had an estimated $24 trillion in untapped mineral deposits, including the world’s largest reserves of coltan and significant quantities of the world’s cobalt reserves. Malawi is home to the third largest lake in Africa, Lake Malawi Malawi tea is known across the globe. Many of the world-renowned tea brands such as Twinings, PG Tips and Five Roses use Malawi tea leaves. Zambia relies on copper as one of its biggest exports. Zambia’s South Luangwa National Park has one of Africa’s highest densities of big game. Let me add 49 for Kenya. The first African country to produce USA president, Barrack Hussein Obama https://sandekennedy.com/did-you-know-this-facts-about-africa/ |
Nollywood teen actress, Regina Daniels, has taken to social media to show off her new Mercedes Brabus, and she is no doubt a Benz lover. Taking to her social media page, Regina shared images of the new whip writing; My new baby ❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️ We can tell she is in deep love with Mercedes-Benz. Earlier this year she got herself a multi-million Naira Mercedez Benz ML 350. Many fans took to her comment section to congratulate her, while some still asked questions on her marriage. We earlier reported that the actress is allegedly married to billionaire politician, Ned Nwoko, though nothing is official yet, Daniels did little to quell the rumours after she flaunted her engagement ring in a private jet last week. https://sandekennedy.com/new-whip-alert-regina-daniels-buys-mercedes-brabusby-aanu-damilare-on-apr-24-2019/ |
That Thing is Powerful Lanry1: |