₦airaland Forum

Abstract

The study is a survey on the performance of indigenous sea farers in Nigeria coastal shipping industry, and how it has affected indigenous shipping operators since its enactment as an Act over eight years ago with so much promises and expectations from various stakeholders in the Nigerian shipping industry. Cabotage policy generally, is examined as a protectionist policy used in many countries to safeguard the local shipping industry against unfavourable competition with foreign companies, especially in the carriage of coastal cargoes within the country. The discussion thereafter narrows down to the cabotage policy in Nigeria, tracing various efforts of successive governments to bring about a policy that would cater for the interests of local shipping operators and enhance their participation in the carriage of sea-borne trade to and from Nigeria. The study also assesses the implementation of the cabotage policy. The challenges encountered and various efforts of government, aimed at overcoming those challenges and ensuring that the objectives of the Cabotage Act are attained, are also examined in the course of the study. The study also analyses the effects of the policy on indigenous shipping development in the country, using questionnaires to gauge the opinions of stakeholders, as to the success of the policy. The various findings revealed that the policy has not met the expectations of the indigenous operators. However, the study concludes that the renewed efforts of government, especially NIMASA, if sustained, will change the situation for the better. It equally proffers recommendations towards the successful attainment of the objectives of the policy.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPETR ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of problem

1.3 Objective of the study

1.4 Research Hypotheses

1.5 Significance of the study

1.6 Scope and limitation of the study

1.7 Definition of terms

1.8 Organization of the study

CHAPETR TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPETR THREE

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 sources of data collection

3.3 Population of the study

3.4 Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5 Validation of research instrument

3.6 Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix



















CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
Shipping plays an important part in the economic life of nations. This is because it provides an inexpensive way of carrying people and goods from one place to the other, compared with other modes of transport. It may be between one country and another or even within a particular country, moving from one coast to the other. The demand for shipping is an indirect one as it is not demanded as an end in itself, but only as a means to an end. In other words, it is a derived demand, since it does not create its own demand, but its demand is derived from trade in goods (Ma, 2009, pp 4-5). Generally, shipping activities have been going on for a very long time. The first known sea trade network was developed about 5,000 years ago between Mesopotamia, Bahrain and the Indus River in Western India (Stopford, 2009, p. 7). In modern times, shipping has assumed an important position in the carriage of goods and passengers across the globe. It constitutes an important component in world trade, carrying about 90% by volume of cargoes generated globally. The modern international maritime transport system falls into three zones: interregional transport, which covers deep-sea shipping; short-sea shipping, which transports cargoes of short distances and often distributes cargoes brought in by deep-sea services; and inland transport (Stopford, 2009, p. 50). Deep-sea shipping is the only economic transport between the continental landmasses for high-volume inter-regional cargoes. On the other hand, short-sea shipping provides transport within regions. It involves distribution of cargo delivered to regional centres by deep-sea vessels. However, short-sea shipping is subject to many political restrictions, one of which is cabotage, the practice of enacting laws which reserve coastal trade to ships of the national fleet of a particular country (Stopford, 2009, p. 50-51). Ocean shipping is one of those three vital economic areas whose indigenous control or lack of it may make or mar the fortunes of a country‟s socio-political independence. Of the other two – banking and insurance – significant progress at such control has been made in Nigeria. In the case of ocean shipping, Nigeria is still to have effective control in this area covering the supply and pricing of the services to the country. The government mindful of the need to develop indigenous merchant marine fleet or shipping industry has at various times initiated policies and projects to boost indigenous vessel acquisition, increase participation of Nigerians in the maritime industry, limit the domination of foreigners in the maritime industry and develop indigenous shipping industry. Notable in this respect is the acquisition of 24 vessels by the now defunct Nigerian National Shipping Line (NNSL) in the 1970s and the establishment of the Ship Acquisition and Ship Building Fund (SASF) under National Shipping Policy Act 1987 Cap. 44 LFN 1990, but all these initiatives failed to achieve their objectives. The commercial operations of carriage, goods, services and passages in the inland and coastal waters of Nigeria were still almost exclusively dominated by foreign owned and foreign crewed vessels. Consequently, in pursuance of the success of Nigeria on maritime reforms, Nigeria made a bold attempt to change the face of maritime business within its coasts or upturn the dominance of foreign owned and foreign crewed vessels when it enacted the Coastal and Inland Shipping (Cabotage) Act, 2003 to be enforced by the National Maritime Authority (NMA) now Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA). The objective of the Cabotage Act is primarily to reserve the commercial transportation of goods and services within coastal and inland waters to vessels flying the Nigerian flag and owned by persons of Nigerian citizenship. The Cabotage regime is therefore an Act that reserves the commercial transportation of goods and services within the Nigeria coastal and inland waters to vessels flying Nigeria flays, that is, vessels owned and crewed by Nigerians. Yet for about eight years, that is, since 2003, the Cabotage Act was enacted, the foreign owned and foreign crewed vessels still dominate the commercial operations of carriage, goods, services and passengers in the inland and coastal waters of Nigeria (Okoroji and Ukpere, 2011). Usoro (2003) and Biu (2007) state that despite the fact that Nigeria has about 3,000 kilometres of inland waters, six major ports and ten crude oil terminals, and several inland ports in Onitsha, Oguta, Opobo, Lokoja, Baro, Jebba, etc. Yet in the year 2000, only 139 indigenous marine vessels less than 6%, were involved in this traffic with a cargo throughput of 441, 031 tons about 1%. Indigenous shipping companies do not own any vessel for deep-sea trade and a few that participate operate the vessels on charter. A study carried out by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) on Nigeria’s maritime industry in April 1999 reported that only 97 vessels excluding fishing vessels were registered under the Nigerian flag. Out of the 97 vessels, 66 vessels were tankers, 200 vessels were cargo vessels and one passenger vessel. According to Office of the Registrar of Ships, in 2002, Nigeria has 98 tankers more and 26 cargo vessels just about 32 tankers more and 6 cargo vessels more. A closer examination of the Nigerian flagged vessels would show that most of these vessels are actually owned by foreigners. From the foregoing, Nigerian maritime sector including cabotage Subsector is undoubtedly dominated by foreign owned and foreign crewed vessels. Biu (2007) notes that, a subsequent survey conducted in 2004 by National Maritime Authority showed that only 11 out of 245 coastal vessels that operated in the Onne oil and gas free zone axis in 2003 were owned by Nigerians. During the same period out of 266 tankers that were engaged in coastal trading in the Apapa port only 44 tankers about 16.5% were Nigerian owned while 222 about 83.5% were foreign-owned. The total metric tonnage of petroleum products carried by the Nigerian owned tankers were 97,041 tons amounting 3.4% while the foreign owned tankers carried 2,745,365 metric tons amounting to 96.6% of the entire volume of cargo. This confirms the reality of foreign domination in the coastal trade. The survey also showed that West African Offshore (WAOS) chartered 16 vessels, all of which were foreign flagged, except one; and out of 183 crews, only 45 crews about 24.5% were Nigerians. Consequently, Igbokwe (2006) identifies some of the challenges and problems of enforcing the Cabotage Act which include; one, exclusion of Indigenous Shippers Association of Nigeria (ISAN) from ministerial consultation process in granting waivers; two, inadequate implementation and monitoring of inter-ministerial and inter-agency/ inter-unit wrangling and uncooperative attitudes; three, high cost of enforcement and monitoring; four, lack of political will and determination; five, lack of confidence; six, local/foreign operators’ dichotomy; and seven, resolution of Cabotage disputes/differences by the court. Generally, over the years, various countries have sought to protect their citizens by restricting participation in key sectors of the economy to the citizens, usually through restrictive/protectionist policies and although shipping is international, the maritime industries of some nations have not been immune from such policies. An instance of this is the restriction of participation in the coastal carriage of cargo of a maritime nation to the exclusive preserve of its citizens, otherwise known as cabotage (Agidee, 2003, p. 1) Maritime transport is very central to the Nigerian economy. This centrality is underscored by the very nature and structure of Nigeria‟s international trade. Nigeria‟s economy can be said to depend largely on the efficiency of international trade and commerce. Consequently, the development of maritime transport capacity becomes important for her economic survival (Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency [NIMASA], 2009, p. 4). Realizing this importance, successive governments in Nigeria since independence have made considerable efforts through various policy strategies and administrative measures to encourage indigenous shipping capacity development, even in the face of threats from developed countries that have always monopolized the trade. The climax of all these efforts was the promulgation of the National Shipping Policy Decree 10 of 1987 by the Federal Military Government. Thus, the National Maritime Authority was established to coordinate the implementation of the shipping policy This move was necessitated by the desire to fully promote and develop the nation‟s maritime resources, protect and encourage the indigenous shipping industry as well as generate accruable revenue for national development. Furthermore, in order to ensure the development of domestic shipping in Nigeria, through the empowerment of Nigerians to be able to handle all aspects of coastal and inland waterways transport, the Coastal and Inland Shipping (Cabotage) Act was enacted in May 2003. However, eight years after the promulgation of the Cabotage Act, indigenous shipping development seems not to have improved, rather, it seems to be worsening. Fleet expansion has not been achieved; instead there has been a considerable depletion of the national fleet. It is in the light of this that the researcher wishes to examine the impact of the cabotage regime on the development of indigenous shipping and to identify what has been responsible for the unimpressive performance of the local shipping lines in Nigeria‟s shipping trade, especially coastal shipping.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Shipping is a global industry handling ninety percent of the global trade (in terms of volume). This makes the industry a lifeline of world trade. Due to the mobile nature of the asset, the ship, the freight rates available in any particular route is significantly different from what is charged in others. This makes the global shipping trade/market totally dependent on what is going on at the global stage. Realizing this importance, successive governments in Nigeria since independence have made considerable efforts through various policy strategies and administrative measures to encourage indigenous shipping capacity development, even in the face of threats from developed countries that have always monopolized the trade. It is in view of the above that the researcher intends to investigate the performance of indigenous sea farers in the Nigerian coastal shipping industry

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is to investigate the performance of indigenous sea farers in the Nigerian coastal shipping industry; but to aid the completion of the study, the researcher intend to achieve the following specific objective;

To examine the effectiveness of cabotage policy in the development of indigenous shipping industry in Nigeria
To examine the role of Nigerian coastal shipping industry in Nigeria’s economic growth
To examine the relationship between marine transport and economic growth
To assess the impact of cabotage policy on indigenous shipping in Nigeria, with a view to seeing whether or not it has achieved the purpose for which it was set up;




RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following research questions were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study

How effective is cabotage policy in the development of indigenous shipping industry in Nigeria?
Does Nigerian coastal shipping industry play any role in Nigeria’s economic growth?
Is there any relationship between marine transport and economic growth?
Does cabotage policy have any impact on indigenous shipping in Nigeria?
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
To aid the completion of the study, the following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher;

H0: Nigerian coastal shipping industry does not play any role in Nigeria’s economic growth

H1: Nigerian coastal shipping industry does play a role in Nigeria’s economic growth

H0: there is no significant relationship between marine transport and economic growth

H2: there is a significant relationship between marine transport and economic growth

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of great importance to the management of NIMASA as the study will be useful in policy formulation and implementation in respect of marine transport by indigenous sea farers, the study will also be useful to indigenous sea farers and potential sea farers in respect of compliance with the government laid down rules and policies in respect of marine transport and administration. The study will also be useful to researchers who intend to embark on a study in a similar topic as the study will serve as a reference point to further research. Finally the study will be useful to students, teachers, academia’s, lecturers, government agencies and the general public as the study will contribute to the pool of existing literature on the subject matter and also add to knowledge.



SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers a survey on the performance of indigenous sea farers in the Nigerian coastal shipping industries. But in the cause of the study, there were some factors which limited the scope of the study;

a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) Organizational privacy: Limited Access to the selected auditing firm makes it difficult to get all the necessary and required information concerning the activities
1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Sea farers

A sailor, seaman, mariner, or seafarer is a person who navigates waterborne vessels or assists as a crewmember in their operation and maintenance

Coastal shipping

Coastal shipping, that is shipping within 20 nautical miles of the coastline Operations carried out in coastal areas of the country is said to be coastal shipping for ex: loading of fishes, and other resources within the country

Cabotage

Cabotage is the transport of goods or passengers between two places in the same country by a transport operator from another country

1.9 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows

Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study


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Table of content
Chapter one
1.1 General introduction
1.2 Statement of problem
1.3 Objective
1.4 Research question
1.5 Research hypothesis
1.6 Significant of the study
1.7 Scope and limitation for the study
1.8 Organization of the work.
Chapter two
2.1 Conceptual Literature
2.2 Empirical literature
2.3 Theoretical literature

Chapter three
3.1 Method of data collection
3.2 Population /Area of the study
3.3 Sample size
3.4 Data analysis
3.5 Technique of data analysis.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Introductions
4.2 Data analysis
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Summary
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendation
Appendix

Abstract
In recent times, the Nigerian economy has been experiencing significant exchange rate fluctuations, particularly depreciation in the foreign exchange market which has been accompanied with inflation. Thus, this study investigates the degree of pass through of the official and parallel exchange rates to inflation as well as the relationship between exchange rate volatility and inflation in Nigeria. This study examines the relationship between exchange rate volatility and inflation in Nigeria Specifically it sought to: explore the influence of exchange rate volatility on inflation in Nigeria; and to determine the nature and direction of causality between exchange rate and inflation in Nigeria.






CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
The degree of exchange rate volatility in the world market, particularly the Naira/Dollar exchange rate especially in the past few years is not only alarming but economically precarious. This has led to a number of questions and interest amongst economists as to the causes of this volatility especially under a floating exchange rate regime such as ours, hence necessitating the need for this research work at times like this. Exchange rate which refers to the price of one currency (usually the domestic currency) in terms of another currency is the quantity of another currency that could be purchased with a given unit of another currency. The role exchange rate plays in international economic transactions cannot be overemphasized because no nation can be economically self-sufficient due to varying factor endowment. Movements in the exchange rate have undulating effects on other macro-economic variables such as interest rate, inflation rate, unemployment, money supply, etc. This volatility can cause among other things balance of payment disequilibrium which have the tendency of bringing in inflation in case of depreciation or unemployment in case of appreciation within the economy. Apart from its inflationary tendencies, the fact that exchange rate fluctuation discourages trade and can create unemployment in the system is very certain. Take for instance, when contracts are signed to finance international trade in goods and services, the usual risks when considering whether such will result in profit being earned will be accessed. Under a floating exchange rate regime, an extra risk is added to the transaction so as to be able to account and cover any extra cost when there is a sudden fluctuation in the exchange rate. If this is not properly done, the sudden fluctuation might upset the calculated profits, hence wiping out the estimated profits. This also is highly inflationary and high inflation is generally harmful to the entire economy of any country. Exchange rate stability remains an important issue that usually dominates the policy-making agendas of governments both in the developed and developing countries. This is so because it has broad implications not only for international trade and balance of payments, but also for the general price level, for the conduct of monetary policy and for macroeconomic stability. Exchange rate refers to the rate at which one currency is exchanged for another(Jhingan,2005). It is the price of a country’s currency expressed in terms of another country’s currency. In Nigeria and indeed many developing countries, the price of foreign exchange plays a critical role in the ability of the economy to attain optimal levels in production activities(Danmola,2013). Furthermore, governments in many developing countries use exchange rate as an instrument for stabilization purposes. This is particularly so for imported commodities and those produced within an economy whose intermediate inputs and raw materials depend heavily on imports (Adelowokan, 2012). Macroeconomic performance is adjudged by three wide measures - inflation rate, output growth and unemployment rate of an economy (Ugwuanyi 2004). It is no wonder then that the issue of price stability, in addition to being the main aim of fiscal and monetary policy in both developed and developing countries, has also gained a huge amount of attention from economists and policy makers around the world. Inflation can be defined generally as the persistent rise in the prices of goods and services in an economy. It has positive as well as negative implications. Inflation might be emphatically corresponding with growth at some low levels, but at higher levels inflation is liable to be unfavorable for growth (Doguwa 2012). The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) targets about 2% rate of inflation which shows that inflation can be a serious advantage to the economy especially during periods of economic stagnation. Inflation helps in debt settlement, creates employment and boost growth. The negative effects of high inflation, on the other hand, cannot be overemphasised. Examining countries such as Germany in the early 1920s, Hungary in mid 1940s and Zimbabwe in late 2000s, further strengthens this fact (Lopez 2012). Rising level of Inflation reduces the value of a currency which further erodes the purchasing power of money. It is usually associated with higher interest rates which results in low savings and discourages investment and long-term growth. It also erodes export competitiveness and leads to balance of payment deficit. Inflation on the other hand, is also a topical macroeconomic problem that has been a priority over the years to all governments in the global economy. Inflation which refers to a sustained rise in the general level of prices- the price level (Blanchard, 2009), is one of the causes of economic retardation, and also it is a cause of both social and political unrest in many developing economies (Akinbobola, 2012). Inflation has beset the Nigerian economy over the years. Specifically, Nigeria’s inflation rate has been volatile and mostly double digit (Umo,2007). Whereas economic literature views inflation as being a monetary phenomenon, a wide range of empirical studies have identified exchange rate volatility as one of the key factors that accounts for the variations in the general price level. Specifically, in Nigeria, most studies such as Adelowokan(2012), Egwaikhide, Chete and Falokun(1994), Nwosa and Oseni (2012), Oriovwote and Eshenake(2012), Imimole and Enoma(2011) have identified the fluctuations in exchange rate as one of the proximate causes of inflation in Nigeria. Exchange rate volatility refers to the swings or fluctuations in the exchange rates over a period of time or the deviations from a benchmark or equilibrium exchange rate (Mordi, 2006). Also, it is seen as the risk associated with unexpected movements in the exchange rate. Economic fundamentals such as the inflation rate, interest rate and the balance of payments which have become more volatile in the 1980’s and early 1990’s, by themselves are sources of exchange rate volatility (Ozturk, 2006). Does the fluctuations in the exchange rate over the years have any implications for the general price level in Nigeria? Is there any linkage between inflation and exchange rate volatility in Nigeria? Does the Movements or swings in the exchange rate cause variations in the price level in Nigeria? These and more are the underlying issues which this study seeks to tackle. The fluctuation in the exchange rate can further be threatened if there is an already existing high level of inflation in the system coming from both the demand and the supply sides. In the words of Milton Friedman an American monetary Economist “Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon”, (M. Friedman, 1968). A rise in money supply is always believed by the monetarists to cause a proportionate rise in price level and as the rise in the price level persists, the tendency is that the domestic goods and services produced within the country will become less competitive both within and outside the country when compared with other countries’ output, hence, loosing market both within and outside the country. As a result, import will increase and export will fall. This entails that purchasers of the country’s goods will demand less of their currency to settle account with them while consumers within the country will be supplying more of their local currency to settle account with the outside world. The fall in the demand and rise in the supply of the local currency will lead to depreciation of their exchange rate. However, a depreciating currency will mean that the price of the country’s export will fall while the price of imports will rise. Overtime, the volume of import will fall since import has become more expensive and the volume of export will rise since export has become relatively cheaper, hence, depreciation in the exchange rate can turn to appreciation in the country’s exchange rate. A vicious circle can emerge leading to more uncertainties in the foreign exchange market.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Since 1980, inflation in the developing countries has doubled that of developed countries (Bleaney and Fielding 1999). Average inflation rates in more advanced countries have taken various patterns in recent years, trending downwards after 2012 in developed countries, while remaining constant or expanding further in developing countries (Global Economic Prospects 2014). The trend of inflation in Nigeria has been characteristically positive ranging from creeping to running inflation. Doguwa (2012) finds that inflation is inimical to growth when it approaches 10.5 to 12% in Nigeria. According to CBN’s Statistical Bulletin (2005) high inflation was recorded in the early 1970’s from 13.8% in 1971 to 16.0% in 1972 which could be explained by the oil boom period and the economic controls and measures that were introduced after the Biafra (civil war) of 1967 to 1970. It is in view of this that the researcher intend to examine the effect of exchange rate volatility and inflation in Nigeria.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is to investigate the nemesis of exchange rate volatility and inflation in Nigeria, but to aid the completion of the study, the researcher intend to achieve the following specific objectives;
i) To ascertain if there is any significant relationship between exchange rate volatility and inflation in Nigeria
ii) To ascertain the impact of exchange rate volatility on foreign direct investment in Nigeria
iii) To examine the effect of inflation on Nigeria economic growth
iv) To examine the role of central bank of Nigeria in curbing the menace of exchange rate volatility in Nigeria
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
The following research questions were formulated to aid the completion of the study;
i) Is there any significant relationship between exchange rate volatility and inflation in Nigeria?
ii) Does exchange rate volatility has any impact on foreign direct investment in Nigeria?
iii) Does inflation has any effect on Nigeria economic growth?
iv) Does central bank of Nigeria effectively play her role in curbing the menace of exchange rate volatility in Nigeria?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is believed that at the completion of the study the findings will be beneficial to the policy makers as the findings will assist in the planning of government unit through the provision of more efficient feedback information on the effectiveness of their anti-inflationary policies. It will help individuals and corporations in the planning of their marketing mix for their products. It will help the IMF on how to advice the Nigerians to overcome the effects of exchange rate volatility and inflation. The study will also be beneficial to financial institution (CBN) central bank of Nigeria as the study will help them regulate the volume of money in circulation
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers the exchange rate volatility and inflation in Nigeria. In the cause of the study, there were some factors which militate against the scope of the study which were beyond the control of the researcher;
a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) Organizational privacy: Limited Access staff and personnel of central bank make it difficult to get all the necessary and required information concerning the activities.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
Inflation
In economics, inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time
Open And Suppressed Inflation: Open inflation is the result of the uninterrupted operation of the market mechanism
Stag inflation: This is a situation whereby recession is accompanied by a high rate of inflation also called inflationary recessing
Exchange rate
Exchange rate is the price of one currency in terms of another. More accurately an exchange rate is the number of units of foreign currency and vice versa.
Exchange rate volatility
Volatility represents the degree to which a variable changes over time. Volatile exchange rates make international trade and investment decisions more difficult because volatility increases exchange rate risk
Nominal Exchange Rate
The nominal exchange rate is defined as units of domestic currency per unit of foreign exchange.
Trade Tables
These are goods what could be exchange for in the international market.
Non Trade Table
These are the outputs of an economy that can be consumed domestically and therefore for exportation e.g. electricity.
Misalignment
This is the deviation of the actual real exchange rate from its equilibrium value.
1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research question, significance or the study, research methodology, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlight the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.


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Table of content
Chapter one
1.1 General introduction
1.2 Statement of problem
1.3 Objective
1.4 Research question
1.5 Research hypothesis
1.6 Significant of the study
1.7 Scope and limitation for the study
1.8 Organization of the work.
Chapter two
2.1 Conceptual Literature
2.2 Empirical literature
2.3 Theoretical literature

Chapter three
3.1 Method of data collection
3.2 Population /Area of the study
3.3 Sample size
3.4 Data analysis
3.5 Technique of data analysis.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Introductions
4.2 Data analysis
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Summary
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendation
Appendix

Abstract
In recent times, the Nigerian economy has been experiencing significant exchange rate fluctuations, particularly depreciation in the foreign exchange market which has been accompanied with inflation. Thus, this study investigates the degree of pass through of the official and parallel exchange rates to inflation as well as the relationship between exchange rate volatility and inflation in Nigeria. This study examines the relationship between exchange rate volatility and inflation in Nigeria Specifically it sought to: explore the influence of exchange rate volatility on inflation in Nigeria; and to determine the nature and direction of causality between exchange rate and inflation in Nigeria.






CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
The degree of exchange rate volatility in the world market, particularly the Naira/Dollar exchange rate especially in the past few years is not only alarming but economically precarious. This has led to a number of questions and interest amongst economists as to the causes of this volatility especially under a floating exchange rate regime such as ours, hence necessitating the need for this research work at times like this. Exchange rate which refers to the price of one currency (usually the domestic currency) in terms of another currency is the quantity of another currency that could be purchased with a given unit of another currency. The role exchange rate plays in international economic transactions cannot be overemphasized because no nation can be economically self-sufficient due to varying factor endowment. Movements in the exchange rate have undulating effects on other macro-economic variables such as interest rate, inflation rate, unemployment, money supply, etc. This volatility can cause among other things balance of payment disequilibrium which have the tendency of bringing in inflation in case of depreciation or unemployment in case of appreciation within the economy. Apart from its inflationary tendencies, the fact that exchange rate fluctuation discourages trade and can create unemployment in the system is very certain. Take for instance, when contracts are signed to finance international trade in goods and services, the usual risks when considering whether such will result in profit being earned will be accessed. Under a floating exchange rate regime, an extra risk is added to the transaction so as to be able to account and cover any extra cost when there is a sudden fluctuation in the exchange rate. If this is not properly done, the sudden fluctuation might upset the calculated profits, hence wiping out the estimated profits. This also is highly inflationary and high inflation is generally harmful to the entire economy of any country. Exchange rate stability remains an important issue that usually dominates the policy-making agendas of governments both in the developed and developing countries. This is so because it has broad implications not only for international trade and balance of payments, but also for the general price level, for the conduct of monetary policy and for macroeconomic stability. Exchange rate refers to the rate at which one currency is exchanged for another(Jhingan,2005). It is the price of a country’s currency expressed in terms of another country’s currency. In Nigeria and indeed many developing countries, the price of foreign exchange plays a critical role in the ability of the economy to attain optimal levels in production activities(Danmola,2013). Furthermore, governments in many developing countries use exchange rate as an instrument for stabilization purposes. This is particularly so for imported commodities and those produced within an economy whose intermediate inputs and raw materials depend heavily on imports (Adelowokan, 2012). Macroeconomic performance is adjudged by three wide measures - inflation rate, output growth and unemployment rate of an economy (Ugwuanyi 2004). It is no wonder then that the issue of price stability, in addition to being the main aim of fiscal and monetary policy in both developed and developing countries, has also gained a huge amount of attention from economists and policy makers around the world. Inflation can be defined generally as the persistent rise in the prices of goods and services in an economy. It has positive as well as negative implications. Inflation might be emphatically corresponding with growth at some low levels, but at higher levels inflation is liable to be unfavorable for growth (Doguwa 2012). The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) targets about 2% rate of inflation which shows that inflation can be a serious advantage to the economy especially during periods of economic stagnation. Inflation helps in debt settlement, creates employment and boost growth. The negative effects of high inflation, on the other hand, cannot be overemphasised. Examining countries such as Germany in the early 1920s, Hungary in mid 1940s and Zimbabwe in late 2000s, further strengthens this fact (Lopez 2012). Rising level of Inflation reduces the value of a currency which further erodes the purchasing power of money. It is usually associated with higher interest rates which results in low savings and discourages investment and long-term growth. It also erodes export competitiveness and leads to balance of payment deficit. Inflation on the other hand, is also a topical macroeconomic problem that has been a priority over the years to all governments in the global economy. Inflation which refers to a sustained rise in the general level of prices- the price level (Blanchard, 2009), is one of the causes of economic retardation, and also it is a cause of both social and political unrest in many developing economies (Akinbobola, 2012). Inflation has beset the Nigerian economy over the years. Specifically, Nigeria’s inflation rate has been volatile and mostly double digit (Umo,2007). Whereas economic literature views inflation as being a monetary phenomenon, a wide range of empirical studies have identified exchange rate volatility as one of the key factors that accounts for the variations in the general price level. Specifically, in Nigeria, most studies such as Adelowokan(2012), Egwaikhide, Chete and Falokun(1994), Nwosa and Oseni (2012), Oriovwote and Eshenake(2012), Imimole and Enoma(2011) have identified the fluctuations in exchange rate as one of the proximate causes of inflation in Nigeria. Exchange rate volatility refers to the swings or fluctuations in the exchange rates over a period of time or the deviations from a benchmark or equilibrium exchange rate (Mordi, 2006). Also, it is seen as the risk associated with unexpected movements in the exchange rate. Economic fundamentals such as the inflation rate, interest rate and the balance of payments which have become more volatile in the 1980’s and early 1990’s, by themselves are sources of exchange rate volatility (Ozturk, 2006). Does the fluctuations in the exchange rate over the years have any implications for the general price level in Nigeria? Is there any linkage between inflation and exchange rate volatility in Nigeria? Does the Movements or swings in the exchange rate cause variations in the price level in Nigeria? These and more are the underlying issues which this study seeks to tackle. The fluctuation in the exchange rate can further be threatened if there is an already existing high level of inflation in the system coming from both the demand and the supply sides. In the words of Milton Friedman an American monetary Economist “Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon”, (M. Friedman, 1968). A rise in money supply is always believed by the monetarists to cause a proportionate rise in price level and as the rise in the price level persists, the tendency is that the domestic goods and services produced within the country will become less competitive both within and outside the country when compared with other countries’ output, hence, loosing market both within and outside the country. As a result, import will increase and export will fall. This entails that purchasers of the country’s goods will demand less of their currency to settle account with them while consumers within the country will be supplying more of their local currency to settle account with the outside world. The fall in the demand and rise in the supply of the local currency will lead to depreciation of their exchange rate. However, a depreciating currency will mean that the price of the country’s export will fall while the price of imports will rise. Overtime, the volume of import will fall since import has become more expensive and the volume of export will rise since export has become relatively cheaper, hence, depreciation in the exchange rate can turn to appreciation in the country’s exchange rate. A vicious circle can emerge leading to more uncertainties in the foreign exchange market.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Since 1980, inflation in the developing countries has doubled that of developed countries (Bleaney and Fielding 1999). Average inflation rates in more advanced countries have taken various patterns in recent years, trending downwards after 2012 in developed countries, while remaining constant or expanding further in developing countries (Global Economic Prospects 2014). The trend of inflation in Nigeria has been characteristically positive ranging from creeping to running inflation. Doguwa (2012) finds that inflation is inimical to growth when it approaches 10.5 to 12% in Nigeria. According to CBN’s Statistical Bulletin (2005) high inflation was recorded in the early 1970’s from 13.8% in 1971 to 16.0% in 1972 which could be explained by the oil boom period and the economic controls and measures that were introduced after the Biafra (civil war) of 1967 to 1970. It is in view of this that the researcher intend to examine the effect of exchange rate volatility and inflation in Nigeria.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is to investigate the nemesis of exchange rate volatility and inflation in Nigeria, but to aid the completion of the study, the researcher intend to achieve the following specific objectives;
i) To ascertain if there is any significant relationship between exchange rate volatility and inflation in Nigeria
ii) To ascertain the impact of exchange rate volatility on foreign direct investment in Nigeria
iii) To examine the effect of inflation on Nigeria economic growth
iv) To examine the role of central bank of Nigeria in curbing the menace of exchange rate volatility in Nigeria
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
The following research questions were formulated to aid the completion of the study;
i) Is there any significant relationship between exchange rate volatility and inflation in Nigeria?
ii) Does exchange rate volatility has any impact on foreign direct investment in Nigeria?
iii) Does inflation has any effect on Nigeria economic growth?
iv) Does central bank of Nigeria effectively play her role in curbing the menace of exchange rate volatility in Nigeria?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is believed that at the completion of the study the findings will be beneficial to the policy makers as the findings will assist in the planning of government unit through the provision of more efficient feedback information on the effectiveness of their anti-inflationary policies. It will help individuals and corporations in the planning of their marketing mix for their products. It will help the IMF on how to advice the Nigerians to overcome the effects of exchange rate volatility and inflation. The study will also be beneficial to financial institution (CBN) central bank of Nigeria as the study will help them regulate the volume of money in circulation
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers the exchange rate volatility and inflation in Nigeria. In the cause of the study, there were some factors which militate against the scope of the study which were beyond the control of the researcher;
a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) Organizational privacy: Limited Access staff and personnel of central bank make it difficult to get all the necessary and required information concerning the activities.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
Inflation
In economics, inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time
Open And Suppressed Inflation: Open inflation is the result of the uninterrupted operation of the market mechanism
Stag inflation: This is a situation whereby recession is accompanied by a high rate of inflation also called inflationary recessing
Exchange rate
Exchange rate is the price of one currency in terms of another. More accurately an exchange rate is the number of units of foreign currency and vice versa.
Exchange rate volatility
Volatility represents the degree to which a variable changes over time. Volatile exchange rates make international trade and investment decisions more difficult because volatility increases exchange rate risk
Nominal Exchange Rate
The nominal exchange rate is defined as units of domestic currency per unit of foreign exchange.
Trade Tables
These are goods what could be exchange for in the international market.
Non Trade Table
These are the outputs of an economy that can be consumed domestically and therefore for exportation e.g. electricity.
Misalignment
This is the deviation of the actual real exchange rate from its equilibrium value.
1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research question, significance or the study, research methodology, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlight the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study


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International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are a set of accounting standards developed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) that is becoming the global standard for the preparation of public company financial statements. In mid-1990, the trading relation between Canadian and US companies were improving, and more and more Canadian companies began raising funds from US. So, to facilitate smooth business operation, the Canadian Accounting Standard Board began aligning its accounting standards with U.S. GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Practice). So, in present scenario, when companies located in any country are trading globally, there is a need for global accounting standard.
The importance of adopting of IFRS in financial reporting are enormous; below are some of the merit of IFRS adoption in Nigeria
 “Financial information needs to be relevant, reliable, understandable and comparable. It is therefore important for those seeking capital to prepare financial information in line with globally accepted standards.
 A uniformed reporting framework helps those seeking capital to compete better globally
 IFRS was introduced by the international accounting standard board (IASB) in the public interest to provide a single set of high quality, understandable and uniform accounting standards.
 IFRS brings about transparency and accountability in reporting
These are some of the benefits listed out of the tremendous benefit accrue to the adoption and implementation of IFRS in reporting .
In this Article, I have listed out 5 Project Research and materials on international financial reporting standards (IFRS) for students undergoing Final Year Project Research.
IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS (IFRS) ON SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA
The broad objective of the study is to examine the relevance of IFRS to Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria with particular emphasis on Small and Medium Enterprises in Benin metropolis.
Specifically, the objective of this study are to:
1. Ascertain whether SMEs in Nigeria are aware of the introduction of IFRS for SMEs.
2. Determine whether SMEs in Nigeria have already adopted 1FRS for SMEs.
3. Investigate if IFRS for SMEs are relevant to Small and Medium Enterprises in Nigeria.
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THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL STANDARDS (IFRS) ON THE QUALITY OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (A CASE STUDY OF FIRST BANK PLC)
This study sets out to examine whether the impact of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Nigeria has improved the quality of financial reporting in First Bank of Nigeria Plc. Nigeria adopted IFRS, and then referred to as International Accounting Standards (IAS), in 1999 through a resolution by the Council of the Institute of Certified Public Accountants of Nigeria (ICPAN), the legally mandated accounting institute in Nigeria The objective of the study is to find out the following:
1. To examine the impact of IFRS on quality of financial statement in First Bank of Nigeria Plc.
2. To examine whether the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Nigeria has improved the quality of financial reporting in First Bank of Nigeria Plc.
3. To find out role the of IFRS play in banking institutions in Nigeria.
4. To determine whether IFRS adoption and implementation has been made positive impact in Nigeria.
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AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE CHALLENGES OF IFRS ADOPTION AND IMPLEMENTATION AMONGST SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISE OPERATORS IN NIGERIA
Small and medium scale enterprises are the engine that drives most economies of the world. Their importance to the economy of Nigeria cannot be overlooked. SMEs activities-both international and local have contributed immensely to the gross domestic product in the economy as they participate in manufacturing, importation, exportation, employment
The main aim of the study is to investigate the challenges facing the adoption and implementation of the IFRS amongst small scale enterprise owners in Ikeja, Nigeria. Specific objectives of the study are:
1. To determine the level of awareness of IFRS guidelines amongst SME operators in Ikeja.
2. To examine the extent to which IFRS is adopted by small and medium scale enterprises in Ikeja, Lagos state.
3. To ascertain the challenges of implementation of the IFRS guidelines for SMEs by Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Ikeja, Lagos state.
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THE IMPACT OF IFRS ON THE SERVICE DELIVERED BY PRICE WATER HOUSE COOPERS (PWC) LAGOS, NIGERIA
As the business world becomes closer in its financial and trade ties, many countries are moving towards International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), common accounting rules that define how transactions should be reported and what information should be disclosed in financial statements (IASB, 2007). This unitary set of standards has solved many problems while creating others. However, this study is examining the impact of ifrs on the service delivered by price water house coopers (pwc) Lagos, Nigeria
The following are the objectives of this study:
1. To examine the impact of IFRS on the quality of service delivered by Price water house coopers
2. To examine the level of compliance with the IFRS disclosure principles by companies in Nigeria.
3. To identify the problems associated with IFRS disclosure in organizations in Nigeria
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5THE EFFECTS OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS (IFRS) IN NIGERIA: A TEST OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT QUALITY

Globalization of markets requires a unified global accounting, reporting and disclosure sets of standards. As a result of increasing volume of cross border capital flows and growing number of foreign direct investments in the globalization era, the need for the harmonization of different practices in accounting and the acceptance of worldwide standards has risen. This has led to either convergence or adoption of the international financial reporting standards in countries across the globe including Nigeria (Adejola, 2012). Financial statements apart from stating the financial position and performance of an organization, provides other information such as the value added, changes in equity if any and cash flows of the enterprise within a defined period of time to which it relates (Iyoha and Faboyede, 2011).
The main objective of the study was to investigate the effect of IFRS in Nigeria; a test of financial statement quality. Other specific objectives were to:
(i) Examine the extent of IFRS familiarity by accountants, auditors and other experts in auditing firms.
(ii) Investigate whether accountants, auditors and other experts have different perspectives about IFRS readiness.
(iii) Assess whether auditors, accountants and other experts have different perception regarding enhancement of financial reporting quality through the adoption of IFRS. TO GET COMPLETE PROJECT MATERIAL (CHAPTER 1-5, REFERENCE, ABSTRACT): http://sprojectng.com/downloads/the-effects-of-international-financial-reporting-standards-ifrs-in-nigeria-a-test-of-financial-statement-quality-2


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Abstract

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has evolved conflict management and security framework through which it responds to the myriads of socio-political crisis in the sub-region. This study assesses the ECOWAS mechanisms for conflict management, the challenges facing the region. It begins by looking at the nature of conflict in West Africa; Conflicts are derivable from possession of, and pursuit of divergent ideas, goals, claims, interests and aspirations by people in their relations. Conflicts occur between individuals, within states (civil wars), and between states. Conflict is a situation in which two or more human beings desire goals which they perceive as being obtainable by one or the other, but not both.


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
The mantra of African solution to African problem gained greater currency in the years following the end of the Cold War (Albert, 2011). Before then, major happenings in the African continent were mired in the Cold War politics between the Soviet Union and the United States. During this period, African governments and rebel groups alike enjoyed the backing and support of the ideologically polarized super powers that were bent on undoing each other. Economic, financial, social and political aids flowed into the continent time and again as the US and the Soviet Union jostled to protect their strategic interests in the region. But with the end of the Cold War, the African continent was arguably left to fend for itself. The US, obviously the only super power remaining, in conjunction with other Western powers diverted their attention to Eastern Europe where former Soviet States were beginning to embrace capitalism. While the world celebrated the new found post-Cold War peace, many countries in Africa descended into armed conflict. The emergence of violent hostilities in the 1990s can be attributed to the withdrawal of super powers’ strategic interest in Africa following the end of the Cold War. The intensity and carnage that attended these conflicts, coupled with the inactions of the “big powers”, reinforced the need for an African solution to what was largely considered as an African problem. This necessitated sub-regional organizations such as the ECOWAS to intervene in countries such as Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea and Ivory Coast through its intervention force ECOWAS Cease-Fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG). Conflicts are derivable from possession of, and pursuit of divergent ideas, goals, claims, interests and aspirations by people in their relations. Conflicts occur between individuals, within states (civil wars), and between states. According to Ross Stagner (1967) conflict is a situation in which two or more human beings desire goals which they perceive as being obtainable by one or the other, but not both. This means that conflicts have been part of mankind since creation, and that it will continue to be so. If this is the case, the extent to which conflict affects human existence is determined by human capacity to reduce, manage or resolve it. This study appraises the problems of conflict management and resolution in the West African subregion with a view to making recommendations. Resolution and management have been variously defined in conflict situations, it is therefore necessary to define the words in the context of this study. Management is considered to be all actions taken to bring about peace between belligerent parties. This includes mediation, peace making, peace enforcement, and peacekeeping. While resolution, consists of all actions taken to sustain, the resultant peace from the management of the conflict, and the prevention of a reoccurrence of the conflict. This includes post conflict activities (peace building) such as elections, rebuilding of government and infrastructure, rehabilitation of displaced persons and the establishment of mechanism for conflict prevention. In 1999, Otite asserted that because there is hardly any permanent peace or permanent resolution or transformation of conflicts, it might be more appropriate to speak of conflict management as a means of coping with the process of resolving or transforming conflicts. The conflict that engulfed Côte d’Ivoire in 2002 divided the country for eight years, with the south controlled by the Government and the north by rebel forces. The violence and divisions in the country were responsible for the reversal of major economic gains that had been made since independence, and the political uncertainties threatened regional stability. While Côte d’Ivoire’s economy blossomed after independence thanks in part to readily available labour from nationals who had migrated from neighbouring countries in West Africa, signs of political tensions became apparent in the 1990s and culminated with a coup d’état in 1999, a disputed election in 2000 and an attempted coup in 2002. Between 2002 and 2010, Côte d’Ivoire experienced ethnic-related tensions, with the rebels running a parallel government. Elections were postponed repeatedly despite diplomatic interventions by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the African Union (AU) and France, and military intervention by the United Nations. Even after elections were finally held in 2010, disputes around the electoral results led to violence and human rights violations and brought the country to the brink of another brutal civil war. The difficulties faced by the belligerents in agreeing on a way forward at the different stages of the conflict meant regional actors and the international community had to step in on a regular basis to prevent further escalations of violence during periods of relative peace. The role played by the AU and ECOWAS in the Ivorian crisis increasingly came under scrutiny. On the one hand, the peacemaking and peacekeeping efforts of these organizations were praised for preventing further atrocities. On the other hand, they were criticised in some quarters because their attempts to restore peace were not often respected by the different parties involved in the conflict. Côte d’Ivoire became a test case for rapid interventions by regional actors at a time when ECOWAS had gone through major transformations to meet the peace and security challenges of the 21st century. In the late 1990s, questions were raised about the specific mandates, composition, financial capacity and sustainability of regional efforts to resolve conflicts, especially in terms of peacekeeping and peacemaking. At the same time, the interventions of regional peacekeeping forces in different conflict hotspots elicited praise and admiration. Debates also focused on the comparative advantage of regional and UN-sanctioned interventions, the failure to respond to crimes against humanity and genocide in Rwanda, the sustainability of African-led peacekeeping operations and the urgency (or lack thereof) in the operationalization of some UN-led operations. The interventions by the AU in Burundi (2003) and Somalia (2007,) and by ECOWAS in Liberia (1990) and Sierra Leone (1997), increased expectations concerning the vital role of African-led peacekeeping missions.





STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It is vain saying that ECOWAS has not enough in conflict management in western Africa. In considering the extent to which ECOWAS has played a role in responding to conflict, in West Africa, one is often apt to forget that the organisation was, in its origin meant to foster economic integration and only got into the field of peace and security by default. In the last decade, but more importantly in the last few years, ECOWAS has played a significant role in addressing conflicts in the region. However, its capacity has been better demonstrated in the field of peacekeeping. While not directly responsible for post-conflict peace-building work in West Africa, ECOWAS has, through a number of activities, promoted peace-building in regional as well as certain national contexts. These include, for example, systematic collaboration with civil society, cooperation with development and other partners in activities aimed at meeting sub-regional security challenges. However, there are constrain and huddles facing the organization when it comes to conflict management which has necessitate the need for this study.



RESEARCH QUESTIONS
To aid the completion of this study, the following research questions were formulated by the researcher;

What are the problems of conflict management and resolution in the West African subregion?
What are the effects of the root causes of conflicts in member nations on ECOWAS capacity for conflict management and resolution?
What are the effects of the history of ECOWAS on its capacity for conflict management and resolution?
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is to examine the role of ECOWAS in conflict management in western Africa, but to aid the completion of the study, the researcher intend to achieve the following specific objectives;

To examine the problems of conflict management and resolution in West Africa subregion
To examine the causes of conflict among member nation of ECOWAS and her capacity to manage it
To ascertain the effects of the history of ECOWAS on its capacity for conflict management and resolution
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of great importance to management of regional organization as the study seek to explore the strategies adopted by ECOWAS in conflict management in west Africa subregion, the study will also be of significance to researchers who intend to embark on a study in a similar topic as the study will serve as a reference point to further study, the study will also be of importance to academia’s, students, teachers, lecturers and the general public as the study will contribute to the pool of existing literature on the subject matter and also add to knowledge

SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers ECOWAS jurisdiction in conflict management, scope of ECOWAS powers and authority in conflict management among member state, with specific emphasis on conflict management and resolution among West Africa subregion



LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
In the cause of the study, there were some factors that limited the scope of the study;

a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) Organizational privacy: Limited Access to the selected auditing firm makes it difficult to get all the necessary and required information concerning the activities.
1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

ECOWAS

The Economic Community of West African States, also known as ECOWAS, is a regional economic union of fifteen countries located in West Africa.

CONFLICT

Conflict It implies clash of interest. The basis of conflict may vary but, it is always a part of society. Basis of conflict- personal, racial, class, caste, political and international. Conflict in groups often follows a specific course

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT

Conflict management is the process of limiting the negative aspects of conflict while increasing the positive aspects of conflict. The aim of conflict

PEACEKEEPING

Peacekeeping refers to activities intended to create conditions that favour lasting peace. Research generally finds that peacekeeping reduces civilian and battlefield deaths and reduces the risk of renewed warfare.


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ABSTRACT

The ever determining food production in Nigeria has prompted development or administration (military and civilian) both present and past to formulate programmed to ameliorate or arrest this situation. One of such programmed is the agricultural credit facilities scheme, which is being implemented through commercial banks. Sequel to this the researcher examined the problems of obtaining loan for financing agricultural production in Edo State.





TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of content

Chapter One

Background to the study
Statement of problem
Purpose of the study
Significant of the study
Scope of the study
Research question
Limitation of the study
Definition of terms
Chapter Two

2.1 Review of literature

Chapter Three

3.0 Research Methodology

3.1 Design of the study

3.2 Population of the study

3.3 Sample and sampling techniques

3.4 Instrumentation

3.5 Validation of instrument

3.6 Method of data collection

3.7 Method of data analysis

Chapter Four

Data presentation and analysis discussion of results

Chapter Five

5.1 Summary

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendation

References

Questionnaires









CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Farmer need productive resources and these resources are acquired with owned or borrowed fund. Agriculture is very important to the economic of most developing countries of the world and because of this, a supply of adequate farmer finance is essential for natural well bring.

Since agriculture is the backbone of the Nigeria economy providing employment to about 70% of its population yet this important sector has suffered healect since the oil boom days. Agriculture has totally declined since the early 1970s Nigeria export crops such as groundnut, palm oil and external have evaluate disappeared and the country is a net importer of food crops. Agriculture recorded growth rate in 1975 at about 2.6% while the population grew at about 70% compared to 57-7% in 1993 economic growth summit (1995) the small scale farmers according to the national agricultural policy document for Nigeria (N.A.P.O.N) constitute over 90% of the food and fiber requirement of Nigeria on the other hand large scale farmers produce has than 1% of farm output in Nigeria but they tend to have greater access to farmer inputs including farm credit or loan.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study is to investigate the analysis of the problem associated with obtaining credit for financing agricultural production in Edo state. It would be seen that many problems arise the most for mixable problem encounter by the farmers in the area.

The inability of the farmers to meet the collateral security acquired by the commercial bank is a major problem hindering agricultural sectors. This is as a result where farmers have nothing to deposit in the process of obtaining credit for agriculture.
High interest rate is another factor that discourage farmers from obtaining credit in most commercial banks, payment of interest involve when fund is borrowed.
The low educational background of the farmers also constitutes hindrance in obtaining agricultural credit.
Credit facilities are not easily accessible to small scale farmers.
The bureaveratie native involved in the process of obtaining credit ot loans for agricultural purpose have not being encourage on the part of the farmers. It is on the note that the researcher intends to identify some of the hindering factors in order to proffer solution.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The main aim of the this study is to find the major problems of obtaining credit or loan for financing agricultural production in Nigeria with particular reference to Edo state. The objectives of the study are:

To identify the problem militating against adequate financing of agriculture.
To enumerate and analyze the agricultural credit granted to farmers in recent years.
To know how much the commercial banks have help in financing agriculture.
To look how agriculture has developed especially in Edo
To create awareness of the problem posed by agricultural financing inadequacies.
To investigate how these problems can be tackled.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research study will be important to those future researchers in economic and agricultural science who would like to use it as a reference material or for further investigation.
This study is to create awareness to farmers in Edo state, the reasons of low agricultural production and also to bring to the notice of the general public loans for financing agricultural production in the locality.
It will form a good basis to the government for the formulation of policies.
To serve as encouragement to those farmers in the area of study.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Some question to be tackled in the course of this study has been rise as follows.

Is collateral security a problem of obtaining credit from commercial banks?
Does high interest rate increase the incidence of bad debt?
Does educational background hinder the potentials of obtaining credit?
Is a credit facility accessible for small scale farmers?
Does bureaulrate process pose a lot of problem or obtaining loans to farmers?
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study is aimed at providing details knowledge and understanding of the operation, function and to determine the problems of obtaining loans for financing agricultural production in Edo state through the federal government agricultural credit guarantee scheme (F.G.A.C.G.S) found since 1977. With the view of providing useful suggestion to ease the problem of agriculture development in Nigeria; It is directly towards the application of problems obtained for financing agriculture view of this more emphasis will be placed on the success of credit facilities lending procedure as a criteria of measurement. The performance of the commercial banks in this regard will be assessed by using the present farmers areas to the agricultural credit facilities as well as the hindrance which the small scale farmers faces in obtaining loans from financial institution.

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE PROBLEMS

In this study a number of limiting factors were observed.

Time factor is one of the major limiting factors there would not be enough time to travel round the whole state to interview the farmers collectively.
The problem or in accessibility of some of the local government in Edo
There were financial constrains and as a result, the researcher was limited to only Ovia North East local government.
The unwillingness on the part of some farmers to open up also contribute to the problems.
Another limiting factor of the study is that the banks may not like to give out the correct information as to the loan method they adopt in case of loan default.
However all these limiting factors will of course affect quality of the result of this research work since the work will be based on the available information?

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

LOAN OR CREDIT FOR AGRICULTURE OF AGRICULTURAL CREDITS

Refers to the process of obtaining control over the use of money, goods and services in the present for a promise to repay at a future date.

AGRICULTURAL FINANCE: This means ways and means by which a farmers obtain the entire necessary fund required in order to carryout agricultural production.

INTEREST: This means the price paid for the use of borrowed money and is usually expressed as a percent on an annual basis.

COLLATERAL: This means anything offered as a promise of loan repayment to be given to a lender in cast of non-payment.




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Abstract

The development of agriculture since 1960 and its contribution to the growth of the economy has been discussed in the course of this study. It is however obvious from the analysis that though agriculture has contributed positively to economic growth, there are fundamental problems attributable largely to the characteristics of Nigerian agriculture. It is also evident that unfavourable environments as well as poor implementation of economic policies were detrimental to output increase in the sector. Thus, the pace of modernization of the sector has been very slow. These problems and other outstanding constraints discussed in detail in this work have prevented the sector from contributing to the achievement of the set objectives including laying a solid foundation for Nigerians agrarian base. Taking advantage of the ordinary least square method (OLS), through which the research was carried out by means of secondary data and using independent variables: agricultural total production, agricultural import, agricultural export, foreign direct investment, and interest rate re-examines the question of whether agriculture could serve as an engine of growth for the Nigerian economy.



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
By the time Nigeria became politically independent in October 1960, agriculture was the dominant sector of the economy, contributing about 70% of the Gross Domestic Product (G.D.P), employing about the same percentage of the working population and accounting for about 90% of foreign exchange earnings and the federal government revenue (C.B.N 2005).The early period of post independence up until the mid 1970’s saw a rapid growth of industrial capacity and output as the contribution of the manufacturing sector to G.D.P rose from 4.8% to 8.2%. This pattern changed when oil suddenly became of strategic importance to the world economy through its supply price nexus. Crude oil was first discovered in commercial quantity in Nigeria in 1956, while actual production started in 1958. It became the dominant resources in the mid 1970s.The massive increase in oil revenue as an aftermath of the Middle East war of 1973 created unprecedented, unexpected and unplanned wealth for Nigeria. Notwithstanding the enviable position of the oil sector in the Nigerian economy over the past three decades, the agricultural sector has remained the largest and arguably the most important sector of the economy. Agricultures contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (G.D.P) has remained stable at between 30 and 42 percent, and employs 65 percent of the labour force in Nigeria (Aigbokhan, 2001). It is estimated to be the largest contributor to non-oil foreign exchange earnings. This means agriculture holds abundant potentials for enhancing and sustaining the country’s foreign exchange. A strong agricultural sector, as it is recognized is essential to economic development both in its own right and to stimulate and support the growth of industries. Economic growth has gone hand in hand with agricultural progress. Stagflation in agriculture is the principal explanation for poor economic performance, while rising agricultural productivity has been the most concomitant of successful industrialization (Ukeje 1999). The labour intense character of the sector reduces its contribution to the G.D.P. Nevertheless agricultural exports are a major earner of foreign exchange in Nigeria. Like in most developing countries agriculture remains the backbone of the Nigerian economy. Typically it is the largest sources of employment often two third or more of the population is dependent on this livelihood on farming. It is a well known fact that Nigeria comparative advantages in the production of certain foods and other agricultural commodities that can earn foreign exchange for imports of other foods. It has long been recognized that sustained agricultural development requires striking an appropriate balance between investments that are directly productive in agriculture and investment in infrastructures. Poor infrastructural services in developing countries lead to low productivity. Much of the high productivity of agriculture in the developed countries is as a result of massive form of investments’ over many years in physical and institutional infrastructure. Conversely, the low productivity of agriculture in many developing countries reflects among other things, limited investment in rural roads and electricity. This stems from the concentration of public investments in urban areas where the unit cost of providing services is typically less and logistic problems fewer.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

One of the constraints of the growth in Nigeria has been the slow development of the agricultural sector. The performance of the sector was undermined by disincentives created by the macroeconomic environment. The economic stabilization Act enacted in 1982 affected expenditures on agriculture and restricted imports of the agricultural products and inputs. A major problem confronting the agricultural sector however is in its inability to contribute to foreign exchange earnings as well as its price and income elasticity of demand. It would be extremely difficult to attain long run sustainable growth, If not impossible without addressing the problem of the agricultural sector. This raises the questions of what need to be done to develop the Nigeria agricultural sector in order to realize the potentials of the sector. This calls for new thoughts and limitations

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study are;

To investigate the major causes of low productivity in agriculture in Nigeria.
To find out if the various policies and programs used are effective or not.
To identify and analyze the constraints facing the agricultural sector as an accelerator for economic growth.
To examine the prospect of agricultural sector in Nigeria.
To find out the ways to improve the competitiveness of agriculture in Nigeria and alleviate their supply-side constraint.




1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

For the successful completion of the study, the following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher;

H0: there are no major causes of low productivity in agriculture in Nigeria.

H1: there are major causes of low productivity in agriculture in Nigeria.

H02: there are no constraints facing the agricultural sector as an accelerator for economic growth

H2: there are constraints facing the agricultural sector as an accelerator for economic growth

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The fundamental importance of this study is to examine the relationship or correlation that exists between economic and agricultural growth in Nigeria. So far, little has been done to determine the impact of agricultural sector on economic growth in Nigeria, but a number of studies have been carried out on cross country analysis of less developed countries. This approach assumes that the impact of foreign inflow is constant across countries that are the same in all less developed countries (L.D.C’s). Most studies in this area consider only a small number of variables trying to establish agricultural growth. The basic significance of this study is that it employs econometric models with strong theoretical under pinning that relate agriculture and economic growth in Nigeria and that growing concern of the agricultural sector. It would be useful to explore this come up with result that would help in the policy building of the Nigerian economy.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study will explore the possible ways through which the agricultural sector affects growth and inspects the direction and examine the transmission channel of the relationship between growth and agricultural index to be used for the study. To achieve this objective, the period range from 1960-2008 data will be used. This period is chosen because published data for the variable included in the model are available. The result of this study could be limited by the quality of the data series available. This limitation arises from the problem of inconsistency of data as reported by different institutions







1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

AGRICULTURE SECTOR: Agriculture is the cultivation and breeding of animals, plants and fungi for food, fiber, bio fuel, medicinal plants and other products used to sustain and enhance human life

ACCELERATOR: There are specific types of startup accelerators, such as corporate accelerator, which are often subsidiaries or programs of larger corporations that act like startup accelerators.

ECONOMIC GROWTH: Economic growth is the increase in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time. It is conventionally measured as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product, or real GDP.

1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows

Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study



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CHAPETR ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of problem

1.3 Objective of the study

1.4 Research Hypotheses

1.5 Significance of the study

1.6 Scope and limitation of the study

1.7 Definition of terms

1.8 Organization of the study

CHAPETR TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPETR THREE

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 sources of data collection

3.3 Population of the study

3.4 Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5 Validation of research instrument

3.6 Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix







Abstract

The study is on the uses of accounting information for decision making in public sector. The total population for the study is 200 staff of bank of Agriculture, Calabar, Cross River state. The researcher used questionnaires as the instrument for the data collection. Descriptive Survey research design was adopted for this study. A total of 133 respondents made human resource managers, accountants, customer care officers and junior staff were used for the study. The data collected were presented in tables and analyzed using simple percentages and frequencies













CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
One of the most effective uses of accounting information is decision making. Decision making has being described as a purposeful choosing from a number of alternative causes of action.
The accounting information provides managers with the necessary information they need. In this case, it is the accountants that provide the information with which the management uses for its decision making. Managements can only come up with a good decision if they are able to get correct accounting information from the accountant. In a situation where the accountant does not provide correct information: this is bond to affect the decision making of the management adversely. The question now is, how business executive know the company is embarking on a favorable decision or unfavorable one. The answer to this question is based on the management and the accounting information. According to Ray (1996), most top level business executives have background in accounting and finance than in any other field. The essence of using accounting information is to enable managers make wise decision. It is also used (accounting information) to set up system of internal control to increase efficiency and prevent fraud in companies. Accounting information aids in profit making, budgeting and cost control. In a company, it is the duty of the management accountant to see that his company keeps good records and prepare proper financial regulations. Management accountants also need to keep up with the latest development in the use of computers and in the computer system design. Accountants provide many special reports for management, decision making. This function requires the gathering of both historical and projected data. Indeed only a limited number of studies in international management research have focus on the role utilization of accounting information in the holistic context of decision making strategies, processes and preferences (Carr etal 1994; woutersan and Verdaasdonk 2002). Green wood and Hinings (1996) there is evidence which reveal the influence of accounting information in decision making process. it emphasize the important of a holistic context and which led to the integration of other institutional influence and multiple logics. It is in this context that the research wishes to evaluate the effectiveness and uses of accounting information for decision making in public sector. In summary, accounting information is primarily concerned with data gathering from internal and external sources analyzing, processing, interpreting and communicating the result (information) for use within the organization so that management can make more effective plan, decisions and control operations.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The central concern of management is decision. In making a sound decision the management needs some valuable and accurate information from the accountant. The accountant is at the services of the management by providing the management with the necessary information which they need for decision making. In recent times, it was observed that cases of mismanagement, fraud and irregularities prevail in the organization. What then is the role of accounting information in Bank of agriculture? Has the role been affective? Does accounting information control fraud, mismanagement and irregularities? Does accounting information ensure the efficiency and effectiveness of management? This study is aimed at providing answers the above questions.



1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

This research is aimed at examining how effective and efficient management apply accounting information in making business decision in public sector organizations.

The main objectives of this study are;

To identify how accounting information controls Fraud, mismanagement and irregularities.
To determine how useful and effective accounting information are to decision making in public sector organization.
To determine the relationship between the neglect of accounting information and decision making in public sector organizations.
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The null hypothesis is the one stated in a no difference form in effect of one or more independent variables on the dependent variable and is denoted as Ho. Alternative hypothesis is the one which predicts a difference and indicates the expected direction of that difference and is denoted as H1. The hypothesis to be tested in this study are as follows:
Ho: Accounting information does not control fraud, mismanagement and irregularities.
H1: Accounting information controls fraud, mismanagement and irregularities.
Ho: Accounting information is not effective in decision making in public sector organizations.

H1: Accounting information is effective in decision making in public sector organizations.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Accounting information is very important in the life of any business. It is based on this information that the management will be able to make wise decisions. The accountants present the accounting information in such a way as to assist management in policy and decision making in the day to day operations of the company. Based on the information produced, the management will have the benefits on using it to plan and control their current and future operations. Based on it also they will come up with their management decision and information of long term plans. The information also will help the management report historical information to outsiders The account manager, based on the management plan (target/standards) will analyze the performance of the organization and access whether the organization actually attained the standard set by the management or not, if there is any variance, the management in charge of accounts will look into it to find out the causes of the variance and the report to the management based on that report. The management can make a wise decision that will take the cause of the variance into consideration. The use of accounting information is so important that the management of any organization cannot do without it. Any organization that does not makes use of accounting information for their decision making is bound to be running into difficulties that lead to a setback.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY OF THE STUDY

The scope will take into consideration the uses and effectiveness of accounting information for effective decision-making. Decision making exist in every organization, for the purpose of this research the research will be considering only Bank of agriculture (i.e. taking into consideration Calabar branch). Accounting staff and manages of their co-operation will be interviewed for the purpose of getting relevant useful information for decision making, also to determine how effective to use the accounting information for their decision making. The recommendation and the conclusion will be based solely on the information gathered. The researcher encounters some constrain which limited the scope of the study;

a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) Organizational privacy: Limited Access to the selected auditing firm makes it difficult to get all the necessary and required information concerning the activities
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Decision making: This is a process of choosing specific cause of action from among many possible alternatives. Determine ways and means for accomplishing the line of action decided upon is also a part of the decision making process.

Accounting: This means the act of recording, classifying and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transaction and events which are in part at least of a financial character and interpreting the result thereof.

Information: Data that has been processed to produce meaning relating to a field.

Accounting information: Those processed information relating to accounting.
Management: This is a group in a business who have overall responsibility for achieving the company’s goals

Inventory: This is the stock of goods which firm posses within a accounting period

Cost centre: This is the smallest of activities of areas of responsibilities where costs are accumulated.

Profit centre: This is a segment of a business that is responsible for both its revenue end expenses, providing information for such an entity.

Planning: The use of information supplied by accountants in making decision by which management formulate objectives for future business of the firm.

Control and Coordination: A process of ensuring that the cause of actions is maintained and that the desire aims are achieved. This is done through the use of budgets and actual data.

Cost Decision: This is the application of and cost of principles, methods and techniques in the ascertainment of cost and analysis of savings and or excess as compared with the previous experiences or with standard.

Decision: Alternative lines of action which are often irrevocable.

Organization: In organization the managers decide how best to put together the organizations human and other resources in other to carry out establishment.

Cost Accounting: This refers to the determination and control of cost.

General Accounting: This is the overall records keeping preparation of financial statements and reports and control at all business activities.

Budgeting: This is the planning of financial aspect of business operations.
1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows

Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study


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Abstract

Treasury Single Account (TSA) policy in Nigeria is a government accounting system under which all government revenue receipts and income from FEDERAL Government’s Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) are collected into one single account, usually maintained by the Central Bank of Nigeria and all payments done through this account as well in order to enhance accountability of government revenue; transparency and avoid misapplication of public funds. The implementation of TSA policy in Nigeria has generated mixed reactions on it effect on Federal Government’s Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs). Based on the foregoing, the study assessed the effects of TSA on Federal Government’s Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs). To achieve the objective of the study, primary and secondary sources of data were used. Questionnaires were used for the collection of primary data. A sample size of 150 was purposively drawn from the study population which comprises of Federal Government’s Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs. Descriptive statistic (percentages)



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

background of the study
Treasury Single Account (TSA) is not a new concept in Nigeria. Chima (2015) opined that the policy was first implemented in 1989 and the implementation was associated with turbulence in the banking industry. The President Olusegun Obasanjo’s led administration centered the idea on the Government integrated Financial Management Information System (GIFMIS). Earlier in February, 2015 the Central Bank of Nigeria issued a circular directing all deposit money banks to implement the Remita e-Collection Platform. The Remita e-Collection is a technology platform deployed by the Federal Government to support the collection and remittance of all government revenue to a Consolidated Account domiciled with the CBN. This marked the beginning of the full implementation of Treasury Single Account (TSA) system in Nigeria. Though section 80 (1) and section 162 of the 1999 Constitution as amended states “All revenues, or other moneys raised or received by the Federation (not being revenues or other moneys payable under this Constitution or any Act of the National Assembly into any other public fund of the Federation established for a specific purpose) shall be paid into and form one Consolidated Revenue Fund of the Federation. Successive governments have continued to operate multiple accounts for the collection and spending of government revenue in flagrant disregard to the provisions of the constitution which requires that all government revenues be remitted into a single account. It was not until 2012 that government ran a pilot scheme for a single account using 217 Ministries Departments and Agencies as a test case. The pilot scheme saved the country about N500 billion in frivolous spending. The success of the pilot scheme motivated the government to fully implement TSA, leading to the directives to banks to implement the technology platform that will help accommodate all MDAs in the TSA scheme (Nairaland, 2015).

The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) has opened a Consolidated Revenue Account to receive all government revenue and effect payments through this account. This is the Treasury Single Account. All Ministries, Departments and Agencies are expected to remit their revenue collections to this account through the individual commercial banks who act as collection agents. This means that the money deposit banks will continue to maintain revenue collection accounts for MDA’s but all monies collected by these banks will have to be remitted to the Consolidated Revenue Accounts with the CBN at the end of each banking day. In other words, MDA’s accounts with money deposit banks must have zero balance at the end of every banking day by a complete remittance to the TSA of all revenues collected. The implication is that banks will no longer have access to the float provided by the accounts they maintained for the MDA’s. Different types of accounts could be maintained under a TSA arrangement and these may include the TSA main account, subsidiary or sub-accounts, transaction accounts and zero balance account. Other types of accounts that could be operated include impress accounts, transit accounts and correspondence accounts. These accounts are maintained for transaction purposes for funds flowing in and out of the TSA (Nairaland, 2015). Chukwu (2015) holds that with the implementation of the Treasury Single Account, Ministries, Agencies and Departments (MDAs) will maintain their individual accounts with the commercial banks, but daily funding of their disbursements are made from the central or main account, which is resident with the Central Bank, just as their closing balances at the end of day are transferred to the main account.



STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The role of treasury single account was to ensure uniformity in the financial dealings of every government ministries and parastatals and transparency of every financial transactions nationwide, this account which is to be maintain by the central bank charged with the responsibility of ensuring financial stability in government ministry and parastatals has encounter serious criticism from the banks and the ministry at large. It is on this back drop that the researcher intends to investigate the role of the TSA in ensuring liquidity and stability in government ministries.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is to ascertain the role of (TSA) treasury single account in attaining financial stability in Nigeria. However, for the successful completion of the study, the researcher set out the following sub-objectives to be achieved:

To ascertain the role of treasury single account in attaining financial stability
To ascertain the relationship between financial stability and liquidity
To ascertain the impact of TSA in ensuring accountability in government ministries
To evaluate the role of central bank on implementation of TSA in government ministries.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
For the successful completion of the study the following research hypotheses were formulated

H0: TSA does not have any significant role in attaining financial stability in government ministries

H1: TSA plays a significant role in attaining financial stability by government ministries

H0: there is no significant relationship between TSA and financial stability.

H2: there is a significant relationship between TSA and financial stability.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is perceived that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of great importance to the central bank of Nigeria, and all commercial banks as it will aid them in curbing multiple account from one ministries, the study will also be of great importance to the federal government ministries and parastatals, as the study will guide them to know the advantages of single treasury accounts. The study will also be of great importance to academia’s as the study will add to the pool of knowledge and finally the study will also be of great importance to the students, teachers, lecturers, researchers and the general public.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers the role of single treasury account in ensuring financial stability and accountability by federal government departments ministry and parastatals. However, the study has some limitation which the researcher encounters, below are some of the limitation:

a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) FINANCE: The finance available for the research work does not allow for wider coverage as resources are very limited as the researcher has other academic bills to cover.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Single Treasury Account

Treasury Single Account (TSA) is a financial policy in use in several countries all over the world.

Income Statement

An income statement or profit and loss account (also referred to as a profit and loss statement (P&L), statement of profit or loss, revenue statement, statement of financial performance, earnings statement, operating statement, or statement of operations)

Income and expenditure account

The account through which surplus or deficit of a non-profit-seeking concern is ascertained, is called Income and Expenditure Account.





Treasury

In many other countries, the treasury is called the “ministry of finance” and the head is known as the finance minister.




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Abstract

Treasury Single Account (TSA) policy in Nigeria is a government accounting system under which all government revenue receipts and income from FEDERAL Government’s Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) are collected into one single account, usually maintained by the Central Bank of Nigeria and all payments done through this account as well in order to enhance accountability of government revenue; transparency and avoid misapplication of public funds. The implementation of TSA policy in Nigeria has generated mixed reactions on it effect on Federal Government’s Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs). Based on the foregoing, the study assessed the effects of TSA on Federal Government’s Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs). To achieve the objective of the study, primary and secondary sources of data were used. Questionnaires were used for the collection of primary data. A sample size of 150 was purposively drawn from the study population which comprises of Federal Government’s Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs. Descriptive statistic (percentages)



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

background of the study
Treasury Single Account (TSA) is not a new concept in Nigeria. Chima (2015) opined that the policy was first implemented in 1989 and the implementation was associated with turbulence in the banking industry. The President Olusegun Obasanjo’s led administration centered the idea on the Government integrated Financial Management Information System (GIFMIS). Earlier in February, 2015 the Central Bank of Nigeria issued a circular directing all deposit money banks to implement the Remita e-Collection Platform. The Remita e-Collection is a technology platform deployed by the Federal Government to support the collection and remittance of all government revenue to a Consolidated Account domiciled with the CBN. This marked the beginning of the full implementation of Treasury Single Account (TSA) system in Nigeria. Though section 80 (1) and section 162 of the 1999 Constitution as amended states “All revenues, or other moneys raised or received by the Federation (not being revenues or other moneys payable under this Constitution or any Act of the National Assembly into any other public fund of the Federation established for a specific purpose) shall be paid into and form one Consolidated Revenue Fund of the Federation. Successive governments have continued to operate multiple accounts for the collection and spending of government revenue in flagrant disregard to the provisions of the constitution which requires that all government revenues be remitted into a single account. It was not until 2012 that government ran a pilot scheme for a single account using 217 Ministries Departments and Agencies as a test case. The pilot scheme saved the country about N500 billion in frivolous spending. The success of the pilot scheme motivated the government to fully implement TSA, leading to the directives to banks to implement the technology platform that will help accommodate all MDAs in the TSA scheme (Nairaland, 2015).

The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) has opened a Consolidated Revenue Account to receive all government revenue and effect payments through this account. This is the Treasury Single Account. All Ministries, Departments and Agencies are expected to remit their revenue collections to this account through the individual commercial banks who act as collection agents. This means that the money deposit banks will continue to maintain revenue collection accounts for MDA’s but all monies collected by these banks will have to be remitted to the Consolidated Revenue Accounts with the CBN at the end of each banking day. In other words, MDA’s accounts with money deposit banks must have zero balance at the end of every banking day by a complete remittance to the TSA of all revenues collected. The implication is that banks will no longer have access to the float provided by the accounts they maintained for the MDA’s. Different types of accounts could be maintained under a TSA arrangement and these may include the TSA main account, subsidiary or sub-accounts, transaction accounts and zero balance account. Other types of accounts that could be operated include impress accounts, transit accounts and correspondence accounts. These accounts are maintained for transaction purposes for funds flowing in and out of the TSA (Nairaland, 2015). Chukwu (2015) holds that with the implementation of the Treasury Single Account, Ministries, Agencies and Departments (MDAs) will maintain their individual accounts with the commercial banks, but daily funding of their disbursements are made from the central or main account, which is resident with the Central Bank, just as their closing balances at the end of day are transferred to the main account.



STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The role of treasury single account was to ensure uniformity in the financial dealings of every government ministries and parastatals and transparency of every financial transactions nationwide, this account which is to be maintain by the central bank charged with the responsibility of ensuring financial stability in government ministry and parastatals has encounter serious criticism from the banks and the ministry at large. It is on this back drop that the researcher intends to investigate the role of the TSA in ensuring liquidity and stability in government ministries.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is to ascertain the role of (TSA) treasury single account in attaining financial stability in Nigeria. However, for the successful completion of the study, the researcher set out the following sub-objectives to be achieved:

To ascertain the role of treasury single account in attaining financial stability
To ascertain the relationship between financial stability and liquidity
To ascertain the impact of TSA in ensuring accountability in government ministries
To evaluate the role of central bank on implementation of TSA in government ministries.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
For the successful completion of the study the following research hypotheses were formulated

H0: TSA does not have any significant role in attaining financial stability in government ministries

H1: TSA plays a significant role in attaining financial stability by government ministries

H0: there is no significant relationship between TSA and financial stability.

H2: there is a significant relationship between TSA and financial stability.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is perceived that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of great importance to the central bank of Nigeria, and all commercial banks as it will aid them in curbing multiple account from one ministries, the study will also be of great importance to the federal government ministries and parastatals, as the study will guide them to know the advantages of single treasury accounts. The study will also be of great importance to academia’s as the study will add to the pool of knowledge and finally the study will also be of great importance to the students, teachers, lecturers, researchers and the general public.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers the role of single treasury account in ensuring financial stability and accountability by federal government departments ministry and parastatals. However, the study has some limitation which the researcher encounters, below are some of the limitation:

a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) FINANCE: The finance available for the research work does not allow for wider coverage as resources are very limited as the researcher has other academic bills to cover.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Single Treasury Account

Treasury Single Account (TSA) is a financial policy in use in several countries all over the world.

Income Statement

An income statement or profit and loss account (also referred to as a profit and loss statement (P&L), statement of profit or loss, revenue statement, statement of financial performance, earnings statement, operating statement, or statement of operations)

Income and expenditure account

The account through which surplus or deficit of a non-profit-seeking concern is ascertained, is called Income and Expenditure Account.





Treasury

In many other countries, the treasury is called the “ministry of finance” and the head is known as the finance minister.




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Abstract

The development of agriculture since 1960 and its contribution to the growth of the economy has been discussed in the course of this study. It is however obvious from the analysis that though agriculture has contributed positively to economic growth, there are fundamental problems attributable largely to the characteristics of Nigerian agriculture. It is also evident that unfavourable environments as well as poor implementation of economic policies were detrimental to output increase in the sector. Thus, the pace of modernization of the sector has been very slow. These problems and other outstanding constraints discussed in detail in this work have prevented the sector from contributing to the achievement of the set objectives including laying a solid foundation for Nigerians agrarian base. Taking advantage of the ordinary least square method (OLS), through which the research was carried out by means of secondary data and using independent variables: agricultural total production, agricultural import, agricultural export, foreign direct investment, and interest rate re-examines the question of whether agriculture could serve as an engine of growth for the Nigerian economy.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
By the time Nigeria became politically independent in October 1960, agriculture was the dominant sector of the economy, contributing about 70% of the Gross Domestic Product (G.D.P), employing about the same percentage of the working population and accounting for about 90% of foreign exchange earnings and the federal government revenue (C.B.N 2005).The early period of post independence up until the mid 1970’s saw a rapid growth of industrial capacity and output as the contribution of the manufacturing sector to G.D.P rose from 4.8% to 8.2%. This pattern changed when oil suddenly became of strategic importance to the world economy through its supply price nexus. Crude oil was first discovered in commercial quantity in Nigeria in 1956, while actual production started in 1958. It became the dominant resources in the mid 1970s.The massive increase in oil revenue as an aftermath of the Middle East war of 1973 created unprecedented, unexpected and unplanned wealth for Nigeria. Notwithstanding the enviable position of the oil sector in the Nigerian economy over the past three decades, the agricultural sector has remained the largest and arguably the most important sector of the economy. Agricultures contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (G.D.P) has remained stable at between 30 and 42 percent, and employs 65 percent of the labour force in Nigeria (Aigbokhan, 2001). It is estimated to be the largest contributor to non-oil foreign exchange earnings. This means agriculture holds abundant potentials for enhancing and sustaining the country’s foreign exchange. A strong agricultural sector, as it is recognized is essential to economic development both in its own right and to stimulate and support the growth of industries. Economic growth has gone hand in hand with agricultural progress. Stagflation in agriculture is the principal explanation for poor economic performance, while rising agricultural productivity has been the most concomitant of successful industrialization (Ukeje 1999). The labour intense character of the sector reduces its contribution to the G.D.P. Nevertheless agricultural exports are a major earner of foreign exchange in Nigeria. Like in most developing countries agriculture remains the backbone of the Nigerian economy. Typically it is the largest sources of employment often two third or more of the population is dependent on this livelihood on farming. It is a well known fact that Nigeria comparative advantages in the production of certain foods and other agricultural commodities that can earn foreign exchange for imports of other foods. It has long been recognized that sustained agricultural development requires striking an appropriate balance between investments that are directly productive in agriculture and investment in infrastructures. Poor infrastructural services in developing countries lead to low productivity. Much of the high productivity of agriculture in the developed countries is as a result of massive form of investments’ over many years in physical and institutional infrastructure. Conversely, the low productivity of agriculture in many developing countries reflects among other things, limited investment in rural roads and electricity. This stems from the concentration of public investments in urban areas where the unit cost of providing services is typically less and logistic problems fewer.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

One of the constraints of the growth in Nigeria has been the slow development of the agricultural sector. The performance of the sector was undermined by disincentives created by the macroeconomic environment. The economic stabilization Act enacted in 1982 affected expenditures on agriculture and restricted imports of the agricultural products and inputs. A major problem confronting the agricultural sector however is in its inability to contribute to foreign exchange earnings as well as its price and income elasticity of demand. It would be extremely difficult to attain long run sustainable growth, If not impossible without addressing the problem of the agricultural sector. This raises the questions of what need to be done to develop the Nigeria agricultural sector in order to realize the potentials of the sector. This calls for new thoughts and limitations

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study are;

To investigate the major causes of low productivity in agriculture in Nigeria.
To find out if the various policies and programs used are effective or not.
To identify and analyze the constraints facing the agricultural sector as an accelerator for economic growth.
To examine the prospect of agricultural sector in Nigeria.
To find out the ways to improve the competitiveness of agriculture in Nigeria and alleviate their supply-side constraint.




1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

For the successful completion of the study, the following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher;

H0: there are no major causes of low productivity in agriculture in Nigeria.

H1: there are major causes of low productivity in agriculture in Nigeria.

H02: there are no constraints facing the agricultural sector as an accelerator for economic growth

H2: there are constraints facing the agricultural sector as an accelerator for economic growth

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The fundamental importance of this study is to examine the relationship or correlation that exists between economic and agricultural growth in Nigeria. So far, little has been done to determine the impact of agricultural sector on economic growth in Nigeria, but a number of studies have been carried out on cross country analysis of less developed countries. This approach assumes that the impact of foreign inflow is constant across countries that are the same in all less developed countries (L.D.C’s). Most studies in this area consider only a small number of variables trying to establish agricultural growth. The basic significance of this study is that it employs econometric models with strong theoretical under pinning that relate agriculture and economic growth in Nigeria and that growing concern of the agricultural sector. It would be useful to explore this come up with result that would help in the policy building of the Nigerian economy.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study will explore the possible ways through which the agricultural sector affects growth and inspects the direction and examine the transmission channel of the relationship between growth and agricultural index to be used for the study. To achieve this objective, the period range from 1960-2008 data will be used. This period is chosen because published data for the variable included in the model are available. The result of this study could be limited by the quality of the data series available. This limitation arises from the problem of inconsistency of data as reported by different institutions

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Abstract

This study is on impact of containerization on transport and distribution. The total population for the study is 200 staff of PZ Aba, Abia State. The researcher used questionnaires as the instrument for the data collection. Descriptive Survey research design was adopted for this study. A total of 133 respondents made production managers, stock controllers, sales advisors and retail managers were used for the study. The data collected were presented in tables and analyzed using simple percentages and frequencies

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
The process of containerization has been surged over the last several decades, but Nigeria ports and their supporting container distribution networks have struggled to increase capacity to match this expansion. PZ was first founded as a trading post called West African Merchants. In Sierra Leone by two partners, George Peterson from England and George Zochonics, from Greece, Peterson and Zochonics started out by shipping palm oil and other produce, such as palm kernels, cocoa, groundnut, and seed cotton as well as animals hides and skins to United Kingdom and bringing back goods from England such as cloths from Manchester. In 1884 Peterson and Zochonics incorporated the company as Paterson Zochonic (PZ). PZ was established in Nigeria by the year 1899 at Lagos later extended to other branches in the states. The company currently manufactures and distribute over 30 brands of products across its global network, such products like soaps and other personal care item, including shampoo, baby powder, detergents and cleaners, olive oil, packaging material, ever pharmaceuticals etc. PZ has maximum number of workers in various branches located especially Aba branch that has qualified staff that facilitates the organizational growth; they also have very good number of vehicle for easy distribution and conveying of the raw material for production. They also have good machine for steady production.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Containerization is very essential and useful in the selling of industrial goods; hence it is often referred to as the nearest company’s salesman. There are existing problems associated with containerization on transports and distribution of industrial goods and services. Expanding system wide container capacity is extremely difficult. For one container flows involve a series of linked capacity factors derive by different stakeholders such as ports railroads, truck carriers and steamship lines. While on the surface the problem appears to be a direct application of goldratt’s theory of constraints (Goldratt 1997) and (ox 2004) there are complicating factors. Container flows may be identified as the drum (i.e. primary, pace setting) constraints, but their handling involves as series of linked factors controlled by the stakeholders. The further compounding the problems are unpredictable changes in security requirement terrorist activities, military deployment (Thomchick 1993) labour strikes and inclement weath.



OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the study are;

To examine maximization of customer service on transportation.
To the impact of containerization on transport and distribution
To ascertain the relationship between containerization and distribution
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
For the successful completion of the study, the following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher;

H0: there is no impact of containerization on transport and distribution.

H1: there is impact of containerization on transport and distribution.

H02: there is no relationship between containerization and distribution

H2: there is relationship between containerization and distribution

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study will cover Aba, Abia State, Owerri and all eastern states in Nigeria and all companies that make use of containerized product like PZ Plc that cover almost Nigerian market with their product. The study also covers their entire product consumer both in urban and rural areas. The study will therefore be limited to Aba consumers market.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers impact of containerization on transport and distribution. The researcher encounters some constrain which limited the scope of the study;

a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) Organizational privacy: Limited Access to the selected auditing firm makes it difficult to get all the necessary and required information concerning the activities.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

The definitions of terms for this project are:

Containerization: Is an advancement of the concept of unit load. A container is a box with steel framework, a strong floor base, pouched sides and a root. Containers can equally be classified according to their sizes. We have the international standard organization (ISO) standard container of 8×8 fit. Containers vary with respect to length. The lengths are 10ft, 20ft and 40ft are used to suit a peculiar need.
The distribution process: Begins when a supplier receives an order from a customer. The customer is not too concerned with the design of the supplier’s distributive system, nor in any supply problems.
3. Order processing: The efficiency of order processing has a direct effect on lead times. Orders are received from the sales team through the sales department. Many companies’ established regular supply performs satisfactorily. Very often contract are drawn up and repeat orders (forming part of the initial contract) are made at regular intervals during the contract period.
4. Inventory: Is a critical area of (PDM) because stock levels have a direct effect on levels service and customer satisfaction. The optimum stock level is a function of the type of market in which the company operates. Few companies can say that they never run out of stock, but it stock-out “happens regular, then market share will be lost to more efficient competitors”.
Techniques of determining optimum stock level are illustrated later in this chapter.
Transportation: Usually represent the greatest distribution cost. It is usually easy to calculate because it can be related directly to weigh or numbers of units. Costs must be carefully controlled through the mode of transport selected amongst alternatives, and these must be constantly viewed. During the past 50 years, road transport has become the dominant transportation mode in Nigeria. It has the advantage of speed couple with door-to-door delivery. The patterns of retailing that have developed, and the pressure caused by coin stock holding indispensable. Where the volume of goods being transported reaches a certain level, some companies as purchase their own vehicle rather than use the service of haulage contractors.
Distance: This is the range cover on transportation while container is on shipment.
The value of the goods: Freight rate is chargeable according to the value of the goods: this is because valuable item requires extra care attention and protection from damage and loss, hence it attracts higher premium from insurance companies. In the way bill preparation shippers are advised to make a declaration of the value of their shipment valuable items attract higher rate.
Condition of the road: The prevailing road condition is similar to that of distance since bad roads know to consume more fuel and lubricants as well as high maintenance expenses. Bad roads attract high freight rates.
The nature of the cargo shipped: Some cargoes are known to require the provision of extra-ordinary facilities to make its carriage safe. These goods are hazardous in nature as their carriage but both the vehicle and the operating crew in dangerous position throughout the trip. Some chemicals are corrosive while some are inflammable and require extra handling care and equipment. Freight rate for such shipment are high.
Availability of return cargo: Promising a hauler of return cargo can induce acceptability of the contract as this helps in reducing the average operating expenses of each return ship. Availability of return cargo improve the capacity utilization of the vehicle and the productivity of the operating crew. Lower rates are therefore changeable where heavy traffic occurs at both ends of the trip.
Availability of competing modes: Freight rates are known to be high where there is no effective competition among the transport modes. In Nigeria, the demise of the railway as a cost effective mode of cargo haulage gave the road trucking power to high rates of shipment at the slightest chances.
Promotional rate: Planning to establish a new trucking may attract a low freight rate but the rate must be at a level that will guarantee the covering of the operating costs. The carriers firms normally use the promotional rate to create awareness for their services.
13. Material handling: It is a means of supporting and simplifying production process and efficient distribution.
Freight Forwarders: This provides important service in physical distribution and logistics. They do not operate with their own transportation facilities. The consolidate Less Than Car Load (LCL) or Less Than Truck Load (LTL) consignments from various slipper into Car Load (CL) or Truck Load for onward shipping at the benefit of themselves and their client.
Carriage of goods: These occur when a company or a person carry goods on behalf of another company or person from one place to another with a consideration of payment for the service rendered. The person or company accepting to carry goods for another is regarded as the carrier and the one whose goods are being carried is the shipper who may either be the consignor or the consignee.
Warehousing: Is a large centralized store, usually in a convenient location in relation to the market area to be served. The warehouse is basically designed to bridge any large gap between when goods are produced and when consumers require them.
Scheduling: Is the process of effectively planning transport routes so that deliver of the require orders is carried out timely with minimum delays and cost possible.
Routing: It involves scheduling vehicles to match as best as possible customers demand for delivery with the availability and capacity of vehicles and taking into account constraint such as early closing days, preferred delivery times, lorry access restriction etc.
Piggyback: Here a tractor pulls the loaded trailer from plant to rail loading yard or tactic where the trailer is placed on flat platform of an open coal, which holds several trailers
Fish back (Roll on/Roll off) RORO is similar to piggyback except that it combines the use of truck and water carriers. The main objective is to reduce the extremely high cost of loading and unloading individually packaged items abroad ship
1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows

Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study


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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT
SPROJECT NG FEBRUARY 4, 2019 EDIT
Abstract

It is apparent that Nigeria and Nigerians have not been able to key into the tremendous benefit of intelligent transport system (ITS), this study intend to touch-light on awareness level of ITS ‘as the solution to the National traffic congestion, the study seek to explore and expose to the Nigerian populace the benefits, technologies as well as how ITS can be deployed in Nigeria transport sector. In a highly mobile society, accurate and timely traffic information can help travelers reach their destinations quickly and safely. To serve this information need, Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) that provide real-time pre-trip and en route traveler information are introduced to help drivers avoid congestion and choose timesaving and safe route.


THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT
SPROJECT NG FEBRUARY 4, 2019 EDIT
Abstract

It is apparent that Nigeria and Nigerians have not been able to key into the tremendous benefit of intelligent transport system (ITS), this study intend to touch-light on awareness level of ITS ‘as the solution to the National traffic congestion, the study seek to explore and expose to the Nigerian populace the benefits, technologies as well as how ITS can be deployed in Nigeria transport sector. In a highly mobile society, accurate and timely traffic information can help travelers reach their destinations quickly and safely. To serve this information need, Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) that provide real-time pre-trip and en route traveler information are introduced to help drivers avoid congestion and choose timesaving and safe route.















CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
The problem of Mobility and safety is on the high side on the Nation’s transportation system. The impact of traffic congestion is palpable to anyone witnessing delay on Lagos roadways. An estimated 8 million people travel to work via public transportation each day on the 9,100 roads and expressways available in Lagos (World Bank, 2009). With more than 1 million registered vehicles in 2011, there are potentially more than one million trips made during the peak travel periods of the day; this is much more during seasonal festivities such as Easter and Christmas when there is an influx from other parts of the country. A recent study estimated the cost of traffic congestion in U.S. cities for 2005 at $78 billion, with 4.2 billion hours of delay and 2.9 billion gallons of fuel wasted. Fatalities on U.S. highways rose to 43,443 in 2005.58 Public transportation systems provided 10.1 billion trips in 2006, the highest in 49 years, with continuing increases documented through the first three quarters of 2007.59 Freight volume on U.S. highways is expected to increase to 22.8 billion tons in 2035, up from 11.5 billion tons in 2002. Commuters in Lagos experience the effects of traffic congestion on a daily basis. According to Adebiyi (2011), the congestion is caused partly by road users themselves. Lagos road users are known to be very impatient and bad at obeying traffic rules. Indeed many times traffic congestions have been caused by a driver refusing to give way for another motorist. The effects of congestion are many fold; some directly affect the drivers’ sense of wellbeing, be it times wasted sitting in a traffic queue and the changes in the behaviour of drivers. Such behaviour might include rude gestures, verbal insults, deliberately driving in an unsafe or threatening manner, or making threats. Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) provide a proven set of strategies for addressing the challenges of assuring safety and reducing congestion, while accommodating the growth in transit ridership and freight movement. ITS improve transportation safety and mobility, and enhance productivity through the use of advanced communications, sensors, and information processing technologies encompassing a broad range of wireless and wire line communications-based information and electronics. When integrated into the transportation system’s infrastructure, and into vehicles themselves, these technologies relieve congestion, improve safety, and enhance U.S. productivity. Vehicle infrastructure integration has the potential to enable many services presently provided by infrastructure or vehicle-based ITS to benefit from enhanced communication between vehicles and the infrastructure. ITS deployment can impact transportation system performance in six key goal areas: safety, mobility, efficiency, productivity, energy and environment, and customer satisfaction. A wide variety of performance measures are used across the evaluations discussed in this report to assess ITS performance under each of these goal areas. Safety is measured through changes in crash rates or other surrogate measures such as vehicle speeds, traffic conflicts, or traffic law violations. Mobility improvements have been measured in travel time or delay savings, as well as travel time budget savings, and on-time performance. Efficiency findings document the capability of better managed transportation facilities to accommodate additional demand, typically represented through increases in capacity or level of service within existing road networks or transit systems. Productivity improvements are typically documented in cost savings to transportation providers, travelers, or shippers. Benefits in the area of Energy and Environment are typically documented through fuel savings and reduced pollutant emissions. Customer Satisfaction findings measure, usually through surveys, the perception of deployed ITS by the traveling public.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Managing urban traffic requires finding a balance between throughput, livability, safety and sustainability. As cities are expected to grow in the coming decades (leading to increased traffic demand), the challenge of managing traffic will increase, as space to develop road networks is often limited or non-existing. That urban traffic is characterized by a mix of different modes of transport (pedestrians, bicycles, public transport, motorized vehicles) makes the challenge even more complex. It is in view of the above challenges that the researcher intend to investigate the effectiveness of intelligent transport system in curbing the menace of traffic congestion and pollutions in our city

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is to ascertain the effectiveness of intelligent transport system in curbing the menace of traffic congestion and traffic jam. But to aid the completion of the study, the researcher intends to achieve the following specific objective:

To ascertain the effect of intelligent transport system in effective functioning of the transport system in Nigeria.
To investigate if there is any significant relationship between intelligent transport system and Nigeria’s Intelligent Transportation system
Ascertain the importance of Educate the public and key players in the Nigerian transport system on the need for ITS and how intelligent transportation system can be deployed in Nigeria.
To proffer suggested solution to the identified problem
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
To aid the completion of the study, the following research questions were formulated by the researcher;

Is there any positive effect of intelligent transport system in effective functioning of the transport system in Nigeria?
Is there any significant relationship between intelligent transport system and Nigeria’s Intelligent Transportation system?
does educating the key players in the Nigerian transport system have any impact on the adoption and implementation of ITS in Nigeria?
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
To aid the completion of the study, the following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher

H0: there is no positive effect of intelligent transport system in effective functioning of the transport system in Nigeria

H1: there is a positive effect of intelligent transport system in effective functioning of the transport system in Nigeria

H02: there is no significant relationship between intelligent transport system and Nigeria’s Intelligent Transportation system

H2: there is a significant relationship between intelligent transport system and Nigeria’s Intelligent Transportation system.

SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of great importance to the federal ministry of transport, this is because the study seek explore the importance of the benefit of adopting intelligent transport system in combating traffic and other transport hazards, the study will also be useful to road users as the study will educate them on the tremendous be

the tremendous benefit of adopting intelligent transport system, the study will also be of great importance to researcher who intend to embark on study in a similar topic as the study will serve as a reference point for further study, finally the study will also be of great importance to the general public as the study will also contribute to the pool of available literature on the subject matter.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers the effectiveness of intelligent transport system on the growth of the Nigerian transport sector, but in the cause of the study, there were some factors which limited the scope of the study;

a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) Finance: the finances at the disposal of the researcher which is allocated to the study is a major constrain to the scope of the study, this is because the available resources has to be effectively utilized to cover other academic activities.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Intelligent transport system

An intelligent transportation system (ITS) is an advanced application which, without embodying intelligence as such, aims to provide innovative services relating to different modes of transport and traffic management and enable various users to be better informed and make safer, more coordinated, and ‘smarter’ use of transport networks

Transport

Transport or transportation is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations



Transport Network

A transport network, or transportation network is a realization of a spatial network, describing a structure which permits either vehicular movement or flow of some commodity. Examples are network of roads and streets, railways, pipes, aqueducts, and power lines

1.9 PLAN OF THE STUDY

The research report of this study is divided into 5 chapters. Chapter one consist of introduction to the study and it is sub-divided into 9 headings which are background of the study, statement of problem, research questions etc. Chapter two is the literature review which comprise of the conceptual, empirical and theoretical framework. Chapter three is the research methodology which mainly concerns itself about the design of the study, the method of data collection, sample size, sampling technique, method of data analysis and the decision rule. The second to the last chapter, chapter four comprise of the research data presentation and analysis and the last chapter, chapter five is the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the research.

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Abstract

Banks are so prominent in the Nigerian economy that non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) are hardly noticed. It is against this background that this study sets out to investigate the role of insurance company in Nigeria as a non-financial institution; problems and prospect. It discovered that NBFIs play a fundamental and complementary developmental role in the economy. To assess the impact of NBFIs on the economy the study used data obtained from primary sources and the Statistical Directory of the National Insurance Commission.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
A close examination of financial literature exposes the lopsided attention paid to banks. While it is awash with information on the scope and intensity of banks’ contribution to the economy, little is said about the input of non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) to development. It is true that banks in a developing economy outclass the NBFIs in volume of transaction, versatility of operations, diversity of products and degree of market penetration (Acha, 2005:1). This does not in any way diminish the contributions of NBFIs as they perform similar functions with the banks and complement the efforts of the banks in the financial intermediation process. Despite their complementary role to banks in the areas mentioned above, NBFIs are known to possess potential advantages in the performance of economic development functions. For instance, certain NBFIs are rural in nature, like the community banks (now microfinance banks), and are therefore able to access greater population of Nigerians and their latent savings potentials. Nigeria is a country in dire need of development and cannot overlook the development potentials of NBFIs. There is therefore the need for close examination of NBFIs to identify the various types operating in Nigeria. Nigerian financial institution are regarded as the part of financial industries that deals with exploitation, exploration and sourcing funds, investment and sharing of funds to individuals. However, the Nigerian financial system can be said to consist of the following subsystems:

The banking system
The non-banking financial institution
The regulatory financial institution
The traditional financial institution.
In practice, the growth of most of these financial institution has become that of “Survival of the fittest” due to the lukewarm attitude of the Nigerian citizens in exposing their business interest to organizations incorporated under this system. Banks are financial institutions that engage in the acceptance of deposits and safe keeping of valuables (Jhingan,2005). On the other hand, Non-Bank financial institutions (NBFIs) are financial institutions that do not have full banking license and are not fully supervised by national or international banking regulatory agencies. NBFIs facilitate bank related financial services such as investments, risk pooling, contractual savings etc. These financial institutions (bank and non-bank) complement the activities of each other in the intermediation process in an economy. This intermediation process involves fund initialization from the surplus to the deficit units, which in turn facilitates the process of economic development. An economy is said to be growing or developing when increases in its productive capacity later yield to more production of goods and services. It has been posited that the expected increase in economic output and a sustained increase in national income per head may not be realized if the financial sector is not sound, healthy, and virile (Nwankwo and Ejikeme, 2007). This is because a well-developed financial sector performs a very critical function such as enhancing the efficiency of financial intermediation.
A well-developed financial sector also enhances investment by identifying and funding good business opportunities, mobilizing savings etc. According to Oluyemi (1995) financial institutions are seen as the engine room for growth and development. Schumpeter (1934) affirmed this position where he identified the importance of bank and non-banking institutions in facilitating technological innovation. Several other scholars such as (Fry, 1988, King and Levine, 1993, McKinnon, 1973, Shaw, 1973) have also supported the above postulation about the significance of banks and non-banks to the growth of an economy. In Nigeria, studies especially those of Adekunle et al (2013), Acha (2012), Okeh (2012), Adelakun (2010) have shown that the financial system is not fully developed and as such the bank and non bank institutions have not attained the standards expected from them in the process of economic development. Bank and non-bank institutions have not really met with the high demand for loans and advances. It has been argued that bank and non-bank financial institutions have contributed less than expected due to lack of access to funds. The primary channel through which NBFIs assist in economic development is the intermediation process. They mobilize funds by various means open to them and make same available for investment. Finance companies for instance make available funds raised through owner’s equity contribution and borrowings from other financial institutions, individuals and companies, to investors. Community banks like commercial banks, mobilize deposits from customers in form of savings, current and fixed deposits, insurance companies on the other hand aggregate the premiums paid by policy-holders. Apart from mobilizing their own funds, some NBFIs obtain significant grants and loans from the government and international financial institutions for onward lending. The NBFIs that fall under this last category are development finance institutions and primary mortgage institutions. The foregoing aptly articulates the investment funds generating abilities of NBFIs (Onoh, 2004:106). In addition to their contribution to economic development through investment funding, NBFIs like bureaux de change encourage capital inflow. By offering higher rates than the official rate of exchange, citizens working abroad are thus encouraged to remit monies home. Since transactions in bureaux de change are carried out anonymously, citizens resident abroad who wish to bring foreign exchange without passing through official channels are given avenues to do so. The increased inflow of foreign currency which this engenders improves the country’s Gross National Product (GNP) and by extension general economic well-being is enhanced (Aghoghovbia, 2006:73). Housing is one of man’s basic needs and its availability is a measure of his economic well-being. In the light of this, the role of primary mortgage institutions in housing development is of significant economic importance. Whether they are disbursing funds they generated or those from the National Housing Fund, their underlying developmental impact is in making houses available and affordable to Nigerians (Sanusi, 2003:4). Equipment financing and industrial infrastructural development is in the domain of development finance institutions. From funds which they obtain as grants from governments or loans from international financial institutions such as World Bank, these development finance institutions fund long-term real investments. They further contribute to economic progress by providing advisory services, technical and managerial expertise to such projects. The role insurance companies play in economic development is strikingly outstanding. Apart from being a veritable source of long-term funds, it also possesses an unquantifiable psychological assurance, allaying the risk and loss anxieties of investors. This assurance kindles local entrepreneurial spirit and encourages foreign direct investment. By indemnifying policyholders in case of actual loss, insurance companies ensure production continuity and the maintenance of established consumption patterns and hence improvement of existing living standard (Pritchett, et al, 1996: Isimoya, 2003:1). Another area where NBFIs have played a vital developmental role is in the reduction of money stock outside the banking system. Akpan 1998:30 rightly pointed out that due to the existence of a grossly under banked rural economy, monetary policy measures instituted by CBN are ineffective. The advent of community banks and their rural focus has gone a long way in correcting this anomaly. The community banks and recently microfinance banks have been able to mop up substantial rural deposits, monies which hitherto remained outside the banking system and hence outside the control of monetary authorities. Monetary policy which is geared towards varying money supply to check inflation and enhance rapid economic development has through the instrumentality of these banks become more effective (Ojo, 1994:10). Provision of a secondary market for trading in government securities by discount houses through their discount activities has also immensely contributed to the effectiveness of monetary policy especially Open Market Operations (OMO). The presence of an avenue to discount these securities encourages banks and other investors to buy them, by so doing government is provided with development funds on one hand and open market operations became more effective as a monetary policy instrument on the other. Increased activity has been recorded in the market since the advent of the discount houses in 1993; this has improved financial structures and further deepened the financial system (Oke, 1993:15; Oresotu, 1993:158). NBFIs contribute to the amelioration of the massive unemployment experienced in the country. Apart from those directly employed to work for them, there is a teeming number of unemployed graduates, artisans, farmers, etc who establish businesses from credit made available by NBFIs. Their funding of small and medium scale enterprises is also a boost to employment as these enterprises are known to be the highest employers of labour in our economy.

This is very bad for the economy considering the role non-banking financial institutions (NBFIS) play in supporting and sustaining the welfare of the small scale business and thrifty motivation given to low any high incomers in our present economy still developing.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The primary channel through which NBFIs assist in economic development is the intermediation process. They mobilize funds by various means open to them and make same available for investment. Finance companies for instance make available funds raised through owner’s equity contribution and borrowings from other financial institutions, individuals and companies, to investors. Community banks like commercial banks, mobilize deposits from customers in form of savings, current and fixed deposits, insurance companies on the other hand aggregate the premiums paid by policy-holders. Apart from mobilizing their own funds, some NBFIs obtain significant grants and loans from the government and international financial institutions for onward lending. It is against this backdrop that the researcher decide to investigate the role of insurance company in Nigeria as a non-financial institution; problems and prospect.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY:

The purpose of the study as concerned in this topic is undertaken with the following objectives in mind.

(i) To identify the types of non-banking financial organization in Nigeria;

(ii) To find out whether or not this various non-banking institutions have any difference and similarities to the banking system.

(iii) To also find out their various sources of fund and respective functions.

(iv) To find out if there is any principles and loss guiding the firms and the parties that transact business with them.



1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

To aid the completion of the study, the following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher;

H0: there are no significant differences and similarities between banking and non-banking financial institution in Nigeria

H1: there are significant differences and similarities between banking and non-banking financial institution in Nigeria.

H0: there are no principles guiding the firms and the parties that transact business with them in the event of loss arising from the transaction

H2: there are principles guiding the firms and the parties that transact business with them in the event of loss arising from the transaction

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:

The study is very important mostly now that our economy is gradually developing with the current government policies on corruption. We shall also see how non-banking financial institution helps in the upliftment of national economy thus:

They offer grant assistance in borrowing of funds for the establishment of small and large-scale business enterprises.
They provide intermediary services to facilitate prompt and safer transaction.
(iii) They reduce the risk that is being faced in attempting to earn a return on their saving.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers the role of insurance company in Nigeria as non-banking financial institutions problems and prospect.

It is imperative that the study of this magnitude will on call visits to almost the 36 States in the country to bring information from numerous non-banking financial institutions. But this idea was not possible due to lack of time and enough money resources. As a result of these constraints, the study was limited to only five firms of non-banking financial institution in Enugu and Anambra State with the hope that conclusions gotten in the course of study world averagely apply to other States and non-banking financial sectors


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THE INFLUENCE OF POLITICAL ADVERTISING MESSAGES ON THE ELECTORATE CHOICE OF CANDIDATES

SPROJECT NG
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THE INTERPLAY OF POLITICS AND RELIGION IN NIGERIA’S FOURTH REPUBLIC: A CASE STUDY OF ADAMAWA STATE

SPROJECT NG
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SPROJECT NG
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THE IMPACT OF TRADITIONAL INSTITUTIONS AS MEDIATION STRUCTURES IN DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE

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Abstract Corruption in Nigeria has deeply entrenched/ingrained in the national ethics, politics, civil society, public and private sectors and has been deeply permeated by a…
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SPROJECT NG
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THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC SPENDING ON POVERTY REDUCTION IN NIGERIA (1980-2011)

SPROJECT NG
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THE IMPACT OF EFCC AND ICPC ON PUBLIC SERVICE ACCOUNTABILITY

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THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON PRACTICE OF PUBLIC RELATION

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THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF VIGILANTE GROUPS IN CRIME CONTROL IN ETHIOPE EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE

SPROJECT NG
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Abstract This study is on the study on public relation as veritable tools for eradicating cultism in Nigeria tertiary institution. The total population for the…
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SELF-HELPED PROGRAM AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

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SANCTIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON HUMAN RIGHTS

SPROJECT NG
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REDEEMING THE PUBLIC IMAGE OF NIGERIA POLICE FORCE

SPROJECT NG
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SPROJECT NG
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THE IMPLICATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH

SPROJECT NG
Abstract This study is on the implications of air pollution on human health. The objectives of the study was to assess the effect of air…
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THE INCIDENCE OF MATERNAL AND CHILD MORTALITY IN JOS NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF PLATEAU STATE

SPROJECT NG
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THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL ON HEALTH BEHAVIOR OF YOUTH IN OJO BARRACKS

SPROJECT NG
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THE INFLUENCE OF DRUG ABUSE AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

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Abstract This study is on the influence of drug abuse among secondary school students. The following are the objectives of the study: To ascertain the…
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THE INFLUENCE OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ON MENTAL ABILITY OF STUDENTS IN HIGHER INSTITUTION

SPROJECT NG
ABSTRACT This research centers on the influence of drug abuse, theories of causes, signs and symptoms, effects, on the mental ability of undergraduate students in…
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THE IMPACT OF TELEVISION ADVERTISEMENT ON THE MENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN

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THE HEALTH IMPLICATION OF POSTINO2 AMONG FEMALE SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENT

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THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME IN ENHANCING HEALTH CARE DELIVERY

SPROJECT NG
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THE EFFECT OF TRANSPORTATION LAND USE ACTIVITIES ON THE HEALTH OF URBAN RESIDENTS A CASE STUDY OF LAGOS ISLAND

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THE EFFECT OF MUSIC ON MENTAL HEALTH AMONG STUDENTS OF OAU, ILE-IFE, NIGERIA

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COMPUTER SCIENCE PROJECT TOPICS
Posted by sprojectng on February 8, 2019 at 9:40am in EducationView Discussions
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF FUEL DISPENSION SYSTEM
SPROJECT NG
ABSTRACT This project attempts to computerize fuel distribution system of the Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) Apata, Ibadan. This project is aimed at designing…
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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPLAINT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM A CASE STU...
SPROJECT NG
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Cover page I Title page Ii Declaration Iii Certification Iv Dedication V Acknowledgement Vi Abstract vii Table of…
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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ONLINE STUDENT ADMISSION SYSTEM
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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM ON TROUBLESHOOTING AN...
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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN N.Y.S.C POSTING SYSTEM
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ABSTRACT This project will address the problem of using a manual process in posting of graduating students of institutions of Higher learning to service….
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ONLINE CLEARANCE SYSTEM FOR GRADUATING STUDENTS (A CASE STUDY OF CO...
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ABSTRACT Clearance for graduating students is necessary continual process in every University. Federal University of Technology Minna, student clearance has always been a manual process…
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BUSINESS MANAGEMENT PROJECT TOPICS
Posted by sprojectng on February 8, 2019 at 9:32am in EducationView Discussions
THE IMPACT OF THE DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY ON EMPLOYEES PERFORMANCE
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Abstract This project works was examined from all its ramification, what could be the possible effect of salary increase and fringe benefits among Nigerian workers….
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THE IMPACT OF SMALL SCALE ENTERPRISES FINANCING IN IMPROVING THE SO...
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ABSTRACT The dynamic role of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries have been highly emphasized. These enterprises have been identified as means…
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SPROJECT NG
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THE IMPACT OF MECHANICAL FARMING IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

SPROJECT NG
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SPROJECT NG
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SPROJECT NG
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Solutions to factors militating against crop production in Ovia North East L.G.A of Edo state

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PROBLEMS AND PROSPECT OF POULTRY MEAT MARKETING AND PRODUCTION

SPROJECT NG
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THE IMPACT OF THE DISTRIBUTION AND UTILIZATION OF OIL PALM ON THE SOCIO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ORUK ANAM LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF AKWA IBOM STATE.

SPROJECT NG
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THE IMPACT OF IFRS ON THE SERVICE DELIVERED BY PRICE WATER HOUSE COOPERS (PWC) LAGOS, NIGERIA

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THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING (IT) ON THE STUDENTS OF ACCOUNTANCY DEPARTMENT

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THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

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THE IMPACT OF EFFECTIVE PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING ON PUBLIC FUNDS MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA

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SPROJECT NG
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Abstract

health Insurance Scheme (HIS) is a health care scheme established by the Kwara state Government of Nigeria for better healthcare delivery to its populace. The objective of this study was to determine the proportion of Nigerian adults enrolled in the scheme, their satisfaction with the quality and availability of services within the scheme and the factors responsible for the dismal health indices in the country despite the scheme


AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME ON HEALTHCARE DELIVERY SYSTEM IN KWARA STATE.
SPROJECT NG DECEMBER 21, 2018 EDIT
Abstract

health Insurance Scheme (HIS) is a health care scheme established by the Kwara state Government of Nigeria for better healthcare delivery to its populace. The objective of this study was to determine the proportion of Nigerian adults enrolled in the scheme, their satisfaction with the quality and availability of services within the scheme and the factors responsible for the dismal health indices in the country despite the scheme



















CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
Today we find ourselves at a crossroads where the burden of disease is greater than ever before, especially in low-income countries. Moreover, multi- and bi-lateral donors have increasingly limited resources. The number of individuals living with HIV/AIDS alone (only one of the many health burdens faced today) is over 33 million and the funds necessary to provide treatment for those individuals well-exceed foreign assistance budgets, not to mention local budgets. The centrality of health to State development and poverty reduction is self evident, as improving health status and increasing life expectancy contribute to long term economic development. The legitimacy of any State health system depends on how best it serves the interest of the poorest and most vulnerable people, for which improvements in their health status is geared towards the realization of poverty reduction goals. In the Nigerian context, current reviews show that the country is presently not on course to achieving the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2020. This poses a major developmental challenge, which will impede and undermine development and economic growth.

We cannot afford anymore to squander valuable resources on programs for which we do not have positive evidence of their impact. Development policymakers across the world are beginning to understand this and impact evaluation research has become a major tool to inform the policy dialogue. Such evaluations lead to crucial decisions to scale-up programs, alter them or replace them with alternative mechanisms. Currently, our knowledge is limited with respect to the impact of health insurance in Africa due in part to the fact that health insurance has historically been limited to the wealthy elite in this part of the world. Findings from other regions are mixed but mostly positive (Giedion and Diaz, 2008). To the best of our knowledge, this impact evaluation is the first rigorous impact study of subsidized low-cost private health insurance and clinic-upgrade programs in Africa, funded by the Health Insurance Fund (HIF) and implemented by the Pharm Access Foundation (Pharm Access). The impact evaluation represents the culmination of a multiyear operational research program on these initiatives led by the Amsterdam Institute for International Development (AIID) and the Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD) in several countries. The report evaluates the short-term impact of Hygeia Community Health Care (HCHC) on treatment communities (communities receiving the intervention) in Central Kwara State, Nigeria.

The indispensability of good healthcare system in national development underlies the government’s commitment to providing adequate healthcare services since Nigeria attained political independence in 1960 (Ugbaja, 2003:6). in terms of cost and delivery, the Nigerian healthcare system was adjudged effective and efficient in the periods of the 1960s and up to the late 1970s, by the early 1980s shortage of health facilities including drugs and personnel had set in resulting in rising cost of healthcare services. The situation seemed to favour private sector health institutions which were enjoying relative boost in patronage as the general poor state public healthcare system continued deteriorating. According to Abacha (1985:3), the public hospitals had become (consulting clinics” Given the rapid population growth rate, what the nation needed was a commensurate increasing level of care services. But the decreasing finance of the government oil left the government with no other choice than reducing budgetary allocation to the health sector (Ozuh, 2004:30) prior to the government almost solely financed health services in public health institutions. But by the turn of the 1980s, it had become joint responsibility of the government and the citizens (Ughamadu, 2003:23). In other words both the government and the citizens shared the costs of healthcare services in public health institutions with the greater burden weighing heavily on the government. Subsidization of healthcare services was paramount in healthcare budgetary allocation.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Three years after its inception, the NHIS has not effectively taken off and operated as initially conceived. This is as a result of challenges facing the scheme. First, the scheme is still limited to the public sector and has not been extended to the private sector due to apparent lack of political will and commitment. The scheme suffers from restricted coverage. Second, there is continuous delay in remittance from government establishment to the NHIS council, which also delays remittance to Health Maintenance Organization (HMOS) Providers (HSPS). This makes the scheme to suffer from ineffective financing. Third, the scheme lacks adequate facilities and personnel to cover the nation sufficiently. This arises from the limited number of the Health Maintenance Organization (HMOS) and Health Service Providers (HSPS) registered to operate in the scheme. Besides, most of the HSPs lack adequate medical equipments and dedicated personnel to implement the scheme. Fourth, many of the Health Service Providers (HSPs) are withdrawing from the scheme and some functional ones are refusing to register new clients or public servants.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

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ABSTRACT

With the recent and continued fluctuations in the international price of crude oil, lack of diversification of the Nigerian economy has led to economic downturn which has impacted negatively in the life of an average Nigerian. This study is therefore focused on examining the agricultural sector as the key to diversification of the Nigerian economy away from oil so as to bring about sustainable economic development. The study examined the role of agriculture in the Nigerian economy and stressed that concerted efforts should be made in order to make the agricultural sector attractive to both local and international investors, this is in view of the fact that majority of Nigerians are employed in this sector, thus, when this sector is made better, the lives of many Nigerians will also be made better. The study made use of secondary data and the quantitative method of data analysis was also employed. Using the multiple regression model the relationship between GDP and agricultural output was examined. The study revealed that the agricultural sector is positively related to the GDP and therefore, is very vital in achieving sustainable economic development. This is because of the important role that agriculture plays in revenue generation, employment, price stability, poverty reduction, balance of payment equilibrium, raw material production, among others. However, the agricultural sector has been neglected over the years in Nigeria due to the discovery of crude oil in commercial quantity which has made the economy to become fragile and dependent on international super powers. In view of the foregoing, the study recommended that efforts should be made to strengthen the agricultural input supply, improved markets, infrastructures and institutions as well as broad based small holder development program to enable agriculture regain its place in the Nigerian economy. The study therefore concluded that the need for the government to turn her attention to agriculture is very well justified because a vibrant agricultural sector provides the basis for economic growth which will in turn guarantee sustainable economic development in Nigeria.



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The study of economic history provides us with ample evidence that an agricultural revolution is a fundamental pre-condition for economic development (Eicher & Witt, 1964; Oluwasami 1966; Jones & Woolf, 1909). The agricultural sector has the potential to be the industrial and economic springboard from which a country’s development can take off. Indeed, more often than not, agricultural activities are usually concentrated in the less developed rural areas where there is a critical need for rural transformation, redistribution, poverty alleviation and socio-economic development (Stewart, 2000). Nigeria’s economic aspirations have remained that of altering the structure of production and consumption patterns, diversifying the economic base and reducing dependence on oil, with the aim of putting the economy on a path of sustenance, all inclusive and non-inflationary growth. Despite Nigeria’s vast agricultural resources both human and natural, we are still faced with acute food crisis, the intensification of poverty and massive suffering of the overwhelming majority of Nigerians. This situation is however typical of all third world countries operating within the neo colonial capitalist system (Akor, 2009).
Nigeria is generously endowed with abundant natural resources including biological and non -biological resources. Resources depend on importance attached to it, hence agriculture constitutes one of the most important sectors of the Nigerian economy. The significance of the agricultural resource in bringing about economic growth and sustainable development of a nation cannot be under-estimated. Agriculture contributes to the growth of the economy, provides employment opportunities for the teeming population, export revenue earnings and eradicates poverty in the economy.

Abayomi (1997) stated that stagnation in agriculture is the principal explanation for poor economic performance, while rising agricultural productivity has been the most important concomitant of a successful industrialization. The pervasive influence of agriculture on Nigeria’s economic and social development has also been articulated by Oluwasanmi (1996) “A strong and efficient agricultural sector could enable a country to feed its growing population, generate employment, earn foreign exchange and provide raw materials for industries”. The agricultural sector has a multiplier effect on any nation’s socio- economic and industrial fabric because of the multifunctional nature of agriculture (Ogen, 2007).

Agriculture has been defined as the production of food and livestock and the purposeful tendering of plants and animals, (Ahmed, 1995). He stated further that agriculture is the mainstay of many economies and it is fundamental to the socio- economic development of a nation because it is a major element and factor in national development. In the same vein, Okolo (2004) described the agricultural sector as the most important sector of the Nigerian economy which holds a lot of potentials for the future economic development of the nation as it had done in the past. Notwithstanding the enviable position of the oil sector in the Nigerian economy over the past three decades, the agricultural sector is arguably the most important sector of the economy.

Generally the agricultural sector contributes to the development of an economy in four major ways ;product contribution, factor contribution, market contribution and foreign exchange contribution (Abayomi, 1997; Abdullahi 2002 & World Bank 2007). The objective of this study is therefore to examine the agricultural sector as the key to the diversification of the Nigerian economy for sustainable development.

The definition of agriculture changes over time. Agriculture is the cultivation of plants and husbandry of animals. That is, the management of living things and eco systems to produce goods and services for the people. Agriculture includes farming, ranching, aquaculture, apiculture, horticulture, viticulture, animal husbandry, including but not limited to the care and raising of livestock, poultry husbandry and the production of poultry and poultry products, diary production, the production of field crops, tobacco, fruits, vegetables, nursery stock, ornamental shrubs, ornamental trees, flowers, sod or mushrooms, timber, pasturage, any combination of the foregoing, the processing, drying, storage and marketing of agricultural products. When these activities are conducted in conjunction with, but are secondary to such husbandry or production.

THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AS THE KEY TO THE DIVERSIFICATION OF THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY FOR SUSTANABLE DEVELOPMENT
SPROJECT NG JANUARY 25, 2019 EDIT
ABSTRACT

With the recent and continued fluctuations in the international price of crude oil, lack of diversification of the Nigerian economy has led to economic downturn which has impacted negatively in the life of an average Nigerian. This study is therefore focused on examining the agricultural sector as the key to diversification of the Nigerian economy away from oil so as to bring about sustainable economic development. The study examined the role of agriculture in the Nigerian economy and stressed that concerted efforts should be made in order to make the agricultural sector attractive to both local and international investors, this is in view of the fact that majority of Nigerians are employed in this sector, thus, when this sector is made better, the lives of many Nigerians will also be made better. The study made use of secondary data and the quantitative method of data analysis was also employed. Using the multiple regression model the relationship between GDP and agricultural output was examined. The study revealed that the agricultural sector is positively related to the GDP and therefore, is very vital in achieving sustainable economic development. This is because of the important role that agriculture plays in revenue generation, employment, price stability, poverty reduction, balance of payment equilibrium, raw material production, among others. However, the agricultural sector has been neglected over the years in Nigeria due to the discovery of crude oil in commercial quantity which has made the economy to become fragile and dependent on international super powers. In view of the foregoing, the study recommended that efforts should be made to strengthen the agricultural input supply, improved markets, infrastructures and institutions as well as broad based small holder development program to enable agriculture regain its place in the Nigerian economy. The study therefore concluded that the need for the government to turn her attention to agriculture is very well justified because a vibrant agricultural sector provides the basis for economic growth which will in turn guarantee sustainable economic development in Nigeria.



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The study of economic history provides us with ample evidence that an agricultural revolution is a fundamental pre-condition for economic development (Eicher & Witt, 1964; Oluwasami 1966; Jones & Woolf, 1909). The agricultural sector has the potential to be the industrial and economic springboard from which a country’s development can take off. Indeed, more often than not, agricultural activities are usually concentrated in the less developed rural areas where there is a critical need for rural transformation, redistribution, poverty alleviation and socio-economic development (Stewart, 2000). Nigeria’s economic aspirations have remained that of altering the structure of production and consumption patterns, diversifying the economic base and reducing dependence on oil, with the aim of putting the economy on a path of sustenance, all inclusive and non-inflationary growth. Despite Nigeria’s vast agricultural resources both human and natural, we are still faced with acute food crisis, the intensification of poverty and massive suffering of the overwhelming majority of Nigerians. This situation is however typical of all third world countries operating within the neo colonial capitalist system (Akor, 2009).

Nigeria is generously endowed with abundant natural resources including biological and non -biological resources. Resources depend on importance attached to it, hence agriculture constitutes one of the most important sectors of the Nigerian economy. The significance of the agricultural resource in bringing about economic growth and sustainable development of a nation cannot be under-estimated. Agriculture contributes to the growth of the economy, provides employment opportunities for the teeming population, export revenue earnings and eradicates poverty in the economy.

Abayomi (1997) stated that stagnation in agriculture is the principal explanation for poor economic performance, while rising agricultural productivity has been the most important concomitant of a successful industrialization. The pervasive influence of agriculture on Nigeria’s economic and social development has also been articulated by Oluwasanmi (1996) “A strong and efficient agricultural sector could enable a country to feed its growing population, generate employment, earn foreign exchange and provide raw materials for industries”. The agricultural sector has a multiplier effect on any nation’s socio- economic and industrial fabric because of the multifunctional nature of agriculture (Ogen, 2007).

Agriculture has been defined as the production of food and livestock and the purposeful tendering of plants and animals, (Ahmed, 1995). He stated further that agriculture is the mainstay of many economies and it is fundamental to the socio- economic development of a nation because it is a major element and factor in national development. In the same vein, Okolo (2004) described the agricultural sector as the most important sector of the Nigerian economy which holds a lot of potentials for the future economic development of the nation as it had done in the past. Notwithstanding the enviable position of the oil sector in the Nigerian economy over the past three decades, the agricultural sector is arguably the most important sector of the economy.

Generally the agricultural sector contributes to the development of an economy in four major ways ;product contribution, factor contribution, market contribution and foreign exchange contribution (Abayomi, 1997; Abdullahi 2002 & World Bank 2007). The objective of this study is therefore to examine the agricultural sector as the key to the diversification of the Nigerian economy for sustainable development.

The definition of agriculture changes over time. Agriculture is the cultivation of plants and husbandry of animals. That is, the management of living things and eco systems to produce goods and services for the people. Agriculture includes farming, ranching, aquaculture, apiculture, horticulture, viticulture, animal husbandry, including but not limited to the care and raising of livestock, poultry husbandry and the production of poultry and poultry products, diary production, the production of field crops, tobacco, fruits, vegetables, nursery stock, ornamental shrubs, ornamental trees, flowers, sod or mushrooms, timber, pasturage, any combination of the foregoing, the processing, drying, storage and marketing of agricultural products. When these activities are conducted in conjunction with, but are secondary to such husbandry or production.

The sustainability of agriculture in Nigeria cannot be isolated from the sustainability of economic development. A number of other related definitions are also in common usage. The American Society of Agronomy, for example, defines sustainable agriculture as one that, over the long term, enhances environmental quality and the resource base on which agriculture depends, provides for basic human food and fiber needs, is economically viable, and enhances the quality of life of farmers and society as a whole (Uptal, 2001).

Another definition by Macrae (1990) posits that Sustainable agriculture is both a philosophy and a system of farming. It is rooted in a set of values that reflects an awareness of both ecological and social realities and a commitment to respond appropriately to that awareness. It emphasizes design and management procedures that work with natural processes to conserve all resources and minimize waste and environmental damage, while maintaining and improving farm profitability.

Agricultural development, a subset of economic development, implies a sustained increase in the level of production and productivity over a reasonable length of time and the subsequent improved wellbeing of farmers as reflected in their higher per capita income and standard of living. Rural development relates not only to a sustained increase in the level of production and productivity of all rural dwellers, including farmers, and a sustained improvement in their wellbeing, manifested by increasing per capita income and standard of living, but also leads to a sustained physical, social and economic improvement of rural communities.

The colonial government recognized the potential of the agricultural sector to improve the Nigerian economy and therefore put in place policies aimed at increasing output and to extract surpluses in the sector. The main focus of development in this period was the surplus extraction philosophy or policy whereby immense products were generated from the rural areas to satisfy the demand for raw materials in metropolitan Britain (Ayoola, 2001). This early interest of the extractive policy was on forest resources and agricultural exports like cocoa, coffee, rubber, groundnuts, oil palm, and cotton. The capitalist agricultural policies of Nigeria since 1900 have remained basically intact. No efforts have been made to fundamentally change them. The nature of these agricultural policies and their impacts led to Nigeria’s agricultural disorientation and the food crisis (Akor, 2009).

Meanwhile, most of these policies were made without proper institutional arrangement, programs, specific projects, strategies, goals or targets and specific objectives geared towards the realization of these dreams of the policies. This can be proved by the fact that there was only one documented agriculture scheme that evolved towards the end of the era (early 1960s) called the farm settlement scheme (Iwuchukwu & Igbokwe, 2012). The imperialistic theoretical framework of the notions of development and modernization have decisively influenced the Nigerian agricultural policies since the colonial era. The rate and direction of Nigeria’s agricultural development were therefore, determined by the British colonialist and taken over by the neo-colonial Nigerian ruling classes since 1960 (Akor, 2009).

The Nigeria’s agricultural development was fully de-centralized with the regions and states carrying out all activities while support was provided by the federal government and this enabled a state/region specific approach. This approach involved the combined efforts of small scale farmers/the private sector and the government. This approach was very successful during the period and thus with agriculture remaining the mainstay of the Nigerian economy; providing employment, raw materials for industries, the main source of foreign exchange earnings and also sustaining the food security status of the populace. The appropriation and utilization of Nigeria’s economic surplus by the colonial and neo colonial imperialist powers is central to the analysis of the structural distortions in the agricultural sector and Nigeria’s food crisis. The central point in the imperialist relationship was the transfer of economic surplus to strengthen the capitalist class and the capitalist mode of production in Europe and North America (Akor, 2009).

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THE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF CASSAVA PRODUCTION IN ITU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA
SPROJECT NG JANUARY 29, 2019 EDIT
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
This study is aimed at finding out the cost of economic cultivation of cassava in Itu Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. It is one of the world’s most important staple food crops and provides a major source of carbohydrate to those who feeds on it. Many development oriented policies have been implemented in Nigeria, especially in the agricultural sector since independence. The Federal Government has made some institutional and policy reforms targeted at improving the socio-economic status of the smallholder farmers. These include Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF), River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs), Agricultural Development Programmes (ADP) and the Cassava Multiplication Programme (CMP) and the School to Land Programme mounted by the Rivers State Government. Available reports showed that many aspects of agricultural production, such as cultivation, marketing, processing, etc were covered (ADP, 2005). The Root and Tuber Expansion Programme (RTEP) is an offshoot of the CMP. Nnanna (2010) contended that RTEP is a farmer oriented programme whose beneficiaries are poor households and smallholder farmers but the overall objective of RTEP is to enhance national food self-sufficiency, improve rural households’ food security and income for poor farmers within the cassava belt which include the Southern and Middle belt States of Nigeria (Onyeneke, 2008). Cassava is an important source of dietary carbohydrate, and provides food for over 60 million people in Nigeria (Abdulahi, 2003). Cassava’s adaptability to relatively marginal soils, erratic rainfall; its high productivity per unit of land and labour, the certainty of obtaining some yield even under the most adverse conditions and the possibility of maintaining continuity of supply throughout the year (Nweke, 1994), make this root crop a basic component of the farming system in many areas of Nigeria including Rivers State. Famine rarely occurs in areas where cassava is widely grown, since it provides a stable food base to the food production system. Apart from its use as a staple food to human beings other uses include animal feed formulation, agro-industrial uses (e.g. starch, ethanol, adhesive, fructose/glucose syrup), the peels in organo-mineral fertilizers formulation (Ojeniyi, 2001; Akanbi, et.al.; 2006, Iyagba, 2010). Cassava has become the magic crop in Nigeria as a result of the Presidential initiative on cassava some years ago with good export potential.
Agriculture is the backbone of Itu farmers and cassava production is their area of specialization. Cassava originated from Brazil and was introduced into tropical West Africa by the Portuguese in the 16th and 17th centuries (Woyengi – Ina 1969). Cassava production in Itu Local Government Area is as old as the community itself. Sweet cassava (Manihot Ultilisima) is a member of the Euphobieace species which originated from South Africa and is cultivated in all warm regions of the world (IR VINE 1969).

Cassava was not known in wild state and its evolution as a species is directly linked to selection by man under cultivation. A famine reserve by Colonial governments such as Java and the British in West Africa and Southern India and of cassava processing export industries were established in Makker (Hinton, 1988) given extended maturity duration, cassava cultivation is limited to the tropics and sub tropical.

In Itu, this root crop is only second to yam. This importance is traced to the colonial period when cassava was often famine reserve crop. Some farm holdings in cassava cultivation to the present day support this view. However, cassava today is a commercial crop inter planted so often with other crops. Hardwood stems cuttings usually about 30mm long are planted either on moulds or ridges or on the flat bed. Manuring the soil improves the yield, but little attention with early weeding is beneficial. Cassava is consumed in many forms such as garri, fufu, tapioca, flour, boiled or roasted for consumption and can be consumed or boiled to pigs, and other herbivores. The leaves are eaten as vegetable.

In Itu, Akwa Ibom State generally, there exist extensive trade in garri, cassava is widely produced, just like cash crop with existing market in future. Development of cassava production will require strengthening of the market for the crop. Finance is one of the problems that farmers from Itu encounter because most of the cassava farmers lack finance to purchase planting materials and to hire labour to support the farming operation. Sometimes government give grants, but farmers misused the fund.

PROBLEMS STATEMENT


THE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF CASSAVA PRODUCTION IN ITU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA
SPROJECT NG JANUARY 29, 2019 EDIT
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
This study is aimed at finding out the cost of economic cultivation of cassava in Itu Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. It is one of the world’s most important staple food crops and provides a major source of carbohydrate to those who feeds on it. Many development oriented policies have been implemented in Nigeria, especially in the agricultural sector since independence. The Federal Government has made some institutional and policy reforms targeted at improving the socio-economic status of the smallholder farmers. These include Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF), River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs), Agricultural Development Programmes (ADP) and the Cassava Multiplication Programme (CMP) and the School to Land Programme mounted by the Rivers State Government. Available reports showed that many aspects of agricultural production, such as cultivation, marketing, processing, etc were covered (ADP, 2005). The Root and Tuber Expansion Programme (RTEP) is an offshoot of the CMP. Nnanna (2010) contended that RTEP is a farmer oriented programme whose beneficiaries are poor households and smallholder farmers but the overall objective of RTEP is to enhance national food self-sufficiency, improve rural households’ food security and income for poor farmers within the cassava belt which include the Southern and Middle belt States of Nigeria (Onyeneke, 2008). Cassava is an important source of dietary carbohydrate, and provides food for over 60 million people in Nigeria (Abdulahi, 2003). Cassava’s adaptability to relatively marginal soils, erratic rainfall; its high productivity per unit of land and labour, the certainty of obtaining some yield even under the most adverse conditions and the possibility of maintaining continuity of supply throughout the year (Nweke, 1994), make this root crop a basic component of the farming system in many areas of Nigeria including Rivers State. Famine rarely occurs in areas where cassava is widely grown, since it provides a stable food base to the food production system. Apart from its use as a staple food to human beings other uses include animal feed formulation, agro-industrial uses (e.g. starch, ethanol, adhesive, fructose/glucose syrup), the peels in organo-mineral fertilizers formulation (Ojeniyi, 2001; Akanbi, et.al.; 2006, Iyagba, 2010). Cassava has become the magic crop in Nigeria as a result of the Presidential initiative on cassava some years ago with good export potential.

Agriculture is the backbone of Itu farmers and cassava production is their area of specialization. Cassava originated from Brazil and was introduced into tropical West Africa by the Portuguese in the 16th and 17th centuries (Woyengi – Ina 1969). Cassava production in Itu Local Government Area is as old as the community itself. Sweet cassava (Manihot Ultilisima) is a member of the Euphobieace species which originated from South Africa and is cultivated in all warm regions of the world (IR VINE 1969).

Cassava was not known in wild state and its evolution as a species is directly linked to selection by man under cultivation. A famine reserve by Colonial governments such as Java and the British in West Africa and Southern India and of cassava processing export industries were established in Makker (Hinton, 1988) given extended maturity duration, cassava cultivation is limited to the tropics and sub tropical.

In Itu, this root crop is only second to yam. This importance is traced to the colonial period when cassava was often famine reserve crop. Some farm holdings in cassava cultivation to the present day support this view. However, cassava today is a commercial crop inter planted so often with other crops. Hardwood stems cuttings usually about 30mm long are planted either on moulds or ridges or on the flat bed. Manuring the soil improves the yield, but little attention with early weeding is beneficial. Cassava is consumed in many forms such as garri, fufu, tapioca, flour, boiled or roasted for consumption and can be consumed or boiled to pigs, and other herbivores. The leaves are eaten as vegetable.

In Itu, Akwa Ibom State generally, there exist extensive trade in garri, cassava is widely produced, just like cash crop with existing market in future. Development of cassava production will require strengthening of the market for the crop. Finance is one of the problems that farmers from Itu encounter because most of the cassava farmers lack finance to purchase planting materials and to hire labour to support the farming operation. Sometimes government give grants, but farmers misused the fund.

PROBLEMS STATEMENT
To find out if there are suitable planting materials in cassava production.
To determine if farmers in Itu find cassava production more lucrative.
To investigate if there are available resources and materials to enhance cassava cultivation in Itu.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION AND BENEFICIARIES

Cassava is an important crop in Itu Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. It provides over 80% of the natives of Itu constant food on their table. It is therefore cultivated with pride. The justification of the study therefore is on the fact that there is need to analyze scientifically if cassava production is economically (profitably) viable in Itu Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State.

The beneficiaries of the study include the farmers in the village, the clan, the state and the Nigeria in general. Also expected benefits from the study include researchers in the field of agriculture, economics and marketing research units of colleges of education and universities.

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective of the study is to analyse the problem of cassava production in Itu Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. The sub-objective include:

To ascertain the factors that hinders cassava production in Itu LGA.
To examine the various factors which influenced and limit cassava cultivation in Itu Local Government Area.
To determine the profitability of cassava production in Itu Local Government Area.
To determine the impact of cassava production on the economic development of Itu LGA
1.5 HYPOTHESIS
H0: there are no factors that hinders effective cassava production in Itu LGA

H1: there are factors that hinders effective cassava production in Itu LGA

H02: cassava production has no significant impact on the economic development of Itu LGA

H2: cassava production has a significant impact on the economic development of Itu LGA

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of great importance to the farmers in Itu LGA and beyond, as the study seek to ascertain the factors inhibiting effective production of cassava in the local government, the study will also be of importance to the Local government management, as the study seek to explore the benefit of effective cassava production to the economy of Itu LGA and beyond, as this will facilitate effective financing of the agricultural sector.

The study would also be of immense importance to students, researchers and scholars who are interested in developing a further study on the subject matter



1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers the economic problems of cassava production in Itu LGA of Akwa Ibom state. But in the cause of the study, there were some factors which limited the scope of the study:

a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study.
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) FINANCE: The finance available for the research work does not allow for wider coverage as resources are very limited as the researcher has other academic bills to cover
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Cassava

Manihot esculenta is a woody shrub native to South America of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. It is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrates.

Cassava production

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) production is vital to the economy of Nigeria as the country is the world’s largest producer of the commodity. The crop is produced in 24 of the country’s 36 states.

Economic growth

Economic growth is the increase in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time. It is conventionally measured as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product, or real GDP.

1.9 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows. Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (background of the study), statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope of the study etc. Chapter two being the review of the related literature presents the theoretical framework, conceptual framework and other areas concerning the subject matter. Chapter three is a research methodology covers deals on the research design and methods adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.

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Abstract

It is apparent that Nigeria and Nigerians have not been able to key into the tremendous benefit of intelligent transport system (ITS), this study intend to touch-light on awareness level of ITS ‘as the solution to the National traffic congestion, the study seek to explore and expose to the Nigerian populace the benefits, technologies as well as how ITS can be deployed in Nigeria transport sector. In a highly mobile society, accurate and timely traffic information can help travelers reach their destinations quickly and safely. To serve this information need, Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) that provide real-time pre-trip and en route traveler information are introduced to help drivers avoid congestion and choose timesaving and safe route.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
The problem of Mobility and safety is on the high side on the Nation’s transportation system. The impact of traffic congestion is palpable to anyone witnessing delay on Lagos roadways. An estimated 8 million people travel to work via public transportation each day on the 9,100 roads and expressways available in Lagos (World Bank, 2009). With more than 1 million registered vehicles in 2011, there are potentially more than one million trips made during the peak travel periods of the day; this is much more during seasonal festivities such as Easter and Christmas when there is an influx from other parts of the country. A recent study estimated the cost of traffic congestion in U.S. cities for 2005 at $78 billion, with 4.2 billion hours of delay and 2.9 billion gallons of fuel wasted. Fatalities on U.S. highways rose to 43,443 in 2005.58 Public transportation systems provided 10.1 billion trips in 2006, the highest in 49 years, with continuing increases documented through the first three quarters of 2007.59 Freight volume on U.S. highways is expected to increase to 22.8 billion tons in 2035, up from 11.5 billion tons in 2002. Commuters in Lagos experience the effects of traffic congestion on a daily basis. According to Adebiyi (2011), the congestion is caused partly by road users themselves. Lagos road users are known to be very impatient and bad at obeying traffic rules. Indeed many times traffic congestions have been caused by a driver refusing to give way for another motorist. The effects of congestion are many fold; some directly affect the drivers’ sense of wellbeing, be it times wasted sitting in a traffic queue and the changes in the behaviour of drivers. Such behaviour might include rude gestures, verbal insults, deliberately driving in an unsafe or threatening manner, or making threats. Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) provide a proven set of strategies for addressing the challenges of assuring safety and reducing congestion, while accommodating the growth in transit ridership and freight movement. ITS improve transportation safety and mobility, and enhance productivity through the use of advanced communications, sensors, and information processing technologies encompassing a broad range of wireless and wire line communications-based information and electronics. When integrated into the transportation system’s infrastructure, and into vehicles themselves, these technologies relieve congestion, improve safety, and enhance U.S. productivity. Vehicle infrastructure integration has the potential to enable many services presently provided by infrastructure or vehicle-based ITS to benefit from enhanced communication between vehicles and the infrastructure. . ITS deployment can impact transportation system performance in six key goal areas: safety, mobility, efficiency, productivity, energy and environment, and customer satisfaction. A wide variety of performance measures are used across the evaluations discussed in this report to assess ITS performance under each of these goal areas. Safety is measured through changes in crash rates or other surrogate measures such as vehicle speeds, traffic conflicts, or traffic law violations. Mobility improvements have been measured in travel time or delay savings, as well as travel time budget savings, and on-time performance. Efficiency findings document the capability of better managed transportation facilities to accommodate additional demand, typically represented through increases in capacity or level of service within existing road networks or transit systems. Productivity improvements are typically documented in cost savings to transportation providers, travelers, or shippers. Benefits in the area of Energy and Environment are typically documented through fuel savings and reduced pollutant emissions. Customer Satisfaction findings measure, usually through surveys, the perception of deployed ITS by the traveling public.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Managing urban traffic requires finding a balance between throughput, livability, safety and sustainability. As cities are expected to grow in the coming decades (leading to increased traffic demand), the challenge of managing traffic will increase, as space to develop road networks is often limited or non-existing. That urban traffic is characterized by a mix of different modes of transport (pedestrians, bicycles, public transport, motorized vehicles) makes the challenge even more complex. It is in view of the above challenges that the researcher intend to investigate the effectiveness of intelligent transport system in curbing the menace of traffic congestion and pollutions in our city

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to ascertain the effectiveness of intelligent transport system in curbing the menace of traffic congestion and traffic jam. But to aid the completion of the study, the researcher intends to achieve the following specific objective:

To ascertain the effect of intelligent transport system in effective functioning of the transport system in Nigeria.
To investigate if there is any significant relationship between intelligent transport system and Nigeria’s Intelligent Transportation system
Ascertain the importance of Educate the public and key players in the Nigerian transport system on the need for ITS and how intelligent transportation system can be deployed in Nigeria.
To proffer suggested solution to the identified problem
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
To aid the completion of the study, the following research questions were formulated by the researcher;

Is there any positive effect of intelligent transport system in effective functioning of the transport system in Nigeria?
Is there any significant relationship between intelligent transport system and Nigeria’s Intelligent Transportation system?
does educating the key players in the Nigerian transport system have any impact on the adoption and implementation of ITS in Nigeria?
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
To aid the completion of the study, the following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher

H0: there is no positive effect of intelligent transport system in effective functioning of the transport system in Nigeria

H1: there is a positive effect of intelligent transport system in effective functioning of the transport system in Nigeria

H02: there is no significant relationship between intelligent transport system and Nigeria’s Intelligent Transportation system

H2: there is a significant relationship between intelligent transport system and Nigeria’s Intelligent Transportation system.

SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of great importance to the federal ministry of transport, this is because the study seek explore the importance of the benefit of adopting intelligent transport system in combating traffic and other transport hazards, the study will also be useful to road users as the study will educate them on the tremendous be

the tremendous benefit of adopting intelligent transport system, the study will also be of great importance to researcher who intend to embark on study in a similar topic as the study will serve as a reference point for further study, finally the study will also be of great importance to the general public as the study will also contribute to the pool of available literature on the subject matter.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers the effectiveness of intelligent transport system on the growth of the Nigerian transport sector, but in the cause of the study, there were some factors which limited the scope of the study;

a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) Finance: the finances at the disposal of the researcher which is allocated to the study is a major constrain to the scope of the study, this is because the available resources has to be effectively utilized to cover other academic activities.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Intelligent transport system

An intelligent transportation system (ITS) is an advanced application which, without embodying intelligence as such, aims to provide innovative services relating to different modes of transport and traffic management and enable various users to be better informed and make safer, more coordinated, and ‘smarter’ use of transport networks

Transport

Transport or transportation is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations



Transport Network

A transport network, or transportation network is a realization of a spatial network, describing a structure which permits either vehicular movement or flow of some commodity. Examples are network of roads and streets, railways, pipes, aqueducts, and power lines

1.9 PLAN OF THE STUDY

The research report of this study is divided into 5 chapters. Chapter one consist of introduction to the study and it is sub-divided into 9 headings which are background of the study, statement of problem, research questions etc. Chapter two is the literature review which comprise of the conceptual, empirical and theoretical framework. Chapter three is the research methodology which mainly concerns itself about the design of the study, the method of data collection, sample size, sampling technique, method of data analysis and the decision rule. The second to the last chapter, chapter four comprise of the research data presentation and analysis and the last chapter, chapter five is the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the research.


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Abstract

With the increasing popularity of Nigerian pop music, and the astoundingly productive Nigerian film industry, Nollywood, Nigeria’s creative industries are attracting worldwide attention. This has necessitated the need for the researcher to looks at the problematic representations of women in the Nigerian media, Hip-hop music has taken a very unique dimension in the Nigerian music scene. It has emerged as a means of expression among the youth on a wide range of issues. Since its emergence in Nigeria in the 90’s, the music has gone through a lot of transformation. However, a worrisome trend in this development is the fragrant display of women as sex symbols The degree of violence against women and misogynistic ideologies being expressed in the lyrics has been a subject of scholarly enquiry in recent times. This study therefore takes a look at the use of women as mere tools and objects claimed and cascaded around by Hip-hop artistes in Nigeria as a means of enhancing their celebrity status and commercial viability.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
The prevalence of hypersexualised representations and negative images of women presented in popular music, which are closely linked to cultural views of masculinity seem in recent times to have become dominant and magnified in Nigerian’s popular musical lyrics- the modern hip-hop afro beat, with the special blend of English and local dialect. Women in a special way have become objects of ‘inspiration’ for these popular Nigerian artistes’ lyrics. Everything about them (women) form part of the musical lyrics- waist, butts, and boobs-as most artistes bluntly refer to. And it is common sights to see and hear the women (particularly the young women) recite and dance to these tunes in socio- cultural settings. Moreover these young women form a heavy weight of the economic currency distribution of these musicals. What we see in Nigerian popular music is apparently a replication of common trends in popular music globally. Studies, (see Mckenna, 2006; Adams & Fuller, 2006; Chatterji, 2012; Jocelyn, 2005; Espinosa, 2010; Frazier, 2013; Brathwaite, 2013 and Glantz, 2013) have shown that, current trends in popular music include an increasingly sexualized representation of women, and the motives and consequences of this are unclear. Considering the potential powers of popular music and media as a common vehicle for the dissemination of the discursive construction of women and their importance to construction of identity in any culture, a framework for how women who are exposed to or enmeshed within these sites seem necessary, in order to understand their impact on them. Looking at these Nigerian musical popular lyrics in particular can help detail any potential effects on young women to both their benefit and detriment. On the surface, sexism in much of popular hip-hop culture has influenced Nigerian youth culture today, and has redefined the images of Nigerian women in film and music. If you grew up in the 1990s in Nigeria, you remember Onyeka Onwenu, all closely-cropped hair and wholesome elegance, with her songs of lost love and unity. You will also remember Christy Essien-Igbokwe’s gentle mien, and her impressive Yoruba showcased in her hit song “Seun Rere”, or even her tears in her music video for “See the children”. Evi-Edna Ogholi had her hits as well; you probably blew out candles on a cake to her “Happy Birthday” song. These women, along with a few others, were pop-stars, and earned plaudits and renown alongside the many male artists that dominated Nigerian music in the 1990s. But the Mama Africa imagery that prevailed in that cultural moment meant these pop-stars did not roam too far off from cultural expectations. Today’s young female artists are different. They dress more sexily than those who came before them and quietly acknowledge their sexuality, albeit not flaunting it as strongly in their music as their American counterparts. The warm, maternal images that ruled the 1990s would look ungainly on contemporary performers such as Waje, or Tiwa Savage, or Omawunmi, or just about any of the young women who now take the stage to the applause of fans all over the country.

That is not to say that expectations of sexiness and fashion that come with the Nigerian youthful affinity to hip-hop have completely overridden what has been for years the more demure Nigerian ideal. Still, what popular music and film projects as an image of Nigerian womanhood does not in the end reflect the realities of Nigeria’s diverse population of women. Even with the superficial differences in outlook, Nigerian pop music, just as popular film, depict women in the same stereotypical way, which leaves little room for representing the full diversity of Nigerian women, or for exploring the realities of the many gendered exclusions and double-standards in Nigerian society. This continuity in stereotypical cultural depictions does not bode well for any improvement in the representation of women in the popular imagination. With the Nigerian young females under focus, this work seeks to, determine how young females in Nigeria understand and/or perceive representations of women in Nigerian popular music, and how these perceptions reflect, refute, or inform two prominent radical feminist theories –the radical libertarian and the radical culturalist-about popular music’s impact on women’s overall spaces for action. Representations of women emerging as of particular importance in this study are those produced by popular music artistes ‘Flavour’. Flavour’s music was selected for this study basically because of its popularity among the youths and its explicit use of sexually derogatory lyrics which seem to both glamorize and promote images of women as objects of sexuality and male possession. David Wolper, in an interview about his production of the Los Angeles Olympic ceremonies stated: “we are going to have lots of music, because music is the United States’ gift to the world”. This statement shows the overwhelming influence of American music on music of other world cultures. The last two decades have witnessed tremendous growth in the Hip-hop music culture in Nigeria. Numerous studies have equally demonstrated the significant rise and development of the genre among the youth. (Omoniyi, 2008; Omojola, 2006; Ssewakiryanga, 1999). Because of its enormous appeal, it has also been used as a medium for expressing a variety of ideas, feelings, and emotions. However, there has been a growing concern on the negative impact of the music on the perception of women in the society. In spite of the seeming financial success and popularity of the musicians, hip-hop culture is frequently condemned for its misogynistic exploitation of women.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM


THE IMAGE PORTRAYAL OF WOMEN IN NIGERIAN POPULAR MUSIC
SPROJECT NG FEBRUARY 4, 2019 EDIT
Abstract

With the increasing popularity of Nigerian pop music, and the astoundingly productive Nigerian film industry, Nollywood, Nigeria’s creative industries are attracting worldwide attention. This has necessitated the need for the researcher to looks at the problematic representations of women in the Nigerian media, Hip-hop music has taken a very unique dimension in the Nigerian music scene. It has emerged as a means of expression among the youth on a wide range of issues. Since its emergence in Nigeria in the 90’s, the music has gone through a lot of transformation. However, a worrisome trend in this development is the fragrant display of women as sex symbols The degree of violence against women and misogynistic ideologies being expressed in the lyrics has been a subject of scholarly enquiry in recent times. This study therefore takes a look at the use of women as mere tools and objects claimed and cascaded around by Hip-hop artistes in Nigeria as a means of enhancing their celebrity status and commercial viability.







TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPETR ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of problem

1.3 Objective of the study

1.4 Research Hypotheses

1.5 Significance of the study

1.6 Scope and limitation of the study

1.7 Definition of terms

1.8 Organization of the study

CHAPETR TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPETR THREE

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 sources of data collection

3.3 Population of the study

3.4 Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5 Validation of research instrument

3.6 Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix



















CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
The prevalence of hypersexualised representations and negative images of women presented in popular music, which are closely linked to cultural views of masculinity seem in recent times to have become dominant and magnified in Nigerian’s popular musical lyrics- the modern hip-hop afro beat, with the special blend of English and local dialect. Women in a special way have become objects of ‘inspiration’ for these popular Nigerian artistes’ lyrics. Everything about them (women) form part of the musical lyrics- waist, butts, and boobs-as most artistes bluntly refer to. And it is common sights to see and hear the women (particularly the young women) recite and dance to these tunes in socio- cultural settings. Moreover these young women form a heavy weight of the economic currency distribution of these musicals. What we see in Nigerian popular music is apparently a replication of common trends in popular music globally. Studies, (see Mckenna, 2006; Adams & Fuller, 2006; Chatterji, 2012; Jocelyn, 2005; Espinosa, 2010; Frazier, 2013; Brathwaite, 2013 and Glantz, 2013) have shown that, current trends in popular music include an increasingly sexualized representation of women, and the motives and consequences of this are unclear. Considering the potential powers of popular music and media as a common vehicle for the dissemination of the discursive construction of women and their importance to construction of identity in any culture, a framework for how women who are exposed to or enmeshed within these sites seem necessary, in order to understand their impact on them. Looking at these Nigerian musical popular lyrics in particular can help detail any potential effects on young women to both their benefit and detriment. On the surface, sexism in much of popular hip-hop culture has influenced Nigerian youth culture today, and has redefined the images of Nigerian women in film and music. If you grew up in the 1990s in Nigeria, you remember Onyeka Onwenu, all closely-cropped hair and wholesome elegance, with her songs of lost love and unity. You will also remember Christy Essien-Igbokwe’s gentle mien, and her impressive Yoruba showcased in her hit song “Seun Rere”, or even her tears in her music video for “See the children”. Evi-Edna Ogholi had her hits as well; you probably blew out candles on a cake to her “Happy Birthday” song. These women, along with a few others, were pop-stars, and earned plaudits and renown alongside the many male artists that dominated Nigerian music in the 1990s. But the Mama Africa imagery that prevailed in that cultural moment meant these pop-stars did not roam too far off from cultural expectations. Today’s young female artists are different. They dress more sexily than those who came before them and quietly acknowledge their sexuality, albeit not flaunting it as strongly in their music as their American counterparts. The warm, maternal images that ruled the 1990s would look ungainly on contemporary performers such as Waje, or Tiwa Savage, or Omawunmi, or just about any of the young women who now take the stage to the applause of fans all over the country.

That is not to say that expectations of sexiness and fashion that come with the Nigerian youthful affinity to hip-hop have completely overridden what has been for years the more demure Nigerian ideal. Still, what popular music and film projects as an image of Nigerian womanhood does not in the end reflect the realities of Nigeria’s diverse population of women. Even with the superficial differences in outlook, Nigerian pop music, just as popular film, depict women in the same stereotypical way, which leaves little room for representing the full diversity of Nigerian women, or for exploring the realities of the many gendered exclusions and double-standards in Nigerian society. This continuity in stereotypical cultural depictions does not bode well for any improvement in the representation of women in the popular imagination. With the Nigerian young females under focus, this work seeks to, determine how young females in Nigeria understand and/or perceive representations of women in Nigerian popular music, and how these perceptions reflect, refute, or inform two prominent radical feminist theories –the radical libertarian and the radical culturalist-about popular music’s impact on women’s overall spaces for action. Representations of women emerging as of particular importance in this study are those produced by popular music artistes ‘Flavour’. Flavour’s music was selected for this study basically because of its popularity among the youths and its explicit use of sexually derogatory lyrics which seem to both glamorize and promote images of women as objects of sexuality and male possession. David Wolper, in an interview about his production of the Los Angeles Olympic ceremonies stated: “we are going to have lots of music, because music is the United States’ gift to the world”. This statement shows the overwhelming influence of American music on music of other world cultures. The last two decades have witnessed tremendous growth in the Hip-hop music culture in Nigeria. Numerous studies have equally demonstrated the significant rise and development of the genre among the youth. (Omoniyi, 2008; Omojola, 2006; Ssewakiryanga, 1999). Because of its enormous appeal, it has also been used as a medium for expressing a variety of ideas, feelings, and emotions. However, there has been a growing concern on the negative impact of the music on the perception of women in the society. In spite of the seeming financial success and popularity of the musicians, hip-hop culture is frequently condemned for its misogynistic exploitation of women.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Nigerian film and music videos have been around longer than the more youth-driven popular music industry, but the parallels between the representations of women in the more liberal youth culture and the conservative mores being advocated for in Nigerian film are striking. Having internalized much of commercial American hip-hop’s excesses in music videos, popular music videos often feature overt displays of wealth alongside depictions of women as money-hungry and easily bought. It is in view of this that the researcher intend to investigate the image of portrayal of women in Nigeria popular music

AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The aim of this study is to examine the image portrayal of women in Nigerian popular music, but to aid the completion of the study, the researcher intend to achieve the following specific objective;

To ascertain the dominant ethos in Flavor’s musical lyrics
To examine the extent that Nigerian women are exposed to Flavour’s music
To examine Nigerian women’s perceptions of gender representations in the selected lyrics
To examine how women perceive these musical lyrics as demeaning to womanhood,
RESEARCH QUESTION
To aid the completion of the study, the following research question were formulated by the researcher;

Is there dominant ethos in Flavor’s musical lyrics?
To what extent are Nigerian women exposed to Flavour’s music?
What is the Nigerian women’s perceptions of gender representations in the selected lyrics?
How do women perceive these musical lyrics as demeaning to womanhood?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of importance to Nigerian music and video census board, as the findings of this study will help explore the content of flavor music videos and it representation of womanhood in Nigeria, the study will also be of importance to the department of art and humanity as the findings of the study will be useful for academic purposes, the study will also be of importance to researchers and intending researchers who desire to embark on a study in a similar topic as the study will serve as a reference point to further research, finally the study will also be of great importance to academia, student and the general public as the study will contribute to the pool of existing literature on the subject matter.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers the image portrayal of women in Nigerian popular music; but in the cause of the study, there are some factors that limited the scope of the study

a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) Finance: Limited Access to the required finance makes it difficult to broaden the scope of the study;
1.7 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The study used both quantitative and qualitative research approaches to gauge young female perceptions and analysis of gender portrayal in Flavour’s musical lyrics. Hence, the survey research methodology and Focus Group Discussion and questionnaire (FGDQ) were adopted. The researcher employed oral and direct interview and questionnaire in administering this research questions. Responses from the respondents were needed, which is less rewarding due to late receipt and loss of responses from respondents. The method of data analysis used by the researcher is the percentage technique and chi-square statistics. More so, percentage and degrees of the responses were also used in the analysis. Here, the ratio of those whose responses were not in the affirmative were found and conclusions were drawn there upon.


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Abstract

This study is on the effect of social media on voter’s behavior. The total population for the study is 200 voters in Lagos were selected. The researcher used questionnaires as the instrument for the data collection. Descriptive Survey research design was adopted for this study. A total of 133 respondents made of civil servants, students, presiding officers and electoral officers were used for the study. The data collected were presented in tables and analyzed using simple percentages and frequencies

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
The advent of internet and technology has exposed majority of the global population to different interactive platforms on which different kinds of information is exchanged which might significantly have effect on human behaviour, decision and judgment (CES, 2012). Social media are new information network and information technology using a form of communication utilizing interactive and user-produced content, and interpersonal relationships are created and maintained. The emergence of the Internet as the new mass medium of the 21st century now changes the mass media substantially. Information can be distributed at high speed, low cost, and broad scope and as a result, there is egalitarian access to the production and the consumption of news (Prat and Strömberg, 2011) Today’s social media has made the world a “global village”, with the quick transfer of information overriding the challenges of time and distance (Friedman, 2007). Social media’s has gradually become one of the important means of influencing the society and this influence is based exclusively on its social aspects of interaction and participation. As social media gains more popularity and scope, its impact on voters’ political and cultural perceptions cannot be underestimated as social media practically influences the way users interact, communicate and make decisions on social, cultural, and political issues in today’s world. Voting behavior is a form of political behavior exhibited by electorates which can be influenced by a lot of factors ranging from emotional, ethnicity, religion leading them to make certain decisions. Various factors such as gender, race, culture or religion go a long way in affecting the way a voter behaves and the decision he makes as regards selection of a candidate of his choice. However, key external factors may also influence a voter’s behaviour such as political socialization, socio-cultural views, tolerance of diverse political views and the media, internet inclusive. The effect of these influences on voting behavior is dependent on attitudes, beliefs, knowledge and the source of available information to the voter. The social media has become a powerful medium which may affect voting behavior because of its potential to provide direct and cheap access to the production and consumption of current information at any part of the world without editorial filtering (Sunstein, 2001)Not only do social media provide information about political affiliations, candidates and their party manifestoes, it also provides a platform through which voters across cultural divides can relate and interact with themselves on issues about these candidates. As evidenced by the recent March 28th Presidential elections in Nigeria, political parties, including the two prominent parties took to social media platforms such as online networking sites, blogs, mobile newspapers, news ads, etc. to campaign and mobilize not only youths but all class of internet users to vote for them. This brought about a variety of interesting news and drama online providing opportunity for users to read, respond, interact, argue and trash out issues online. Twitter, facebook, blogs, online newspapers etc. became platforms for people to air their thoughts on various candidates, and sway others towards their line of thinking with various debates, hashtags and online campaigns. This brought all Nigerians together irrespective of political divide, ethnicity and religion on national issues. Nearly every political party in the country used social media to campaign and advance its plans, message and manifestoes to supporters including advertising, mobilization and organizing in all the states of the federation, and even fundraising. Facebook, YouTube and especially Twitter were used to let voters know how each party or particular candidate felt about important national issues ranging from security to power. Hence social media became powerful enough to influence voter decisions and choices as many voters who had fixed their minds and conscience on voting a particular party or candidate began to change their minds based on certain information or idea they got online about the party or candidate. Information gotten by a particular voter was also not static, as the same voter would use several internet tools and buttons to broadcast same message to other voters like him through medium such as blogs, facebook, chat rooms etc. in order to influence them.



1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The use of emotional appeals in political campaigns to increase support for a candidate or decrease support for a challenger is a widely recognized practice and a common element of any campaign strategy (Brader, T. 2006). Campaigns often seek to instill positive emotions such as zeal and hopefulness about their candidate to improve turnout and political activism while seeking to raise fear and anxiety about the opposition. Zeal tends to reinforce preference for the candidate and party, while fear and anxiety interrupt voter behavioral patterns and leads individual voters to look for new sources of information on divergent political issues (Marcus et al, 2000). Sources of information available to a voter vary widely including the traditional media, TV, radio and newspapers. However, with the advent of online social media forum, most voters can access information, debate on the information and also give feedback on his own views, opinions and expectations from the party and candidate. Although the social media has helped in increasing the popularity of candidates and their parties, it has the capacity to make or mar their chances and voter’s perception of the party or candidates. Rumors, falsehood, propaganda and derogatory information about individual candidates or parties are commonplace online and spread faster than anticipated, often with disastrous outcomes. This is largely attributed to the lack of editorial filtering, and the anonymity of most online users. The internet encourages anonymity of its users, which means that those who and comment often use nicknames or aliases.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY



The objectives of the study are:

To find out if social media influences voter behaviour in Lagos State
To determine the influence social media has on voter behaviour in Lagos state
To find out other factors that influence voter behaviour in Lagos state
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

For the successful completion of the study, the following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher;

H0: Social media does not have any effect on voter behaviour in Lagos state.

H1: Social media does have any effect on voter behaviour in Lagos state.

H02: Social media has no effect on voter behaviour in Lagos state.

H2: Social media has no effect on voter behaviour in Lagos state.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will help beam the searchlight on the impact of social media on voter’s behaviour, the decisions they make and elections as a whole based on the information available to voters on the internet. It will also enlighten relevant stakeholders such as political parties, candidates, and even the civil society on how social media can bring about awareness and campaign opportunities if properly utilized. This research study will help stakeholders understand that maintaining a good and healthy profile online with a cordial relationship between the party and voters can positively influence voter’s behaviour. Lastly, this research work will add to the body of knowledge on the already existing scholarly materials on the impact of social media on voter behaviour.


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