₦airaland Forum

Check very well


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Victor Ad hmmmm

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Very unfortunate. May her soul rest in peace



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ASUU is now political



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ABSTRACT

This project was conducted in Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State, the assessment of Post Traumatic Disorder Among Internally Displaced Persons in Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State. This research was conducted to the benefit to humanity, chapter one covers the background of the study and it stated the problem of people that are internally displaced in Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State. Chapter two covers the review of relevant literature of Post traumatic stress disorder and the theoretical background. In chapter three based on the findings of this study it was recommended that the following Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) victims of conflict, insurgency and natural disaster, it should include both chemotharaphiy and psychotherapy in order to keep body and soul together and avert increasing incidence of mental disorder, and the victims should be highly compensated.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Many communities in Africa continue to be affected by long-standing conflicts with mass traumatization of their populations. Nigeria, as a country has a variety of low grade conflicts that result in chronic bloodletting without the country actually being in an open state of war. Over the past decade, the political crisis over ‘indigene’ rights and political representation in Jos, capital of Plateau State, Nigeria, has developed into a protracted communal conflict Krause, 2011). This recurring conflict often involves maiming, killing, burning of houses, motor vehicles and other properties. The effects of these crises include injuries, emotional trauma, and disabilities, loss of homes and livelihood as well as death. At least 4,000 and possibly as many as 7,000 people have been killed since late 2001, when the first major riot in more than three decades broke out in Jos. After the 2008 riot, more than 10,000 were displaced, while violence in 2010 resulted in about 18,000 people becoming internally displaced. All sides suffer a massive loss due to livelihoods destroyed (Krause, 2011)
The intensity of internal displacement has become a global problem. It has emerged as one of the great human tragedies of the 21st century. It has been estimated that almost 50 million people had been internally displaced worldwide due to conflicts or violations of human rights by the year 2010 (World Health Organization, 2009). According to several organizations, the number of victims range between one and nine million people. In addition, social, economic, political, legal, psychological, and health problems related to internal displacement still exist. Conflicts and wars have ineradicable changes in societal dynamics (Somasundoram, 2009). Therefore, this kind of societal traumas experienced by the victim of conflict and disasters affected most internally displaced persons (IDPs). To provide useful assessments of the IDPs, the approached most take into account the effects on the individual and social aspects (Summerfield, 2003).


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ABSTRACT

This project was conducted in Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State, the assessment of Post Traumatic Disorder Among Internally Displaced Persons in Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State. This research was conducted to the benefit to humanity, chapter one covers the background of the study and it stated the problem of people that are internally displaced in Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State. Chapter two covers the review of relevant literature of Post traumatic stress disorder and the theoretical background. In chapter three based on the findings of this study it was recommended that the following Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) victims of conflict, insurgency and natural disaster, it should include both chemotharaphiy and psychotherapy in order to keep body and soul together and avert increasing incidence of mental disorder, and the victims should be highly compensated.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Many communities in Africa continue to be affected by long-standing conflicts with mass traumatization of their populations. Nigeria, as a country has a variety of low grade conflicts that result in chronic bloodletting without the country actually being in an open state of war. Over the past decade, the political crisis over ‘indigene’ rights and political representation in Jos, capital of Plateau State, Nigeria, has developed into a protracted communal conflict Krause, 2011). This recurring conflict often involves maiming, killing, burning of houses, motor vehicles and other properties. The effects of these crises include injuries, emotional trauma, and disabilities, loss of homes and livelihood as well as death. At least 4,000 and possibly as many as 7,000 people have been killed since late 2001, when the first major riot in more than three decades broke out in Jos. After the 2008 riot, more than 10,000 were displaced, while violence in 2010 resulted in about 18,000 people becoming internally displaced. All sides suffer a massive loss due to livelihoods destroyed (Krause, 2011)
The intensity of internal displacement has become a global problem. It has emerged as one of the great human tragedies of the 21st century. It has been estimated that almost 50 million people had been internally displaced worldwide due to conflicts or violations of human rights by the year 2010 (World Health Organization, 2009). According to several organizations, the number of victims range between one and nine million people. In addition, social, economic, political, legal, psychological, and health problems related to internal displacement still exist. Conflicts and wars have ineradicable changes in societal dynamics (Somasundoram, 2009). Therefore, this kind of societal traumas experienced by the victim of conflict and disasters affected most internally displaced persons (IDPs). To provide useful assessments of the IDPs, the approached most take into account the effects on the individual and social aspects (Summerfield, 2003).


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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
Secondhand smoke is the toxic waste of tobacco combustion emitted from the combination of tobacco smoke from the burning ends of cigarettes, pipes and cigars and exhaled smoke from smokers. The widespread practice of smoking in buildings exposes nonsmoking occupants to combustion by-products under conditions where airborne contaminant removal is slow and uncertain. Over the past two decades, medical science has shown that nonsmokers suffer many of the diseases of active smoking when they breathe secondhand smoke.

Several negative health effects have been associated with smoking; however these effects are not restricted to smokers only.
Secondhand smoking increases the risk of death in both adults and children.
Secondhand smoking has also been associated with increased morbidity in adults and children. The risk of lung cancer in nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoking is increased by between 20% and 30% and the risk of heart disease by 30%. Even children exposed to secondhand smoking are at particular risk of developing more respiratory symptoms such as coughing and wheezing, worsening of asthma, middle ear disease, neurobehavioral impairment and cardiovascular disease in adulthood.
Several studies have been conducted both on the burden of tobacco use and associated risk factors.
Prevalence, pattern, determinants and implications of secondhand smoking in a given population are correlated with prevalence and pattern of tobacco use and the robustness of tobacco control measures in place. Therefore understanding of prevalence, pattern, and risk factors of secondhand smoking is important in developing appropriate, integrated and comprehensive interventions for reduction of the burden of secondhand smoking. Most times higher prevalence of secondhand smoking exposure in public places than home reflects weakness or absence of smoking restrictions. In countries where smoking regulation (especially in public places) is in force, a negative correlation has been observed between tobacco restriction and prevalence of exposure to tobacco smoke at home.
High exposure of males than females is probably because most smokers in Nigeria are young, unmarried males who often smoke among their peers. Females are more conservative in the use of tobacco in Nigeria, hence are less often associated with smoking and are less likely to expose fellow females to tobacco smoke. The risk of exposure among females, especially at home is increased where a close family member or spouse is a smoker. However the trend of smoking among females in the country is on the increase and it is feared that the development may in the long run lead to increased exposure of females to cigarette smoke if adequate control measures are not put in place.

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Abstract

Listening to music for relaxation is common among students to counter the effects of stress or anxiety while completing difficult academic tasks. Some studies supporting this technique have shown that background music promotes cognitive performance while other studies have shown that listening to music while engaged in complex cognitive tasks can impair performance. This study focuses on the effect of music on the mental health among students of Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU) Ile-Ife, the study will also assess the effect of playing music at different volume levels and it effect on the cognitive abilities of college students completing academic tasks.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
Music listening is one of the most enigmatic of human behaviors. Most common behaviors have a recognizable utility that can be plausibly traced to the practical motives of survival and procreation. Moreover, in the array of seemingly odd behaviors, few behaviors match music for commandeering so much time, energy, and money. Music listening is one of the most popular leisure activities. Music is a ubiquitous companion to people’s everyday lives. The enthusiasm for music is not a recent development. Recognizably musical activities appear to have been present in every known culture on earth, with ancient roots extending back 250,000 years or more (see Zatorre and Peretz, 2001). The ubiquity and antiquity of music has inspired considerable speculation regarding its origin and function.



Throughout history, scholars of various stripes have pondered the nature of music. Philosophers, psychologists, anthropologists, musicologists, and neuroscientists have proposed a number of theories concerning the origin and purpose of music and some have pursued scientific approaches to investigating them (e.g., Fitch, 2006; Peretz, 2006; Levitin, 2007; Schäfer and Sedlmeier, 2010). The origin of music is shrouded in prehistory. There is little physical evidence—like stone carvings or fossilized footprints—that might provide clues to music’s past. Necessarily, hypotheses concerning the original functions of music will remain speculative.

Nevertheless, there are a number of plausible and interesting conjectures that offer useful starting-points for investigating the functions of music. A promising approach to the question of music’s origins focuses on how music is used—that is, it’s various functions. In fact, many scholars have endeavored to enumerate various musical functions (see below). The assumption is that the function(s) that music is presumed to have served in the past would be echoed in at least one of the functions that music serves today. Of course, how music is used today need have no relationship with music’s function(s) in the remote past. Nevertheless, evidence from modern listeners might provide useful clues pertinent to theorizing about origins. Many students listen to music to alleviate the emotional effects of stress and anxiety when engaged in complex cognitive processing, such as studying for a test, completing homework assignments, or while reading and writing. This practice is so common that it would be beneficial for college students to understand the role that music plays on cognitive performance. Research demonstrating the effects of music on performance is well documented, but have shown ambiguous evidence on this matter. In studies conducted to learn about the effects of musical distraction on cognitive task performance, the findings have demonstrated the idea of music improving cognitive performance (Cockerton, Moore, & Norman, 1997), but there has also been research contradicting those results, where music was found distracting for participants performing cognitive tasks (Furnham & Bradley, 1997).

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ABSTRACT

This research work is carried out to determine the necessity of market research for business survival. The researcher highlighted some objectives to ascertain the frequency organization conduct market research, to find out the most appropriate and effective method in acquiring information during market research, to ascertain the impact of market research result for effective management decision. To achieve the above objectives, the researcher used the survey design to obtained empirical information from the field by administering questionnaire to 45 Staff of marketing Department of Nasco food Nigeria Limited, Jos South Local Government of Plateau State. Two hypotheses were formulated; the analysis was done using simple percentage and chi-square to give a clear understanding in order to arrive at an explicit conclusion. The result of hypotheses one (1) shows that there is a significant relationship between market research and business survival, the second hypotheses indicated that there is a significant relationship between market research result and effective management decision. The researcher therefore concluded that market research is a solution for business survival and that market research result assist managers in making management decision. The findings prompted a key recommendation that organization whether new or existing should conduct market businesses. Market research result should not be ignored by managers as it will enable organization to take decision based on facts rather than assumption.



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Market change constantly and business need to have a clear understanding of both the supply and demand. Market research is very crucial to the survival and flourishing of every business as several businesses ends up with a big loss or collapse due to their inability to carry out a market research or on account of a poor market research.

Every business planning must be based on the analysis of a sound market research. One of the other reasons for poor business might be the absence of good demand for the service or product concerned. However, in most cases, the demand factor does not result in a heavy loss or collapse of business. Under poor demand either brings down their manpower or the rate of production to sustain the fall in income. Therefore, all types of business
Every business planning must be based on the analysis of a sound market research. One of the other reasons for poor business might be the absence of good demand for the service or product concerned. However, in most cases, the demand factor does not result in a heavy loss or collapse of business. Under poor demand either brings down their manpower or the rate of production to sustain the fall in income. Therefore, all types of business scenarios reveal that lack of market research will heavily affect the desired output. A good market research should be able to predict the market trend for the next 5-7 years.

There are numbers of ways in which market research can be carried out. The two most popular methods are either to appoint a market research analyst for the company or to hire the service of a market research firm that can carry out market surveys and research periodically. Several companies prefer taking the will not assistance of a research firm than appointing a market analyst. This is because the service of a market research analyst is required on a regular basis and it is rather going to add up to the overhead expenses. In choosing the market research firm, you need to take into account how long recommendation they have been in the field in addition to achievement of the team. Every good market research report must also contain a market analysis report and a prediction of the market trend for the next five (5) years.


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IMPACT OF CHRISTIAN RELIGION ON CULTURE
SPROJECT NG JANUARY 13, 2019 EDIT
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
In this paper, Christian values are defined as those ideals or principles which Christianity cherishes. In this presentation, my aim is not to dwell on the unique worth of Christianity or its values. These are well-known and appreciated, especially in Nigeria society. My main concern is to relate and evaluate this worth in terms of a definite culture, namely, Nigeria ensemble of values. The choice of Nigeria is obvious for an Nigeria writer. It becomes attractive and obvious, too, once we identify Western, including American, culture, which Benin is, rightly or wrongly, identify with Christianity. That is, since Western culture has been perceived in Benin land as synonymous with Christianity, Nigeria culture as a recipient of Western culture bears the influence or weight of Christianity on its own culture. My second duty will be to select certain sections of this culture in order to highlight these Christian influences. To fathom the extent of the influence of Christian values on Nigeria culture some historical and sociological perspectives will be necessary as they will mirror such influences where they exist. The missionaries came to Benin land in the later part of the 19th Century, where they met a pattern of life not all of which ran counter to Christian principles. The spread of Christian influence was backed by such elements as the size of the area, the complete absence of roads and means of communication, as well as other harsh environmental circumstances which inhibited free movement of the early missionaries to all corners of the area. These facts may have accounted for the less universal

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1. TEAM WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT TEACHING HOSPITAL
Abstract Inter-professional collaboration is fundamental to the safe, high quality, accessible, patient centered care desired by all. This study examines the efficacy of team work…


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2.NIGERIA TELECOMMUNICATION SECTOR AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY


Abstract

In Nigeria, the aftermath of the Niger Delta crises had spark off research interest on corporate social responsibility (CSR) and environmental sustainability. However, how telecommunication firms in Nigeria perceive and practice CSR and the link with competitive advantage is rarely investigated. This study examines the extent of relationship between CSR and mobile telecommunication competitive advantage. The survey design was adopted, making use of random sampling to select 200 participants from staff of GLO. Structured questionnaire was employed to collect relevant primary data and analysis was carried out through regression analysis and Chi-square technique. Results showed that except staff welfare, significant relationship existed between environmental awareness, community wellbeing and competitive advantage. To further enhance competitiveness, the firm’s social responsibility to its workforce should be improved upon by introducing flexible working hours, facilitating work/life balance, ensuring prompt promotion, and considering internal advancement as a strategic option.

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3. NIGERIA’S ROLE IN THE INTEGRATION OF WEST AFRICAN STATES

CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

One motive that influenced the creation of almost all the West African International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) is the unity which has its origin in the Pan-African movements (UNECA 1983). According to Essien (2006) efforts at regional and sub-regional integration in Africa go back to the immediate post-colonial period. It was seen as an extension of the liberation movements and an effort to construct geographic entities that were economically viable and politically united. It also reflected the prevailing European experience with its emphasis on free trade within a Common External Tariff area. Thus, Anadi (2012) observed that, “by the 1960’s when most of the West African states gained their independence, the realities of the enormous distortions inherent in the colonial economy came to the fore.


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4. FACTORS INFLUENCING ADOPTION OF E-MARKETING BY SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SMES) IN THE FASHION INDUSTRY IN LAGOS STATE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
Internet marketing often called online marketing or e-marketing is essentially any marketing activity that is conducted online through the use of internet technologies. According to Chaffey (2006), internet marketing can be simply defined as achieving marketing objectives through applying digital technologies. With the advent of technology the Internet has covered a larger span as business tool that has transformed business activities (Rashid & Al-Qirim, 2001). Describe e-marketing as “a tidal wave that washes over all industries and drowns all those who don’t learn to swim in it” the concept of e-marketing has become the life wire of digital marketing by marketing practitioners to describe usage of the Internet as a means of marketing;


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5. E-marketing and the growth of retail stores in Akwa Ibom state A case study of eni stores Uyo Akwa Ibom state

Abstract

Information communication technology (ICT) has altered the way of transacting business. Electronic commerce has unleashed yet another revolution which is changing the way businesses buy and sell products and services. The internet gave birth to e-commerce. Internet marketing or online marketing refers to advertising and marketing efforts that use the Web, email, social media, and mobile apps to drive direct sales via electronic commerce. Businesses are spending more on and partaking in online marketing than ever before, the world over. Understanding the consumer behavioral factors that influence e-marketing effectiveness is crucial. While some researchers have addressed this issue, few studies draw their conclusions focusing on the customers’ angle. More also is the fact that the study of the developing countries in this regards have been lesser than expected. This paper focuses on e-marketing and its role in the growth of retail stores in Akwa Ibom State


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Abstract

This study is on efficiency and effectiveness of security agencies in Nigeria ports. The total population for the study is 200 staff of Nigeria port Authority, portharcourt, Rivers state. The researcher used questionnaires as the instrument for the data collection. Descriptive Survey research design was adopted for this study. A total of 133 respondents made marine engineers, firemen, seamen and signal officers were used for the study. The data collected were presented in tables and analyzed using simple percentages and frequencies

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
Nigeria is indeed one of the greatest maritime nations of the world; this is confirmed by both the local maritime operators and foreign maritime operators. Ports are supposed to be security zones and policed as such to prevents crimes mainly theft, smuggling among sabotage attacks, stowaway. In olden days, theft as merely limited to petty pilferage and broaching of cartons by Dockers only tilling their pockets that would neither attract attention nor cause appreciable loss to the cargo consignee. The crime latter escalated to piracy onboard vessels at anchorage. Crews were violently robbed and cargo stolen, with some measure of success in checking piracy at anchorage, attention shifted to the ports proper. There are many security agents both conventiona1l recognized law enforcement agents and the fadeless ones purporting to be government officials seeing to the general security of our ports These notwithstanding the ports are being easily accessible to a multitude of hoodlums now popularly known as “what rats” and syndicates of other malefactors actors who have made the ports their homes. They vandalize the lighting system to enable them carry out their natural and notorious activities. Any degree of crimes can now be perpetrated by these hoodlums acting in cohorts with some of the security agents, and port official. Crewmembers going ashore are sometimes violently attacked and robbed within and outside the ports. Cargo theft has grown from breaking any types of package within the ports to complete disappearance of container out of the ports. Cargos are being successfully cleared from the port by spurious owners. Ships are boarded by unauthorized persons who steal both cargoes and ship property including those relate to safety.

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Abstract

Transportation in Abuja is faced with various challenges such as long queue of passengers, long waiting time, stampeding, loss of valuables as a result of struggling for buses and lateness to work. This study examines the historical perspective of transportation in Abuja metropolis. Primary and Secondary sources were major source of data collection, data collected were on the commuters waiting time at the bus stops, their level of satisfaction, reasons for patronizing urban transport scheme as well as records from Abuja Urban Mass Transit were used. The research reveals that the bus stops were not adequate, the buses are inadequate and the few available ones are over-loaded resulting to commuters standing, thereby leading to poor services rendered.


HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION IN ABUJA METROPOLIS IN ABUJA METROPOLIS
SPROJECT NG JANUARY 12, 2019 EDIT
Abstract

Transportation in Abuja is faced with various challenges such as long queue of passengers, long waiting time, stampeding, loss of valuables as a result of struggling for buses and lateness to work. This study examines the historical perspective of transportation in Abuja metropolis. Primary and Secondary sources were major source of data collection, data collected were on the commuters waiting time at the bus stops, their level of satisfaction, reasons for patronizing urban transport scheme as well as records from Abuja Urban Mass Transit were used. The research reveals that the bus stops were not adequate, the buses are inadequate and the few available ones are over-loaded resulting to commuters standing, thereby leading to poor services rendered.









TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPETR ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of problem

1.3 Objective of the study

1.4 Research Hypotheses

1.5 Significance of the study

1.6 Scope and limitation of the study

1.7 Definition of terms

1.8 Organization of the study

CHAPETR TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPETR THREE

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 sources of data collection

3.3 Population of the study

3.4 Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5 Validation of research instrument

3.6 Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
Accessibility according to Richardson and Young (1981) can be defined as the ease of getting to a place and as “nearness to place or nearness to activities”, as such it can be measured in relation to distance-socially, economically, and physically. Martinez (2000) and Wegener (1996) considered accessibility as one of the important factor in shaping land use patterns, this is because, individual will base their decisions of where to reside (or where to locate their businesses) on the ease of accessing the services they desire; therefore, making it an important consideration in the planning and development of policies associated with transport, and in determining land use configurations within urban space. Within the framework of transportation planning, Niemeir (1997) noted that accessibility can be defined as the ease with which desired destinations can be reached. Although the nexus between accessibility and transportation planning is well acknowledged in literature, a major problem usually encountered in quantitative study of commuters‟ access to public transport is that of deciding what constitute factors and the yardstick to determine the level of accessibility. However, Ahmed (2005), Abumere (1993) and Sumaila (1989) opined that accessibility should be defined in broad sense which include indicators that measure the physical, economic, social and other aspects. Mfinanga and Ocheng (2006) defined public transport access level as the overall measured or perceived performance of the public transport system from the viewpoint of the commuters, this can be used to denote the ease of getting to and quality of service derived from the operational characteristics of transportation facilities. This reflects the degree to which transit service is available to a given location and the comfort and convenience of the service provided to commuters (Papacostas and Prevedouros (2008), Qualtro (2004) highlighted the indices of an accessible public transport system to include: 1. Safety 2. Reliability 3. Comfort 4. Availability 5. Public transport fare 6. Distance to access points and convenience. The road-based transportation which is dominant mode of urban commuting in Nigeria is continuously deteriorating, the quantity and Qualtro (2004) highlighted the indices of an accessible public transport system to include: 1. Safety 2. Reliability 3. Comfort 4. Availability 5. Public transport fare 6. Distance to access points and convenience. The road-based transportation which is dominant mode of urban commuting in Nigeria is continuously deteriorating, the quantity and quality of all related service and infrastructures have been on the decline and the cost of vehicle maintenance is increasing (Ashiodu (2011), Amiegbebhor (2009) Oyesiku, 2002). Pederson (1980) asserts that cities are creatures of transport system, and Ogunsanya (2002) observed that transport is the “maker and breaker of cities”, as the same transport that makes a city could also destroy and stagnate it if it is not effectively planned and managed. The spatial location of life enhancing activities in urban centers brought about the increasing need for people to travel to work, school, and shopping centers in order to satisfy their daily needs. Overcoming the distance separating them from their activities requires a means of movement, and the majority without personal vehicles must make use of public transport for such journey (Oluwole and Ojekunle, 2016). This study investigates the critical factors among many others which largely influence commuters‟ access to public transport service in the Abuja, FCT-Nigeria. LITERATURE REVIEW


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Abstract

This study is on survival and growth in public organization. Organizational survival has been argued to be a primary goal or objective every organization should have. This paper proposes a conceptual framework of succession planning consisting of six variables (talent retention, turnover rate, career development, supervisor’ support, organizational conflicts and nepotism) and to explain the relationship among these variables regarding survival of organizations. The sample consists of private and public enterprises in Nigeria. The results indicate that Talent retention, organizational conflict and nepotism positive and significantly correlated with organizational survival. On the other hand variables such as Turnover Rate, Career Development and Supervisor’ Supervision) are insignificantly correlated with organizational survival.
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
There is a purpose in every organization, which includes making a product and/or rendering some services at a price. According to Oxford Learners Dictionary (2007), an organization can be said to be a group of people who form a business, club etc. together in order to achieve a particular aim. It can also be defined as a business or administrative concern united and constructed for a particular aim. When we discuss organization, we have various classes among which are service organization and social organization etc. All these organizations have in mind the aim of continuing if not for eternity, a given period of time. (Unamka & Ewurum, 1995 1, 2, 3) For an organization to carry on its business there must be some factors put in place for the smooth running of the organization management, man-power, materials, money and machines. These need to be well coordinated in order for the success of the organization to be achieved. They are used by a group of persons known as management; neither can management exist without organization the two are inseparable twin. (Unamka &Ewurum, 1995:65) Good management weaves together the various parts of organization so that all factors function as a unit. Management refers to the group of executives or officials of a company who directs efforts towards common objectives by using available resources (Unamka & Ewurum, 1995:66) management can also be said to be a process of planning, organization to have an integrated system that will aid the achievement of organization objectives (Musselman & Hughes, 1981). Effective management leads to purposeful, well coordinated, goal oriented and goal directed activities. As earlier social organizations have in mind “continuity” and “survival” as they are being run for an organization to survive and continue existing without going bankrupt, or said to be illiquid, i.e. being its inability to meet up with its responsibilities as and when due, it must ensure the safety of its assets, cash and also the accuracy and reliability of its records, it should ensure that it institutes a system of control, strong enough to ensure such. This system is what is known as internal control system. According to the Auditing practices committee (APC 1980), internal control system can be defined as the whole system of control, financial or otherwise, established by the management in order to carry on the business of the enterprise in an orderly and efficient manner, ensure adherence to management’s policies, safeguard the assets and secure as far possible the Completeness and accuracy of the records.


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Abstract

This study is on impact of safety measures on water transportation in Nigeria. The total population for the study is 200 staff of ministry of transport, Abuja. The researcher used questionnaires as the instrument for the data collection. Descriptive Survey research design was adopted for this study. A total of 133 respondents made marine engineers, administrative staff, senior staff and junior staff were used for the study. The data collected were presented in tables and analyzed using simple percentages and frequenciesCHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
The modem era of maritime transport was ushered in by the advent of the steam engine. Wooden ships and sail gave way to iron ships powered by steam. A long era of growth in maritime transport followed as trade needs were served more efficiently, and transport activities could be better predicted. Trading horizons expanded and the world economy grew. Transit time was no longer at the whim of prevailing winds and both passenger and freight traffic increased dramatically. The advent of the jet engine played havoc with the market for long-haul ocean passenger transport as people switched from long ocean liner voyages to more convenient plan travel. Passenger vessels changed radically between 1950 and 2000. In 2000. only ferries and cruise ships remain in most of the developed world, although some small passenger ships can still be found in inter-island services in remote areas of Indonesia, the Philippines, and the Caribbean, and on the great rivers, such as the Nile and the Amazon. In spite of the growing volume of freight moving by air. the bulk of international freight moves by water. Cargo transported by ship falls into two broad categories: bulk and unitized cargo. The former usually travels via tramp vessels and includes both liquid (including crude oil and oil products) and dry bulk, with iron ore. grains, and coal having the highest transport volumes. Unitized cargo (predominantly containers) is transported primarily by ships in the liner trades. Unitization is the process of consolidating cargo into a more manageable form for transport, be it a pallet or a container. There are many types of vessels to service specialized needs but these general categories provide a useful starting point to understand maritime transport and port systems. Liner shipping companies offer scheduled transport services to third party logistics service suppliers and cargo owners whose markets are increasingly global. Rather than contracting for the use of the whole vessel, as is the case in the tramp sector, cargo owners only purchases the space necessary at a particular time, thereby sharing the vessel with many others. Containers canny most of the world’s component parts, semi-finished, and finished goods. The transfer of goods within the car parts industry from one


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Abstract

Some Environmental Challenges and Solutions in the Nigerian ports systems with emphasis on the publicly-owned and private ports in Ontario, Canada example were reviewed to improve the Nigerian ports systems. The meanings of ports and systems and considered problems associated with the Nigerian ports system. Malfunctioning port systems, Government’s interventions and interferences, Inadequate infrastructural materials for efficient and fast services, Complicated Traffic Structure and Implementation, Misunderstanding of the usage and current functions of ports, Proliferation of Government Agencies operating at the ports, Cumbersome Documentation and Delivery Procedure, Insecurity of Cargo and Lives, Manpower and Labor Problems, NPA’S Lack of Financial Autonomy and Port Environmental Pollution Problems are some environmental challenges faced by the Nigerian Portssystem; which solutions were proffered
TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPETR ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of problem

1.3 Objective of the study

1.4 Research Hypotheses

1.5 Significance of the study

1.6 Scope and limitation of the study

1.7 Definition of terms

1.8 Organization of the study

CHAPETR TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPETR THREE

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 sources of data collection

3.3 Population of the study

3.4 Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5 Validation of research instrument

3.6 Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix .
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Ship transport is watercraft carrying people (passengers) or goods (cargo). Sea transport has been the largest carrier of freight throughout recorded history. Although the importance of sea travel for passengers has decreased due to aviation, it is effective for short trips and pleasure cruises. Transport by water is cheaper than transport by air. Ship transport can be over any distance by boat, ship, sailboat or barge, over oceans and lakes, through canals or along rivers (David et al., 2004). Shipping may be for commerce, recreation or the military. Virtually any material that can be moved, can be moved by water, however water transport becomes impractical when material delivery is highly time-critical. “General cargo” is goods packaged in boxes, cases, pallets and barrels. Containerization revolutionized ship transport in the 1960s. When a cargo is carried in more than one mode, it is intermodal or co-modal. A nation’s shipping fleet (merchant navy, merchant marine, merchant fleet) consists of the ships operated by civilian crews to transport passengers or cargo. Professionals are merchant seaman, merchant sailor and merchant mariner, or simply seaman, sailor, or mariner. The terms “seaman” or “sailor” may refer to a member of a country’s navy (Surumi, 2000). A seaport has been simply described by transport experts as a geographic nodal point along a given shore line where the mode of transportation changes from land to sea or water, or vice versa and involves the provision and presence of geographical opportunities and merits, socio-economic potentialities and endowments, state of technological advancement and political considerations (Patrick, 1999). An author also stated that a port provides for the transfer of cargo from one mode of transportation to another. A port is comprised of three elements:

Physical structure: This includes wharves, dock, storage, space and cranes
Port Authority: The management of business entity
Service providers: Such as longshoreman and terminal operators.
The port authority acts as a centralized planning board, provides quasi-public goods and attempts to control competition in ways that may be destructive. A port is described by the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea, 1982 for the purpose of delimiting the territorial sea, as the outermost permanent harbor works which form an integral part of the harbor system and forming part of the cost but excluding offshore installations and artificial islands. A port can also be defined as an area where there are facilities for berthing and anchoring of ships and where there is the equipment for the transfer of goods from ship to shore or from ship to ship and includes the unusual places where the ships wait for their turn or are ordered or obliged to wait for their turn no matter the distance from that area. In modern parlance, a port is known as a ship/shore interface or a maritime intermodal interface (Bello, 2001) For each port, we will provide information on its location, facilities in the port area, major industries using the port and data on commodities handled at the port, which will also provide insight into the types of carriers servicing the port. We have attempted to provide information that is comparable from port to port but not

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TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Abstract
Table of content
CHAPETR ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of problem
1.3 Objective of the study
1.4 Research Hypotheses
1.5 Significance of the study
1.6 Scope and limitation of the study
1.7 Definition of terms
1.8 Organization of the study
CHAPETR TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPETR THREE
3.0 Research methodology
3.1 sources of data collection
3.3 Population of the study
3.4 Sampling and sampling distribution
3.5 Validation of research instrument
3.6 Method of data analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Introductions
4.2 Data analysis
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Summary
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendation
Appendix
















Abstract
The Nigeria police force is an institution establish by law to protect lives and property of the nation and to protect the nation against any internal aggression and to protect the fundamental human right of all Nigerian irrespective of his or her political affiliation because the police was supposed to be apolitical. But the recent trend in Nigeria democratic setting has necessitate the need to re-access the objectivity of the Nigeria police force under the leadership of former inspector general of police Ibrahim Idris. It is no news that the service chief is only answerable to the commander in chief of the arm forces of the federal republic of Nigeria which is the president, in the person of his Excellency Rtd Gen. president Muhammadu Buhari GCFR who emerged president in 2015 general election under the platform of the all progressive congress (APC). The recent lopsidedness in policing in Nigeria has necessitate the need for the study; political policing and Nigeria democracy.



CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
The genesis of policing and police work did not begin as a paid profession, rather, it began as a noble, incorruptible profession with considerable responsibility and distinction, (Newburn, 2004). However, the police as we know it today went through three distinct stages before it became profession. First, the populace, though small was responsible for maintaining law and order, then justice of the peace emerged on the scene to provide both the law and justice at the bar, and in the present era, paid professional police were established to maintain law and order (http://www.nigeriapolice.org/history). For Nigeria, policing was dated back to the colonial era. Policing in Nigeria has always reflected the society that created it. In this period, the primary purpose of the police was to advance the economic and political agenda of the colonialist. In many areas, the police engaged in the brutal subjugation of communities and the suppression of resistance to colonial rule. Thus, the use of violence and repression from the beginning of colonial era, marked a dislocation in the relationship between the police and local communities, which has characterized law enforcement practices in Nigeria ever since. In spite of this colonial enterprise on policing in Nigeria, the police are at the forefront of the criminal justice process and, for people, the only personal experience they have with that process is contact with a local police. In 2014 the All Progressives Congress (APC) party nominated Buhari to stand as its candidate in the 2015 presidential election. The APC was a merger of the All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA), Action Congress of Nigeria (CAN), ANPP and CPC. General Buhari subsequently emerged victorious in the 28 March 2015 presidential election, defeating incumbent President Jonathan of the PDP. He polled 15,416,221 votes to Mr. Jonathan’s 12,853,162 votes in an election that was keenly contested. On 29 May 2015, General Muhammadu Buhari was sworn in as the President of Nigeria. His swearing-in made history as Nigeria’s first peaceful and democratic transfer of power from a ruling party to an opposition. Having assumed office he once occupied as a military officer and for which he contested four times, his administration is expected to urgently tackle several challenges that have bedeviled Nigeria over the last three decades. And among the president campaign promises was a fight against corruption and respect for the rule of law. President Muhammadu Buhari then appointed Ibrahim Idris as the police boss in 2016 which ushered inn unwanted development in policing in Nigeria.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The Nigeria police went from bad to worst under the leadership of the Rtd police boss as the police became political and over-zealous in the arrest and discharge of their duty when a member of the opposition party is involved, incessant harassment of a political office holders and judges became the order of the day without following due process, yet our respected president said all this were done without his knowledge. It is against this backdrop that the researcher intend to investigate the effect of political policing and Nigeria democracy under President Muhammadu Buhari administration.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of the investigate the nemesis of political policing and Nigeria democracy under president Muhammadu Buhari administration, but to aid the successful completion of the study, the researcher intends to achieve the following specific objectives;
i) To examine the effect of political policing on the image of Nigerian police force in international police (Interpol)
ii) To examine the impact of political policing in consolidating Nigeria democracy
iii) To examine the relationship between political policing and breach of fundamental human right
iv) To examine the role of the president in ensuring effective and apolitical leadership in the Nigeria police force
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study;
H0: there is no significant relationship between political policing and breach of fundamental human right
H1: there is a significant relationship between political policing and breach of fundamental human right
H0: the president does not play any role in ensuring effective and apolitical leadership in the Nigeria police force
H2: the president does play a role in ensuring effective and apolitical leadership in the Nigeria police force
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of great importance to the Nigeria police service commission who are saddle with the responsibility of disciplining, promoting and rewarding the police officers for job well done as this study seek investigate the detriment of political policing on Nigeria democracy, the study will also be of great benefit to the executive arm of government as the study seek to examine the effect the executive using the police as an armory to clam down opposition as this is detrimental to our democratic development, the study will also be of great benefit to researchers who intend to embark on a study in a similar topic as the study will serve as a reference point to further studies. Finally, the study will be of importance to researchers, academia’s, lecturers, political pundit, students, teachers and the general public as the study will add to the pool of existing literature on the subject matter and also contribute to knowledge.
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers political policing and Nigeria democracy under President Muhammadu Buhari administration, but in the cause of the study, there are some factors that limited the scope of the study,

a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study.
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) FINANCE: The finance available for the research work does not allow for wider coverage as resources are very limited as the researcher has other academic bills to cover.
1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
Politics
Politics is the process of making decisions that apply to members of a group. It refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance—organized control over a human community, particularly a state
Democracy
Democracy, in modern usage, has three senses—all for a system of government where the citizens exercise power by voting
Police Force
A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by a state to enforce the law, to protect people and property, and to prevent crime and civil disorder. Their powers include the power of arrest and the legitimized use of force
Policing
The regulation and control of a community, especially for the maintenance of public order, safety, health, morals, etc

1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research question, significance or the study, research methodology, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlight the theoretical framework on which the study its based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.


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Abstract

This study is on impact of safety measures on water transportation in Nigeria. The total population for the study is 200 staff of ministry of transport, Abuja. The researcher used questionnaires as the instrument for the data collection. Descriptive Survey research design was adopted for this study. A total of 133 respondents made marine engineers, administrative staff, senior staff and junior staff were used for the study. The data collected were presented in tables and analyzed using simple percentages and frequenciesCHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
The modem era of maritime transport was ushered in by the advent of the steam engine. Wooden ships and sail gave way to iron ships powered by steam. A long era of growth in maritime transport followed as trade needs were served more efficiently, and transport activities could be better predicted. Trading horizons expanded and the world economy grew. Transit time was no longer at the whim of prevailing winds and both passenger and freight traffic increased dramatically. The advent of the jet engine played havoc with the market for long-haul ocean passenger transport as people switched from long ocean liner voyages to more convenient plan travel. Passenger vessels changed radically between 1950 and 2000. In 2000. only ferries and cruise ships remain in most of the developed world, although some small passenger ships can still be found in inter-island services in remote areas of Indonesia, the Philippines, and the Caribbean, and on the great rivers, such as the Nile and the Amazon. In spite of the growing volume of freight moving by air. the bulk of international freight moves by water. Cargo transported by ship falls into two broad categories: bulk and unitized cargo. The former usually travels via tramp vessels and includes both liquid (including crude oil and oil products) and dry bulk, with iron ore. grains, and coal having the highest transport volumes. Unitized cargo (predominantly containers) is transported primarily by ships in the liner trades. Unitization is the process of consolidating cargo into a more manageable form for transport, be it a pallet or a container. There are many types of vessels to service specialized needs but these general categories provide a useful starting point to understand maritime transport and port systems. Liner shipping companies offer scheduled transport services to third party logistics service suppliers and cargo owners whose markets are increasingly global. Rather than contracting for the use of the whole vessel, as is the case in the tramp sector, cargo owners only purchases the space necessary at a particular time, thereby sharing the vessel with many others. Containers canny most of the world’s component parts, semi-finished, and finished goods. The transfer of goods within the car parts industry from one country to another provides an excellent example of goods using the liner sector of the shipping market Container traffic is important because the timely delivery of the container’s contents creates jobs and generates income across a large population base. It is very important for the future economic health of many nations that container trade continues to grow. Manufacturers can buy components in many places, consolidate them in one or a number of locations for assembly and then transport them to a third location to be sold. Sometimes component parts move seven or eight times before reaching the retail market. The tramp market transports both dry and liquid bulk products. In contrast to the liner carrier, the tramp vessel does not operate on a fixed schedule or itinerary but sails to meet the current demand with a service where one ship usually carries the cargo for one cargo owner. The successful operator is able to match the ship’s capability to the market demand while minimizing the number of voyages in ballast (with no cargo). Ship owners supply vessels on a voyage or time basis. Vessels may be chartered by the cargo owner from the ship owner or operator for as little as a single voyage or as long as the life of the ship.


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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
Alcohol use or abuse is a major contributing factor to road accidents or crashes in Ghana. (National Road Safety Commission. (NRSC) 2005). It has been established that over 90 per cent of road crashes are caused by human error and in Ghana, nearly all the human factors in road crashes including drunk driving are the result of the failure to make or apply one regulation or another. According to the national road safety commission NRSC, It is estimated that six people are killed every day and 2000 die annually due to road crashes in the country. (National Road Safety Commission. (NRSC) et al. 2005) This was disclosed by Mr. Abraham Zaato, the Assistant Planning Officer, National Road Safety Commission (NRSC), during the annual general meeting of the Ghana National Association of Driving Schools also known as ‘Ghana Drive


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Abstract

The uniqueness of every group of individual is her identity and history, which is a symbol and an image of which they are identified. The ancient city of IleIfe in south-western Nigeria, presents several paradoxes. Till date, its significance in the totality of the culture of the Yoruba race, continues to conflict with many of the requirements of a modernizing city. Also, the recent internecine war between Ifes and neighboring Modakekes, has created environmental scarification, schisms in physical alignments and influenced aberrations in both the process and actual fabric of the city’s urbanization. To accomplish the aim, questionnaires were administered on the stakeholders: traditional royal stools, museum staff and families of ancient priests (owners of sacred sites) to elicit information. The data obtained were analyzed using simple descriptive and inferential statistics. The study confirmed that the special properties‟ (sacred heritages) owners and royal stool (traditional rulers) are the most participating stakeholders in the management of cultural properties in Yorubaland.





CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
The Yoruba of Nigeria are from the south west namely Ogun, Osun, Ondo, Ekiti, Oyo, Lagos, Kwara and Kogi states with fragments in Edo and Delta States (Oduduwa Books of Records, 2014). Yoruba is one of the oldest and largest cultural groups in Africa. The ethnographic composition of the Yoruba speakers has been established way back before the discovery of their art works. Yoruba is one of the most populous single ethnic group in Nigeria with a population figure of over fifty[50 million people (Oduduwa Books of Records, 2014).The Yoruba speakers interacted with each other for long, so they have common historical experiences, avenues of trade, cultural interactions which reflected in their cultural affiliations. These commercial prowess and genius in their religion, food, costumes, dance, music, extinct Ife arts and other crafts, architecture and traditions are evident even in their present day cultural affiliation. The Yoruba speakers have a highly organized cultural and political institution ever before contact with the Europeans. Art right from traditional to contemporary times in the Yoruba culture has always played a significant role. The Yoruba royal monarchs are known and addressed by their titles, for example: Ooni Ife, Alaafin Oyo, Alake Egba, Olubadan, Ado Ekiti, Olowo, Owa Obokun, and so on. Ife,

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