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TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page



Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPETR ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study



1.2 Statement of problem

1.3 Objective of the study

1.4 Research questions

1.5 Research hypotheses

1.6 Significance of the study

1.7 Scope and limitation of the study



1.8 Operational Definition of terms

1.9 Organization of the study

CHAPETR TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 introduction

2.2 conceptual review



2.3 empirical review

CHAPETR THREE

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 sources of data collection

3.3 Population of the study

3.4 Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5 Validation of research instrument

3.6 Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions



4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix
Abstract

The study focused on value stream mapping and organizational excellence in Nigeria. Value Stream Mapping is not a project that covers a specific period of time; instead it is a working methodology to differentiate activities that add value compared with the non-value added, and is addressing to all employees, to the management, suppliers and customers. Many companies are using this improving method because it identifies the problems from the production process, analyze them and provide some potential solutions for a better process.


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Value Stream Mapping is a Lean technique used to analyze the current material and information flow necessary to bring out the products or provide services for the customer. This technique includes all the activities that follow the product from the customer order, going through the entire production process and the finally delivery to the customer. Value Stream Mapping is the perfect argument for Lean practitioners to show where data comes into play, how it is collected quickly and efficiently, and how Lean project action plans are created from this data. Because anywhere is a process there is also waste, it is our concern to find the best solutions and techniques to reduce it or even eliminate waste at all. The advantage of using this method allows anybody to “see” both process flow and communications flow within the process or value stream (Nash 2008). Because of this ability to gather, analyze and present information in short period of time, this method has rapidly gained popularity in the process of continuous improvement. The most important goal of Value Stream Mapping method is that identifies opportunities for improvement for future periods of time. Regarding the main domain of using the Value Stream Mapping methodology, it can be applied to direct production activities (known as: Door-to-Door method) and include all the process steps from the daily production, and non-production activities (known as: Order-to-Cash method), referring to those supporting activities or processes for daily production needed the enterprise (Womack and Jones 2006). We can use VSM as a Lean method to identify the opportunities of improvements for future periods of time. VSM method is also associated with production activity, being used for: efficiency of production activities; logistics activities; supplying activities; software development; developing new products; industrial activities related. Because the VSM is an analytical method, and is based on details, depending on the level of details, the VSM can address only to a process step, to one or the production lines, or to the entire factory. Several methods and approaches exist such as computer simulation, statistical analysis and lean tools for improving the efficiency by determining the best combination of resources in production lines or construction process [1-2]. In recent years, there has been a substantial growth in profit in most of the leading manufacturing companies around the world due to the use of lean manufacturing for supporting their competitiveness in the international market [3]. Some of the benefits of applying LM in companies include cost reduction, cycle time elimination, and waste decrement. In fact, the major aim of lean manufacturing is to decrease cost by reducing the non-value added performances. Lean manufacturing employs diverse tools and methods such as Just-In-Time (JIT), Total Productive Maintenance (TPM), Cellular Manufacturing and 5S, for realizing this objective (Abdullah 2003). Lean operating values originated from the workplace and also had different names with same meanings like Lean Manufacturing, Toyota Production System, and Lean Production. It is generally purported to have started in Japan, specifically in Toyota, although Henry Ford had utilized the components of lean in the beginning of 1920’s according to proof denoted in this following quotes; “One of the most noteworthy accomplishments in keeping the price of Ford products low is the gradual shortening of the production cycle” (Abdullah 2003). At first, the meaning of lean was introduced by the National Institute of Lean Network Standards and Technology Manufacturing Extension Partnerships (Abdullah 2003), as an organized way for identifying and reducing operation stoppages so as to achieve nonstop smooth operation flow during the product manufacturing (Abdullah 2003). Usually, lean is made up of personality and individual mechanisms, which serve as building blocks in lean planning, when used in companies to improve efficiency (Monden 2008). Fundamentally, lean manufacturing is organized to remove any form of devastation or features which often leads to waste in an organisation and thus, preventing loss of resources (Feld 2000). This process eliminates non-value additional processes in the manufacturing lifecycle, improves production efficiency and motivates customers’ choice. In addition, faster production workflow invariably increases return on investment (ROI) for the organization and reduces waste, increases earnings of employees, renders higher profits to shareholders and added feature value for consumers. A brief description of the various available lean methods are explained as follows: Cellular Manufacturing: systematize the whole processing for a particular product or related products into a set or cell that it includes all the needed equipment, machines, and operators.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Organizational management has identified quality improvement QI using the Lean process improvement approach as a vehicle for achieving a robust, scalable, replicable and reusable operation model. Lean focuses on improving business value by streamlining process flow, identifying and eliminating redundancies. Value Stream Map (VSM), one of Lean’s components, is the first stage in helping organizations identify and understand how their current processes work from the viewpoint of the customer. Without the insight VSM provides, it is difficult to successfully and systematically streamline workflows by identifying and eliminating redundant steps (Arthur 2011, Morgan & Brenig-Jones 2012). VSM is a pictorial representation of existing processes, getting organizations to consciously think about what they do, how they do it and what operational value it provides (Arthur 2011, Morgan & Brenig-Jones 2012) but most organization do not have the necessary personnel to implement VSM.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The study has one major objective, which is further broken down into general and specific objectives, the general objective is to examine the effect of value stream mapping and operational excellence in Nigeria organizations; the specific objectives are:

i) To examine the effect of value stream mapping on organizational performance
ii) To ascertain if there is any significant relationship between value stream mapping and organizational productivity
iii) To examine the impact of value stream mapping on operational excellence

iv) To proffer suggested solutions to the identified problem
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i) Does value stream mapping has any effect on organizational performance?
ii) Is there any significant relationship between value stream mapping and organizational productivity?
iii) Does value stream mapping has any impact on operational excellence?

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

The following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study;

H0: value stream mapping does not have any impact organizational performance

H1: value stream mapping does have an impact organizational performance

H0: there is no significant relationship between value stream mapping and organizational productivity

H2: there is a significant relationship between value stream mapping and organizational productivity

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY



It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of great importance to the management of business organizations as the findings tend to explore the avenues of improving organizational efficiency in Nigeria, the study will also be of great importance to employee of the organization as the study seek to explore avenues to improve organizational efficiency, the study will also be of great importance to researchers who intend to embark on a study in a similar topic as the study will serve as a reference point to further studies. Finally, the study will be of importance to students, teachers, academia’s lecturers and the general public as the study will contribute to the pool of existing literature on the subject matter and also contribute to knowledge.
1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers value stream mapping and operational excellent, but in the cause of the study, there were some factors that limit the scope of the study;

AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study

TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher have to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.

FINANCE: The finance available for the research work does not allow for wider coverage as resources are very limited as the researcher has other academic bills to cover.

1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Value stream mapping

Value-stream mapping is a lean-management method for analyzing the current state and designing a future state for the series of events that take a product or service from its beginning through to the customer with reduced lean wastes as compared to current map

Operational excellence

Operational Excellence is the execution of the business strategy more consistently and reliably than the competition. Operational Excellence is evidenced by results

Organization

An organization or organization is an entity comprising multiple people, such as an institution or an association, that has a particular purpose.



1.9 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows

Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research question, significance or the study, research methodology, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlight the theoretical framework on which the study its based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.

https://sprojectng.com/value-stream-mapping-and-operational-excellent/


FOR COMPLETE PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIAL VIST


www.sprojectng.com

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page
Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of problem

1.3 Research questions

1.4 Objective of the study

1.5 Significance of the study

1.6 Scope of the study

1.7 Definition of terms

CHAPETR TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 introduction

2.2 conceptual review

2.3 empirical review

CHAPETR THREE
3.0 Research methodology

3.1 sources of data collection

3.3 Population of the study

3.4 Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5 Validation of research instrument

3.6 Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix
Abstract

This study argues that in spite of Nigeria’s rich human and abundant mineral resources (particularly oil), a disproportionately highly number of its population lives in abject with over 50% of the wealth concentrated in less than 10% of the total population. Utilizing content analysis spiced with empirical facts and with the aid of Marxist tool of analysis, Thus, the widespread prevalence of poverty in Nigeria has placed major constraints on the country’s capacity to consolidate its emerging democracy leading to plethora of challenges. These challenges include: crisis of legitimacy and the rise of militant sub-nationalist agitations, ethno-religious and identity conflicts, corruption and institutional failures, crime and electoral violence, insecurity, injustice and political apathy with far reaching implications for the survival of the democratic system. The study concludes by aligning its findings with one of the long standing assumption that democracy do not strive in a poverty infested environment and thus attributes the major challenges facing the present democratic experiment in Nigeria to the existence of poverty on a large scale.



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Africa like the rest of the world witnessed the “third wave of democratization” when authoritarian regime and one party governments were replaced or supplanted by elected civilian governments or administrations. Nigeria described by Ette (2013) as one of the strongholds of dictatorship in the continent was caught in the snowballing effect of the wave after twenty-nine years of military dictatorship. After several years of failure attempt by the past military regimes of Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida and Sani Abacha, democracy formally gained root in the country on 29 May, 1999. Nigerians were full of hopes and expectations that hard earned democracy will usher in improvements in standards of living, good governance, improvement in security and what Mohammed (2013) described as freeing of natural resources from the iron fist and jaw of greedy officials to that of enterprising and efficient social services delivery in health, education, sports and prevention of modern day slavery such as human trafficking as well as rehabilitation of infrastructural facilities, poverty alleviation and reduction in unemployment, inequality and improvement in general socio-economic development. Disturbingly, fourteen years after the inception of the present democratic dispensation, the political landscape is yet to show clear evidence of good governance. Elections and electoral processes are subverted; there have been wide scale of political violence and killing in many parts of the country; upsurge in ethnic militia groups who make life unbearable for the citizenry; general insecurity and high profile terrorism in the northern part of the country as well as kidnapping and bunkering of the petroleum pipelines in the southern part of the country. In spite of the great endowments in both human and natural resources, particularly, the huge oil wealth and revenues, Nigeria still remain a poor country with per capita income average of $350 as at 2003 (USAID, 2007). In the words of Nwaobi, “Nigeria presents a paradox” (Oshewolo, 2010:264) owing to the fact that since independence, majority of its population has remained poor in the midst of abundance. The UNDP has classified the country as 141 poorest nations on human development index. In its report, Nigeria is considered one of the 20th poorest countries in the world with 70% of the population classified as poor and 54.4% living in absolute poverty (Ugoh and Ukpere, 2009:849). Similarly, about 70.2 percent of the Nigerian population lives on less than $1 a day, while 90.8 percent lives on less than $2 a day (Oshewolo, 2010:267). The state poverty in Nigeria is often compounded by the widening inequality between the rich and the poor as “up to 95 percent of this great wealth is controlled by about .01 percent of the population” (Oshewolo, 2010:265). This situation has been clearly highlighted by Oshewolo (2010:267) that the total income earned by the richest 20 percent of the population is 55.7 percent, while the total income earned by the poorest 20 percent is 4.4 percent. Amis and Rakodi rightly observed that the major impediment to democracy in Africa is poverty. Masses are easily cornered, brainwashed and their right of choices manipulated to a point that some of them are susceptible to bribery and can be used as political thugs to cause confusion, harassment or intimidate an opponent during elections (Maiangwa, 2009:349). Poverty decreases both participation in democratic life and popular support for democracy (Mattes, et al, 2003:35). Since the return to multi-party democracy in 1999, the political space has been the exclusive preserve of the elite as majority of the population have been excluded from the political process. While there seems to be a general consensus that mass poverty could cast a shadow on democratic consolidation, “precisely why poverty undermines democracy, however, has been much less clear” (Mattes, et al 2003:1). Thus, the main focus of this paper is to interrogate the subject of poverty, inequality and the challenges of democratic consolidation in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic Achieving a consolidated democracy requires good governance by democratic regimes. It also demands upholding democratic values of popular participation, respect for the rule of law, free and fair elections and the independence of the judiciary. Good governance essentially promotes improved welfare of the people, transparency and accountability by public managers in the conduct of state affairs and reduces corruption to the barest minimum. These correlates of democracy are some of the daunting challenges. Democratic governance in Nigeria is yet to resolve particularly in the foundational eight years of Obasanjo civilian rule. What militated against the facilitation of true democracy under this administration? What led to the faltering of the initial expectations that accompanied democratization process in the late 1990s? Why was it difficult to consolidate on the gains of the democratization effort that ousted the military from the body politics of Nigeria in 1999? These are some of the questions that this essay attempts to answer.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

After thirteen years of unbroken democratic rule, Nigerians have not enjoyed the dividends of democracy in terms of economic prosperity, political freedom and social liberties. During the swearing-in of a democratically elected government in May 1999, Nigerians had very high expectations that democracy would offer food for the hungry, job opportunities for the unemployed, economic prosperity, higher standard of living, and transparency in government and justice for the oppressed. But alas, after thirteen years, the country is still largely characterized by widespread “poverty, corruption, infrastructural decay, social menace, vast unemployment, and violation of basic human rights” like what obtained during the military era (Ighagbon, 2010).

Nwaobi (2011) and Ighagbon (2010) agree that Nigerian democracy is paradoxical. Nwaobi (2011) writes, “the country is rich but the people are poor”. Despite this enormous wealth, the majority of the citizenry languish in abject poverty while a minority controls the country’s massive wealth. Nwaobi (2011) also shows that the economy has not improved for the past four decades as per capita income is still at the same level as it was in 1999.

This has resulted in the loss of faith in the country’s democracy. Quoting an Afrobarometer.org survey published by New York Times, (Ighagbon, 2010) shows that the level of confidence in Nigerian democracy has reduced from 84 percent in 2000 to 25 percent in 2005. Nigerians now wonder how longer it will take to deliver the expected dividends of democracy to them. The result is the loss of faith in the electoral process. Some youths no longer participate in elections as they feel their votes would not count

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

This study has one main objective, which is broken down into general objective and specific objective;

The general objective is to examine poverty and the challenge of democratic consolidation in the Niger delta from 2010-2018. The specific objectives are;

i) To examine the effect of poverty in democratic participation in the Niger Delta region from 2010-2018
ii) To examine if there is any significant relationship between poverty and democratic consolidation in the study area from 2010-2018
iii) To examine the role of government in alleviating poverty in the study area to enhanced political participation

iv) To proffer suggested solution to the identified problem
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study

i) Does poverty has any effect on democratic participation in the Niger Delta region from 2010-2018?
ii) Is there any significant relationship between poverty and democratic consolidation in the study area from 2010-2018?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

The following hypotheses were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study;

H0: The government does not play any role in alleviating poverty in the study area to enhanced political participation

H1: The government does play a role in alleviating poverty in the study area to enhanced political participation

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is believes that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of great importance to the political actors and party executives to ensure that after election the form an all-inclusive governance irrespective of the political affiliation so as to lift her citizens out of poverty and ensure robust participation in politics. The study will also be useful to public office holders as the study explore the need for true federalism in all sphere .of the economy so as to ensure equitable distribution of income and employment in the state, the study will also be useful to researchers who intend to embark on a study in a similar topic as the study will serve as a reference point to further studies. Finally, the study will be useful to students, teachers, lecturers’, academia’s and the general public as the study will contribute to the pool of existing literature and also contribute to knowledge on the subject matter.
1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers poverty and the challenge of democratic consolidation in Nigeria with emphasis on the Niger Delta region from 2010-2018. But in the course of the study, there are some factors that limit the scope of the study;

AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study

TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher have to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.

FINANCE: The finance available for the research work does not allow for wider coverage as resources are very limited as the researcher has other academic bills to cover.

1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Poverty

Poverty is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living.

Democracy

Democracy is a system of government where most or all people have rights to equal constitutional participation. In a direct democracy, the citizens as a whole form a governing body and deliberate and vote directly on each issue. In a representative democracy the citizens elect representatives from among themselves

Democratic consolidation

Democratic consolidation is the process by which a new democracy matures, in a way that means it is unlikely to revert to authoritarianism without an external shock.

1.9 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows

Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research question, significance or the study, research methodology, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlight the theoretical framework on which the study its based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.


https://sprojectng.com/poverty-and-the-challenge-of-democratic-consolidation-in-nigeria-a-study-of-niger-delta-2010-2018/

FOR COMPLETE POLITICAL SCIENCE PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIAL VISIT

www.sprojectng.com

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of problem

1.3 Objective of the study

1.4 Research Hypotheses

1.5 Significance of the study

1.6 Scope and limitation of the study

1.7 Definition of terms

1.8 Organization of the study

CHAPETR TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPETR THREE

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 sources of data collection

3.3 Population of the study

3.4 Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5 Validation of research instrument

3.6 Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix

Abstract

This study the effect of anti-grazing law sentiment on national integration in Nigeria. The incessant conflict between Fulani herdsmen and farmers in Nigeria has become very unbecoming and worrisome to nation unity and integration. This has given rise to the enact Anti-grazing law in various State. The objective of the study is to examine the effect of anti-grazing laws sentiment on national integration in Nigeria. The study adopted the elite theory as the anchor theory for the study, Qualitative and quantitative approach which focuses on the explanation of subjective perspectives, processes, and numeric information was employed for the study. Primary and secondary data sources were used to generate data for the study. The method of data analysis adopted for the study was simple percentage and Chi-square statistics which was done with the aid of SPSS statistical software. At the completion of the study, it was recommend that There should be effective regulation of grazing and farming activities in Nigeria through efficient land-use laws/ legislations and administration.

Keywords: anti-grazing, national integration, Fulani herdsmen, farmers, crisis, laws



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Nigeria a federation of many different nations is the most populous country in Africa with about 160 million people. The country is divided into 36 states and 748 local government areas. The religious, ethnic, and cultural diversities of the federating units no doubt make it a unique one. Otite (1990) in Mustapha (2007), identifies 374 ethnicities which are broadly divided into ethnic ‘majorities’ and ethnic ‘minorities’. The majority ethnic groups are the Hausa-Fulani of the north, the Yoruba of the southwest, and the Igbos of the southeast. However, the relationship between these groups is characterized by fear and suspicion of domination of one state or ethnic group by another. Meanwhile, this suspicion and fear between groups is historical. However, it became pronounced when Sir Fredrick Lord Lugard began the process of subjecting ethnic groups with a history of mutual distrust and hatred together as one Nigeria. Remarkably, these ethnic groups are not of equal population and hence some tend to dominate others thus exploiting them. Also, political and economic imbalances exist among these various states or ethnic groups that make up Nigeria. These imbalances arose from the nature and character of the post colonial Nigerian state. In almost all the sectors, state, ethnic or regions, people feel marginalized. The form and intensity of natural resource or environmental conflicts vary widely by place and over time within any location and different communities with their members respond to conflict differently (FAO, 2003). Thus, this suggests that every community possesses certain mechanisms and strategies of resolving or managing natural resource conflicts since this conflict are already a part of their daily life. However, depending on many factors, response to environmental conflicts may be violent or peaceful, formal or informal, participatory or restrictive, equitable or not. Some of the widely adopted measures towards addressing this conflict before and after they escalate are dialogue, negotiation, mediation, arbitration, adjudication and expulsion. For instance, Fasona et al. (2006) avers that in Sepeteri and Ikoyi-Ile communities of Oyo state, agro-pasturalist conflicts which can be traced to the colonial era have often been resolved through dialogue as narrated by the community leader (Fasona et al, 2016). Contrary to this, after series of violence unleashed on Ekiti state in South Western Nigeria, the state government under the leadership of Governor Ayodele Fayose embarked on the restriction of grazing activities in Ekiti state with the passage of anti-grazing bill into law. The anti-grazing law which titled “Prohibition of Cattle and Other Ruminants Grazing in Ekiti, 2016,” bans grazing after 6pm in the evening and before 7am in the morning were passed into law in Ekiti State and it also says that any herdsman caught with firearms and any weapons whatsoever during grazing shall be charged with terrorism (Oladimeji, 2016). In the same vain A bill entitled ‘‘A Bill for an Act to provide for the Establishment, Preservation and Control of National Grazing Reserves and Livestock Routes and the Creation of National Grazing Reserve Commission and for purposes connected therewith’’ sponsored by Mrs. Zainab Kure a first time senator representing Niger South senatorial district was presented to the Nigerian Senate. A similar bill was also presented to the house of representative in which the sponsors and other backers of bill – legislators from northern Nigeria are seeking that power be granted to a federal commission to acquire lands from all the state governments in Nigeria and the Minster of the Federal Capital Territory to establish grazing routes and reserves for Fulani herders (Okeke, 2014). The central argument in favour of the bill is the need to have access to sufficient pasture for cattle which are not readily available in the required quantity in the home state of these herdsmen as a result of environmental degradation, acute drought, overgrazing among other. According to these proponents, this bill will help to prevent the conflict that usually occurs as a result of the southward movement or migration of herdsmen and their herds in search for pastures and water. On the other hand, the opponents of these bills opined that rather than the claim of the proponent, the actual hidden agenda of the sponsor and other northerners in favour of the bill is to formalize and advance the expansionist agenda of Uthman Dan Fodio and the Northern hegemonic quest to dominate the politico-economic sphere of the Nigerian state. Similarly, the adoption of the grazing bill will lead to the furtherance of agro-pastoralist conflict in Nigeria because the migration of the herdsmen to other parts of Nigeria coupled with their refusal to keep to the rules of the host communities, intolerance and preference for the use of violence rather than conflict is one of the major reasons for the many bloodshed from environmental conflict all over Nigeria. Therefore, if allowed to legally have access to lands in all states of the federation for grazing, there is speculation that the Fulani herders will further expand into the farms and home of the host community which could even lead to more bloody conflict. Both the federal and state governments have developed a variety of responses to the ongoing violence between farmers and herders in the Middle Belt, including the recent law passed by the state government in Benue. In May 2017, the Benue State Government enacted the Open Grazing Prohibition and Ranches Establishment Law, 2017 (commonly referred to as the Open Grazing Prohibition Law) banning open grazing of livestock in the state of Benue. The Benue State Government presented the Open Grazing Prohibition Law as a tool to prevent clashes between herders and farmers by limiting the unrestricted grazing of cattle and instead called for cattle to be reared in ranches. This legislation is the first of its kind in Nigeria and implementation began on 1st November 2017. Since the implementation of the law began, there have been a number of repercussions, including several attacks, such as the New Year’s Day attack in Benue where unidentified gunmen killed dozens of people, to growing interest in nearby states of Plateau and Taraba to enact similar legislation as a response to conflicts between farmers and herders. Several civil society groups in Plateau State have called for the Plateau State Government to replicate the Benue State model. In Taraba State, the Governor has already signed the Open Grazing Prohibition and Ranches Establishment Bill, 2017 into law, which took effect on 24th January, 2018. It is against this backdrop that this study intend to examine the effect of anti-grazing law sentiment on national integration.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

It is vain denying the fact that livestock and cattle contribute to the GDP of Nigeria. In most parts of Nigeria, especially in the southern parts, keeping of ruminants, though still part of a man’s wealth; is mainly for subsistent living. In such cases, the ruminants are relatively small in number and are either left to roam the family house or are taken out to the field every morning for sedentary grazing and brought back every evening in a manner that prevents them from straying into cultivated farm lands. Where, for inexplicable reasons, the animals stray into and damages peoples’ belongings, such damages, either to crops or to other properties, are adequately compensated by the owner. In the northern part of Nigeria, especially among the Fulani ethnic group, the story is different. Rather than sedentary pastoralism, nomadic or transhumant pastoralism is the culture. Living their life almost entirely on ruminant animal farming, cattle is noted to be the most important object in Fulani society. The quantity of cattle a Fulani man owns is a sign of his wealth. Saidu, a Fulani pastoralist said, “Our herd is our life because to every nomad, life is worthless without his cattle .Ogbo Et al (2017). A typical Fulani man lives his life around his cattle. Traditionally, these cattle are herded by taking them round in large numbers to feed in open spaces and uncultivated grass lands in a migratory or nomadic style. This traditional system of feeding animals is known as grazing. The nomadic Fulani group basically spends most of their lives in the bush and are the ones largely involved in clashes between herders and the local farmers. Idowu (2017). A Fulani herdsman sets out to graze his cattle by looking for pastures, doing so, most times with his wife and children, who assists him in tending to the cattle and rendering other sundry services as they move around in search of greener pastures. Experts have said that owing to increasing desertification, developmental encroachment and diminishing range lands (grazing resource), this type of transhumant pastoralism is generating a lot of problems to society. As can be observed, food supply insecurity, environmental degradation, stunted economic growth and distorted national integration are some of the problems the country is today contending with. These problems stem both from the skirmishes that occur between herders and farmers as pasturing animals intrude on farmlands and watering points for free pasture, as farmers encroach on cattle routes for more cultivable land. As this happens, Saidu, a local Fulani cattle farmer said, ‘what do you expect from us when our source of existence is threatened? The encroachment on grazing fields and routes by farmers is a call for war. Wherever we turn, we find the land reserved for our cattle to feast, taken over by farmers. It becomes difficult for our herd to move and graze without veering into crop fields. Once that happens, the farmers confront us and we have no option but to fight back’ .Odoh Et al (2012). As Haman, cited in Imo noted, cattle farmers suffer material damages when the crop farmers inflict physical injuries on their cattle by using cutlasses, spears or guns or by poisoning the cattle. Crop farmers, on the other hand, cry and argue that the fear of gun wielding cattle herders not only prevent them from going to the farm but that cultivated farm lands and crop yields are destroyed by cattle, resulting in sweeping poverty and unemployment in the land. As precious human and animal lives are lost and crop yields damaged, food security is not only being hampered but precious manpower to support economic growth is reduced. Again as the animals are taken round through the open grazing system, they do not only pollute a few available water sources to the local people but also (through their destructive activities) bring their breeders and the settled farming communities into conflicts that heighten inter-ethnic tensions in the country. As all these happen, analysts are of the view that there is ominous danger to national integration and overall sustainability especially as these happenings are perceived by people in the south and north central regions of the country as signs of failure, imperialism and favoritism by the President, Muhammad Buhari to his tribesmen, the Fulani, over other ethnic nationalities in Nigeria. It is on this premise that the researcher intend to examine the effect of anti-grazing law sentiment on national integration in Nigeria.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

This study has two objective; the broad and the specific objectives; the broad objective is to examine the effect of anti-grazing law sentiment on national integration in Nigeria. The specific objectives are:

i) To examine the effect of anti-grazing laws on farmers headers crisis in Nigeria;
ii) To ascertain if there is any significant relationship between anti-grazing law sentiment and national integration in Nigeria.
iii) To examine the role of government in ensuring peaceful co-existence between the farmers and the nomadic headers in Nigeria

iv) To examine the impact of anti-grazing law in fostering national unity
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study;

i) Is there any effect of anti-grazing laws sentiment on farmer’s headers crisis in Nigeria?
ii) Is there any significant relationship between anti-grazing law sentiment and national integration in Nigeria?
iii) Does the government play any role in ensuring peaceful co-existence between the farmers and the nomadic headers in Nigeria?

iv) What impact does anti-grazing law sentiment has in fostering national integration in Nigeria?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

The following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher in null and alternate form to aid the completion of the study;

H0: represent null hypotheses

H1: represent alternate hypotheses

H0: there is no significant relationship between anti-grazing law sentiment and national integration in Nigeria

H1: there is a significant relationship between anti-grazing law sentiment and national integration in Nigeria

H0: anti-grazing laws sentiment does not have any effect on farmer’s headers crisis in Nigeria

H2: anti-grazing laws sentiment does have an effect on farmer’s headers crisis in Nigeria
any effect on farmer’s headers crisis in Nigeria

H2: anti-grazing laws sentiment does have an effect on farmer’s headers crisis in Nigeria

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY



It is believed that at the completion of this study, the findings will be of significance to policy makers in ensuring effective policy formulation and implementation that will repair the already precarious relationship between farmers and nomadic headers in Nigeria, the study will also be of importance to both the state and federal government as the recommendations of this study will foster dialog between headers and farmers association if implemented to foster national integration and peaceful co-existence in Nigeria. The study will also be of important to researchers who intend to embark on a study in a similar topic as the study will serve as a reference point to further studies. Finally the study will be of importance to students, teachers, academia’s and the general public as the study will contribute to the pool of existing literature and also contribute to knowledge on the subject matter.

1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers the effect of anti-grazing law sentiment on national integration in Nigeria. In the course of the study, extensive relevant literature were reviewed and instances of headers farmers crisis were examine. But in the course of the study, there were some factors that limit the scope of the study;

Financial constraint– Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

Time constraint– The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work

a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study.
1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Grazing

Grazing is a method of feeding in which a herbivore feeds on plants such as grasses, or other multicellular organisms such as algae. In agriculture, grazing is one method used whereby domestic livestock are used to convert grass and other forage into meat, milk and other products.

National integration

The National Integration Council is a group of senior politicians and public figures in India that looks for ways to address the problems of communalism, casteism and regionalism

Anti-grazing Law

this is the Prohibition of Cattle and other Ruminants Grazing in states , the law states in part, that “no person shall cause or permit any cattle or other ruminants belonging to him or under his control to graze on any land in which the Governor has not designated as ranch.

1.9 STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows

Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study

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ABSTRACT

This project attempts to focus and examine the impact of insurance industry on the economic development of Nigeria with particular reference to NICON Insurance Industry Corporation. This project had critically examined the economic rational and strategies nature of insurance to the economy of a developing nation like Nigeria, it also aimed at ensuring increased performance in the insurance industry in economic developing. This research work will thus attempt to identify the problems that have crippled the activities of firms in insurance industry as well as making valuable recommendations aimed at solving the problems. For the inputs treatment of this research work, the study is divided into five chapters. Chapter one covers the introductory aspect as this project topic, Chapter two entails the literature reviews of the subject under study. Chapter three explains the methodology adopted for the study. Chapter four is concerned with the presentation and analysis of data; collected in the study and testing of hypothesis. The last chapter is the summary of findings, conclusion as well as recommendations.





TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page i

Certification iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgement v

Abstract vii

Table of content ix

CHAPTER ONE

Background of study 1

Statement of Research problem 3

Objective of study 5

Scope of study 7

Significance of study 8

Statement of research Hypothesis 9

Research methodology 9

Limitation of Study 10

Brief historical of Nicon Insurance Corporation 12

Definition of study 14

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

Concept of Insurance Industry 17

Concept of Economy Development 20

Nature of Insurance Industry 23

Types of Insurance Industry 24

Nature of Economic Development 27

Indicator of Economic Development 30

Insurance and Economic Development 33

Problem in using Insurance as a tool for Economic

development 35

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design 39

Population of study 39

Sampling Procedure 40

Data Collection 41

Data Analysis Methodology 43

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

Data presentation and analysis 46

Data analysis

Test of hypothesis

CHAPTER FIVE

FINDING RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

Finding 63

Recommendation 66

Conclusion 69

Bibliography 71

Appendix 73



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Insurance companies are financial institution with the fundamental role of protecting firms or businesses and individuals from financial losses and provides invisible fund to the economy.

The services of insurance company is apparently important if a nation is to protect the future of business investment which is bedeviled with risk uncertainties to be less risky and make it protection and provision of scare investment fund to the industry is been played by insurance companies in Nigeria.

The genesis of insurance companies in Nigeria back into time from the immediate family system, the community association, the age grade union and cultural associations. Member of this association renders some kind of insurance coverage to their members in terms of adversity, money is contributed to assist member to build a new house if loss by national disaster, burial for dead member and financial assistance to the family left behind. This is an insurance policy in a local setting in Nigeria.

This practice developed to an organized association with rules and regulation guiding the welfare of members in terrible situation if distressed. This system does not allow for premium, however, the financial obligation was in the form of membership fees and contributions. Nigeria started to feel the emergence of modern insurance business in the middle of the 20th century only as a branch insurance companies with head quarters in Europe and America.

This merger outfit developed rapidly into a large business conglomerate with financial assets comparable only to the banking sector.

The first insurance company to have a full branch office in Nigeria was royal exchange the only company fully established in the country since then, more than sixty more companies have been incorporated in Nigeria. There are about three hundred (300) registered insurance companies in Nigeria today. Among them is Nicon Insurance Corporation. PLC, which obviously is the case study of this research.







1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

The insurance industry is primarily a risk undertaking business the function of the insurance industry is essentially the same in the whole world. Which has not been effectively and efficiently achieve. Although the author has choose the topic of the impact of insurance industry on the economic development. The problem and questions that militate against the normal function of the insurance industry needs to be highlighted. In an attempt to identifying the problems that have hindered the achievement of these functions, the need to provide solution to the problem cannot be over emphasize.

One of the problems is economic instability which has eaten deep into the fabric of the nations and has been hindering the smooth operation of the insurance industry. Two, the political environment has adverse effect on the economic environment as various administration have come up with their various operational and investment policy in Nigeria and these has first of Insurance companies to reduce their staff strength and these has attending effect.

In the making of the current economic crises, the government in an effort tried mitigate its effect on firms by embarking on the structural adjustment program (SAP) which can be assessed by its little contribution and in this totality fueled up inflation thus weakening the operation of firms in the insurance industry. Since customers are prospective customers can no longer afford to pay their premium nor are they willing to take new one.

More devastating is the acute shortage of skilled manpower particularly at the top and middle management cadres the industry and admission of new insurers into the industry, since the national supervisor board (NSB) guideline state that at least one professionally qualified person must lead each department in the company before such a firm can be licensed.

Not excluded his the management and staff relation which has not been cordial as result of some inconsistency in the system among which are delay in payment of staff salaries wages bonus and other allowance and more provision of poor relation and this leads effect such as stir (work to rule) embarked upon by workers.

The investment climate in the country also create problems of managers in the industry due to lack of develop capital market, low yield from investment restrictive laws and regulations constraining the managers choice of investment.

Excessive administration expenses on the same types of investment problem of advert effects of global inflation, non-profitability of insurances business of high claims paid as a result socio-political crises (Example 1998 SAPRIOT).

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study was to examine the Impact of the insurance industry on the economic development of Nigeria. This was carried out by applying various function of insurance as they effect the economy. The study also determine how insurance has been able to play an important role on the development of the economy. The following formed the objective of this study in the following area.

The research is to find out if industry will influence and increase mobilization of saving particularly through life assurance policies, for productive use and as a source of long term.

To determine if it will improve the development of capital market by providing a channel for the sourcing of funds by both public and private sectors of the economy.

The study will determine the accumulation of foreign exchange for the Nigeria economy and direct equity and loan investment in the industrial enterprises.

It will determine whether the upsurge of insurance companies will lead to the mobilization of fund for the government and the investment pattern of the economy and also type social development of the entire nation.

1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY

Insurance industry in Nigeria is a very important business with so many names and branches all over the country. In research like this, it was difficult to cover up all the branches of insurance companies for that simple reasons, the national insurance corporation of Nigeria NICON plc was used as a representative sample in the insurance industry. In the case, out of the 25 branches of the corporation, the Benin and the head office Abuja would be covered due to time constraints and lack of funds to visit these important states.

The activities include life and non-life assurances of the corporation life assurance are life pension, non-life insurance include. Accident, motor, fire, marine, workmen’s compensation, Aviation and miscellaneous.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The very concept of insurance has often been misunderstood and misrepresented in the society, not because of myopic disposition of the general popular but for the fact that insurance awareness has not been fully implemented into the system of which this research work intended to promote insurance awareness, with the view of identifying areas of immense benefit from the corporation to the insurance community as well as to insurance practitioners and the overall contribution to the development of the Nigeria economy.

In the highlight of the above the researcher tends to investigate into the effect of insurance on the development of the Nigeria economy- it is hope that the finding and recommendation. From this study shall be careful to the following.

The government as the determinate of the economic policies in Nigerian.

The accountants, auditors and professional manager who are expected to use insurance in form of national decision making.

The society who are wholly and practically involved in the use of insurance activities.

Other investors who may want to invest in the insurance industry.

1.6 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

In this study the following hypothesis will be tested.

Ho: There is no positive relationship between the saving of low-income (Rural) and high income (Urban) earners.

Ho: The insurance industry has no effect on the saying of household.

Hi: The insurance industry has effect on the saving of household.

1.7 LIMITATION OF STUDY

Carrying out this research successfully was not achieved on a platter of gold researcher encountered a harvest of constraints.

Firstly, the research was limited to Edo state and Abuja because of time and financial constraints. The time at the researcher’s disposal was not enough to research respondents outside Edo state and Abuja of course, time is very important in research study and a lot if it is needed to exhaust all the requirement of a particular study. That of finance was equally a very big problem as nothing can be done effectively and efficiently without adequate provision of it in fact a lot of money is required to procure some materials that are necessary of a research study. The result of these problem is that the research is restricted to Edo state and Abuja.

Another limitation is in the interview and questionnaire. It was very difficult to get respondents to answer questions or fill their questionnaires truthfully, because comparative analysis of performance of any center is a very sensitive area of an enterprise. In fact the goodwill of the establishment as well as its public image hang on it. Of course, it would be easier for respondents to tell lies about the performance of their establishment as well as its public image. If this were done, it would be very defective to the reliability of the research.

Also the respondents were not quite corporative. Some claimed that nothing materialistic was going to come out from helping to fill the questionnaires. Some feared the possibility of sack, dismissed and termination if they say the truth about the performance of their establishment.









1.8 BRIEF HISTORY OF NICON PLC

NICON insurance plc was established by the federal government of Nigeria under No 22 of 169 (As amended by cap 263 of 1990) as fully owned by federal government insurance company to break the monopoly of foreign insurance companies then operating in Nigeria.

The promulgation of decree 22 in July 1969 could be said to have signaled the end of the domination of Nigeria insurance companies that operated in the Nigeria market. This also started an era of boom in the Nigeria insurance industry as NICON with full government banking and the attendant financial muscles were able to effectively resist the expatriates owned companies.

The functions and activities of NICON were clearly spelt out by the act establishing it as follow.

Subject to the provision of this decree the corporation has power within and outside Nigeria to carry out any class of insurance business.

Without any prejudice to the generality of subsection (1) of this section, the corporation shall have to do any of the following.

To insure any property of the government of any state in the federation or any statutory incorporations.

To insure any property in which and government mentioned in paragraph (1) of this subsection or any statutory corporation has an interest including property held on trust for each government or corporations.

To accept re-insurance of any part of right undertaken by any other person (being risk such the corporation has power to insure against and retrieve and part of such right)

To act as an insurance agent or insurance brother in relation to the insurance of any property in (1) and (2) or this subjection.

The establishment of NICON was intended to half the outflow of insurance fund from Nigeria so that such could be used to develop the Nigeria economy.

Today, the leadership position of the company in the Nigeria insurance industry is not only recognized but also justifiably respected.

NICON is consulted by government state and federal on insurance matters. At different time the company has used its position of strength to assist in settling up new state owned insurance companies and provide remedy for ailing ones.

The company has also been playing a leadership role in the development of manpower for the Nigeria insurance industry.

1.9 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

NICON– National Insurance Corporation of Nigeria

Cession- The portion of risk that is transferred by insurance to the re- insurer

Indemnity- The maximum amount payable by insurance to a beneficiary of a loss.

Premium- The calculated cost of a risk changed to the insured by the insurer for providing insurance protection against a specific risk for a specific period of time.

Reserve- The actual or potential liabilities which is allocated and kept in a special account by insurance companies to cover unearned premium, outstanding claims and future losses.

Underwriting- This is the act of doing the work of an under writer in accessing a risk and deciding the premium and other relevant matter.

Underwriting- anyone who is ready to accept the insurance risk.

Surrender value- a monetary worth or value on its surrender by the assured.

REFERENCES

Edderdson D.T- (1981) Commerce for West Africa MacMillan Education London.



Gree T.E – (1990) Glossary of insurance terms, Merit press, States Monica.



Ogala Okaka – (1992) Insurance and the Nigeria Economy.

Ogun Shola – Insurance and Pension Practice In Nigeria 1994.

Okwor E. – The insurance industry and the Nigerian Economy C.B.N Bulletin vol. 9 No 31985.




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TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of problem

1.3 Objective of the study

1.4 Research Hypotheses

1.5 Significance of the study

1.6 Scope and limitation of the study

1.7 Definition of terms

1.8 Organization of the study

CHAPETR TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPETR THREE

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 sources of data collection

3.3 Population of the study

3.4 Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5 Validation of research instrument

3.6 Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix



















Abstract

This study investigated the effect of aviation insurance and economic growth in Nigeria. Chi-square statistics was used to test the hypothesis with the aid of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) to determine the effect of aviation insurance on Nigeria economic growth. The researcher examines the ratio of aviation insurance premium to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The study revealed that there was significant relationship between aviation insurance and economic growth of Nigeria. It was also discovered that despite the high degree of the causality of the relationship between aviation insurance premium and GDP, that aviation insurance premium has not been able to make a meaningful contribution to economic growth of the country. The study concluded that life aviation insurance business has not effectively contributed to the growth of Nigeria economy due to low consumption, and corporate organizations have failed to embrace life insurance policies in Nigeria.







CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Insurance companies are financial institution with the fundamental role of protecting firms or businesses and individuals from financial losses and provides invisible fund to the economy. The services of insurance company is apparently important if a nation is to protect the future of business investment which is bedeviled with risk uncertainties to be less risky and make it protection and provision of scare investment fund to the industry is been played by insurance companies in Nigeria. Aviation accidents, although infrequent, have the potential to result in large property damages and losses of human life. While there have been a number of studies that examine how airline stocks react to accidents (see, for example, Chance and Ferris (1987), Davidson et al. (1987) and Walker et al. (2005)) there has been no study to date that examines how insurance companies, which ultimately pay the bills, are affected. Our intention in this paper is to provide an overview of how the airline insurance industry works. We will take a look on how the risk is spread between insurers, how insurers treat deliberate acts of violence and, lastly, how insurers price the risk. Our paper shows that the way the aviation insurance market is structured reveals highly sophisticated risk management practices. To minimize their risk exposure, large potential liabilities are shared by means of a complicated system among several insurers. Furthermore, the study shows that the insurance market has adjusted to the post 9-11 aviation insurance realities being reasonably ready to handle events of an even more catastrophic magnitude. Air Transport is considered to be one of the fastest means of transportation worldwide, and not only is it fast, it is also one of the most comfortable as it transport both passengers and cargoes from one point to the other thereby easing movement. It is also of the most disastrous means of transportation when involved in an accident due to the loss of lives and property involved talk less of the financial burden on the shoulder of the aircraft owners. But all thanks goes to insurance experts that has been able to help aircraft owners reduce the financial burden involved by accepting part or all of the aviation risks of the aircraft owner in return for a considerable financial payments made at certain times to help cover such aviation risks. The underwriting of such aviation risks requires sound knowledge about air transportation in general, aviation management, aviation mechanics, aviation safety and a deep technical know-how of aviation insurance by aviation insurers. However, all these are lacking within the Nigerian Insurance Industry which is why the course titled Aviation Insurance was introduced across all tertiary institutions (polytechnics and universities) to enable future young underwriters garner the theoretical and practical experience needed to positively stimulate the Nigerian Insurance Industry. Insurance affects air carriage and the aviation sector in a number of ways. First, it can lead to high cost of air fare in situations where insurance premiums are high. Second, adequate insurance gives room for an effective system of victim compensation. Due to the liability regime of air carriers under the Montreal Convention, air carriers are only able to pay adequate compensation to victims of mishaps when insurance policies are taken out by them. Also, as insurance keeps businesses afloat, aviation insurance ensures the sustainability of air carriage in the country which in turn contributes to the Nigerian economy. Nigeria’s airspace has recorded a total of 10 air accidents in the last 20 years with the last occurring in 2013. The risks insured in the aviation insurance market are varied, but some common types of policies and coverage include aircraft manufacturer insurance, air cargo insurance, air charter insurance, aerobatic or experimental aircraft insurance, airline insurance, airport or ground handler insurance, crew insurance, lender insurance, fixed base operator insurance, flight training insurance, general aviation pleasure and business insurance, hanger-keepers’ liability, rotorcraft insurance, space or satellite insurance, and unmanned aircraft systems insurance. While general aviation risks and ground-based operations involve some of the same considerations as insurance coverage in other industries, the insurance provided to airliners is a distinctly unique market. In traditional markets, premiums are collected from large volumes of insured’s, providing capital to pay for a few losses and earning the insurer a reasonable profit over time. However, “the aviation insurance market has always differed from most other insurance markets in that both the premium base and the customer base are very narrow, with just a small number of insured’s.” The International Air Transport Association (IATA) has about 230 members, a very small number of potential insured, each with potentially huge exposures. A single insurer will not usually underwrite the entire amount of an airline’s overall risk. Instead, “a number of insurers will each underwrite a small percentage of that exposure, thus keeping the exposure for any one insurer within acceptable limits.” A recent case discussed such a pool of aviation insurers and the right of the managing agent of the pool to pursue the rights of the entire group.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The insurance industry is primarily a risk undertaking business the function of the insurance industry is essentially the same in the whole world. Which has not been effectively and efficiently achieve. Although the author has choose the topic of the effect of aviation insurance and economic growth in Nigeria. The problem and questions that militate against the normal function of the insurance industry needs to be highlighted. In an attempt to identifying the problems that have hindered the achievement of these functions, the need to provide solution to the problem cannot be over emphasize. One of the problems is economic instability which has eaten deep into the fabric of the nations and has been hindering the smooth operation of the insurance industry. Two, the political environment has adverse effect on the economic environment as various administration have come up with their various operational and investment policy in Nigeria and these has first of Insurance companies to reduce their staff strength and these has attending effect.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of aviation insurance and economic growth in Nigeria; but to aid the completion of the study, the researcher intend to achieve the following specific objective;

i) To examine the effect of aviation insurance on Nigeria economic growth
ii) To ascertain if there is any significant relationship between aviation insurance and economic growth
iii) To examine the role of aviation insurance on the development of Nigeria aviation sector

iv) To examine the impact of aviation insurance on the productivity of insurance sector in Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study;

i) Does aviation insurance has any effect on Nigeria economic growth?
ii) Is there any significant relationship between aviation insurance and economic growth?
iii) Does aviation insurance play any role in the development of Nigeria aviation sector?

iv) Does aviation insurance have any impact on the productivity of insurance sector in Nigeria?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

The following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study;

H0: there is no significant relationship between aviation insurance and economic growth

H1: there is a significant relationship between aviation insurance and economic growth

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The very concept of insurance has often been misunderstood and misrepresented in the society, not because of myopic disposition of the general popular but for the fact that insurance awareness has not been fully implemented into the system of which this research work intended to promote insurance awareness, with the view of identifying areas of immense benefit from the corporation to the insurance community as well as to insurance practitioners and the overall contribution to the development of the Nigeria economy. In the highlight of the above the researcher tends to investigate into the effect of aviation insurance on the development of the Nigeria economy- it is hope that the finding and recommendation. From this study shall be careful to the following. The government as the determinate of the economic policies in Nigerian. The accountants, auditors and professional manager who are expected to use insurance in form of national decision making. The society who are wholly and practically involved in the use of insurance activities. Other investors who may want to invest in the insurance industry.

1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers the effect of aviation insurance and the economic growth in Nigeria, but in the course of the study there were factors that limit the scope of the study;

Financial constraint– Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

Time constraint– The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work

a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study.
1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Aviation

Aviation, or air transport, refers to the activities surrounding mechanical flight and the aircraft industry. Aircraft includes fixed-wing and rotary-wing types, morphable wings, wing-less lifting bodies, as well as lighter-than-air craft such as balloons and airships.

Insurance

Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss. It is a form of risk management, primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent or uncertain loss.

Economic growth

Economic growth is the increase in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time. It is conventionally measured as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product, or real GDP.

Insurance policy

In insurance, the insurance policy is a contract between the insurer and the insured, known as the policyholder, which determines the claims which the insurer is legally required to pay.

1.9 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows

Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPETR ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of problem

1.3 Objective of the study

1.4 Research Hypotheses

1.5 Significance of the study

1.6 Scope and limitation of the study

1.7 Definition of terms

1.8 Organization of the study

CHAPETR TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPETR THREE

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 sources of data collection

3.3 Population of the study

3.4 Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5 Validation of research instrument

3.6 Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix























Abstract

This study examines application of strategic thinking on the management of textile companies in Nigeria. Several studies on strategic thinking and firm performance have either revealed a positive relationship or negative relationship with firm performance of which most of these studies are carried out in developed countries. This study therefore investigates this topic using the Nigerian textile companies which has its own unique quality which differs from what is obtained from other parts of the world and as such there is need for managers of textile firms in Nigeria to think strategically in order to have large market share and produce goods, render services that is consumer oriented in order to gain competitive advantage in the market.











CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

The textile industry is of strategic importance to Nigeria. This stems from the fact that agricultural produce such as cotton and jute are forwardly integrated into the textile process, thereby creating synergy of value added. The industry, therefore, provides ample opportunities for harnessing the Country’s agricultural potentials. It provides linkage employment to marketers, out growers, and fashion designers. The well being of the textile sector, therefore, is a determinant of the performance of industry segments that are both backwardly and forwardly integrated into the sector. Such segments include cotton farmers, ginneries, jute farmers, and bag manufacturers. As a formidable constituent of the manufacturing sector in Nigeria (Obadan, 1998), the performance of the textile sector affects the performance of the manufacturing sector. Nmadu (2005) rightly asserted that “The manufacturing sector is the engine of growth for industrialization for any nation and the hope of being part of the global economy”. Noe et al (2000) predicted that by the year 2020, the developing countries, of which Nigeria was a notable member going by population, would account for 60% of the world economy. For this prediction to become a reality the industrial sector has to be developed to perform its pivotal role. Strategic thinking is seen as the generation and application of distinctive business ideas and opportunities intended to create competitive advantage for a firm or business. It is also seen as the ability to come up with an effective plan in line with organizational objectives within a particular economic situation. Strategic thinking transcends time, space, and resources to offer innovative solutions to complicated and perplexing issues a firm faces in its competitive arena (Hamel & Prahalad, 1994; Mintzberg, 1987). Alsaaty, (2007) asserts that strategic thinking is an act of creating a whole new business venture. As established by Abraham, (2005); Liedtka, (1998) strategic thinking has several interrelated qualities, including a long-term orientation, a systemic-integrative approach toward problem solving, and creativity. De Bono, (1982) in his study, concluded that, thinking is the ultimate human resource that involves moving from one state of knowledge to a better one. Thinking also involves memory, plans, ideas, and possibilities (Hayes, 1994). In the works of Larson and Hansen (2005) they defined thinking as a distinct form of pragmatic reasoning. The human central control, as the brain is often called regulates thinking as well as everything else human beings do. What happens in the brain is information, and the way it happens is thinking (De Bono, 1999). Different researchers, has given various names to thinking over the years. Strategic thinking is considered in this study as types of thinking. Vertical thinking is seen here as analytical thinking, rational thinking, logical thinking, and mathematical thinking. Although each of these thinking modes might be considered a particular method of thinking, their territories are in fact difficult to determine, and their boundaries are illusive and interlinked. Thus, it could be argued that, in real sense that they are fundamentally similar in terms of meaning. As Hussey (2001) points out, there is no strict sequence to whether bright ideas precede or follow analytical activities. De Bono, (1970) opines that vertical thinking is sequential, disciplined, and rule-based, and in it the individual moves in the thinking process forward by sequential steps, each of which must be justified. On the other hand, the term strategic thinking, which is the main theme of this study refer to thinking that is lateral, critical, and creative (Alsaaty, 2007). These terms has the same meaning, essentially the same and again interlinked. Due to its richness and clarity, strategic thinking is more fitting. As is the case with vertical thinking, it appears that there is no generally accepted definition for strategic thinking. For example, Liedtka (1998) defines strategic thinking in terms of five attributes: a system of holistic view, a focus on intent, time-based, hypothesis- driven, and intelligently opportunistic. Dixit and Nalebuff (1991,) defined strategic thinking as the art of outdoing an adversary, knowing that the adversary is trying to do the same to you. In view with (Alsaaty, 2006), strategic thinking refers to sensible ideas, thoughtful analyses, and sound decisions. It is no longer news that strategic thinking is deeply embedded in human history. Examples of brilliant ideas and insightful thinking include, cultivation of the land through agricultural activities and domestication of animals, as well as the invention of writing and the wheel is few, to mention but a few. Strategic thinking is considered the foundation of civilizations, and the source of economic progress. Falih, (2007) is of the opinion that strategic thinking is proactive and reflective. It is particularly essential to those individuals who wish to become successful entrepreneurs, however, it is also essential to all mankind. Strategic thinking enables entrepreneurs to navigate with self-assurance in a dynamic, competitive environment. The benefits of this type of thinking skills are well recognized. In the study of (Barnett and Berland, 1999), they indicated that strategic thinking capability can help businesses identify ways to develop confident forecasts, and to reduce the uncertainty of business decisions. Graetz (2002) also asserts that strategic thinking is central to creating and sustaining competitive advantage. Textiles play a major role in the development and industrialization process of Nigeria and her integration into the world economy, in view of this application of strategic thinking in the management of such important sector is no negotiable.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Some of the problem facing firms is the lack of strategic skill in connecting with other firms or individuals to achieve the firms set goals and objectives. Managers also lack the technical know-how to integrate themselves to the connectivity of other companies thereby bringing out the target objectives. Furthermore, any problem identifies is that firm have rigid strategy which most times cannot be amended or adjusted to adapt to the connectivity of other firms. Also, lack of proactive thinking tends to hamper the ability of the firm in interacting with other firms so as to achieve the firm desired goals and also in providing the customers with goods and services that will satisfy their want. It is against this backdrop that the researcher embark on this study to explore the benefit of applying strategic thinking on the management of textile companies in Nigeria.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to examine the benefit of applying strategic thinking on the management of textile companies in Nigeria. The specific objectives are:

i) To examine the effect of strategic thinking on management efficiency and decision making in an organization
ii) To ascertain the relationship between strategic management and gaining comparative advantage in the industry
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study;

i) Is there any effect of strategic thinking on management efficiency and decision making in an organization?
ii) Is there any relationship between strategic management and gaining comparative advantage in the industry?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of importance to the management of Nigeria textile companies as the study seeks to enumerate and explore the benefit of inculcating strategic thinking into the management process of these textile industries. The study will also be of significance to researchers who intend to embark on a study in a similar topic as the study will serve as a pathfinder to further research on the subject matter. The study will also be of great importance to academia’s, educationist, teachers, students and the general public as the study will contribute to the pool of existing literature on the subject matter and also contribute to knowledge.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers application of strategic thinking on the management of textile companies in Nigeria. But in the course of the study, there are some factors that limited the scope of the study;

Financial constraint– Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection.

Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

Availability of research material: Limited academic work on this field of study was a major constrain to the scope of the study, as there are very few empirical literature.

1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Thinking

The process of considering or reasoning about something

Strategic thinking

Strategic thinking is defined as a mental or thinking process applied by an individual in the context of achieving a goal or set of goals in a game or other endeavor. As a cognitive activity, it produces thought

Management

Management is the administration of an organization, whether it is a business, a not-for-profit organization, or government body

Strategic management

Strategic management is the continuous planning, monitoring, analysis and assessment of all that is necessary for an organization to meet its goals and objectives


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TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPETR ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of problem

1.3 Objective of the study

1.4 Research Hypotheses

1.5 Significance of the study

1.6 Scope and limitation of the study

1.7 Organization of the study

CHAPETR TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPETR THREE

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 sources of data collection

3.3 Population of the study

3.4 Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5 Validation of research instrument

3.6 Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix





















Abstract

This study was designed to evaluate motivation as an instrument of quality staffing in an organization with emphasis on Ramat polytechnic Maiduguri Borno state, with a view to finding out the extent to which the motivation propel staff quality in the organization. The instruments used for data collection was a well-structured questionnaire was used to collect relevant data from staff of Ramat polytechnic. A simple random sampling technique was adopted by the researcher to arrived at the sample population of the study. Chi-square statistics was used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed among others that to a large extent, tertiary institutions adhered to the approved guidelines in staff recruitment, motivation and welfare and to a low extent in orientation practices.









CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

There is a pressure on organizations to constantly search for cost and quality improvements and to work effectively if the company is to survive in the long run. The effectiveness of organizations to achieve their established goals is very much dependent on their employees.1 Hence it is important for companies to take care of the individuals that work for them. In order to do so, companies need to know their employees and identify what these individuals are motivated by. However, motivation is a complex phenomenon and is not easily grasped. Motivation can be described as the driving force that makes individuals behave in a certain way, as well as the amount of effort they put into the activity.2 Motivation refers to a set of various internal processes with several consequential behaviours as the outcome.3 How individuals behave and how much effort they put into their activities within each situation is determined by a combination of physical, emotional and intellectual processes together with external factors such as environmental and social.4 But individuals differ in terms of needs and motives, abilities and skills, personality and style, which complicates the study of motivation.5 Many researchers have studied the phenomenon of motivation in order to contribute with an enhanced and deeper understanding about human nature and what motivates individuals to perform certain tasks. This is however not a simple question to answer since there are many variables to consider. Individuals are not only motivated by different factors in different situations but their preferences change overtime as well. To motivate their employees companies can use different strategies and rewards. What type of rewards a company applies depends on the kind of company and the preferences of its employees. Different rewards affect different needs. One direct way to reward people for the effort they put into the company is through wage. While it is clear that the basic human needs can be satisfied with the help of wage, it might not satisfy deeper human needs such as social, esteem and self-actualisation needs identified as higher-order needs by Maslow. The study of motivation and behavior is a search for answer to the perplexing question about human behavior (Hersey and Blanhers, 1979). The Motivation of people in organization through a popular subject of discussion in seminars, symposia, workshops and written professional journals and books, yet is one of the least understood concepts as a management technique (Francis and Milbourn, 1980). Often people do not know why others behave the way they do. Why they are behaving differently at present and how they may likely behave in future under the same conditions (Herbey and Blench, 1979). It is the responsibility or organizational managers to motivate their subordinates and employees to raise their level of output. Motivation is a force that is directed by the behaviour of people. It is thus a major factor that determines employees’ means of satisfying their needs as to improve their job performance. Financial institutions are specially considered in this project as areas whose success and survival depends strongly on the ability of the workers to efficiently utilize the available material resources in order to achieve the organizational goal. For such task to be performed employees need a lot of incentives as well as a conducive working environment in an organization in order to spur up the workers to work harder for a greater achievement. The job attitude of most financial institution workers in Nigeria and Anambra State especially has generated a lot of interest among scholars. The growing interest has always resulted to the seminars and workshops on job satisfaction and motivation. The main concern has always been on how to manage workers in order to put their maximum effort. So far the attempt made has not yielded the required result. It is a common reason why Nigerian workers are always being described as “lazy” unproductive, redundant, non-challant and irresponsible. Though there is a unanimous agreement on how to motivate a worker, I feel the worker has a need to be met and until this need is met, the worker’s attitude towards his work would remain bad. While some scholars have attempted to identify the various aspects of workers need.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The employment & staffing industry has expanded ever since 1993 when it was legalized in Nigeria. Since then an increasing number of employment & staffing companies have entered the market which ultimately leads to a growing workforce. Motivation influences human behaviour in any work place. In recent years, it has been evident that there has been a general drop in the overall rating of performance of institutions of higher learning. It is noted that in Nigeria that when workers are motivated, there will be a high productivity but in western countries other factors rather than money motivate workers. Does this hold true in Nigeria? Have employees been duly consulted on their needs as employees in the higher institutions of learning? This research work is designed to study these problems

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness of motivation as an instrument of quality staffing in an organization with emphasis on Ramat polytechnic; but to aid the completion of the study, the researcher intend to achieve the following specific objectives;

i) To examine the effect of motivation on employee commitment in an organization
ii) To ascertain if there is any significant relationship between motivation and staff quality in Ramat polytechnic
iii)To examine the role of motivation on employee’s quality in Ramat polytechnic

iv) To ascertain the impact of motivation on staff efficiency in an organization
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

The following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study;

H0: There is no significant relationship between motivation and staff quality in Ramat polytechnic

H1: There is a significant relationship between motivation and staff quality in Ramat polytechnic

H0: Motivation does not have any impact on staff efficiency in an organization

H2: Motivation does have an impact on staff efficiency in an organization

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research is aimed at finding out how to make employees increase their performance and hence increase productivity. It is intended to contribute to the growing literature on work motivation in Ramat polytechnic here in Maiduguri Bprno state. It is also hoped that the study will provide a practical guide to the solution of perennial labour unrest in Nigeria.

Another major significance of this research is its theoretical usefulness. Since the study is based on experimental data, it would yield insights that will affirm or challenge some of the basic assumptions of the classical theories of motivation.

In addition, this research will make meaningful contribution to the general public as the findings will add to knowledge and contribute to the pool of existing literature.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers motivation as an instrument for quality staffing in an organization. The scope of this study focus mainly on the all the staff of Ramat polytechnic in Maiduguri both academic and nonacademic staff of the institutions.

1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows

Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study


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Abstract

Inter-professional collaboration is fundamental to the safe, high quality, accessible, patient centered care desired by all. This study examines the efficacy of team work and organizational performance of university of port Harcourt teaching hospital. A descriptive research survey was used and the research data were collected from a sample of 300 healthcare teams working in the Secondary Healthcare Facilities (functional General Hospitals) located in the local government areas of Rivers state. Two hundred and ten patients were selected using a convenient sampling technique during the field work period to ascertain their level of satisfaction with the services of the healthcare teams. Two null hypotheses were tested using chi-square statistics at 5% level of significance, with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). This study found that professional interdependence and mutual trust are prerequisites for gainful team cohesiveness, efficient material resource utilization, and efficient time use in healthcare delivery system. However, professional diversity is inversely related to team cohesiveness and does not enhance minimization of time spent in healthcare services.



TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of problem

1.3 Objective of the study

1.4 Research Hypotheses

1.5 Significance of the study

1.6 Scope and limitation of the study

1.7 Definition of terms

1.8 Organization of the study

CHAPETR TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPETR THREE

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 sources of data collection

3.3 Population of the study

3.4 Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5 Validation of research instrument

3.6 Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix



















CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
Team building is the process of helping a workgroup become more efficient in accomplishing its tasks and in satisfying the needs of group members. Team building is an intervention conducted in a work unit as an action to deal with a condition(s) seen as needing improvements, defined team building as a process by which members of a group diagnose how they work together and plan changes which improve their effectiveness. Team building represents a varied concept for different professional groups with a common agreement that team building is a process aimed at improving the performance of a group. Team processes describe subtle aspects of interaction and patterns of organizing that transforms input into output. Team processes can be described in terms of seven characteristics; coordination, communication, cohesion, decision making, conflict management, social relationships and performance feedback. Teams require the right number of members with the appropriate mix and diversity of task and interpersonal skills. A balance between homogeneity and heterogeneity of members’ skills, interests and backgrounds is preferred. Team building is a new concept used in business circles and amongst business executives to stimulate work teams. Its objective is to build team spirit, team synergy or to consolidate teams. Developed at the beginning of the 1980’s in the United States, team building has become the most popular group and leadership training approach in both Europe and North America. The majority of middle and large businesses use this type of activity at one time or another Phaneuf, M (2007). Homogenous teams are composed of similar individuals who complete tasks efficiently with minimal conflict. In contrast, heterogenous teams incorporate membership diversity and therefore facilitate innovation and problem solving. Healthcare teams are often large, due to norms of professional representation, regardless of contribution to patient care. In the healthcare sector, human resources for health have been defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as those who promote and preserve health as well as those who diagnose and treat diseases. Also included are health management and support workers who help to make the health system functional but do not provide health services directly. This definition include the medical doctors, nurses, nutritionists, psychologists, social health workers, health record keepers, administrators and the security personnel, among others. [Oandasan, I., Baker, G. R., Barker, K (2012)], defined a team as a collection of individuals who are interdependent in their tasks, who share responsibility for outcomes, who see themselves and who are seen by others as intact social entity embedded in one or larger social system and who manage their relationships across organization borders. Health professionals perception as to whether or not they belong to a team varies, in some cases these professionals see themselves as working in uni-professional teams (for example a nursing team) while others see themselves as inter-professional team working in institutionally based teams such as a stroke team comprised of a range of professionals. In their own contribution, Nazzaro, A. and Strazzabosco (2009), defined a team as a group that has a job to do, whether as paid participants or as volunteers. They added that it is a group that has spent some time together, whether in smaller increments over a long period of time, or by spending a weekend or more working together on something. It is a group that achieves cohesiveness; a team’s strength is found in the relationships among the team members. It is a group with a common objective, whose members are very clear about working toward one purpose. It is a group whose members are interdependent. Whereas other groups may recognize the strengths of each member, team members rely on the strengths of each member to accomplish the objective. According to, team processes describe subtle aspects of interaction and patterns of organizing that transforms input into output in an establishment. This includes communication, co-ordination, cohesion, decision-making, conflict management, social relationships and performance feedback, reported that in the healthcare sector there are different types of teams these includes labor and delivery units, primary health care teams, intensive care units, teams assembled for a specific task such as an emergency response team or inter-professional teams such as multidisciplinary cancer care team, explained that the aim of team building is to achieve teamwork and not necessarily collaboration because not all collaboration gives rise to inter-professional teamwork. They added that teamwork is the interaction or relationship of two or more health professionals who work interdependently to provide care for patients. Team can be described as a group of people who work together to achieve the same goals and objectives for the good of the service users and organizations in order to deliver a good quality of service. Team building, planning events and activities have the potential to bring the people you employed to a strong sense of direction, workable plans and solutions, a powerful feeling of belonging with and on the team and clear strategic customer-focused values. Poor team building and planning sessions bring disillusionment, low morale and negative motivation of the entire organization. They fail to deliver the results expected. Organizations flounder with little strategic direction. Everyone works hard, but, usually on the wrong tasks and goals. Employees take baby steps toward accomplishing key action items and nothing important is finished (Husain, 2011). Team work is the ability to work together towards a common vision. Teamwork is a fuel that allows common people to attain uncommon results. Collective action is widely recognized as a positive force for teamwork in any organization or institution to succeed. Teams enable individuals to empower themselves and to increase benefits from cooperative work engaged on as a group. Getting together with others also can allow individuals to better understand the importance of teamwork and how the organization operate as well as promote the culture of teamwork success Without teamwork houses take long to build, government collapse and companies are outshined by their competitors in the market and lastly without teamwork people 3 lose their inspiration (Husain, 2011). According to Wageman (1997) “company’s teamwork is the only way anything gets accomplished with quality and efficiency and a major reason why economic growth is under control and company’s success is scrutinized by top management to achieve the desired goals”. McShone (1998) said that teams are replacing individuals as the basic building blocks of organization – French language television programs has shifted to team-based projects and giving more recognition to teams than to individuals. Companies are not just looking for technical ability but looking for people who can work on teams and solve problems.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
“Two are better than one, because they have a good reward for their hard work. For if one of them should fall, the other one can raise his partner up. But how will it be with just the one who falls when there is not another to raise him up?” (Ecclesiastes 4:9-10, KJV). This implies that teamwork can accomplish what the individual cannot do on his or her own. Teamwork is defined as “a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they are mutually accountable.” (Katzenbach and Smith, 1993). In today’s society, there have been so much emphasis on pride and personal achievement at work place; where by the concept of teamwork seems to be overlooked by managers and employees, due to this management sees less essence of teamwork as a major tool of performance which has lead them to poor performance and productivity in the health sector.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of team work and organizational performance of university of Port Harcourt teaching hospital; but to aid the completion of the study, the researcher intends to achieve the following specific objectives;

To examine the impact of team work on organizational performance of university of port Harcourt teaching hospital
To examine the relationship between team work and employee productivity
To examine the effect of team work on quality service delivery in Nigeria health sector
To examine the role of team work in attaining corporate objective of the organization


RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following research questions were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study;

Does team work have any impact on organizational performance of university of Port Harcourt teaching hospital?
Is there any significant relationship between team work and employee productivity?
Is there any effect of team work on quality service delivery in Nigeria health sector?
Does team work play any role in attaining corporate objective of the organization
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study;

H0: Team work does not have any impact on organizational performance of university of Port Harcourt teaching hospital

H1: Team work does have an impact on organizational performance of university of Port Harcourt teaching hospital

H0: There is no significant relationship between team work and employee productivity

H2: There is a significant relationship between team work and employee productivity

SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
A lot of research work has been carried out on the concept of teamwork by many researchers. This research work is not out a rightly deviation from all other works that have been carried out on the concept. In this study, the research tries to ascertain how teamwork affects organizational performance. At the end of this research, it will subsequently help managers of organizations especially university of port Harcourt teaching Hospital and Government Hospital to decide whether to encourage team working more than that of individually or the other wise, to employees, it will also help them to know if it’s good to work as a team or individually, and last of all this research paper will also serve as starting point for other researchers who want to conduct their research on this same concept.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers team work and organizational performance of university of port Harcourt teaching hospital; but in the cause of the study, there are some factors that limit the scope of the study;

a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL:
The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study.

b) TIME:
The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.

c) FINANCE:
The finance available for the research work does not allow for wider coverage as resources are very limited as the researcher has other academic bills to cover.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
Team

A team is a group of individuals (usually four or more people) working together to achieve a goal. A group does not necessarily constitute a team. Teams normally have members with complementary skills and generate synergy through a coordinated effort which allows each member to maximize their strengths and minimize their weaknesses.

Team work

Teamwork is the collaborative effort of a team to achieve a common goal or to complete a task in the most effective and efficient way. This concept is seen within the greater framework of a team, which is a group of interdependent individuals who work together towards a common goal.

Teaching hospital

A teaching hospital is a hospital or medical center that provides medical education and training to future and current health professionals. Teaching hospitals are often affiliated with medical schools and work closely with medical students throughout their period of matriculation, and especially during their clerkship (internship) years.

Organization performance

Organizational performance comprises the actual output or results of an organization as measured against its intended outputs (or goals and objectives).

Port Harcourt

Port Harcourt is the capital and largest city of Rivers State, Nigeria. It lies along the Bonny River and is located in the Niger Delta

1.9 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows. Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (background of the study), statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope of the study etc. Chapter two being the review of the related literature presents the theoretical framework, conceptual framework and other areas concerning the subject matter. Chapter three is a research methodology covers deals on the research design and methods adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.


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TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of problem

1.3 Objective of the study

1.4 Research Hypotheses

1.5 Significance of the study

1.6 Scope and limitation of the study

1.7 Definition of terms

1.8 Organization of the study

CHAPETR TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPETR THREE

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 sources of data collection

3.3 Population of the study

3.4 Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5 Validation of research instrument

3.6 Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix



















Abstract

Examining the empirical relationship between government revenues and expenditures, expenditures and economic growth is a fundamental step in understanding the behavior of Nigerian public expenditure and the economy. The study have found that growths in both real gross domestic and government revenue causes growth in government expenditure. The implication is that government expenditure is not employed as a fiscal instrument and the revenue growth drives the government expenditure for the study period. The volatility in oil-driven revenue profile of Nigeria requires public expenditure management reforms and the need to check the productiveness of government expenditure and diversify the revenue drive.











CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

The growing disparity between revenue and expenditure in many countries has been a source of concern to many economists, analysts and researchers. Such fiscal imbalances with the attendant adverse effects on economies have provoked intensive research on the causes and effects of such disparities, resulting to four alternative hypotheses relating to the relationship between government expenditure and revenue. The hypotheses are; the revenue-and-spend hypothesis, the spend-andrevenue hypothesis, the fiscal synchronization hypothesis or the fiscal neutrality hypothesis and the institutional separation hypothesis. In other to test the validity of these hypotheses, many authors have employed different methodologies, and their results have shown conflicting outcomes as shown in the literature. The main objective of this study is to ascertain the direction of causality between the disaggregated values of government revenue and expenditure in Nigeria by deploying a robust econometric methodology. The result would assist policy makers to recognize the source(s) of any fiscal imbalance that might exist and consequently, direct efforts to developing suitable strategies for a sound fiscal framework. Policy makers and researchers have long been interested in how prospective changes to the revenue sources impact on the overall economic growth. According to Kiabel and Nwokah (2009), within the last decade, the issue of domestic resource mobilization has attracted considerable attention in many developing countries due to debt difficulties coupled with domestic and external financial imbalances. An understanding of this relationship is critical in the formulation of a sound or excellent fiscal policy to prevent or reduce unsustainable fiscal deficit (Eita and Mbazima, 2008). It is also highly consequential in evaluating government’s role in the distribution of resources (Chang, 2009). Revenue generated through tax is a major source of government revenue all over the world. A critical challenge of tax administration in the 21st century is how to advance the frontiers of professionalism, accountability and awareness of the general public on the imperatives and benefits of taxation in our personal and business lives which include: promoting economic activity; facilitating savings and investment; and generating strategic competitive advantage (Kiabel and Nwokah, 2009). Government use tax proceeds to render their traditional functions, such as the provision of public goods, maintenance of law and order, defense against external aggression, regulation of trade and business to ensure social and economic maintenance (Azubike, 2009). Nigeria has been one of the most backward developing countries in terms of harnessing revenue owing to weak standard of good governance. In recent years, the most worrisome about Nigeria’s economy is that corruption and mismanagement prevented the strait of the country’s resources from taxation and other sources into lasting improvements in self-sustaining economy. Thus despite increasing revenue generation that supposedly have been plough into productive ventures, the economy is still characterized with high rate of unemployment of 21.4% and 23.9%, high rate of inflation of 11.8%, and 10.3%, high interest rate of 22.51% and 22.42%, low capacity utilization of oil industry of 24.33% and 24%, in 2010 and 2011 respectively (CBN, 2012). There also exist low investment, high level of corruption, weak institutions, low per capita income, poor infrastructure, deteriorating economic activities, accumulated debt, still prevail. It is with a great dismay that the poor indices stated above is lack of provision of public goods as enshrined in theory of public goods popularized by Samuelson in 1954. As stated by Sanni (2007), Nigeria’s fiscal operations over the years have resulted in varying degrees of deficit; financing of which has had tremendous implications for the economy. Hence the country is faced with increasing budget deficits year in year out creating an ever increasing gap between public expenditure and the revenue generated. Deficit financing remains high at N 117.2 billion, N 47.4 billion and N 810.0 billion in 2007, 2008, and 2009 respectively (CBN, 2010). Statistics shows that Nigeria’s oil GDP growth rate stood at 7.84% between 1986-1993, fell to 0.51% between 1994-1999, 4.75% between 2000-2002, and rose to 6.40% between 2003-2008 while non-oil GDP growth rate within the same period stood at 5.77%, 3.00%, 3.55% and 8.80% respectively with corresponding total GDP growth rate between 1986-1993 stood at 6.23%, 1994-1999 at rate of 2.33%, 2000-2002 at 4.75% and 2003-2008 at 6.40%. It is pertinent to note that, total oil revenue generated between 2000 and 2009 amounted to N34.2 trillion while non-oil was N7.3 trillion, representing 82.36% and 17.64% respectively (CBN Statistical Bulletin, 2009). This is a clear indication that our revenue generation potential is solely dependent on oil revenue even in the midst of several adjustment and implementation of various forms of tax revenue laws. This is an indication of high level of inefficiency in the tax administration in Nigeria, which is contrary to the tax-and-spend hypothesis put forward by Friedman (1978) which states that changes in government revenue bring about changes in government expenditure with sole aim of bringing growth in the economy. Besides, Naiyeju (1996) asserted that, the success or failure of any tax system depends on the extent to which it is properly managed; the extent to which the tax law is properly interpreted and implemented. Dickson and Presley (2013) further attribute this shortcoming to high rate of tax evasion, misguided tax exemptions and corruption in the administration of the tax system. Despite the tremendous growth recorded in the oil revenue, there are still reoccurring question as to whether government have fully utilized this revenue for the overall improvement of the economic activities. To this end, Storey (1953) wrote that “before independence, there have been cases of official misuse of resources for personal enrichment”. With this persistent variance one may not be wrong to question the outlook of the revenue generation base – the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and its attendant growth rate in the light of the 2008 global economic recession and recently the fluctuation of crude oil price at the international market with its devastating effect on revenue base where Nigeria government is seeking external loans worth $5.7bn (N2.97tn) from World Bank, African Development Bank, Islamic Development Bank and China Export-Import Bank to finance 2015 budget (Iweala, 2015) in midst of existing debt profile of about N712billion recorded in 2014 and currently stand at N943billion as at January 2015. Excellent fiscal policy – as noted by Eita and Mbazima (2008), Wolde-Rufael (2008), and Fasano and Wang (2002) – is essential in bring about improved revenue generation sources and sustainable economic growth. It is also suggested (Wicken and Uctum, 1990) that the sustainability of a fiscal deficit profile is essential if it must stimulate growth. Most times when expected revenue exceeds expenditure, it is expected to stimulate growth but in Nigeria, it is the opposite giving excessive and over bloated cost of governance. To this end, Ariyo (1993) expressed the view that given the current trend, Nigeria may not be able to sustain the level of her fiscal deficit in the long-run.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The imbalance between the public revenues and expenditures increases the deficit, which in turn creates economic difficulties and a serious dilemma for the government, especially if it hasn’t have ability to cover the deficit and fulfill its internal and external obligations from internal resources, or from effective investment projects. So the government finds itself forced to borrow from internal and external resources. Then the public debt service adds burden to government obligations in terms of debt payments and interests which consider as part of its current expenditures, with the result provided poor quality of service and increase the estimated deficit. All in all, will motivate government to borrow again from internal and external resources to fulfill the deficit or the doubled deficit thereby entering in the vicious cycle of accumulated deficit in the public budget over time. So the present study investigates the sources of government revenue and public expenditures in Nigeria.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of the study is to examine the sources of government revenue and public expenditures in Nigeria, but to aid the completion of the study, the researcher intend to achieve the following specific objectives;

i) To examine the effect of government revenue on public expenditures in Nigeria
ii) To examine if there is any significant relationship between government revenues source and public expenditure in Nigeria
iii) To examine the various sources of government revenues and expenditures in Nigeria

iv) To offer suggested solution and recommendation to government on revenues sources and expenditure plan
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

The following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study;

H0: there is no significant relationship between government revenues source and public expenditure in Nigeria

H1: there is a significant relationship between government revenues source and public expenditure in Nigeria

H0: government revenue does not have any effect on public expenditures in Nigeria

H0: government revenue does have an effect on public expenditures in Nigeria

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will aid the government in exploring the various sources of government revenue and expenditure, the study will also aid the government in revenue planning and sourcing as the study see to explore the effect of government borrowing as a source of government revenue, the study will also be useful to researchers who intend to embark on a study in a similar topic as the study will serve as a reference point to further studies, finally the study will be of great importance to student, teachers, academia’s and the general public as the study will add to the pool of existing literature on the subject matter and also contribute to knowledge.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers the sources of government revenue and public expenditures in Nigeria, but in the cause of the study, there are some factors that limit the scope of the study:

Data collection: Well established data are not easily available.
Sizeable quantity of information obtained from papers were in organization and sometimes complex.
Reluctance of the respondent to fill the questionnaires.
1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Government revenue

Revenues earned by the government are received from sources such as taxes levied on the incomes and wealth accumulation of individuals and corporations and on the goods and services produced, exports and imports, non-taxable sources such as government-owned corporations’ incomes, central bank revenue and capital.

Public expenditure

Public expenditure is spending made by the government of a country on collective needs and wants such as pension, provision, infrastructure, etc. Until the 19th century, public expenditure was limited as laissez faire philosophies believed that money left in private hands could bring better returns.

Taxes

A tax is a mandatory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed upon a taxpayer by a governmental organization in order to fund various public expenditures. A failure to pay, along with evasion of or resistance to taxation, is punishable by law. Taxes consist of direct or indirect taxes and may be paid in money or as its labor equivalent.



1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows. Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (background of the study), statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope of the study etc. Chapter two being the review of the related literature presents the theoretical framework, conceptual framework and other areas concerning the subject matter. Chapter three is a research methodology covers deals on the research design and methods adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.

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ABSTRACT

Governments, donors and NGOs have over the years initiated and implemented programmes aimed at empowering women economically and socially. Despite these efforts some challenges still remain. Microfinance as tool for women empowerment has become the main subject of many global and regional conferences, seminars and workshops. This study therefore examined the contribution of microfinance to the socio-economic empowerment of women in Nigeria by using Nsehe Micro Finance microfinance programme as a case study. The survey method was adopted where questionnaires were administered to beneficiaries of the Nsehe micro finance’s microfinance programme. The findings from the study revealed that access to microfinance has contributed immensely to the economic empowerment of women through improvement in their businesses. Besides, the study shows that access to microfinance has improved the status of women both at the family level and in society as a whole. The study therefore recommends that Nsehe micro finance should endeavour to extend more credit facilities to clients to expand their businesses.



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Effectively functioning financial markets like micro finance banks have fundamental roles to play in fostering development among small and medium scale enterprises in developing countries like Nigeria. Small and Medium Scale Enterprises are sub-sectors of the industrial sector which play crucial roles in industrial development (Ahmed, 2006). Following the adoption of Economic reform programme in Nigeria in 1981, there have been several decisions to switch from capital intensive and large scale industrial projects which was based on the philosophy of import development to Small and Medium Scale Enterprises which have better prospects for developing domestic economy, thereby generating the required goods and services that will propel the economy of Nigeria towards development. It is based on this premise that Ojo (2009), argued that one of the responses to the challenges of development in developing countries particularly, in Nigeria, is the encouragement of entrepreneurial development scheme. Despite the abundant natural resources, the country still finds it very difficult to discover her developmental bearing since independence. Quality and adequate infrastructural provision has remained a night-mare, the real sector among others have witnessed downward performance while unemployment rate is on the increase. Most of the poor and unemployed Nigerians in order to better their lots have resorted to the establishment of their own businesses. Consequently, Entrepreneurship is fast becoming a household name in Nigeria. This is as a result of the fact that the so called white collar jobs that people clamour for are no longer there. Even, the touted sectors (Banks and companies) known to be the largest employer of labour are on the down-turn following the consolidation crisis and fraudulent practices of the high and mighty in the banking sector. The companies of course are folding up as a result of erratic power supply, insecurity and persistent increase in interest rate which has led to high cost of production and undermines profit making potentials of companies operating in Nigeria (Hassan, 2003).

Since the office jobs that people desire are no longer there for the teeming population, and the few ones that succeeded in getting the jobs are thrown out as a result of the factors identified above, the need for the government and the people to have a rethink on the way-out of this mess became imperative. Hence, the need for Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) became a reality as a means of ensuring self-independent, employment creation, import substitution, effective and efficient utilization of local raw materials and contribution to the economic development of our dear nation (Nigeria). All the afore stated benefits of Small and Medium

Scale Enterprises cannot be achieved without the direct intervention of the government and financial institutions like micro finance banks. Over the years a number of policies have been formulated by the government with a view to developing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises. The Nigerian government under the then leadership of Chief Olusegun Obasanjo promulgated micro-finance policy and other regulatory and supervisory frame work in 2005. However, the researcher is examining the contribution of microfinance banks to the Small and medium Scale enterprises in Nigeria.

Microfinance, according to Otero (1999, p. is “the provision of financial services to low-income poor and very poor self-employed people”. These financial services according to Ledgerwood (1999) generally include savings and credit but can also include other financial services such as insurance and payment services. Schreiner and Colombet (2001, p.339) define microfinance as “the attempt to improve access to small deposits and small loans for poor households neglected by banks.” According to Wikipedia definition, a bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates credit. Lending activities can be performed either directly or indirectly through capital markets. Due to their importance in the financial stability of a country, banks are highly regulated in most countries. Most nations have institutionalized a system known as fractional reserve banking under which banks hold liquid assets equal to only a portion of their current liabilities. In addition to other regulations intended to ensure liquidity, banks are generally subject to minimum capital requirements based on an international set of capital standards, known as the Basel Accords. Therefore, microfinance bank involves the provision of financial services such as savings, loans and insurance to poor people living in both urban and rural settings who are unable to obtain such services from the formal financial sector.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Most of the small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria have remained relatively small and seen stunted growth over the years. This is due to the fact that a large percentage of entrepreneurs in the country remain unserved by the formal financial institutions. The microfinance institutions available in the country prior to 2005 were not able to adequately address the gap in terms of credit, savings and other financial services. As reported by the CBN, the share of micro credit as a percentage of total credit was 0.9%, while its contribution to GDP was a mere 0.2% (CBN, 2005). The CBN in 2005 identified the unwillingness of conventional banks to support micro-enterprises, paucity of loanable funds, absence of support institutions in the sector, as well as weak institutional and managerial capacity of existing microfinance institutions among other reasons as the major reasons for the failure of past microfinance initiatives in the country. In order to remedy the situation, the Microfinance Policy, Regulatory and Supervisory Framework (MPRSF) for Nigeria was launched by CBN in 2005 to provide sustainable financial services to micro entrepreneurs. However, although microfinance has proven to be one of the ways of bridging the resource gap created in the Nigerian economy, the country has not enjoyed the full benefits from it due to problems militating against its proper execution. The lack of documentation of the practice of micro financing in Nigeria has made it difficult to formulate supportive programmes for the growth of the sector. As a result of this, the high rate of failures of SMEs has become a matter of major concern in developing economies. International Finance Corporation (IFC) reported in 2002 that only 2 out of every 10 newly established businesses survive up to the fifth year in Nigeria. The report was corroborated by Small and Medium Enterprise Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN, 2007) that only 15% of newly established businesses survive the first five years in Nigeria. This is a pointer to the fact that there is a problem. The indispensable role of finance to the growth and performance of SMEs and the adoption of microfinance as the main source of financing SMEs in Nigeria therefore makes it imperative to study the extent to which microfinance can enhance SME growth and performance.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

i) To examine the role of microfinance banks in enhancing entrepreneurship among women in Nigeria.
ii) To determine the effectiveness of microfinance banks in Nigeria.
iii) To identify the factors limiting the development of microfinance banks in Nigeria.

iv) To determine the effect of financial services of micro finance banks on women empowerment in Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

H0: There is no significant difference in the level of awareness of micro finance banks supports by Nigerian women.

H1: There is a significant difference in the level of awareness of micro finance banks supports by Nigerian women.

H0: There is no significant difference in the difficulties women face when accessing finance from various sources.

H2: There is a significant difference in the difficulties women face when accessing finance from various sources.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

A study of this nature is very imperative as it provides an average Nigerian a means to access to financial services in their localities to boost their standard of living in a sustainable manner in line with the millennium development goal of alleviating poverty in developing countries. The study will assist micro finance institutions to adopt the necessary measures needed to ensure the desired growth in the small and medium scale business enterprises (SMEs) industry. It is also beneficial for formulation of policies and programmes by the federal and state government as they might be looking forward to taking necessary steps to prevent the collapse or failure of small scale businesses in Nigeria and Cross River State in particular. Again, it will enable the entrepreneurs to have more understanding of how businesses should be financed, thus having knowledge on funding further research in this area. Finally, the study would serve as a source of reference for other researchers or members of the general public who need information in the subject. More importantly, entrepreneurs of small and medium scale enterprises may find it useful in the successful operation of their enterprises as the study will unveil some of the reasons why some small and medium scale business enterprises (SMEs) finds it hard to repay their loans.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study covers the operations of microfinance banks in Nigeria but particularly focused on Nsehe Micro Finance microfinance with a view of identifying their contributions towards the development of women entrepreneurship in Nigeria. In the cause of the study, the researcher encounters some limitations which limited the scope of the study;

Staff Reluctance: In most cases the staffs of Nsehe Micro Finance microfinance often feels reluctance over providing required information required by the researcher. This result in finding information where the structured questionnaires could not point out.

Researcher’s Commitment: The researcher, being of full time student spent most of her time on other academic activities such as test, class work, assignment, examination etc which takes average focus from this study.

Inadequate Materials: Scarcity of material is also another hindrance. The researcher finds it difficult to long hands in several required material which could contribute immensely to the success of this research work.

Financial constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Microfinance: Micro finance is defined as providing micro loan to poorest of the poor (basically those are neglected by banks, microfinance provides them loan facility), and a source of financial services for entrepreneurs and small businesses lacking access to banking and related services.

Bank: A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates credit. Lending activities can be performed either directly or indirectly through capital markets. Due to their importance in the financial stability of a country, banks are highly regulated in most countries. Most nations have institutionalized a system known as fractional reserve banking under which banks hold liquid assets equal to only a portion of their current liabilities. In addition to other regulations intended to ensure liquidity, banks are generally subject to minimum capital requirements based on an international set of capital standards, known as the Basel Accords.

Contribution: Contribution refers to the act of contributing or the thing contributed (such as personal time, money, ideas, private property or assistance).

SMEs: Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs, also small and medium enterprises) or small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) are businesses whose personnel numbers fall below certain limits. The abbreviation “SME” is used in the European Union and by international organizations such as the World Bank, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Small enterprises outnumber large companies by a wide margin and also employ many more people. SMEs are also said to be responsible for driving innovation and competition in many economic sectors.

1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research question, significance or the study, research methodology, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlight the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.


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TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPETR ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION 

1.1        Background of the study

1.2        Statement of problem

1.3        Objective of the study

1.4        Research Hypotheses

1.5        Significance of the study

1.6        Scope and limitation of the study

1.7       Definition of terms

1.8       Organization of the study

CHAPETR TWO

2.0   LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPETR THREE

3.0        Research methodology

3.1    sources of data collection

3.3        Population of the study

3.4        Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5        Validation of research instrument

3.6        Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Abstract

Constant power supply is the hallmark of a developed economy. Any nation whose energy need is epileptic in supply, prolongs her development and risks losing potential investors. Nigeria, a country of over 120 million people, has for the past 33 years of establishment of the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) agency empowered with the electricity generation, transmission and distribution, witnessed frequent and persistent outages. Presently, the federal government has embarked on power sector reforms with the intention of improving the above unpalatable scenario and in turn reduce the scope of monopoly control of the nation’s power industry. This study therefore looks at the overall power sector reforms as well as evaluates the opportunities and challenges there from; while advocating introduction of a demand side management (DSM) electricity distribution companies of Nigeria  (EDCN) as a way of reducing energy consumption among customers with emphasis on energy conservation, energy efficiency and load management.

 

 

                                        CHAPTER ONE

                                        INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

For over two decades, Nigeria has experienced problem in the area of electricity generation, transmission and distribution. The extent of this is underlined by the fact that Nigeria is the largest purchaser of standby electricity generating plants in the world. (Braimoh and Okedeyi 2010) A country where importing of electricity generators has become a traditional norm in the society shows the level of problem the Nigerian Government is facing. Recent reports show that highly placed political figures are behind the importation of electricity generators to Nigeria.  The Nigerian power sector is primarily responsible for generating electricity for the country’s industrial activities to boost economic development. Right from the colonial era, the sector has remained strategically important and has continued to attract massive financial investments from government. The First National Development Plan considered electricity as a priority with second ranking in allocation of 14.8% after 21.7% for transport. Regrettably, the sector is characterised by crisis of ineptitude and perceptional errors of the monopolistic government provider as social- rather than economicdriven enterprise. The problems orchestrated by epileptic power supply to industrialists and multinational corporations, for example, have forced many companies out from Nigeria to nearby Ghana, where power is more stable (Ezeani, 2008). Thus, many policy steps have been designed and implemented to reposition Nigeria’s energy sector but it has remained ailing, attracting national and international concern and support. Nigeria’s National Assembly, in an effort to contribute in revitalising the sector, has not only carried out investigations on the sector but also tried to articulate power sector reform and ways of energizing the sector into efficient and competitive electricity industry, which provides a continuous supply of electricity to consumers at an affordable price (Federal Ministry of Information, n.d.). Thus, the National Assembly sponsored a bill mandating oil companies registered in Nigeria to pay 2% of their profit for improving energy sector in the country (Salem, 2010). The sector draws sympathy and assistance also from many international bodies like the World Bank and African Development Bank. All the efforts to revitalise the sector seemed to have gone into drain-pipes such that the government in 2000 formulated and approved a power policy in 2001 to kick-start the reform. Thus, the Electric Power Sector Reform Bill was passed in February 2005 and signed into law as the Electric Power Sector Reform Act (EPSRA) by President Obasanjo on 11 March 2005. The EPSRA repealed the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) and the Electricity Act. It provided the legal backing for the reform process. These efforts worsened the collective anxiety of many informed Nigerians as over $10bn was spent by the regime without commensurate result (Akomolafe, 2013). The Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) recently reported that the Federal Government plans to eradicate and minimize the importation of generators. This potential eradication is tied to improving the current energy sector, although we can point out that the Government is more concerned with the effect of pollution and other hazardous harm the generators cause to the society. However, eradicating or minimizing generator importation is mainly not the solution to Nigeria’s electricity problem. The Federal Government of Nigeria should gather resources and focus more on tackling the problem that leads to the importation of generators, which is POWER SUPPLY. In addition, the Federal Government of Nigeria should subsidies other alternative energy sources such as SOLAR, WIND POWER, HYDRO POWER, which can easily address pollution concerns. The key point is focusing on solution, not fringe issues that will not benefit the Nigerian society. Political instability has also hindered any possibility of progression in the energy sector, with the sacking of numerous high profile figures that have the interest of the Nigerian masses at heart.  The history of electricity production in Nigeria dates back to 1896 when electricity was first produced in Nigeria, fifteen years after its introduction in England (Niger Power Review, 1985). The total capacity of the generators used then was 60KW. In other words, the maximum demand in 1896 was less than 60 kW. In 1946, the Nigerian government electricity undertaking was established under the jurisdiction of the public works department (PWD) to take over the responsibility of electricity supply in Niger Delta. In 1950, a central body was established by the legislative council which transferred electricity supply and development to the care of the central body known as the Electricity Corporation of Nigeria (ECN). Other bodies like Native Authorities and the Nigerian Electricity Supply Company (NESCO) had licenses to produce electricity in some locations in Nigeria. There was another body known as the Niger Dams Authority (NDA), which was established by an act of parliament. The Authority was responsible for the construction and maintenance of dams and other works on the River Niger and elsewhere, generating electricity by means of water power, improving navigation and promoting fish brines and irrigation (Manafa, 1995). The electricity produced by NDA was sold to ECN for distribution and sales at utility voltages. In April 1972, the operation of ECN and NDA were merged in a new organization known as the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA). Since ECN was mainly responsible for distribution and sales and the NDA created to build and run generating stations and transmission lines, the primary reasons for merging the organizations were (Niger Power Review, 1989): It would result in the vesting of the production and the distribution of electricity power supply throughout the country in one organization which would assume responsibility for the financial obligations. The integration of the ECN and NDA should result in the more effective utilization of the human, financial and other resources available to the electricity supply industry throughout the country.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Nigeria is now the largest economy in Africa with a 2013 GDP estimate of US$ 510.0 billion, recently surpassing South Africa after rebasing the GDP calculations. Nigeria’s growth, however, continues to be severely constrained by an insufficient supply of reliable electricity. In a 2009 study, 97% of all Nigeria’s firms experienced, on average, 196 hours of outages per month, which is equivalent to approximately 8 days. As a result, almost all firms and upper income households operate their own generators to mitigate the effects of outages. Nigeria has an installed on-grid generation capacity of 6,800 MW, but only generates a daily average of 3,600 MW due to gas supply constraints and seasonal hydro. In contrast, South Africa–with less than a third of Nigeria’s population of 168.8 million–has an installed generation capacity of more than 40,000 MW or 0.78 kW per capita. It is in view of this that the researcher intend to examine power sector reform policy and economic development in Nigeria with emphasis on Niger Delta.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to examine power sector reform and economic development in Nigeria with emphasis on Niger Delta, but to aid the completion of the study, the researcher intend to achieve the following specific objective;

i) To examine the impact of power sector reform on Nigeria economic development in Nigeria
ii) To ascertain the effect of power sector reform on power generation and supply in the Niger Delta region
iii) To examine the role of power sector reform on power supply in the Niger Delta region

iv) To examine the relationship between power sector reform and economic development of Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

The following research questions were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study

i) Is there any significant relationship between power sector reform policies and Nigeria’s economic development?
ii) Does power sector reform play any role on power supply in the Niger Delta region?
iii) Is there any effect of power sector reform policies on power generation and supply in the Niger Delta region?

iv) Is there any impact of power sector reform policies on Nigeria economic development in Nigeria?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be useful to policy makers in the power sector as the study seek to explore the effect of the reform on policy formation and implementation so as to bluster economic growth in the Niger Delta region and Nigeria at large, the study will also be of great importance to the federal ministry of power as the study will aid them in strategizing on the way forward in improving their quality of service in the region. The study will also be of significance to researchers who intend to embark on a study in a similar topic as the findings will serve as a pathfinder to further research. Finally, the study will be of great importance to students, teachers, academia’s and the general public as the study will contribute to the pool of existing literature on the subject matter.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers power sector reform policy and economic development in Nigeria with emphasis on Niger Delta region of the country, but in the cause of the study there are some factors that limited the scope of the study;

(a)Availability of research material: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient thereby limiting the study.

(b)Time: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.

(c)Finance: The finance available for the research work does not allow for wider coverage as resources are very limited as the researcher has other academic bills to cover.

1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

 Power sector

The Electricity sector in Nigeria generates, transmits and distributes megawatts of electric power that is significantly less than what is needed to meet basic household and industrial needs.

Economic development

Economic development is the process by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people. The term has been used frequently by economists, politicians, and others in the 20th and 21st centuries.

Reform

Reform means the improvement or amendment of what is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory, etc. The use of the word in this way emerges in the late 18th century and is believed to originate from Christopher Wyvill’s Association movement which identified “Parliamentary Reform” as its primary aim

Policy

A policy is a deliberate system of principles to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent, and is implemented as a procedure or protocol. Policies are generally adopted by a governance body within an organization.

1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows

Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding.  Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study



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TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of problem

1.3 Objective of the study

1.4 Research question

1.5 Significance of the study

1.6 Scope and limitation of the study

1.7 Definition of terms

1.8 Organization of the study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 theoretical review

2.2 Conceptual review

2.3 empirical review

CHAPETR THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 sources of data collection

3.3 Population of the study

3.4 Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5 Area of the study

3.5 Validation of research instrument

3.6 Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix











Abstract

Much changed in agriculture in this digital age regarding farming practices and concepts in agricultural research. The study focused on, what changed and what might happen as we increase our understanding of systems and their dynamics. We start with a brief review of the mechanistic approaches behind agricultural development which conceptualized change as a shift from one rather static state to another, as if ‘a war was to be won’. That approach eventually showed shortcomings, in terms of general applicability of new technologies as well as their socio-economic and biophysical trade-offs. Increasingly it thus became acknowledged that farming systems as combination of biophysical and social-ecological systems have their own dynamics: there is ‘a ghost in the machine’. We look at how farming systems, conceptualized as a sub-set of complex adaptive systems, co-evolve with their environment, a notion that we call ‘behaviours’. This dynamic conceptualisation helps to move towards adaptive approaches in agricultural development. The key point is that human agents can chose for ‘design’ in work for more sustainable farming, rather than taking perhaps easier ‘default’ options embedded in ‘locked-in’ regimes.



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Agriculture is the art and practice of our struggle with and/or against nature to make a living, consisting of food, fibres, social status, income and the like. In this process many kinds of farming systems emerged, disappeared and re-emerged, each with their own (de)merits. For example, Mesopotamian agriculture ‘boomed’ and ‘busted’, in part due to a combination of unsustainable farming, unfavourable climate and poor management choices. Western Europe in medieval times suffered from plague, affecting populations already weakened by yields that could not keep up with increasing population (Crotty 1980; Ponting 1991). A major transition to more modern forms of farming in Europe started between the two World Wars as organization and use of inputs as well as machinery un- derwent considerable change. And in the 1950s, the international community also faced a problem of what was perceived as a shortage of food production in the socalled 3rd world, mainly assuming that high enough yields would equate with ‘no hunger’. Combined with a curious mix of humanism, enlightenment thinking and ‘fear of communism’ this drove western powers to launch a ‘war on famine’ in the guise of the ‘Green Revolution’ (Stakman 1967; Thomson et al. 2007; Spiertz 2010). The same is professed to be behind current work on genetically modify organism (GMO) even if this latter drive may be fuelled by corporate interest as much as concerns about food supply for the poor. Be as it may, even today the calls for ‘more food’ persist, half a century after the Green Revolution (Griffon, 2006). It shows that mankind has so far failed to ‘control’ nature and design agri-food systems for ensuring continued and adequate food supply for all. To complicate things, hunger and plenty are not only a matter of food production and of maximum yields. Food distribution is perhaps a more crucial issue than production alone. Only 160 years ago the Irish potato famine showed how some starved in a sea of plenty; i.e. hungry peasants left for the United States from the same harbour where grain was shipped to Britain. This adds a socio-economic dimension to the biophysical aspects of complex system behaviour in farming and food production systems. The term entitlement refers to this difference between food availability and access to food, whether due to human (in)action and/or natural causes (Sen, 2003). Agriculture and food supply in ‘mechanistic thought’ prior and after WWII were conceived in the ‘war on famine’ paradigm. It thought of farming as a ‘machine’ that can be made to function better by changing nuts and bolts – i.e. chemicals, seeds, water, human skills – and by ensuring a stable context for these technologies. The importance of agriculture in Nigerian economy cannot be over-emphasized. Specifically, agriculture contributes more than 40% of the total annual GDP, employs about 68% of the labour force, accounts for over 70% of the non-oil exports, and provides over 80% of the food needs of the country. However, the small-scale farmers that dominate the sector are facing serious problems in getting good land due to progressive growth in population, land degradation, and inadequate planning in the use of available land. In spite of massive government investment in the sector and related programmes over the years, in the form of input subsidies, the River Basin Development Authorities, Agricultural Development Projects (ADPs), Green Revolution, Operation Feed the Nation, Directorate for Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI), among others, the sector‟s performance is still far below expectation (National Bureau of Statistics, 2011). The Nigerian small-scale farmers largely depend on traditional methods of farming. These farmers are facing various land use constraints, which is one of the major sources of declines in agricultural productivity. Even if rural households choose to stay on degraded land, its declining productivity will be unable to support growing rural populations, not to consider the nation as a whole. Thus, some households are forced to abandon existing agricultural areas in search of new forest land. Where land is scarce, continuous cropping on fragmented pieces of degraded farm plots persists with little or no soil conservation investments, and resource productivity eventually decreases (FAO, 1991; Walker, 2002). Agriculture in Nigeria involves four broad systems of land use, which are crop production, animal husbandry, fishery and forestry. Crop production involves three types of farming which could be rotational fallow, semipermanent or permanent cultivation and mixed farming. Permanent cultivation may be rain-fed system or irrigated. Rotational fallow type is only common in sparsely populated areas. Moreover, in Nigeria, much attention is focused on urban land use relative to that of the rural area. In essence, while the government regulates land use in urban areas, the rural areas are characterized by free holding through the predominant land tenure systems. The alarming rate at which prime and productive agricultural lands at the fringes of urban centers are being lost to physical development may have a very significant implication for the future food security in the country. Increased investment in agricultural lands and agricultural inputs is still a subject that requires better consideration to forestall future shortage in food security (Akinbola, 1993; FAO, 2000; Oyekale, 2007). In other words, farming systems and their context co-evolve. The notion of farming system as machines started to show cracks, for mechanistic thinker’s manifestations of ‘a ghost in the machine’.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Low resource productivity of Nigerian agriculture is a reflection of its comparatively low input use (FAO, 2000). Reardon (1998) noted that low use of fertilizer across African countries is a major cause of concern, both from the food production and environmental perspectives. FAO (2008) submitted that shortage of good quality agricultural land for smallholder is a problem in many regions of the world. Payment of compensation in cash or in kind for the use of land no doubt affects land use intensity (Adegboye, 2016). According to Nwosu (2001), the government of Nigeria has been acquiring large tracts of land for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes. Global warning and climate change refer to an increase in average global temperature. Natural events and human activities are believed to contribute to an increase in average global temperature. This is caused primarily by increase in greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide which is problem to human existence. Nigeria is experiencing adverse climate conditions with negative impacts on welfare of millions of people. Persistent droughts and flooding off-season rains and dry spells have sent growing season out of orbit, on a country dependent on rain-fed agriculture. Alarm bells are ringing with lakes drying up and a reduction in river flow in the different parts of the country and even Abaji area council. The result is low water supplies for use in agriculture, hydro power generation and other users. The main suspect for all this havoc is climate change. According to Odey (2009), Nigeria loses about $750 million annually to the depletion of its 350,000 hectares of forest land by direct human activities and climate change. Also Odey (2009) equally reported that the Sahara Desert in Nigeria is moving southward at a rate of 600 meters annually. Odey (2009) further added that about 100,000 farming families move southwards as a result of the desertification which is the resultant effect of climate change in the country. Following these development in different parts of the country, there is no doubt that climate change and other economic factors is the greatest and biggest challenge facing famers in Abaji area council of Abuja. Its impact has spread beyond the environment, causing serious dislocation in world economic and social development. In Africa, Nigeria and Abaji area council in particular, climate change impact poses great danger on desertification, damage to infrastructure, sea-level rise and water salinity with serious implication. It is in view of the above that the researcher intend to investigate the dynamics of farming and its socio economic implication for Abaji area council

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to examine the dynamics of farming system and its socio economic implication for Abaji area council; but to aid the completion of the study, the researcher intends to achieve the following specific objectives;

i) To examine the impact of agricultural dynamic and climate change on the socio economic development of Abaji area council
ii) To examine the role of Agriculture in food security in Abaji area council
iii) To examine the effect of mechanized farming on the socio economic development of Abaji area council

iv) To examine if there is any significant relationship between farming dynamics and socio economic development of Abaji area council
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

The following research questions were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study;

i) Does agricultural dynamic and climate change have any impact on the socio economic development of Abaji area council?
ii) Does Agriculture play any role in food security in Abaji area council?
iii) Are they effect of mechanized farming on the socio economic development of Abaji area council?

iv) Is there any significant relationship between farming dynamics and socio economic development of Abaji area council?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of great importance to the management of Abaji area council as the study seek to explore the benefit of farming to the socio economic development of the study area, the study will also be of importance to farmers in Abaji area council as the study seek to examine the constrain to effective agricultural productivity in Abaji area council. The study will also be of importance to researchers who intend to embark on a study in a similar topic as the study will serve as a pathfinder to further research. Finally, the study will be of great importance to students, teachers, lecturers, academia’s and the general public as the study will contribute to the pool of existing literature on the subject matter and also contribute to knowledge.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers the dynamics of farming system and its socio economic implications for Abaji area council of FCT, but in the cause of the study, there are some factors that limited the scope of the study;



a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) Finance: Limited Access to the required finance was a major constrain to the scope of the study as it become cumbersome to cover more grounds and to print more.
1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Farming system

A farming system is defined as a population of individual farm systems that have broadly similar resource bases, enterprise patterns, household livelihoods and constraints, and for which similar development strategies and interventions would be appropriate

Dynamics

Dynamics is the branch of classical mechanics concerned with the study of forces and their effects on motion.

Socio economics

Socioeconomics is the social science that studies how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes. In general it analyzes how societies progress, stagnate, or regress because of their local or regional economy, or the global economy. Societies are divided into 3 groups: social, cultural and economic.

Agriculture

Agriculture is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and many other desired products by the cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals

1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows

Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study

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ABSTRACT

In the public procurement system in Nigeria has over the years been abused leading to cost inflation, delay in project delivery, poor quality of work, and project abandonment. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of the due process policy on construction projects delivery in Nigeria. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire distributed to 52 random selections of constructing, consulting and public organizations operating in Lagos Nigeria. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The result shows that due process policy has a very positive impact in Niger’s procurement terrain. Adherence to due process proceedings had highest impact on cost savings, prequalification of contractors and detailed project design, quality of project delivery, and project duration. The study serve as a feedback to the construction stakeholders in Nigeria and contains useable information for optimizing the existing due process mechanism to enhance not only probity, accountability, transparency and competition in public contract awards, but also the policy’s resultant effects on quality of executed projects, delivery-on-budget and time considerations.























TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Approval ……………………………………………………………………………i

Dedication …………………………………………………………..……………iii

Acknowledgment …………………………………………………………………iv

Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………v

Table of contents …………………………………………………………………vi

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction …………………………………………………………………1

1.1 Background to the study …………………………………………………….1

1.2 Statement of problem ………………………………………………….……3

1.3 Research question

1.4 Purpose of study …………………………………………………………….4

1.5 Significance of the study ……………………………………………………5

1.6 Scope of the study …………………………………………………..………6

1.7 Definition of terms …………………………………………………………6

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Review of Related Literature ………………………………………………8

2.1 The concept of cash flow



CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 Research design

3.2 Description of population

3.3 Method of data collection

3.4 Sample size

3.5 instrument for Data collection

3.6 Validation of the instrument

3.7 Distribution and Retrieva

3.8 Method of Data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

Presentation of data and Analysis

CHAPTER 5

5.0 Discussion of findings, conclusion and

5.1 Summary of findings

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendation

5.4 Limitation of the study

5.5 Suggestion for further research

References

Appendix

Questionnaire









CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE STUDY

Project success is basically to gain the research on public procurement act in the execution project Shash(1993) explains that a construction company can either negotiate with the client or use a competitive tendering process to obtain a contract. F.U. and Drew (2002) suggest that competitive tendering is the most common method use for contractor selection.

In competitive tendering process, a client selects a numbers of constructor to tender or not tender. The contractor need to submit an estimated cost to execute the project at hand, if they intend to tender. The client would select the contractor who submitted the best cost for executing the project (Shash 1993, P. 111). Therefore the decision to tender is the first step that contractors need to consider. The are various factors that need to be considered by the contractor in order to make a decision to tender. The decision is highly related to the specific project and macro environment. It is hard to make a decision in a limited time by the management team. The decision generally is made on the basic experience, intuition and guesses. (Egemen and Mohamed 2007, therefore are many researchers that have discovered the factors that affect the tender / no tender process unfortunately, there has not been any similar research project global economic recession, construction related activities are decreased significantly.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE STUDY

The statement of the study are the research design and procurement effect of tendering is a huge challenge in Act for most contractors who seek government contracts in Nigeria. A study conducted by Obuji (2003) in some West African countries, including Nigeria, revealed that some small scale contractor are not favoured during a tendering process by prospective client because, they neglect various factor that affect the success and failures of submitting a tender for a contract. Some contractors do not structure and draft their tenders in an appropriate manner, hence their chance of being contacted is reduced. Construction industry has complexity in its nature because it contains large number of parties as client contractor, consultants, stakeholders, shareholder, regulators and others contraction project in Nigeria suffer from many problem and complex issues in performance because of many reasons and factor. This project is very important to identify and to evaluate the main factor affecting, contractors tenders in construction project in Nigeria. The practices concerning with tenders such as time, cost, project owner satisfaction and safety checklists will be analyzed in order to know the main practical problem of contractors who do not win tenders as well practical solution. In help enhance of our indigenous contractors in Imo State in wining federal government and foreign contract.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION

1 What are the procurement effect project in Nigeria

What are the challenges Act affect Nigeria when submition of project.
What are the factors that affect contractors tender for construction project.




1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The aim of this research is to analyzed and assess the local factors that account for the success or failure of tenders submitted by contractors when applying for a construction project in Imo State. The aim of this research can be broken down into the following objectives.

To assess the factor that affect contractors tenders for construction project.
To identify the challenges faced by contractors when applying for contracts in Nigeria.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research will help contactors become aware of what the factor which need to be considered when they intend to submit tenders for different projects. This research will also provide the information that could be used by any contractor to create a competitive bidding strategy.

This study will also give a dear insight into the various ways in which profit and efficiency from contracts and contracting can be increased and how the challenges facing contract tendering can be properly tackled. The study also give a clear insight into the various factors affecting tenders and their effects on contractor efficiency and chance of winning a contact in Nigeria.

The findings and recommendations of the researcher will help in building a strong and better contract policy and tendering guideline for contractors especially small scale contractors in Imo State other construction companies in Nigeria.

1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY

This research focuses mainly on the assessment of the factors that affect tender for construction project, using construction companies and private contractors in Imo State as case study. Results and recommendations may not be used to generalize other construction companies or contractors in other parts of Nigeria as the researcher could not cover a wider scoped due to financial and time constraints. Based on the finding of this study other possible researchable areas may include studies on the various effect of other aspects of contracts such as contract laws in Nigeria and contract management and control.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The only limitation faced by the researcher in the course of carrying out this study was the delay in getting data from the various respondents.

Most respondents were reluctant in filling questionnaires administered to them due to their busy schedules and nature of their work. The research found it difficult to collect responses form the various respondent and this almost harmper3ed the success of this study.

1.7 DEFINITION OF KEY OR APPLICABLE TERMS

Tender: According to Simmons (2002) a tender to an offer (usually by a contract or a vendor) to take a job or supply goods.
ii Contract: Erikson (2002) defined contract as an agreement that creates on obligation binding upon the parties thereto

the essentials of a contract are as follows:

1) Mutual assent:

2) A legal consideration which in most instances need not be pecuniary.

3) Parties who have legal capacity to make a contract.

4) Absence of proud or duress and

5) A subject matter that is not illegal or against public policy.

iii Contractor: According to Simmons (2002) a contractor referees to an organization or individual that contract with another organization or individual (the owner) for the construction of a building, road or their facility.

iv Construction / projects: In the fields of architecture and civil engineering construction is a process that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure for from being a single activity. Large scale construction is a feat of human multitasking. Normally the job is managed by a project manager and supervised by a construction manager, design execution of a project, effective planning is essential involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider the environmental impact of the job. The successful scheduling, budgeting, constriction site safety, logistics, inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays and building etc Marshall (2001).

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Abstract

Information technology has become an essential part of the rapid and accurate transfer and processing of enormous volumes of data processed in international transport firms and port organizations. The proper management of systems, which process this information and communicate it to those who manage port operations, is vital for efficient transport. This explains why container-tracking systems are given high priority among operational computer applications in ports. Investigates into the use of information communication technology in maritime industry becomes pertinent. The importance of information technology in supply-chain management is also discussed













CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
The maritime sector in Nigeria comprises of ports, shipping, dockyards, Inland Water Transport (IWT) and all marine related activities. It caters for the bulk of Nigeria’s trade and investment through import and exchange of commodities which is critical for the economic development of the country. It also influences the pace, structure and pattern of development.

Recently, there has been a surge of concern about maritime safety and security, with particular focus on the danger that insecurity of the seas poses to Nigerian commerce and the country’s peace and stability. The quest for peaceful trade and movement over the water ways, adequate security, stability and development in the Nigerian maritime sector is of paramount importance. Up until 2009, members of the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta, MEND, were a torn in the flesh of the government as they repeatedly blew up oil installations located in the Niger Delta. Their activities were brought to an end after the Government of President Yaradua instituted the Amnesty program, but in 2016, a resurgence of these militant activities has been observed with the activities of Niger Delta Avengers threatening to grind economic activities of the Nigerian state to a halt. The contributions of globalization to the spread of weapons of mass destruction are alarming. Advancing technology coupled with the global spread of ideas and technologies has made it easier for states and even groups with resources to access critical knowledge, materials and technologies, pursue the acquisition of weapons of mass destruction: biological, chemical or nuclear (Obahighbon, 2010). ICT, Globalization and Maritime Piracy in Contemporary Africa. The resurgence of maritime piracy in contemporary Africa constitutes another major security challenge to the continent’s security. Maritime piracy has no doubt inflicted very profound economic, political, social and strategic consequences on the continent and it peoples that it threatens the entire fabric and ramifications of the continent’s security architecture. The bewildering increase in the number of the incidences of maritime piracy is unquantifiable as the damage done to the continent’s peace, stability, prosperity, development, environmental, investment, revenue, humanitarian, commercial, energy, and food security terms is colossal (Uadiale and Yonmo, 2010a). Accelerated globalization, which as a consequence has intensified and increased global commerce, as well as the Africa’s states’ failure to fulfill its quintessential traditional role and function of security provisions has impacted negatively upon maritime security, and consequently, resulting in the midwife of the phenomenon, of maritime piracy. The notoriety of piratical activities in Africa is concentrated in the Gulf of Aden, the Horn of Africa – waters of the Indian Ocean, as well as the Red seas areas for the Somalia pirates; as well as the Gulf of Guinea mostly caused by Nigerian pirates. There are, however, growing fears that Africa is gradually becoming the new hotspot for such attacks, with almost half of the world’s reported pirate attacks (Uadiale and Yonmo, 2010a) With the rising challenges of crude oil theft, kidnapping, sea piracy, arms smuggling, terror attacks and other marine-related criminal activities already described above, ICT can provide a platform that would greatly facilitate the generation of action intelligence for the purpose of curbing the rising incidents of marine-related crimes and illegal activities. An example of the use of this actionable intelligence is the use of long-range surveillance facility which shortens the relay of information form ships in distress and also the reaction time for security forces on rapid deployment and rescue missions – thus improving safety of lives at sea. Another use of ICT in marine security is the waterways being equipped with radar coverage and satellite monitoring equipment; this will enhance the authorities’ intelligence gathering capacity as it continues to battle privacy and illicit trafficking across the water ways. The Nigerian government should adopt the use of Maritime Operations Centers across various Marine locations in the country to meet and enhance its administrative and operational functions. Having an ICT enabled Maritime Operation Centre equipped with the right maritime sensors and surveillance tools will help improve maritime safety though effective dissemination of warning to ships and other marine vessels. Such investments will yield amongst others, improved operational efficiency, provide better service delivery, reduce overall costs and meet security and other underlying organizational objectives.

Apart from the factors of globalization and the States’ failure in engendering the resurgence of this phenomenon includes: cultural acceptance, official corruption, opportunity, as well as the end of the Cold war and technological advances. The latter has allowed pirates access to modern weaponry, fast attack boats and advanced communications technology, in increasing their probability of success and, by extension, the attraction to piracy. Others include: the payment of ransom, the Amnesty program, neglect of maritime security, poor judicial approach, the use of fewer crew, the proliferation of arms, laxity of maritime security staff, etc. While most maritime security still remains a ‘mom and pop’ affair, with an emphasis on the local technology end of the scale, some pirates are clearly making greater use of technology in their activities.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Maritime transport which is also called water borne transport is one of the modes of transportation of goods and /or persons, which has for centuries been the main prerequisite for trade transactions between nations and regions, and has without doubt, played an important role in creating economic development and prosperity(Igbokwe, 2001). The maritime industry occupies a very prominent position in the economies of nations all over the world. The industry in its strict sense embraces all business activities which take place within the maritime environment. These includes offshore economic activities such as fishing, salvage, towage, underwater resource exploitation/extraction, and onshore economic activities in ports, shipping activities, ship construction, repair and maintenance. Of all these, shipping stands out as the greatest boost to a nations economic growth and international status. This is because all other maritime activities revolve around shipping. The oil and gas sector, for instance depends on shipping, as it is the vehicle that drives it, enabling it to make all the difference in an economy. Due to the close link between shipping activities and economic development, most nations cannot afford to toy with the industry. It is in view of this that the researcher decide to investigate the use of ICT in maritime industry.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is to ascertain the effect of the use of ICT in the maritime industry in Nigeria. But for the successful completion of the study, the researcher put forward the following sub-objectives;

To identify the architecture of the ICT used in d maritime industry
To highlight the areas of maritime industry in which ICT has been deployed
To examine the impact of ICT by comparing the pre-ICT and post-ICT period.
To do cost benefit analysis of the introduction and use of ICT in the industry
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

For the successful completion of the study, the following research question was formulated

What the architecture of the ICT used in d maritime industry?
Are there areas of the industry that ICT has been deployed?
Is there any relationship between the pre-ICT and the post-ICT period in the industry?
Are the benefit derived from the introduction of the ICT commensurate with the cost?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be useful to the management of the Nigerian port authority, as the study seek to enumerate ways of improving the maritime industry, the study will also be useful to the management of NIMASA as the study seek to proffer solution to safety of marine transport, as the study will guide the management of the agency to formulate policy that will enhanced effective usage and optimization of ICT, The study will also be useful to researchers who intend to embark on research in similar topic, Finally the findings of this study will also be immense benefit to government, academia, scholars, researchers and the general public.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers the use of ICT in maritime industry, although in the cause of the study the researcher encounters some constraint which limited the scope of the study;

a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study.
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) FINANCE: The finance available for the research work does not allow for wider coverage as resources are very limited as the researcher has other academic bills to cover.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS



Maritime

Maritime history is the study of human activity at sea. It covers a broad thematic element of history that often uses a global approach, although national and regional histories remain predominant. As an academic subject, it often crosses the boundaries of standard disciplines, focusing on understanding humankind’s various relationships to the oceans, seas, and major waterways of the globe. Nautical history records and interprets past events involving ships, shipping, navigation, and seafarers

ICT

Information and communication technology (ICT) is an extended term for information technology (IT) which stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals), computers as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-visual

Water transport

Water transportation is the intentional movement by water over large distances. Methods of transportation fall into three categories: Aqueducts, which include pipelines, canals, and tunnels. container shipment, which includes transport by tank truck, tank car, and tank ship



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Abstract

This study examined the container operation in Nigeria sea port of Nigerian seaports have over the years manage and develop port infrastructures in order to gain insights into shipping operational development in the country. The objectives are to assess the level of infrastructural developments with a view to showcase the areas that need more attention both by the terminal operators and the government. Similarly, to examine the relationship between investment by the operators and cargo throughput at the ports after it has been concessioned. Structured questionnaire was used to collect information about infrastructural developments. Descriptive analysis and chi-square statistics were used to analyses collected data. The results from the findings indicated that, though ports have improved in terms of infrastructural developments especially in the area of cargo handling equipment infrastructures, warehousing, Quay development.









TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPETR ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of problem

1.3 Objective of the study

1.4 Research question

1.5 Research Hypotheses

1.6 justification of the study

1.7 Scope and limitation of the study

1.8 study area

1.9 Organization of the study

CHAPETR TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPETR THREE

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 sources of data collection

3.3 Population of the study

3.4 Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5 Validation of research instrument

3.6 Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix



















CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
Nigeria as a country handles about70% of all seaborne trade in the West African sub-region due to her population and economy (Five Star Ltd, 2017). However, the inefficiencies in shipping logistics necessitated the concession of Nigeria’s maritime seaports terminals. In the past, vessels were delayed at berthing spaces, bureaucracies of cargo clearance made port not to be attractive, and most shipping activities were carried out manually. Therefore, it beacons on government in an attempt to finding lasting solutions to seaports’ problems decided to privatize and or concession the ports in 2006 (Okeudo,2013). Meanwhile, lack of sufficient storage capacity at Nigerian seaports’ terminals due to lack of adequate land as well as the increasing level of congestion associated with cargo movement within and outside the terminals motivates different approaches to deal with the situation. According to Omoke et al (2015) citing Bousquet and Fayard (2015) that, a concession arrangement is one which the government grants the right to fund, build, own, improve, upgrade and maintain or operate a public infrastructure and charge used for the cost of services rendered for a limited period stated for the operators. According to official website of Five Star Ltd (2017), a company that is part of concession programme narrated that; shady transactions, inadequacy of plants and equipment, pilferage, bribery and allied vices carried out by miscreants called wharf rats, by unscrupulous labour contractors who held ship masters and agents to ransom even after they have paid all official fees, and by a multiplicity of poorly coordinated federal law enforcement and security operatives were what led to the decision of government to concession Nigerian ports. According to OECD (2008) although concessioning the seaports made it to operate like a private firm; in many cases, they pursue a mix of private and public objectives and there is considerable public sector involvement in infrastructure supply. In Nigeria, Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) is saddled with the responsibility of management and development of port infrastructures. It acts now as the Landlord of all Nigerian owned seaports. De Langen (2008) argues that, port authority is strongly involved in infrastructure access and operations relating to maritime transport and hinterlands. The management and maintenance of quay, rail tracks/yards, warehouses and including the water front are critical to ensuring sustainable maritime transport development in Nigeria. Okorigba (2008) and Okeudo (2013) expressed that, Nigerian government initially commercialized Nigeria Ports Authority in 1992 to form Nigerian Ports Plc and rescinded that decision in 1996. However, post-concession reform as noted by Okorigba (2008) facilitated new equipment and development of port infrastructures in Nigeria. Post –concession has witnessed a very viable port which has contributed to the national economy and eliminated poor quality services and delays at the ports (Ehbenine, 2009). Based on the observation of Oni (2007), Nigerian ports do not have adequate computerized facilities that can enhance speedy port operation unlike what is obtainable in developed economy of the world. However, it is important to stress that, if and when this facilities and infrastructures are put in place and there is no proper maintenance, it is worst than not having the infrastructures in place because of money, energy and time that would have been wasted. According to NPA (2014) port concession provides better and more efficient management of shipping operations, application of socially and economically desirable projects thereby freeing government funding. De Lange (2008) illustrated how Rotterdam port authority manage infrastructure access to improve the port service efficiency and hinterland capacity by allocating slots for quayside access more efficiently. Victor et al (2016) reiterated that, lack of public finance of infrastructure has made Nigeria to lag behind in meeting demands of everchanging and developing needs of industries. Adelayo (2007) listed some major ports in Nigeria as: Apapa port, container terminal Apapa, Tincan Island, Lagos, RoRo Port, Warri Port, Port Harcout port, Onne Port and Calabar port. Although, concession contracts (OECD, 2008) can be used to stimulate innovations and many ports were awarded long-term concessions, they were issues on modalities for infrastructural maintenance and development. These issues not properly, accurately and adequately address can serve has impedance to the realization of fundamental objectives of port concession. Hence, this paper investigated the contributions, challenges and development since the emergence of port concession with a view to understand how the problems can be solved and enhance port infrastructural maintenance and development for maximum port operational efficiency. The world of cargo operations has changed considerably from the days of the open stowage of merchandise. Unitized cargoes in the form of ‘containers’ or Roll-on, Roll-off cargoes and pillarization have generated the need for alternative handling methods and changing cargo handling procedures. Ports are the gateway by which there is exchange of commodities from surplus regions to the deficit regions. Ports play a key role in the maritime nation like Nigeria especially in terms of economy and development as nearly 75% of the trade between Nigeria and the rest of the world is handled in ports. Ports also hold a social role, as they strongly contribute to the national economy and to employment. In total, around three million people are employed in ports in the 22 maritime States (Notteboom et al., 2010). Therefore, the importance of ensuring efficiency in ports is related to make Nigerian ports highly competitive at the international level. Cargo handling equipment is important at the port because the pieces determine the operations at the quay and moreover in the sheds. In the port, the equipment used includes mobile cranes, forklifts and betotti. These, though still in use in ports of the world they need to be supplemented in the port with modern equipment to be efficient. Modern ships require modern equipment for operations because of their design. However, Nigerian ports seem to lack the ability to adapt efficiently in order to meet the ever-changing and developing needs of industries. This is particularly the case where levels of public finance are no longer forthcoming and the economic crisis has reduced the capacity of governments to finance long term infrastructure. It should also be considered that the heterogeneous nature of the port sector increases the complexity of guaranteeing consistent development of the sector as a whole. According to PwC and Panteia (2013) report, port authorities are often limited in their ability to determine the level of dues, thus to impact on their resources and determine their operating income. Port costs account for a greater share of total cost associated with the logistics chain, when compared to direct transport by road. Ports also act as gateways for rail and inland waterway networks. Importers and exporters rely upon efficient transport networks and expect consistently high standards. In Nigeria, the ocean and river ports (developed and potential) are (a) Lagos (TinCan Island and Apapa), Port Harcourt, Bonny, Calabar, Sapele, Warri, Burutu, Koko (developed) (b) Oron, Badagry, Epe, Opobo, Eket, Forcados, Akassa, Brass, NunIbeno and Ikang (potential). Several studies from East Europe (Murray, 1993; Bloomen, 1994), Asia (Speece and Kawahara, 1995) and African (Dadziie, 1990) identified several reasons for the poor state of performance in ports of developing nations like Nigeria. Prominent and common to all the weak logistics system, deriving from poor infrastructural base, management inertia and incremental but uncoordinated and unimpressive improvement in logistics are directly specific to Nigeria (Ballou, 1985; Cullinane and Wang, 2007; Ogunsiji and Ogunsiji, 2010). It is necessary therefore to examine performance within the sector, and to test whether current institutional arrangements are sufficiently robust to ensure that market incentives are strong enough to foster best practice in all parts of the cargo handling operations at the ports. Visiting the port to witness the activities and cargo handling operations may not present the real challenges and situations of Nigerian ports unlike being an importer or exporter. Many ports are unable to provide potential customers with the right mix or standard of services because they do not have the right mix of infrastructure. Common complaints from shipping lines and other port users according to (Pwc and Panteia, 2013) can be related to insufficient depth of water; lack of quay space, resulting in vessels having to wait for a berth; lack of storage space behind the quay, often caused by the “city centre” locations of older ports and insufficient (or outdated) mechanical equipment. For container ships, the most common problems are too few cranes (preventing the ship from working as many holds as the operator would like) or the absence of ship-to-shore gantry cranes (resulting in slower handling rates). Yard congestion caused by lack of space can also slow down crane handling rates on the berth. For bulk ships, the most common problem is lack of automation (ship loaders and pneumatic or screw discharge equipment linked to high speed conveyor systems to the storage area or plant); and poor interface arrangements for rail and inland waterway transport. Part of the problem is when customers or shippers want to reserve berthing windows so that scheduled services are not disrupted by unforeseen delays waiting for a berth; to negotiate service contracts with the port authority or cargo handling company giving them a guaranteed loading/discharge rate or ship turnaround time; dedicated storage areas within the port and extended cargo collection and delivery times. Of course, these always tend to cause commotions and confusion at the ports.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Ports are the gateway by which there is exchange of commodities from surplus regions to the deficit regions. Ports play a key role in the maritime nation like Nigeria especially in terms of economy and development as nearly 75% of the trade between Nigeria and the rest of the world is handled in ports. Ports also hold a social role, as they strongly contribute to the national economy and to employment. In total, around three million people are employed in ports in the 22 maritime States (Notteboom et al., 2010). Therefore, the importance of ensuring efficiency in ports is related to make Nigerian ports highly competitive at the international level. It is in view of the above that the researcher intends to investigate the containers operation in Apapa port Nigeria

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is to investigate the trend analysis of container operation in Apapa port Nigeria. But to aid the successful completion of the study the researcher intends to achieve the following specific objective;

To ascertain the effectiveness of container operation on the effectiveness of Apapa port
To examine the impact of container handling technique on the operational efficiency of Apapa port
To examine the relationship between container operation and the efficiency of the management of Apapa port
To examine the role of Apapa port on the economic development of Nigeria
RESEARCH QUESTION
To aid the successful completion of the study, the following research questions were formulated by the researcher;

Does Apapa port play any role in Nigeria economic development?
Is there any relationship between container operation and the efficiency of the management of Apapa port
Does container handling technique has any impact on the operational efficiency of Apapa port
How effective is container operation technique in Apapa port?
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The following research hypotheses were formulated to guide the completion of the study

H0: there is no significant relationship between container operation and the efficiency of the management of Apapa port

H1: there is a significant relationship between container operation and the efficiency of the management of Apapa port

H0: Apapa port does not play any significant role in Nigeria economic development

H2: Apapa port does play a significant role in Nigeria economic development

JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
The profitability and efficiency of every organization lies in the effectiveness of her management team. Ports Authority (NPA) is saddled with the responsibility of management and development of port infrastructures. It acts now as the Landlord of all Nigerian owned seaports. De Langen (2008) argues that, port authority is strongly involved in infrastructure access and operations relating to maritime transport and hinterlands.

As part of the requirement for the award of a B.Sc., this study is carried out to ascertain the trend of container operation in Apapa port.

STUDY AREA
Apapa is a Local Government Area in Lagos, located to the west of Lagos Island. Apapa contains a number of ports and terminals operated by the Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA), including the major port of Lagos State and Lagos Port Complex (LPC). In its legislation, the NPA itself does not refer to any port called “Port of Apapa”, rather it refers to the “Port of Lagos”, “Port of Port Harcourt” and “Port of Calabar” The region of Apapa lies near the mouth of Lagos lagoon, and contains ports and terminals for various commodities such as containers and bulk cargo, houses, offices and a small old disused railway station (Apapa North). It is the site of a major container terminal which was owned and operated by the Federal Government of Nigeria until March 2005, and now is operated by the Danish firm A. P. Moller-Maersk Group. Adjacent to the container port is the Tin Can Island Port, which has ro-ro facilities. It also houses some refineries like the Bua Group. It also has commercial offices of many shipping, clearing and transportation companies. Other notable buildings include the Folawiyo Towers. Apapa houses the headquarters of the Nigerian newspaper Thisday

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers trend analysis of container operation in Apapa port Nigeria. But in the cause of the study, there were some factors which limited the scope of the study;

a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) Finance: the finances at the disposal of the researcher was very limited as such could not finance a broader scope of the study
1.9 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows

Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study


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ABSTRACT

This research is conducted to find out the impact of vocational guidance on students choices of programmes of study and career in Ekiti State. Descriptive survey was used for the study, and both questionnaire and interview guide were used in gathering the data. The questionnaire was administered on the students while the Coordinators and the heads of the selected institutions were interviewed. A population of 200 respondent was used as the population of the study. The study outline among other things that vocational guidance on career choice was not given prominent attention for the full benefit of students. Hence students’ source of career information was limited. It was also noted that though students had some information about themselves. The study intend to proffer recommendations on how to improve the implementation of career guidance programs in secondary schools so students become well informed on choice of their future careers.











CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background Of The Study
Vocational guidance and counseling services are essential tools in student development especially during adolescent stage. Adolescent stage is characterized by rapid growth and change: socially, spiritually, physically, morally and intellectually. Most of adolescents are in secondary schools, that is why guidance and counseling services are very essential. According to Bark (2003), guidance and counseling are the assistances made available by qualified and trained persons to an individual of any age to help him to manage his own life activities, develop his own points of view, make his own decisions and carry his own burden. In addition, Braddock (2001) states that, the purpose of guidance and counseling in schools is to improve academic achievement, foster positive study attitudes and habits, increase acquisitions and application of conflict resolution skills, and decrease school dropouts. Lack of guidance and counseling in adolescence has resulted to increase in unpleasant outcomes in the society. These include school dropouts, drug abuse, crimes, and even failure to secure jobs. Anastasi (1990) also adds that the task of educational guidance and counseling is to enable a student to adjust himself to his studies by improving his study attitude and removing subject matter difficulties. When guidance and counseling services is lacking in schools, students’ adaptation becomes difficult thus leading to poor performance, misbehavior and dropout. According to Odeke (1996), without sound guidance and counseling, many students loose direction and engage themselves in bad behaviors such as drug abuse and alcohol indulgence, missing classes, dropout and so on; as a result they lack both focus and direction resulting to total failure in life. In this regard, students need guidance and direction to study and choose career. The necessity of vocational guidance could not be over emphasized that there is the need to put in place a mechanism such as, guidance and counseling in every educational setting to help meet students’ educational, personal-social, and vocational needs. Such guidance services assist students to take meaningful decisions and make positive adjustments in life. Hence, guidance which is a helping service aims at behavioral change toward a functional life. Within the guidance programme are the following services: appraisal, information, counselling, placement, orientation, consultation, referral and follow-up. Thus, educational changes should go beyond mere diversification of the curriculum if the changes should be a means of helping students to have integrated personality to realize their true potentials. Vocational guidance is therefore expected to be an essential component of the educational system to facilitate students’ decisions in the selection and appropriate combination of subjects or courses that best suit their aptitudes and aspirations for the future world of work. Vocational or career guidance helps students to identify their own talents, strengths and weaknesses, family expectations, and national requirements in order to sort out the personal relevance of the educational and career options available. Career guidance service goes a long way to inform students’ decisions about their subjects of study which obviously lead to appropriate career decisions. In sum, guidance not only caters for the academic growth of students, but also their personal and social lives, thereby satisfying the philosophy underlying their education which is creating a well-balanced (intellectually, spiritually, emotionally, and physically) individuals with the requisite knowledge, skills, values and aptitudes for self-actualization and for the socio-economic and political transformation of a nation. This research therefore sought to find out factors that are likely to inform choices of study and career of students in second cycle institutions. The researcher deems it fit to undertake this study because Ghana, in its transition from a typical traditional society to a modern technological orientation, is presently undergoing rapid changes and such changes in one way or the other can alter the needs of individuals and the country at large.

Statement Of The Problem
The choice of a particular vocation, however, is one vital decision one makes in a life time and is as important as life because of the enduring consequences on the individual. The 6-3-3-4 system of education in Nigeria was generally geared at harmonizing the society with its technological needs as it attempt to develop the society as the need arises. The problem of inferiority complex, personal confidence, self-motivation and inter-personal relationship lead to building of fellow students, this at times leads to truancy in the school. Also some students do not have self confidence in terms of keeping themselves and do not want help from other people. The problems which manifest themselves in the social and emotional needs of the students which affect students learning conditions are as follows: Drug Addition which is a major problem teachers, parent’s school administrations and counselors find hard to cope with and resolving it, for it is usually not easy to get rid of this habit formation when students deviates from counselor’s advice. Also the Parent Teacher Association (PTA) provides room for dialogue between the teachers and the parents. This can be used as a yardstick that measures the progress of guidance and counseling program in the state, but lack of such association has been posing threat to the guidance and counseling program in schools in places where the association is established, parents tends to neglect the attendance of such meeting whenever they are invited, as such they cannot understand the problems of their children as well as their achievements in schools.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The general purpose of this study is to find out the impact of vocational guidance on the choice of career of secondary school students. Specifically, this study intends to determine;

To ascertain the impact of vocational guidance on the choice of career for secondary school students in ekiti state.
To help students develop knowledge and appreciation of themselves and others.
To access the parent-child relationship in vocational guidance on the career choice of secondary school students.
To ascertain the relationship between teachers and vocational guidance on the choice of career of secondary school students.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
Three null and alternate hypotheses were formulated by the researcher for testing:

HO: There is no significant impact of guidance and counseling on the choice of career of secondary school students.

H1: There is significant impact of guidance and counseling on the choice of career of secondary school students.

HYPOTHESES TWO

HO: There is no significant relationship between accessing guidance and counseling services and career choices among students.

H1: There is significant relationship between accessing guidance and counseling services and career choices among students.

HYPOTHESES THREE

HO: There is no significant relationship between students’ attitudes toward studies and career choice among students.

H1: There is a significant relationship between students’ attitudes toward studies and career choice among students.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study examine the impact of vocational guidance on the career of secondary students in relation to parent-child relationship and the role of teachers on career counseling among students. The findings of this study is expected to help the curriculum developers to design educational programs that would be used in teaching specific aptitude and skills required by students to be able to implement their vocational aspiration The study will be of great benefit to secondary school students in acquiring skills and attitude necessary to develop educational goals which are suited to their needs, interest and abilities. To the teachers in secondary schools in providing necessary supports, guide and counselling pertaining to students choice of career. To parents so they could look inward at the children’s aptitude, interest and aspirations and not force the youths on a particular vocation. To scholars, governments, researchers and the general public who intend to broaden the search on the impacts of vocational guidance on career choice.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study centers on the impact of vocational guidance on the career of secondary students in relation to parent-child relationship and the role of teachers on career counseling among students. However the research has some constraints which are;

Time: the time at the disposal of the researcher which is allocated for the study was a major limitation as the researcher has to combine other academic work with the study.

Finance: The finance at the disposal of the researcher in the course of the study does not allow for wider coverage as resources are very limited as the researcher has other academic bills to cover.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
Career: A career is an individual’s journey through learning, work and other aspects of life. There are a number of ways to define a career and the term is used in a variety of ways.

Guidance: help and advice about how to do something or about how to deal with problems connected with your work, education, or personal relationship.

Vocational education: Vocational education is education that prepares people to work in a trade, a craft, as a technician, or in professional vocations such as engineering, accountancy, nursing, medicine, architecture, or law. Craft vocations are usually based on manual or practical activities and are traditionally non-academic but related to a specific trade or occupation. Vocational education is sometimes referred to as career education or technical education.

Guidance Counsellors: A school counselor is a counselor and an educator who works in primary (elementary and middle) schools and/or secondary schools to provide academic, career, college access/affordability/admission, and social-emotional competencies to all students through a school counseling program.

Adolescents: meaning to grow up which is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood (age of majority).



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AEDC has been defrauding and extorting from her customers here in Airport road how can i pay this kind of bill in a one bedroom

AEDC has been defrauding and extorting from her customers here in Airport road how can i pay this kind of bill in a one bedroom

ABSTRACT


My research Project is to develop fingerprint biometrics systems that assist in the elimination of examination impersonation. Up till now, the WAEC examination board (WAEC) is not using fingerprint as mode of identification, this has resulted in people sitting for WAEC examinations for others who collect the result at the end. With the adoption of fingerprint, this will be eliminated as fingerprint; this will be eliminated as fingerprint identification will also be employed during collection of results and certificates. This target can be mainly decomposed into image preprocessing, feature extraction and feature match. For each sub-task, some classical and up-to-date methods in literatures are analyzed. Based on the analysis, an integrated solution for fingerprint recognition is developed for demonstration. My demonstration program is coded using visual studio for the program, some optimization at coding level and algorithm level are proposed to improve the performance of my fingerprint recognition system. These performance enhancements are shown by experiments conducted upon a variety of fingerprint images. Also, the experiments illustrate the key issues of fingerprint recognition that are consistent with what the available literatures say. Main objective is to eliminate any form impersonation during exam by employing a more secured means of finger print biometrics.



TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page———————————————————————————– i

Certification——————————————————————————– ii

Approval page—————————————————————————- iii

Dedication———————————————————————————- iv

Acknowledgement———————————————————————— v

Abstract———————————————————————————— vi

Table of contents————————————————————————– vii

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction——————————————————————————– 1



Background of Study- – – – – – – – – -3
Objective of Study- – – – – – – – – -7
State of Problem- – – – – – – – – – -8
Scope of the Study- – – – – – – – – -8
Significance of the Study—————————————————————- 8





CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review————————————————————————- 12

CHAPTER THREE
Methodology and Analysis of the present System——————————- 62



The Research Methodology———————————————————— 62

Evaluation and Inspection of Document——————————————– 67



Analysis of the Current System- – – – – – – -68
Problem of Existing System- – – – – – – – -69

CHAPTER FOUR


4.0 system specification and design- – – – – – – -70

CHAPTER FIVE

Conclusion and recommendation- –




– – – – – – -88

5.0conclusion- — – – – – – – – – -88
5.1 recommendation- – – – – – – – – -88
References- — – – – – – – – – -90
Appendix- — – – – – – – – – -92


CHAPTER ONE




1.0 INTRODUCTION



Formal examination can rightly be defined as the assessment of a person‘s Performance, when confronted with a series of questions, problems, or tasks set him, in order to ascertain the amount of knowledge that he has acquired, the extent to which he is able to utilize it, or the quality and effectiveness of the skills he has developed.

The Jesuits introduced written examination into their schools in the 16th century. The Definitive Ratio Argue Institution Studiorum of 1599, which was not revised until 1932, contains a code of rules for the conduct of school examinations, which were held annually, and determined whether or not children were promoted to a higher class. During the 19th century, formal written examinations became regular in universities, schools, and other educational institutions. Examinations were also increasingly employed for the selection of recruits to the civil service, and the professions, and to posts in industry and commence. Over the ages, standardized

testing has been the most common methodology, yet the validity and credibility of the expanded range of contemporary assessment techniques have been called into question.

There are two types of systems that help automatically establish the identity of a



person:



Authentication (verification) systems and


Identification systems. In a verification system, a person desired to be identified submits an identity claim to the system, usually via a magnetic stripe card, login name, smart card, etc., and the system either rejects or accepts the submitted claim of identity (Am I who I claim I am?). In an identification system, the system establishes a subject‘s identity (or fails if the subject is not enrolled in the system data base) without the subject‘s having to claim an identity (Who am I?). The topic of this paper is channel towards the development of examination impersonation elimination system and this system would strictly do with the unique feature of identification by means of finger print. A verification system based on fingerprints, and the terms verification, authentication, and identification are used in a loose sense and synonymously.
Accurate automatic personal identification is becoming more and more important to the operation of our increasingly electronically interconnected information society. Traditional automatic personal identification technologies to verify the identity of a person, which use―Something that you know, ‖such as a personal identification number(PIN),or―something that you have, ‖such as an identification (ID) card, key, etc., are no longer considered reliable enough to satisfy the security requirements of electronic transactions or school management system.Allofthesetechniquessufferfromacommonproblemofinabilityto



differentiate between an authorized person and an impostor who fraudulently acquires the access privilege of the authorized person.

Biometrics is a technology that (uniquely) identifies a person based on his physiologicalorbehavioralcharacteristics.Itrelieson―somethingthatyouare‖to make personal identification and therefore can inherently differentiate between an authorized person and a fraudulent imposter. Although biometrics cannot be used toestablishanabsolute―yes/no‖personalidentificationlikesomeofthetraditional technologies, it can be used to achieve a―positive identification ‖with a very high level of confidence, such as an error rate of 0.001%. Fingerprint technology using biometrics employ certain advantage of eradicating the problem of examination impersonation by allowing the measure of what you are to perform the security activities of student participation in the exams.





1.1 BACKGROUND OFSTUDY


An examination board is an organization that sets examinations and is responsible for marking them and distributing results. Examination boards have the power to award qualifications, such as SAT scores, to students. Most exam boards are running as non-profit organizations.



The West African Examinations Council (WAEC) is a not-for-profit examinationboard formed out of the concern for education in Africa. Established in 1952, the



council has contributed to education in Anglophonic countries of West Africa (Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and the Gambia), with the number of examinations they have coordinated, and certificates they have issued. They also formed an endowment fund, to contribute to the education in West Africa, through lectures, and aid to those who cannot afford education.



Dr. Adeyegbe, HNO of WAEC Nigeria (2004) said “the council has developed a team of well-trained and highly motivated staff, and has administered Examinations that are valid and relevant to the educational aspirations of member countries”. In a year, over three million candidates registered for the exams coordinated by WAEC. The council also helps other examination bodies (both local and international) in coordinating Examinations.



The University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate, University of London School Examinations Matriculation Council and West African Departments of Education met in 1948, concerning education in West Africa. The meeting was called to discuss the future policy of education in West Africa. At the meeting, they appointed Dr. George Barker Jeffery (Director of the University Of London Institute Of Education) to visit some West African countries, so as to see the general education level and requirements in West Africa. At the end of Jeffery’s three month visit (December 1949- March 1950) to Ghana, the Gambia, Sierra



Leone, and Nigeria, he tendered a report (since known as Jeffery report) strongly supporting the need for a West African Examination Council, and making detailed recommendations on the composition and duties of the Council. Following this report, the groups met with the governments of these countries, and they agreed on establishing a West African Examination council, fully adopting Jeffery’s recommendations.



The legislative assemblies of Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone, and the Gambia passed an ordinance (West African Examinations Council Ordinance NO. 40) approving the West African Examination Council in Dec 1951. The Ordinance agreed to the coordination of exams, and issuing of certificates to students in individual countries by the West African Examination Council. Liberia later issued their ordinance in 1974, at the annual meeting held in Lagos, Nigeria. After the success of forming an examination council, the council called a first meeting in Accra, Ghana on March 1953. In the meeting, the registrar briefed everybody about the progress of the council. In that same meeting, five committees were formed to assist the council. These committees are: Administrative and Finance Committee, School Examinations Committee, Public Service Examinations Committee, The Professional, Technical and Commercial Examinations Committee, and the Local Committee. The total number of people present for this meeting was26.



DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR
INVIGILATORS
ORGANIZATIONAL DIAGRAM
















1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THESTUDY


The objective of this study is as follows





To create a system that is capable of tracking impersonators in the



Examination system using the methodology of finger print biometrics.



To reduce rate of corruption in the educational sector and increase the rate of self confidence on students.

To demonstrate the possibility of computer technology in the satisfaction of human needs and also enforce strict security measures that ensure unregistered students do not write exams for other registered students.
To ensure impersonation of registered candidate is completely eradicated during the examination



1.3 JUSTIFICATION


The justification for the system is as follows





To add more security measures to the examination processes using finger print biometrics.

To eliminate the possibility of an imposter appearing in an exam.



1.4 STATEMENT OFPROBLEM


The problems which are encountered in the previous system areStudent impersonation

In secured authentication of students



Manual verification of student





1.5 SCOPE OF THESTUDY


This system would be implemented using the vb.net and Microsoft access database and also all necessary method of data collection within my reach to ensure the system meet up to acceptable standard has been put into consideration. Also tables‘ graphs for easily analysis and demonstration of development trend of achievement would also be shown. Also this work would be carried out under close supervision for adequate guidance and interpretation of the work as it unfolds.





1.6 SIGNIFICANCES OFSTUDY


With the increasing rate of exam malpractices in the educational sectors the school management deserve to inculcate a tight security means to ensure that these activities of exam impersonators stop. The activities of these exam impersonators have seen the educational sector suffer some serious form corruption ranging from registered student, to examination supervisor. So it best for the educational body to



strategies some certain security means to stop this aspect of corruption in the educational sector.

The system uses a finger prints biometrics this would help ensure that only registered student during registration with their finger prints are allowed into the examination hall.

The system would contribute in the area of stopping any activity of corruption in the educational sector among students, and student to teachers.

Hard work would be encouraged as every registered student knows he/she is going to write the exam by him or herself.

The impersonation which has eating the educational system there by encouraging laziness among students would be eliminated and standard of student educational performance would beincreased.



DEFINITION OF TERMS/VARIABLES USED


WAEC: A body responsible for conducting and issuing certificate to secondary school graduating student among West Africa.

DATABASE: A collection of related information which can be stored and retrieved.

EXAMINATION: A measure for the test of knowledge. MALPRACTICES: This refers to negligence or misconduct IMPERSONATION: General process of acting on behalf of a client.

IMPERSONATOR: A performed skilled at copying the manner or expression of another mime.

FINGER PRINT: An impression on a surface of the curves formed by the ridges on a finger tip.

BIOMETRICS: Is the use of measurable, biological characteristics such as fingerprints, or iris patterns to identify a person to an electronic system.

ELIMINATION: To get rid of



DESIGN: Is a creative activity whose aim is to establish the multi faceted qualities of objects processes, service and their systems in whole life cycles.

SECURITY ACCESS: Permission granted to users base on their identification. AUTHENTI CATION: The process of identifying someone base on users name or password in security system



AUTHORIZATION: Act of granting someone the permission to do or take something.


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TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPETR ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of problem

1.3 Objective of the study

1.4 Research Hypotheses

1.5 Significance of the study

1.6 Scope and limitation of the study

1.7 Definition of terms

1.8 Organization of the study

CHAPETR TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPETR THREE

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 sources of data collection

3.3 Population of the study

3.4 Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5 Validation of research instrument

3.6 Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix



















Abstract

The level of fraud and other financial irregularities in the banking sector has become hydra monster that has eating deep into the financial sector of the Nigerian economy. Fraud in the Nigerian Banking Industry before and after the recent merger, acquisition and recapitalization was at alarming rate. It has caused many banks to collapse, and many investors and depositors funds were trapped in. In fact it has prevented many banks from achieving their goals and many businesses went into liquidation. That calls for the need for this study and the purpose of this study therefore is to identify the role of auditors in controlling fraud and other financial irregularities in the banking sector in Nigeria.













CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Fraud is the intentional distortion of financial statements or other records by a person (internal or external) to the organisation which is carried out to conceal the misappropriation of assets or otherwise for gain”(Adeniji 2004 and Institute of chartered Accountant Nigeria-ICAN 2006).It can also be define fraud as involving “the use of deception to obtain an unjust or illegal financial advantage; intentional misstatement in, or omissions of amounts or disclosure from an entity’s accounting records or financial statements; or theft whether or not accompanied by misstatements in accounting record or financial statement (Mani,1993). According to Gay, Schelluh and Reid 1997, an auditor has the responsibility for the prevention, detection and reporting of fraud, other illegal acts and errors is one of the most controversial issues in auditing, and has been one of the most frequently debated areas amongst auditors, politicians, media, regulators and the public. This debate has been especially highlighted by the collapse of both small and big corporations across the globe. The auditing profession in Nigeria has caught the media’s attention following financial scandals in some of the Nigerian banks such as Intercontinental Bank, Oceanic Bank, Afri Bank, and Bank PHB among others. There seems presently to be a misconception that auditors’ duties are largely the preventing, detecting and reporting of fraud, for example, Idris (2009). The aim of this paper is to identify financial report users’ perceptions of the extent of fraud and financial irregularities in first bank of Nigeria plc, and to determine their perceptions of the auditor’s responsibilities in detecting fraud and other financial irregularities and the performance of related audit procedures in first bank. The project also aims to ascertain whether the report users’ perceptions of auditors’ responsibilities on fraud and other financial irregularities are consistent with those of the auditing profession as expressed in auditing standards in Nigeria. Archibong (1992) describes Fraud as a predetermined and well planned tricky process or device usually undertaken by a person or group of persons, with the sole aim of checking another person or university, to gain ill-gotten advantages, be it monetary or otherwise, which would not have accrued in the absence of such deceitful procedure. Fraud is an enrichment attained by an individual wrongfully which is detrimental to individual(s) or organization(s). Fraud is either internal (employees, management) or external (customers or noncustomers). In the past ten years, depositors have lost billions of naira (millions of dollars) to fraudsters. According to Yishau (2013), bank fraud worth N28 billion was recorded in 2011, N4.071 billion was lost to fraudsters in 2010, N7.5 billion in 2009, N17.5 billion in 2008, and N2.9billion in 2007. Fraud has eaten deep into the fabric of the global financial system and financial intermediation is worst hit. Bank fraud is on the rise. Stakeholders are experiencing increasing losses through fraud while the cost is borne by government Fraud involves recording of transactions without substances, suppression or omission of the effect of transaction from records or document, Intentional misapplication of accounting policies and wilful misrepresentation of transaction of the entity’s state of affairs. (Olatunji2009). According to Pollick 2006, fraud can be regarded as a “deliberate misrepresentation, which causes one to suffer damages, usually monetary losses. Bank organizations in Nigeria perform a variety of tasks and responsibilities not only for transformation agenda but also to enable it to function in an effective manner. These tasks and responsibilities are distributed among teams, which are assigned to fulfil their duties in a specific organization. All designated tasks are equally important in Nigerian Banks, thus, making all employees and staff crucial to the operations of the bank. One of the crucial functions in these organizations is the process of auditing especially in the cases of fraud and irregularities. It has been reported that an audit is an evaluation of an organization, system, process, project or product, which involves the independent and fair assessment of the financial statements of the organization. Knowledgeable, independent, and objective individual or group of individuals, known as auditors or accountants, makes a report based on the results of the audit. In addition, this function is performed to determine the reliability and validity of financial information, and to present an evaluation of a specific company or an internal control of a particular business system, for these systems must comply with the generally accepted standards laid down by national governing bodies for regulation (Power, Walsh, & O’Meara, 2001). Because of such importance, this project seeks to consider the effect of fraud and irregularities on first bank performance in Nigeria and its control.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The role of auditors in fraud control and other financial irregularities is essential. Fraud has been one of the most problematic and unsolvable matter for business all over the world for a long time; however, there has been much more attention and research dedicated to the topic after the scandals such as Enron, WorldCom and others. Frauds have led to loss of huge amount of money in the banking industry and nation’s economy in general (Fatoki, 2015). Researchers have discovered that fraud contributed drastically to the financial distress of poor performance of many banks in Nigeria (Austin, 2011). According to Olorunsegun (2010), fraud is a major challenge of banking industry and this makes all banks vulnerable and distress. The management of each bank spends their hard-earned money to curtail it occurrence. Moreover, it puts question marks on the integrity of the employees and management of the banks and also gives rise to absolute loss of customers’ confidence in banking. In accordance to fraud and irregularities on banks performance in Nigeria, auditing and financial evaluation are crucial since it reflect on how their respective administrators manage the flow of their income, assets and transactions. It is against this backdrop that the researcher decide to investigate the role of auditors in controlling fraud and other financial irregularities in the banking sector.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to examine the role of auditors in controlling fraud and other financial irregularities in the banking sector. But to aid the completion of the study, the researcher intends to achieve the following specific objectives;

i) To examine the effect of auditors report on the truth and fairness of the financial statements on customers confidence in the banking sector
ii) To ascertain if there is any significant relationship between internal control system and fraud control in the banking
iii) To examine the impact of auditors report in instituting effective internal control system in the banking sector

iv) To examine the role of external auditors in curtailing financial irregularities in the banking sector
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study;

i) Is there any effect of auditors report on the truth and fairness of the financial statements on customer’s confidence in the banking sector?
ii) Is there any significant relationship between internal control system and fraud control in the banking?
iii) Does auditors report have any impact in instituting effective internal control system in the banking sector?

iv) Does external auditors play any role in curtailing financial irregularities in the banking sector?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

The following hypotheses were formulated in null and alternate form to aid the completion of the study;

H0: there is no significant relationship between internal control system and fraud control in the banking

H1: there is a significant relationship between internal control system and fraud control in the banking

H0: External auditors do not play any role in curtailing financial irregularities in the banking sector

H2: External auditors do play a role in curtailing financial irregularities in the banking sector

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is a general consensus that the financial system of any economy is the function around which the economy revolves. Within this preview, banks strategically occupy an indispensable position in the economy. This is as a result of their primary function of servicing as channel or intermediary between the surplus economic unit and deficit economic unit, hence, the efficient functioning of the economy. In carrying out this study, the researcher intends to highlight the importance and benefit of cost effectively applying appropriate and correct fraud and prevention and detection measures. This will serve as a benchmark particularly to the distressed banks whose unfortunate position are particularly attributable to fraud and other malpractices. The result of the knowledge of the cost – benefit analysis will definitely be of importance to the policy makers in that it will help them in assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of the existing statutory laws and policies, and highlight the areas that need further efforts. The study also aim at treating how a well-designed, carefully installed and a resolutely implemented internal control system will aid in checking the incidence of fraud. This, it is strongly believed will be importance not only to the regulatory and supervisory authorities and the commercial banks management but the banking industry as a whole in their various task of putting in place sound banking system for the country. The study will at its end to be of importance to the general public whose confidence and trust have been vehemently shaken as a result of the alarming magnitude of fraudulent activities, failure and distress syndrome in our banking system. It will make them to be aware of unrelenting concerted efforts that has been made and being made by the Government and the regulatory authorities to bring to an end this cankerworm called fraud. Furthermore, the study is designed for all those who may be interested in carrying out further study on internal control system as it relates to fraud prevention in commercial in Nigeria. Finally, it enable the operators themselves to know how they have failed in their tasks and operations which they have set for themselves in meeting the financial needs of Nigerians.

1.7 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

The effectiveness and efficiency of every nations economy lies on the credibility and effectiveness of the financial system most especially the deposit money banks. Nigeria financial institution has the capacity and the potential investors, but the challenges is the outrageous numbers and record of fraud and financial irregularities. It is no doubt that the cost of effective internal control do tell on the profit of the banks and the return on investment that accrue to investors, but the benefit out-way the cost.

As part of my requirement for the award of Bachelor degree (B.Sc) in accounting, this study is carried out to ascertain the role of auditors in controlling fraud and other financial irregularities.

1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers the role of auditors in controlling fraud and other financial irregularities in Nigeria banking sector, irrespective of the difficulties encountered by the researcher in sourcing for information and materials for the study, indept literature review and analysis of respondents response were carried out by the researcher with the aid of SPSS.

1.9 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Fraud: In law, fraud is deliberate deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain, or to deprive a victim of a legal right. Fraud itself can be a civil wrong (i.e., a fraud victim may sue the fraud perpetrator to avoid the fraud or recover monetary compensation), a criminal wrong (i.e., a fraud perpetrator may be prosecuted and imprisoned by governmental authorities) or it may cause no loss of money, property or legal right but still be an element of another civil or criminal wrong.

Control: Control is the forces that guides activities towards some predetermined goal. It is concerned with the guidance of the internal operations of the business to produce the most satisfactory projects at the lowest cost.

Malpractices: In banks, they are omissions of any functionary of banks which is contrary to the promotion of safe and sound banking practice, or which is in flagrant disregard to the laws, rules and regulation or guidelines made for the promotion of safe and sound banking practices, and which result in financial loss to the bank. Fraud and fraudulent conduct, it should be understood are also malpractices.

Errors and Irregularities: Errors are unintentional actions, example, errors of judgment, etc., while irregularities are intentional errors; and irregularities that result in an immediate loss of asset is referred to as defalcation.

Banking sector: The banking sector is the section of the economy devoted to the holding of financial assets for others, investing those financial assets as leverage to create more wealth, and the regulation of those activities by government agencies.

Auditors

An auditor is a person or a firm appointed by a company to execute an audit. To act as an auditor, a person should be certified by the regulatory authority of accounting and auditing or possess certain specified qualifications.


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TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledge
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background to the study
Statement of Problem
Research Questions
Purpose of the Study
Significance of the study
Delimitation /scope of study
Limitation of Study
CHAPTER TWO:

Review Of Relation Literature
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
Research design
Population of Study
Sample and Sampling Techniques
Research Instrument
Validity of Instrument
Administration of the Instrument
Method of Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
Data presentation and Analysis
Discussion of Results
CHAPTER FIVE:   SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Conclusion
Recommendation
References
Appendix

 

 

 

 

 

Abstract

Nigeria’s major urban centres are today grappling with the problems caused by mounting heaps of solid wastes from their environments. This paper undertakes a study of the solid waste build up phenomenon with a view toward finding ameliorative measures that would help reduce their negative effects on urban beautification and sanitation. And hopefully, to provide insights into easing, reducing, minimizing and avoiding the evolving solid, waste encroachment of city streets and roads, particularly in areas of uncontrolled growth and development typifying cities in Nigeria

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
There were efforts, some of them commendable made at various times, in Enugu to improve the environmental and atmospheric conditions of the different part of the capital city. These have include the clearing of the city of large amounts of refuse site and dumps indiscriminately located within living abodes, which blocked several access routes. This has opened up some of the area, provided access to part of the city litter to block and also more open spaces for recreation. All this efforts failed the test of time by not sustaining the search for a clean city. Therefore, Afuabi in his write up in the National Concord described these “attempts as mainly cosmetic and that the characteristic of under-development seemed to be the prevalence of urban slum and rural squalor”  To deal with the situation the 1976 local government reform assigned specifically the functions of maintaining and promoting environmental health to the local councils. This was a view to finding a means of solving the problem of environmental decay within the urban center in particular. Inspite of this provision, refuse disposal within the urban center of Enugu remained a problem. Enugu Local Government lacked the required assigned functions. Admolekum, put in vividly this. “  This list of Local Government Functions could be impressive whilst the financial and human resources necessary for effective performance are grossly inadequate”. There was continuous decline in the sanitary condition of the capital city.  In 1984, the government of Anambra State before division established the task force on Works, Housing, vehicle and Environmental Sanitation.

This was an ad-hoc body, which was military in character and operation and therefore, depended on the application of task force to achieve its objective. The taskforce instituted penalties such as times paid on whips. Compliance with sanitation regulation was with “immediate effect,” hence, the unconditional acceptance by the people to pay the required levies what sustained the operations of the taskforce. Under the situation of fear and force compliance with sanitation regulation, the solution to the problem of decay and squalor, particularly as it related to refuse disposal within Enugu was a temporary basis and might not be sustained nor might it stand the test of the time, in the light of this fact as indicated by Obasi in his contribution. The Anambra State Government later decided to establish a more permanent organ whose mandate would span not only the immediate challenge of ensuring a clean environment but also the long term task of inculcating in the public a heightened and enduring sense of sanitary consciousness. The efforts to achieve an effective waste disposal management in Enugu Urban notwithstanding, the issue of refuse disposal in Enugu Urban continued to pose enormous problems. The researcher therefore decided to carryout a study in order to find out why these problems have persisted in spite of the efforts and strategies that have been employed.

The management of solid waste particularly has been facing a great problem. There has been the general lack of equipment and exodus of well-trained personnel required for the job. Another problem has been the demolition of built up refuse deposits. There was also lack of refuse disposal vehicle such as closed refuse trucks and open tippers. The heavy equipment such as Bulldozer and pail-loaders required for the maintenance of the final disposal site were also lacking. However, where they exist, many of them are either old or broken down, moreover, the vehicles and heavy equipment that are in order have often been diverted to un-official uses by some field official.

There was also the issue of refuse workers not being properly deployed while the payment of their salaries were most often delayed even for months.

Most importantly, there has been lack of adequate finance, which affected all the facets of the operation of Enugu State Environmental Protection Agency in Enugu. Onwumelu put this fact in perspective when he said, “the task of maintaining an Environment free of filth cannot be achieved unless there was fund”.

There is also the need for the basic infrastructural support and equipment or tools

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The study is centered on the operation of the Enugu State Environmental Protection Agency. Specifically, the study deals with urban waste disposal in Enugu Urban. It is not concerned with the collection of hazardous or toxic waste, which may also be generated within an urban center given the multiple occupations of Enugu for both residential and commercial/industries purposes.

 

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1)     To investigate the effect of solid waste management practice on the environment.

2)     To determine the effect of solid waste land fill on the environment

3)     To appraise the strategy for effective solid waste land fill management practice

4)     To determine the management practices of Nigeria for effective solid waste management land fill

1.4  RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

For the successful completion of the study, the following hypotheses were formulated:

H0: solid waste land fill has no significant impact on the environment

H1: solid waste land fill has a significant impact on the environment

H0: there is no significant relationship between solid waste land fill emission and environmental pollution

H2: there is a significant relationship between solid waste land fill emission and environmental pollution.

 

Also the concern of the study is to investigate the problem of Enugu urban waste disposal and management by Enugu State Environmental Protection Agency.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study is primarily undertaken with the aim of providing some level of information to government, urban development and ENSEPA, which serves as a case study. This study will assist the management of the ENSEPA in making comprehensive review of its waste management policy and strategies.

It is important as a basis for further research on the management of urban waste disposal on how effective is the disposal operation of ENSEPA, as well as how adequate are the equipment at this disposal of ENSEPA for its operation in Enugu and the required funds for the operation of ENSEPA provided.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers the problems of urban waste disposal and management, in the cause of the study, the researcher was faced with a lot of constraints that made the research to skip certain vital and relevant areas.

These constraints include:

Finance and Time Constraints: due to lack of finance and time which is not at the researcher’s disposal, the research work was limited to only Enugu metropolis.
Un-cooperation attitude of the respondents:some of the respondents refused bluntly to be interviewed while others returned their questionnaires blank, may be they thought their responses would reprimand them without being mindful of their earlier assurance that their responses would be treated with the strictest confidence.
Scarcity of comprehensive literature:
Due to the scarcity of related literatures, it was not very easy for the researcher to lay hand on enough information that is relevant to this study.

 1.5  OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Proper disposal of waste:  provision made for collection of these waste at a regular interval.

Slum:   Street of dirty

Waste:  Material or substance that is unwanted because the good part of them has been removed.

Refuse:  Waste material that has been thrown away.

 

1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows. Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (background of the study), statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope of the study etc. Chapter two being the review of the related literature presents the theoretical framework, conceptual framework and other areas concerning the subject matter.     Chapter three is a research methodology covers deals on the research design and methods adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding.  Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.





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ABSTRACT

Nigeria’s major cities are today grappling with the problems caused by mounting heaps of solid wastes from their environments. This paper undertakes a study of the solid waste build up phenomenon with a view toward finding ameliorative measures that would help reduce their negative effects on cities beautification and sanitation. And hopefully, to provide insights into easing, reducing, minimizing and avoiding the evolving solid, waste encroachment of city streets and roads, particularly in areas of uncontrolled growth and development typifying cities in Nigeria

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPETR ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION 

1.1        Background of the study

1.2        Statement of problem

1.3        Objective of the study

1.4        Research Hypotheses

1.5        Significance of the study

1.6        Scope and limitation of the study

1.7       Definition of terms

1.8       Organization of the study

CHAPETR TWO

2.0   LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPETR THREE

3.0        Research methodology

3.1    sources of data collection

3.3        Population of the study

3.4        Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5        Validation of research instrument

3.6        Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
The Solid wastes comprise all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid, discarded as useless or unwanted. Also included are by- products of process lines or materials that may be required by law to be disposed of (Okecha 2000). Solid waste can be classified in a number of ways, on the basis of sources, environmental risks, utility and physical property.

On the basis of source, solid wastes are again classified as: Municipal Solid Wastes, Industrial Solid Wastes and Agricultural Solid Wastes. Nigeria’s major cities are today fighting to clear mounting heaps of solid waste from their environments. These strategic centres of beauty, peace and security are being overtaken by the messy nature of over flowing dumps unattended heaps of solid wastes emanating from household or domestic or kitchen sources, markets, shopping and business centres. Solid Waste Landfills.

City officials appear unable to combat unlawful and haphazard dumping of hazardous commercial and industrial wastes which are a clear violation of the clean Air and Health Edicts in our environmental sanitation laws, rules and regulation. Refuse generation and its likely effects on the health, quality of environment and the cities landscape have become burning national issues in Nigeria today. All stakeholders concern with the safety and the beautification of our environment have come to realize the negative consequences of uncleared solid human wastes found in residential neighborhoods, markets, schools, and central business districts in our cities. These solid wastes have become recurring features in our cities environment. It is no longer in doubt that our cities are inundated with the challenges of uncleared solid wastes. As a result, cities residents are often confronted with the hazardous impact to their collective health and safety. The hue and cry over the health consequences of exposed and fermenting rubbish have not been quantified, although their impact is noticeable, especially in times of epidemic in congested activity nuclei civic centres, CBDS, neigbhourhoods, etc.

A United Nations Report (August 2004) noted with regret that while developing countries are improving access to clean drinking water they are falling behind on sanitation goals. At one of its summit in 2000 (Uwaegbelun 2004) revealed that The World Health Organization- (WHO 2004) and United Nations International Children Education Fund- (UNICEF 2004) joint report in August 2004 that: “about 2.4 billion people will likely face the risk of needless disease and death by the target of 2015 because of bad sanitation”. The report also noted that bad sanitation – decaying or non-existent sewage system and toilets- fuels the spread of diseases like cholera and basic illness like diarrhea, which kills a child every 21 seconds. The hardest hit by bad sanitation is rural poor and residents of slum areas in fast-growing cities, mostly in Africa and Asia. Solid Waste Landfills.

Although there is no immediate danger from the methane emitted in atmosphere from landfills, over time it could accumulate inside the landfill mass, thus increasing its concentration with attendant potential to modify the Earth’s climate. 36 percent of human caused methane releases come from our municipal solid waste landfills (USEPA, 1999). A ton of municipal solid waste land-filled produces 123 pounds of methane- a potent greenhouse gas, 20 times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide (EA, 2008). Hulme et al. (1995) list the adverse impacts of the increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to include: a threat to disrupt the diversity of habitats and the life dependent on them. In particular, our health, agriculture, water resources, forests, wildlife, and coastal areas are vulnerable to the changes that global warming may bring. It further state that a rise of only a few degrees in the Earth’s average temperature could result in more frequent and intense storms, flooding of beaches, bay marshes, and other low-lying coastal areas; more precipitation in some areas and not enough in others and wider distribution of certain infectious diseases. Such significant changes, note NEST (1991), Hulme et al. (1995) and Nicholson (2001) could damage communities and national economies as well as alter the natural world. Developing countries like Nigeria are particularly at risk because of her bad waste management system and unhealthy disposal practices.  The problem of solid waste disposal is one of the most serious environmental problems facing many cities in Nigeria. Waste management plays an integral role in human activities. Various ways of managing solid waste includes disposal by either burying or burning, reduce or reusing, recycling and energy generation. Solid waste management differs in developing countries like Nigeria and in industrialized countries of the world like Germany. Several factors are responsible for the differences, a good example of these are the types of waste generated in developing countries. Contreau (1982) submitted that, in developing countries, there is much high proportion of organic and considerably less plastic waste such that the large amount of organic material makes the waste denser with greater moisture and smaller particles.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Developing country like Nigeria is particularly at risk, because of her bad waste management system and unhealthy disposal practices. Global temperature will continue to increase causing further disruption to climate patterns. Ultimately, all this can only be brought under control by engaging in sustainable waste management practices, and stabilizing greenhouse gases concentrations in the atmosphere. It is on this backdrop that the researcher intends to investigate the problem of waste management in Nigerian cities.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
To investigate the effect of solid waste management practice on the environment.
To determine the effect of solid waste land fill on the environment
To appraise the strategy for effective solid waste land fill management practice
To determine the management practices of Nigeria for effective solid waste management land fill
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

For the successful completion of the study, the following hypotheses were formulated:

H0: Solid waste land fill has no significant impact on the Nigeria cities.

H1: Solid waste land fill has a significant impact on the Nigeria cities.

H20: There is no significant relationship between poor waste management in Owerri and its effects on the city.

H21: There is a significant relationship between poor waste management in Owerri and its effects on the city.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study shall provide a structural study on solid waste. It shall investigate the effect of solid waste on the Nigeria cities. The study shall analyze strategies for effective waste management practice. It shall provide a reference source of information for environmental experts.  It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of great importance to the ministry of environment in ensuring that the environment is devoid of pollution. The findings will also be of great benefit to the waste management agency in ensuring that the waste are properly disposed to ensure that it does not constitute a major air pollution in the society. The study will also be of importance to researcher who wishes to carry out investigation in similar topic. Finally, the study will be of importance to lecturers, students, teachers and academia’s as the findings will add to the pool of knowledge.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers the impact of solid waste land fill in Nigeria but in the cause of the study, the researcher encounters some constrain which limited the scope of the study;

(a)Availability of research material: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study.

(b)Time: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.

(c)Finance: The finance available for the research work does not allow for wider coverage as resources are very limited as the researcher has other academic bills to cover.

1.7   DEFINITION OF TERMS

Land Fill

A landfill site (also known as a tip, dump, rubbish dump, garbage dump or dumping ground and historically as a midden[1]) is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and the oldest form of waste treatment (although the burial part is modern; historically, refuse was just left in piles or thrown into pits). Historically, landfills have been the most common method of organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world.

Land

Land, sometimes referred to as dry land, is the solid surface of the Earth that is not permanently covered by water. The vast majority of human activity throughout history has occurred in land areas that support agriculture, habitat, and various natural resources.

Waste

Waste is any substance which is discarded after primary use, or it is worthless, defective and of no use. Examples include municipal solid waste (household trash/refuse), hazardous waste, wastewater (such as sewage, which contains bodily wastes (feces and urine) and surface runoff), radioactive waste, and others

SOLID WASTE

The American Public Liquid Association in 1975 defined solid waste as unwanted and useless material with insufficient liquid content to be free flowing, because of its sticky nature, solid waste has the ability to accumulating and physically insulting and degrading the environment if not well managed.

1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows. Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (background of the study), statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope of the study etc. Chapter two being the review of the related literature presents the theoretical framework, conceptual framework and other areas concerning the subject matter.     Chapter three is a research methodology covers deals on the research design and methods adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding.  Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.





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Abstract

The study set out to examine the ever increasing problem of the rate of pollution in major cities in Nigeria with emphasis in Edo state. In doing so, the study has on the basis of personal observation and secondary sources examined the effects of environmental pollution in Nigeria. The findings show that environmental problems in Nigeria generally are many, diverse in nature, and are caused by man’s interaction with nature (environment) for exploits in a number of ways-both in the cities; where industrial activities predominate, and rural areas; where agriculture thrives. The study posits that man utilizes air for survival, harnesses land and water resources for domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural and other purposes. Through these activities; man directly and/or indirectly create problems which are detrimental to his health/survival, wellbeing, natural existence and stability.









CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
It is observed of recent that the role the environment play to a nation’s development process cannot be over emphasize. Apart from being the physical surrounding for natural habitats, the environment provide the basis for human exploits for agricultural, industrial, commercial, technological and tourism development of a society. For this and several other reasons, environmental issues now occupy a center stage in academic discourse and other public fora both at the national and international levels. Recorded evidence has also shown that the environment represents a wide range of the external circumstances, conditions and the things that affect the existence and development of an individual, organism, group (Isaichei 1999) and/or society. In Nigeria for instance, environmental issues did not gain official prominence until the 1988 Koko toxic waste dumping saga which also brought to the fore the exigent need to establish the Nigeria Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), Federal Ministry of Environment and other relevant agencies, ostensibly to tackle environmentally related issues, in the country. These include issues such as environmental pollution, sanitation, depletion of ozone layer, desertification, flooding, erosion, poverty, bush burning, deforestation, soil conservation etc. All these mentioned above are a pointer to the fact that issues of environment and in fact environmental pollution which forms the basis of this study has taken a center stage in the nation’s (Nigeria’s) development process. Environmentally minded scholars: Ocheri (2003:174), Gbehe (2004), and Aja (2005:114) have associated environmental pollution with human activities and albeit persistent human interaction with the environment. Research has also shown that as the population of a country grows/increases with attendant pressure on the environment especially in the wake of improved technologies, environmental abuse and pollution is nevertheless heightened with corresponding effects on lives of people and other living organisms, (Ocheri, 2003: 175 and Hausers, 1971). It has been observed further that man through industrial, agricultural and the ever increasing urbanization process, security and terrorist activities tend to directly and/or indirectly pollute the environment. Jande (2005) and Aja (2005:114) in their separate observations, also in tandem with the foregoing agree that unrestricted use of pesticides, insecticides, herbicides and indiscriminate dumping of refuse, excreta and animal dung as well as spillages from refineries, large scale bush burning etc are perceived as some of the leading factors of environmental pollution in Nigeria.

Environmental Pollution is any discharge of material or energy into water, land, or air that causes or may cause acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) detriment to the Earth’s ecological balance or that lowers the quality of life. Pollutants may cause primary damage, with direct identifiable impact on the environment, or secondary damage in the form of minor perturbations in the delicate balance of the biological food web that are detectable only over long time periods. The industrialization of our society, the introduction of motorized vehicles, and the explosion of the human population, have caused an exponential growth in the production of goods and services. Coupled with this growth has been a tremendous increase in waste byproducts. The indiscriminate discharge of untreated industrial and domestic wastes into waterways, the spewing of thousands of tons of particulates and airborne gases into the atmosphere, the “throwaway” attitude toward solid wastes, and the use of newly developed chemicals without considering potential consequences have resulted in a lot of environmental disasters throughout the world. Environmental pollution usually occurs as a result of energy conversions and the use of resources which leaves their by-products behind in water, soil or air. Technology has begun to solve some pollution problems, and public awareness of the extent of pollution will eventually make government bodies to be more proactive rather than reactive and also undertake more effective environmental planning and adopt more effective antipollution measures.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The industrialization of our society, the introduction of motorized vehicles, and the explosion of the human population, have caused an exponential growth in the production of goods and services. Coupled with this growth has been a tremendous increase in waste byproducts. The indiscriminate discharge of untreated industrial and domestic wastes into waterways, the spewing of thousands of tons of particulates and airborne gases into the atmosphere, the “throwaway” attitude toward solid wastes, and the use of newly developed chemicals without considering potential consequences have resulted in a lot of environmental disasters throughout the world. It is in view of this that the researcher intends to holistically investigate the effect of the ever increasing problem of the rate of pollution in major cities in Nigeria.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is to ascertain the rate of pollution in major cities in Nigeria with emphasis on Edo state. But for the completion of the study, the researcher intend to achieve the following sub-objective;

to ascertain the effect of air pollution on the wellbeing of the populace
to evaluate the effect of waste management on the health of the populace
to investigate the effect of oil spillage on the economic development of the state
to investigate the effect of solid waste management on the environment
RESEARCH QUESTION
For the successful completion of the study, the following research questions were formulated

Is there any effect of air pollution on the wellbeing of the populace
What is the effect of waste management on the health of the populace?
What is the effect of oil spillage on the economic development of the state?
Is there any effect of solid waste management in the development of the state
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
At the completion of the study, the findings shall be of great importance to the federal environmental protection agency as the study seek to proffer avenues for effective environmental management and pollution control in the state and country as a whole. The study will also be of importance to waste management board as the study seek to proffer solution to effective waste management and control of environmental pollution. It shall investigate the effect of solid waste on the environment The study shall analyze strategies for effective waste management practice. It shall provide a reference source of information for environmental experts.

The study will also be of importance to researchers who intend to embark on study in similar topic as the study will serve as a reference point to the researcher.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers the ever increasing problem of the rate of pollution in major Nigerian cities, with emphasis on Edo state. But in the cause of the study, there are some constraint which limited the scope of the study;

(a) Availability of research material: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study.

(b) Time: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.

(c) Finance: The finance available for the research work does not allow for wider coverage as resources are very limited as the researcher has other academic bills to cover

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Pollution

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution.

Air pollution

Air pollution is a mixture of solid particles and gases in the air. Car emissions, chemicals from factories, dust, pollen and mold spores may be suspended as particles. Ozone, a gas, is a major part of air pollution in cities. When ozone forms air pollution, it’s also called smog. Some air pollutants are poisonous.

Health

Health is the level of functional and metabolic efficiency of a living organism. In humans it is the ability of individuals or communities to adapt and self-manage when facing physical, mental or social changes. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in its 1948 constitution as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” This definition has been subject to controversy, in particular as lacking operational value, the ambiguity in developing cohesive health strategies, and because of the problem created by use of the word “complete

Air

The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air, that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth’s gravity. The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night (the diurnal temperature variation)

1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research question, significance or the study, research methodology, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlight the theoretical framework on which the study its based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study



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ABSTRACT

Crises and conflict poses a major challenge in every human society and often it is inevitable. In a developing country like Nigeria, crises and conflict is very often the result of the interaction of political, economic and social instability frequently stemming from bad governance, failed economic policies and inappropriate development programs stemming from exacerbated ethnic or religious differences in society. The fundamental problems in conflict are the religious beliefs and practices, ethnicity, boundary disputes, land ownership and resource competition, poverty, marginalization, unemployment and underdevelopment. This study shows the role of the church in ensuring peace and harmony in Nigeria through their religious values and principles involving love, forgiveness, justice, peace and tolerance. Some avenues of achieving this is through dialogue, seminars and workshop, as media of evangelizing and restoring hope in the country with their gospel of peace.







CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The political uncertainty, conflicts and turbulence in Nigeria poses serious concerns for the citizens and noncitizens in the region. However, “Nigeria remains handicapped by political malpractice, deep economic contradictions, social inequality and a considerable potential for violence due to the politicization of identity” (International Crisis Group, 2006a) characterized by religious, ethnic and communal conflicts, insecurity, organized crime, human rights violations among others. Between 1999 till date, Nigeria experienced critical events that undermined her coexistence.

Conflict is a dynamic phenomenon, which consists of five stages: initiation, escalation, controlled maintenance, abatement, and termination/resolution (Sandole 1993: . In recent decades, Church leaders have frequently made statements in support of peace. In some cases these statements have been specific appeals for peace in particular circumstances, however, on other occasions they have also published more comprehensive statements on the need for peace and the means of achieving it. The teachings of Christianity which is guided by the dictates of the bible (word of God) has constantly encourage the members to ensure peace and harmony in the society.

Christian leaders have always publicly stood for societal peace and harmony and against violence. It is now widely accepted that violent conflict is the major hindrance to the development of the African continent and Nigeria in particular. It inflicts human sufferings through death, destruction of livelihoods, constant displacement and insecurity (Barash, 2000). Violent conflict disrupts the process of production, creates conditions for pillage of the country’s resources and diverts their application from development purposes to servicing war. Violent conflict is thus responsible for perpetuating misery and under development in the country-Nigeria and the continent at large (Adetula, 2006).

Peace is a universal phenomenon that everyone desires and wishes to enjoy endlessly. Traditions, cultures, religions and societies do have different prescriptions to attaining and enjoying peace. Whenever and wherever there is peace there tends to be development and longevity is enjoyed (Salawu, 2010). To this end, Christianity which is one of the predominant religions in the world today teaches peace and encourages all adherents to the faiths to pursue peace and live peacefully with one another. The above statement now seems to be questionable with the rise of intra, inter and ethno-religious conflicts in the world. While most Arab and some European countries are faced with intra-religious conflicts, an African country like Nigeria is faced with both intra and inter-religious conflicts. Nigeria, which is popularly known as Africa’s most populous black nation with a population of now about 170 million people, with more than 250 ethnic groups has Christianity and Islam as its predominant religions, though there is still in existence the African Traditional Religion (ATR).

Christianity as a word means followers of Christ or Christ like. Christians therefore are those who follow and act the teaching of Christ in all ways of life. One of the climaxes of Christianity or Christian virtue is peace. Christians are enjoined in the Bible to embrace and live peacefully with their neighbors’. The following scriptures confirm this: Depart from evil and do good; seek peace and pursue it (Psalm 34 vs 14). Blessed are the Peace makers for they shall be called the children of God Matthew 5 vs 9). Let him eschew evil and do well; let him seek peace and ensue it (1 Peter 3 vs 11). Follow peace with all men and holiness, without which no man shall see the Lord (Hebrews 12 vs 14). If it be possible, as much as it lieth in you, live peaceably with all men (Rom 12 vs 18)

The word Peace in Christianity is translated from the Hebrew word ‘Shalom’, which is a key word in the Bible and it’s at the center of how God wants us to live on earth. One of the key things Jesus came to give humanity is Peace and expects us to live in peace as cited in the scriptural verses above. Peace was not only what Jesus taught but He also lived it, this in most cases is what scholars call pacifism, as Jesus never taught violence, even at his arrest by the Pharisees and one of his disciples struck the ears of the priest, Jesus rebuked the disciple and said that “those who live by the sword shall die by the sword” (Mathew 26:52, NKJV). In another place Jesus taught the people not to retaliate any evil done to them as it used to be, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, if one should strike you on the right cheek, turn the left cheek (Mathew 5:38-39, NKJV) but now to always forgive those that offend them and he charged them to forgive their neighbors even seventy times seven (Matthew 18:22, KJV). With all these scriptural teachings of the church, Christians are supposed to live in peace and harmony in the society.



1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Communities in Nigeria have been bedeviled by numerous development challenges including: severe economic, political and social crises, decline in the standard of education, moral and infrastructural decay, cultural crisis predicated on the fact that traditional values in the people’s cultures have been heavily impacted by materialism, science and technology and ideologies. Health facilities are in total decay. All these problems call to question the role of the Church in still contributing to the provision of needed succor in these problem areas. In view of these problems and issues, the big question is the relevance of the Church in the present situation. Since relevance is an important feature of any meaningful phenomenon, event or institution, especially in the sphere of human life, the Church’s role in the solution of problems in the 21st century Nigerian society may be definitive in the justification of its existence among the Nigerian people. Moving from the great signs of vitality and great contributions of the Church to community development since the advent of the early missionaries to Eastern Nigerian, this work will look at the role of the Church in Nigeria today and set how it can help address itself to several problems of poverty and other social problems facing the people and see how it can further join the government and other stakeholders in bringing sustainable development among the people for which it was a source of hope in the past.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The specific objectives of the study include:

To examine the role of church in ensuring peace and harmony in the Nigeria.
To determine to what extent the Church has been vital and relevant in maintaining peace and unity in Nigeria.
To examine the dictates of the church as regards peace and harmony.
To identify the factors disrupting peace and harmony of the society.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

What is the role of church in ensuring peace and harmony in the society?
What are the dictates of the church as regards peace and harmony?
What are the factors disrupting peace and harmony of the society?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

Ho: The church plays no significant role in ensuring peace and harmony in the Nigeria.

H1: The church plays significant role in ensuring peace and harmony in Nigeria.

Ho: Church has played no vital and relevant role in maintaining peace and unity in Nigeria

H2: Church has played a vital and relevant role in maintaining peace and unity in Nigeria

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The following are the significance of this study: The findings of this study will be useful for the government, church leaders and the general public on the role of the church in ensuring sustainable peace and harmony in the society. It will provide valuable insights into existing relationship between the government and the church in providing peace and unity in our rural communities. This research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if applied will go to an extent to provide new explanation to the topic. It will add to existing knowledge and equally serve as a benchmark for further studies.

1.7 SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study will cover the role of the church and Christianity in general as regards the issue of societal peace and harmony.

Financial constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.


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TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Certification page

Approval page

Abstract

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Statement of problem

Research questions

Objective of the study

Significance of the study

Scope of the study

Limitation of the study

Operationalisation of the study

CHAPTER TWO

Gap in iterature(quaote authors)

Theoretical framework

Research hypothesis

Research methodology

CHAPTER THREE

Testing of hypothesis

CHAPTER FOUR

Testing of hypothesis

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary of findings

Conclusion

Recommendations

Reference



Abstract

Africa has witnessed various efforts of economic integration at the continental and regional levels. While the idea of regional integration is as old as the Organization of African Unity now renamed as African Union, recent summits have reaffirmed Africa’s commitment toward boosting intra-Africa trade and integration. With the grand aim of forming a continental economic community (African Economic Community) in the future, African countries aspire to use the various regional economic communities as building blocks. Despite such endeavors, however, the continent’s economy has remained fragmented, inter alia, due to low level of infrastructure development and the state-centric nature of the integration efforts. The overlapping multiple memberships of countries to the regional groupings has complicated the integration effort. The absence of clear rule on the relationship between the existing regional economic communities and the ‘to-be-formed’ African Economic community has also contributed to the uncertainty in the integration process. In view of these challenges, I argue that the focus on speeding up the formation of the continental wide free trade area (FTA) does not seem timely; and the focus should rather be redirected at strengthening the regional economic communities







CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
Economic integration (EI), which is an embodiment of custom unions, trade blocs, and free trade area, has the ultimate aim of promoting trade participation of Members and in the long-run enhancing economic performance and welfare of their citizenry. EI cannot operate in a vacuum, it requires some sort of components such as transport and communication facilities, critical mass of capital, institutions, and so on to meaningfully realize its objectives (Essien, 2009). It is on this axiom that regional economic communities (RECs) are established across the world, which Economic Community for West African States (ECOWAS) is good example. Countries wish to join their economies for various reasons, some of which include attraction of foreign investment, enhancing cooperation, fostering security and generally attaining economic development. With these aims in mind, governments sign and become members of multiple regional integration schemes. However, some of these integration schemes simply reflect the desire but not always the political will to capture the economic gains and international negotiating strength that regionalization can bring.8 Africa is not peculiar in this respect. A number of initiatives have been launched in the continent to bring economic and political integration. These integration efforts have been undertaken concurrently at continental and regional levels. On the continental level, the effort of integration started with the adoption of the OAU Charter in 1963 which envisions initiatives to integrate the Africa region for the promotion of economic and social development. The integration effort in Africa was taken a step further, at least on paper, through the adoption of the Lagos Plan of Action (LPA) in 1980. The failure of African countries to implement the LPA did not stop the governments from wishing to have a continent wide economic and political integration. That is why, in 1991, the Heads of States decided to give another try for the talk of integration and revived the 1980 LPA through the adoption of the Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community (Abuja Treaty). The Abuja treaty, which entered into force in 1994, aims at forming an African Economic Community composed of all African states over a period of 34 years and using six stages of integration. The preexisting Regional Economic Communities (RECs) are to be used as a building block for the establishment of the AEC. Parallel to the continental wide movement, there are various RECs in the different corners of the continent. In the Eastern and Southern parts of the continent, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) replaced a Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) and the Southern African Development Coordination Conference changed into the Southern African Development Community (SADC) whereas the Mahgreb and Mashraq groups have renewed their integration efforts in the Northern Part of Africa.9 We have also the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Economic Community of Sahelo-Saharian States (CENSAD), the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) and the East African Community (EAC). Despite all these efforts at integration, the continent still remains to be fragmented as a market, and its aspirations toward political unity is far from being real. A cursory observation at some indicators of EI indicate that the share of ECOWAS’ import ranges from 11.67% to 17.04% between 2000 and 2010; while that of export share was between 8.40% and 14.18% within the same period. This means that ECOWAS sub-region has greater share in world import than export denoting that it is net importer. It has also been noted that the ECOWAS sub-region meets about 80% of the regional population’s food need, which implies that the net food import is about 20% (ECOWAS Commission, 2010). This is crucial given understanding that food is fundamental to human existence and agricultural sector is expected to provide food, among other things. One of the cardinal objectives of RECs is to promote trade within the region (intra-regional trade) as trade barriers are significantly reduced. The values in Figures 1a and 1b show that the level of ECOWAS’ total export and import increased markedly between 1999 and 2009. Export increased from USD 20 billion in 1999 to USD 100 billion in 2009 while import increased from USD 18 billion to USD 60 billion. However, as shown in Figure 1b (see the Appendix), intra-regional trade (both import and export) declined within the same period. For instance, intra-regional export fluctuated between 8.4% and 14.2% from 2000 to 2010, while that of import was between 11.5% and 19.9%. Thus, both intra-regional export and import were less than 20%, which implies that more than 80% of trade in ECOWAS sub-region is with other countries in other regions. The export of ECOWAS Members within the region was very low. It was as low as 0.1% in 1999 and 0.4% in 2005 for Cape Verde just like Guinea Bissau that was 0.1% in 2001, 2007 and 2011. For the import of ECOWAS Members from the region, it was also very low, where it was only 0.5% and 2.3% respectively in 1999 and 2007 in Nigeria (ECOWAS Trade Data, 2010). Others have similar pattern with the exception of few. Trade facilitation (TF) examines how procedures associated with cross border trade can be improved through the reduction of transaction costs. TF is believed to enhance competitiveness in world market (ICTSD, 2011). Some other indicators of TF, namely: number of documents required for both import and exports as well as number of days required to process goods for import and export show that it requires about 8 and 9 documents for export and import in ECOWAS sub-region compared to about 7 and 8 of same for the world average (World Bank, 2010). Furthermore, it requires about 30 and 36 days to finish the process of export and import documentation in ECOWAS sub-region unlike 26 to 29 days for the world average (World Bank, 2010). It is equally noted that the average teledensity rate in ECOWAS sub-region in 2010 was 17.98 per 100 inhabitants compared to the averages for sub Saharan Africa (SSA) and world that were 23.35 and 83.09, respectively (Olayiwola and Osabuohien, 2012)

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In West Africa, there are many regional bodies. Three of them can be identified as explicitly concerned with the promotion of intra-regional trade glows: The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Communicate Economique de l’Afrique del’ Ouest (CEAO) and MANO River Union (MARIUN). During the last few decades, there has been a great deal of momentum towards regional integration, inspired by the growing awareness of globalization, increasing homogeneity in issues relating to fiscal, financial and technical barriers to trade. These as well as the rapid growth in scientific and technological innovations are all among factors that underlay the importance and need for the various regional cooperation schemes that have come into existence since World War. It is in view of the above that the researcher intend to investigate the challenges of free trade and regional integration among west African state.

RESEARCH QUESTION
The following research questions were formulated by the researcher to aid the successful completion of the study;

Are they effect of economic integration on trade facilitation in ECOWAS?
Is there any significant relationship between regional economic integration and free trade (exports and import) in ECOWAS?
Does ECOWAS play any role ECOWAS in economic integration and trade facilitation among member state?
Are there challenges encountered by ECOWAS in attaining regional economic integration among member state?
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to examine the challenges of free trade in economic community of west Africa state and regional economic integration, but to enhanced the successful completion of the study, the researcher intends to achieve the following specific objective;

To examine the effect of integration on trade facilitation in ECOWA
To examine the relationship between regional economic integration and free trade (exports and import) in ECOWAS
To ascertain the role of ECOWAS in economic integration and trade facilitation among member state
To examine the challenges of ECOWAS in attaining regional economic integration among member state.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of great importance to member state of the economic community of west Africa state as the study seek to explore and investigate the challenges that hampered the organization from implementing the free trade agreement among member state, the study will also be of importance to researchers who intend to embark on a study in similar topic as the study will serve as a reference point to further research, the study will also be of importance to students, teachers, lecturers, academia’s and the general public as the study will contribute to the pool of existing literature on the subject matter and also add to knowledge.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers regional economic integration and the challenges of free trade in economic community of west Africa state (ECOWAS). The study covers a specific time frame between (2010-2018)

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
In the course of the study, there are certain factors that limited the scope of the study which are beyond the researchers control;

a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) Organizational privacy: Limited Access to the management of the organization (ECOWAS) makes it difficult to get all the necessary and required information concerning the activities.
1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

ECOWAS

The Economic Community of West African States, also known as ECOWAS, is a regional economic union of fifteen countries located in West Africa. Collectively, these countries comprise an area of 5,114,162 km², and in 2015 had an estimated population of over 349 million.

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

Economic integration is the unification of economic policies between different states through the partial or full abolition of tariff and non-tariff restrictions on trade taking place among them prior to their integration

FREE TRADE

Free trade is a trade policy that does not restrict imports or exports; it is the idea of the free market as applied to international trade. In government, free trade is predominately advocated by political parties that hold liberal economic positions, while economically left-wing and nationalist political parties generally support protectionism


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Abstract

Recent studies by Aluko, Macridis, Anyaele and Akinboye depicts Nigeria’s foreign policy as being chameleon in nature, a foreign policy constantly in a state of flux as a result of internal and external dynamics inherent in any given administration or regime. In the case of Nigeria, the formation of Nigeria’s foreign policy has gone through 14 different administrations through the external affairs ministry in the past 53 years, out of which 35 years were during military regimes. Consequently, there has been a plethora of conceptual, ideological and psychological postulations of policies in Nigeria’s foreign policy machinery, most of which were born out of a crave and selfish hunger for an identity that would leave a lasting impression about the various administrations or regimes in question While adopting the traditional critical methods of analysis in philosophy to analyze relevant data, archival materials, texts and the major conceptual and ideological constructs proposed as foundations which upholds the main trusts of Nigeria’s foreign policy, the study shall strive to show via contextual and conceptual analysis of all the data collected for the study, the reason for policy failure and abandonment in Nigeria’s foreign policy machinery

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

The Nigerian nation is known as one, whose foreign policy is essentially tailored to reflect her commitment to the well-being of all African countries; particularly in the areas of peaceful coexistence, prevention of violent conflicts – at intra-national and international levels – restoration of peace where necessary; and maintenance of peace all over the world. For the purpose of this thesis, it is necessary to attempt a search into the rationale behind Nigeria‟s decision to make Africa the cornerstone of her foreign policy, since, according to J.A. Price in his book Political Institutions in West Africa, “the foreign policy of a State is liable to reflect the State‟s personality, but foreign policy cannot be developed in a completely arbitrary manner, since policy is bound to be affected by many considerations concerned with the circumstances and internal problems of the State.” A country‘s foreign policy consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve its goals within the international relations milieu. It is the aggregate of a country’s national interest which results from the interaction of internal and external forces as perceived by the foreign policy decision makers. The approaches used are strategically employed to interact with other countries. In recent times however, due to the deepening level of globalization and transnational activities, relations and interactions have been known to exist between state and non- state actors in the international political arena. These relations in their own way have influenced several foreign policies between nation states.

Nigeria’s foreign policy since independence has been viewed from different perspectives (Aluko, 1981); Macridis (1985:xiii), Anyaele, (2005) in recent times. One of the most prevailing perspectives of her foreign policy is that “it is chameleon in nature”, (Anyaele, 2005) a foreign policy constantly in a state of flux as a result of internal and external dynamics inherent in any given administration or regime. Some writers however maintained that irrespective of the frequent changes, the substance of Nigeria’s foreign policy has remained the same. The later parts of this study will however argue otherwise. Buttressing the above point, (Anyaele, 2005:2) upholds the view that “the protection of our national interest has remained the permanent focus of Nigeria’s foreign policy, but the strategies for such protection have varied from one regime / government to another”.

The formation and execution of Nigeria’s foreign policy from independence has been carried out in no fewer than fourteen different administrations through the external affairs ministry. From Tafawa Balewa’s administration in 1960 to President Obasanjo’s administration in 2003; from the administration of President Musa Yar’Adua to the current administration of President Goodluck Jonathan. These various administrations – including the different military regimes which took over administrative power in Nigeria for over a cumulative period of 35 years, of the entire 53 years of the existence of Nigeria’s foreign policy- claimed to pursue the same national interest with regards to the nation’s foreign policy.

The consequence of the fluxy nature of Nigeria’s foreign policy, there has been a plethora of conceptual ideological transitions in Nigeria’s foreign policy machinery (Pine, 2011). Studies (Aluko, 1981); (Vision 2020 Report, 2009); (Pine, 2011); (Akinboye, 2013); and indicate that past administrations strove towards an epistemological construction and definition of the thrust of Nigeria’s foreign policy. These conceptualizations are often regime specific and born out of a psychological and selfish hunger of various administrations or regimes to carve an identity which will leave a lasting impression in the minds of Nigerians. To this end, (Pin, 2011) laments: “…these ideologies are not necessarily products of deep and profound philosophical reflections”. This paper will argue that these ideologies are rather collections of selfish efforts by these various administrations to make a name or an identity for themselves and their regime or administration as the case may be. (Pin, 2011:1) strongly believes this factor was one of the major causative avenues / agencies of project abandonment and foreign policy failure in Nigeria. Concepts and ideologies that have been proposed over the years since independence include: Africa as the center piece of Nigeria’s foreign policy, Dynamic foreign policy, National consensus in foreign policy, Economic diplomacy, Citizen Diplomacy and The transformation agenda of Nigeria’s foreign policy are a few examples among many other ideologies which in many ways have not lived up to expectations.

While adopting the traditional critical and rationalist methods of analysis in philosophy, the study shall review and offer conceptual clarifications of relevant literature, arguments, texts, library and archival materials in the areas of the subject matter of the study, with the view to evaluate these conceptual mutations in Nigeria’s foreign policy engineering. The paper will further show how such misdirected polices breads operationally barren and philosophically vague policies which when applied resulted to more conceptual confusion and groping in the dark. So, some of the vital factors that gave rise to this kind of foreign policy are namely the symbiotic relationships, religious affiliations, economic affairs and historical background.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Since independence Nigeria has been engaged in the struggle to come to terras with the legacy of its historical development, colonial circumstance and contemporary socio-political precepts. We have argued that, in seeking to come to terms with the realities of this predicament, Nigeria has consciously sought to manifest a perceptional image of national unity that concurrently shields the domestic stability from external demands and maximizes the country’s imporance in African affairs (and by implication, world affairs). Historically, Nigeria has been intimately involved in the main trends of the African continent. As Stremlau has suggested : Nigeria’s self-avowed political interests related almost exclusively to the changing conditions in Africa. In the broadest sense, Nigerian leaders viewed their country’s international prestige as a function of the extent to which Nigeria was considered a leader of black Africa. It is in view of the above that the researcher intends to examine the dynamism of Nigeria foreign policy.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to examine the dynamism of Nigeria foreign policy, but to aid the completion of the study, the researcher put forward the following specific objectives;

i) To examine the effect of Nigeria foreign policy on Nigeria’s international relation
ii) To examine the effectiveness of Nigeria foreign policy in the development of regional integration
iii) to examine the relationship between Nigeria foreign policy and economic growth

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

The following research questions were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study;

i) What are they effect of Nigeria foreign policy on Nigeria’s international relation?
ii) How effective is Nigeria foreign policy in the development of regional integration?
iii) Is there any relationship between Nigeria foreign policy and economic growth?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of significance to the ministry of foreign affairs as the findings will aid them in policy review and formulation that will be beneficial to Nigeria’s in diaspora, the study will also be of great importance to the various government ministry and parastatals as the study seek to examine the various dynamics and the changes in the policy of various regime and administrations in Nigeria. The study will also be useful to researchers who intend to embark on a study in a similar topic as the study will serve as a reference point to further study. Finally, the study will be of great importance to students, teachers, lecturers, researchers and academia as the study will contribute to the pool of existing literature and also add to knowledge in the subject matters

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers the dynamics of the Nigerian foreign policy, but in the cause of the study, there are some factors that limited the scope of the study;

a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) Finance: Limited Access to the required financed was a major constrain to the scope of the study.
1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Dynamics

Dynamics is the branch of classical mechanics concerned with the study of forces and their effects on motion. Isaac Newton defined the fundamental physical laws which govern dynamics in physics, especially his second law of motion.

Foreign policy

Foreign Policy is an American news publication, founded in 1970 and focused on global affairs, current events, and domestic and international policy. It produces content daily on its website, and in six print issues annually

International relation

International Relations is an Increasingly Relevant Field of Study. International Relations is becoming increasingly relevant as the world grows more and more interconnected through trade and commerce, migration, the internet and through social media, and concerns about pressing global environmental problems.



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Abstract

With the increasing popularity of Nigerian pop music, and the astoundingly productive Nigerian film industry, Nollywood, Nigeria’s creative industries are attracting worldwide attention. This has necessitated the need for the researcher to looks at the problematic representations of women in the Nigerian media, Hip-hop music has taken a very unique dimension in the Nigerian music scene. It has emerged as a means of expression among the youth on a wide range of issues. Since its emergence in Nigeria in the 90’s, the music has gone through a lot of transformation. However, a worrisome trend in this development is the fragrant display of women as sex symbols The degree of violence against women and misogynistic ideologies being expressed in the lyrics has been a subject of scholarly enquiry in recent times. This study therefore takes a look at the use of women as mere tools and objects claimed and cascaded around by Hip-hop artistes in Nigeria as a means of enhancing their celebrity status and commercial viability.







TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPETR ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of problem

1.3 Objective of the study

1.4 Research Hypotheses

1.5 Significance of the study

1.6 Scope and limitation of the study

1.7 Definition of terms

1.8 Organization of the study

CHAPETR TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPETR THREE

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 sources of data collection

3.3 Population of the study

3.4 Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5 Validation of research instrument

3.6 Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix



















CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study
The prevalence of hypersexualised representations and negative images of women presented in popular music, which are closely linked to cultural views of masculinity seem in recent times to have become dominant and magnified in Nigerian’s popular musical lyrics- the modern hip-hop afro beat, with the special blend of English and local dialect. Women in a special way have become objects of ‘inspiration’ for these popular Nigerian artistes’ lyrics. Everything about them (women) form part of the musical lyrics- waist, butts, and boobs-as most artistes bluntly refer to. And it is common sights to see and hear the women (particularly the young women) recite and dance to these tunes in socio- cultural settings. Moreover these young women form a heavy weight of the economic currency distribution of these musicals. What we see in Nigerian popular music is apparently a replication of common trends in popular music globally. Studies, (see Mckenna, 2006; Adams & Fuller, 2006; Chatterji, 2012; Jocelyn, 2005; Espinosa, 2010; Frazier, 2013; Brathwaite, 2013 and Glantz, 2013) have shown that, current trends in popular music include an increasingly sexualized representation of women, and the motives and consequences of this are unclear. Considering the potential powers of popular music and media as a common vehicle for the dissemination of the discursive construction of women and their importance to construction of identity in any culture, a framework for how women who are exposed to or enmeshed within these sites seem necessary, in order to understand their impact on them. Looking at these Nigerian musical popular lyrics in particular can help detail any potential effects on young women to both their benefit and detriment. On the surface, sexism in much of popular hip-hop culture has influenced Nigerian youth culture today, and has redefined the images of Nigerian women in film and music. If you grew up in the 1990s in Nigeria, you remember Onyeka Onwenu, all closely-cropped hair and wholesome elegance, with her songs of lost love and unity. You will also remember Christy Essien-Igbokwe’s gentle mien, and her impressive Yoruba showcased in her hit song “Seun Rere”, or even her tears in her music video for “See the children”. Evi-Edna Ogholi had her hits as well; you probably blew out candles on a cake to her “Happy Birthday” song. These women, along with a few others, were pop-stars, and earned plaudits and renown alongside the many male artists that dominated Nigerian music in the 1990s. But the Mama Africa imagery that prevailed in that cultural moment meant these pop-stars did not roam too far off from cultural expectations. Today’s young female artists are different. They dress more sexily than those who came before them and quietly acknowledge their sexuality, albeit not flaunting it as strongly in their music as their American counterparts. The warm, maternal images that ruled the 1990s would look ungainly on contemporary performers such as Waje, or Tiwa Savage, or Omawunmi, or just about any of the young women who now take the stage to the applause of fans all over the country.

That is not to say that expectations of sexiness and fashion that come with the Nigerian youthful affinity to hip-hop have completely overridden what has been for years the more demure Nigerian ideal. Still, what popular music and film projects as an image of Nigerian womanhood does not in the end reflect the realities of Nigeria’s diverse population of women. Even with the superficial differences in outlook, Nigerian pop music, just as popular film, depict women in the same stereotypical way, which leaves little room for representing the full diversity of Nigerian women, or for exploring the realities of the many gendered exclusions and double-standards in Nigerian society. This continuity in stereotypical cultural depictions does not bode well for any improvement in the representation of women in the popular imagination. With the Nigerian young females under focus, this work seeks to, determine how young females in Nigeria understand and/or perceive representations of women in Nigerian popular music, and how these perceptions reflect, refute, or inform two prominent radical feminist theories –the radical libertarian and the radical culturalist-about popular music’s impact on women’s overall spaces for action. Representations of women emerging as of particular importance in this study are those produced by popular music artistes ‘Flavour’. Flavour’s music was selected for this study basically because of its popularity among the youths and its explicit use of sexually derogatory lyrics which seem to both glamorize and promote images of women as objects of sexuality and male possession. David Wolper, in an interview about his production of the Los Angeles Olympic ceremonies stated: “we are going to have lots of music, because music is the United States’ gift to the world”. This statement shows the overwhelming influence of American music on music of other world cultures. The last two decades have witnessed tremendous growth in the Hip-hop music culture in Nigeria. Numerous studies have equally demonstrated the significant rise and development of the genre among the youth. (Omoniyi, 2008; Omojola, 2006; Ssewakiryanga, 1999). Because of its enormous appeal, it has also been used as a medium for expressing a variety of ideas, feelings, and emotions. However, there has been a growing concern on the negative impact of the music on the perception of women in the society. In spite of the seeming financial success and popularity of the musicians, hip-hop culture is frequently condemned for its misogynistic exploitation of women.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Nigerian film and music videos have been around longer than the more youth-driven popular music industry, but the parallels between the representations of women in the more liberal youth culture and the conservative mores being advocated for in Nigerian film are striking. Having internalized much of commercial American hip-hop’s excesses in music videos, popular music videos often feature overt displays of wealth alongside depictions of women as money-hungry and easily bought. It is in view of this that the researcher intend to investigate the image of portrayal of women in Nigeria popular music

AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The aim of this study is to examine the image portrayal of women in Nigerian popular music, but to aid the completion of the study, the researcher intend to achieve the following specific objective;

To ascertain the dominant ethos in Flavor’s musical lyrics
To examine the extent that Nigerian women are exposed to Flavour’s music
To examine Nigerian women’s perceptions of gender representations in the selected lyrics
To examine how women perceive these musical lyrics as demeaning to womanhood,
RESEARCH QUESTION
To aid the completion of the study, the following research question were formulated by the researcher;

Is there dominant ethos in Flavor’s musical lyrics?
To what extent are Nigerian women exposed to Flavour’s music?
What is the Nigerian women’s perceptions of gender representations in the selected lyrics?
How do women perceive these musical lyrics as demeaning to womanhood?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of importance to Nigerian music and video census board, as the findings of this study will help explore the content of flavor music videos and it representation of womanhood in Nigeria, the study will also be of importance to the department of art and humanity as the findings of the study will be useful for academic purposes, the study will also be of importance to researchers and intending researchers who desire to embark on a study in a similar topic as the study will serve as a reference point to further research, finally the study will also be of great importance to academia, student and the general public as the study will contribute to the pool of existing literature on the subject matter.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers the image portrayal of women in Nigerian popular music; but in the cause of the study, there are some factors that limited the scope of the study

a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) Finance: Limited Access to the required finance makes it difficult to broaden the scope of the study;
1.7 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The study used both quantitative and qualitative research approaches to gauge young female perceptions and analysis of gender portrayal in Flavour’s musical lyrics. Hence, the survey research methodology and Focus Group Discussion and questionnaire (FGDQ) were adopted. The researcher employed oral and direct interview and questionnaire in administering this research questions. Responses from the respondents were needed, which is less rewarding due to late receipt and loss of responses from respondents. The method of data analysis used by the researcher is the percentage technique and chi-square statistics. More so, percentage and degrees of the responses were also used in the analysis. Here, the ratio of those whose responses were not in the affirmative were found and conclusions were drawn there upon.

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ABSTRACT

In the public procurement system in Nigeria has over the years been abused leading to cost inflation, delay in project delivery, poor quality of work, and project abandonment. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of the due process policy on construction projects delivery in Nigeria. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire distributed to 52 random selections of constructing, consulting and public organizations operating in Lagos Nigeria. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The result shows that due process policy has a very positive impact in Niger’s procurement terrain. Adherence to due process proceedings had highest impact on cost savings, prequalification of contractors and detailed project design, quality of project delivery, and project duration. The study serve as a feedback to the construction stakeholders in Nigeria and contains useable information for optimizing the existing due process mechanism to enhance not only probity, accountability, transparency and competition in public contract awards, but also the policy’s resultant effects on quality of executed projects, delivery-on-budget and time considerations.























TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Approval ……………………………………………………………………………i

Dedication …………………………………………………………..……………iii

Acknowledgment …………………………………………………………………iv

Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………v

Table of contents …………………………………………………………………vi

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction …………………………………………………………………1

1.1 Background to the study …………………………………………………….1

1.2 Statement of problem ………………………………………………….……3

1.3 Research question

1.4 Purpose of study …………………………………………………………….4

1.5 Significance of the study ……………………………………………………5

1.6 Scope of the study …………………………………………………..………6

1.7 Definition of terms …………………………………………………………6

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Review of Related Literature ………………………………………………8

2.1 The concept of cash flow



CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 Research design

3.2 Description of population

3.3 Method of data collection

3.4 Sample size

3.5 instrument for Data collection

3.6 Validation of the instrument

3.7 Distribution and Retrieva

3.8 Method of Data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

Presentation of data and Analysis

CHAPTER 5

5.0 Discussion of findings, conclusion and

5.1 Summary of findings

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendation

5.4 Limitation of the study

5.5 Suggestion for further research

References

Appendix

Questionnaire









CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE STUDY

Project success is basically to gain the research on public procurement act in the execution project Shash(1993) explains that a construction company can either negotiate with the client or use a competitive tendering process to obtain a contract. F.U. and Drew (2002) suggest that competitive tendering is the most common method use for contractor selection.

In competitive tendering process, a client selects a numbers of constructor to tender or not tender. The contractor need to submit an estimated cost to execute the project at hand, if they intend to tender. The client would select the contractor who submitted the best cost for executing the project (Shash 1993, P. 111). Therefore the decision to tender is the first step that contractors need to consider. The are various factors that need to be considered by the contractor in order to make a decision to tender. The decision is highly related to the specific project and macro environment. It is hard to make a decision in a limited time by the management team. The decision generally is made on the basic experience, intuition and guesses. (Egemen and Mohamed 2007, therefore are many researchers that have discovered the factors that affect the tender / no tender process unfortunately, there has not been any similar research project global economic recession, construction related activities are decreased significantly.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE STUDY

The statement of the study are the research design and procurement effect of tendering is a huge challenge in Act for most contractors who seek government contracts in Nigeria. A study conducted by Obuji (2003) in some West African countries, including Nigeria, revealed that some small scale contractor are not favoured during a tendering process by prospective client because, they neglect various factor that affect the success and failures of submitting a tender for a contract. Some contractors do not structure and draft their tenders in an appropriate manner, hence their chance of being contacted is reduced. Construction industry has complexity in its nature because it contains large number of parties as client contractor, consultants, stakeholders, shareholder, regulators and others contraction project in Nigeria suffer from many problem and complex issues in performance because of many reasons and factor. This project is very important to identify and to evaluate the main factor affecting, contractors tenders in construction project in Nigeria. The practices concerning with tenders such as time, cost, project owner satisfaction and safety checklists will be analyzed in order to know the main practical problem of contractors who do not win tenders as well practical solution. In help enhance of our indigenous contractors in Imo State in wining federal government and foreign contract.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION

1 What are the procurement effect project in Nigeria

What are the challenges Act affect Nigeria when submition of project.
What are the factors that affect contractors tender for construction project.




1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The aim of this research is to analyzed and assess the local factors that account for the success or failure of tenders submitted by contractors when applying for a construction project in Imo State. The aim of this research can be broken down into the following objectives.

To assess the factor that affect contractors tenders for construction project.
To identify the challenges faced by contractors when applying for contracts in Nigeria.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research will help contactors become aware of what the factor which need to be considered when they intend to submit tenders for different projects. This research will also provide the information that could be used by any contractor to create a competitive bidding strategy.

This study will also give a dear insight into the various ways in which profit and efficiency from contracts and contracting can be increased and how the challenges facing contract tendering can be properly tackled. The study also give a clear insight into the various factors affecting tenders and their effects on contractor efficiency and chance of winning a contact in Nigeria.

The findings and recommendations of the researcher will help in building a strong and better contract policy and tendering guideline for contractors especially small scale contractors in Imo State other construction companies in Nigeria.

1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY

This research focuses mainly on the assessment of the factors that affect tender for construction project, using construction companies and private contractors in Imo State as case study. Results and recommendations may not be used to generalize other construction companies or contractors in other parts of Nigeria as the researcher could not cover a wider scoped due to financial and time constraints. Based on the finding of this study other possible researchable areas may include studies on the various effect of other aspects of contracts such as contract laws in Nigeria and contract management and control.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The only limitation faced by the researcher in the course of carrying out this study was the delay in getting data from the various respondents.

Most respondents were reluctant in filling questionnaires administered to them due to their busy schedules and nature of their work. The research found it difficult to collect responses form the various respondent and this almost harmper3ed the success of this study.

1.7 DEFINITION OF KEY OR APPLICABLE TERMS

Tender: According to Simmons (2002) a tender to an offer (usually by a contract or a vendor) to take a job or supply goods.
ii Contract: Erikson (2002) defined contract as an agreement that creates on obligation binding upon the parties thereto

the essentials of a contract are as follows:

1) Mutual assent:

2) A legal consideration which in most instances need not be pecuniary.

3) Parties who have legal capacity to make a contract.

4) Absence of proud or duress and

5) A subject matter that is not illegal or against public policy.

iii Contractor: According to Simmons (2002) a contractor referees to an organization or individual that contract with another organization or individual (the owner) for the construction of a building, road or their facility.

iv Construction / projects: In the fields of architecture and civil engineering construction is a process that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure for from being a single activity. Large scale construction is a feat of human multitasking. Normally the job is managed by a project manager and supervised by a construction manager, design execution of a project, effective planning is essential involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider the environmental impact of the job. The successful scheduling, budgeting, constriction site safety, logistics, inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays and building etc Marshall (2001)


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CHAPETR ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of problem

1.3 Objective of the study

1.4 Research Hypotheses

1.5 Significance of the study

1.6 Scope and limitation of the study

1.7 Definition of terms

1.8 Organization of the study

CHAPETR TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW\

CHAPETR THREE

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 sources of data collection

3.3 Population of the study

3.4 Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5 Validation of research instrument

3.6 Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix



Abstract

This study is on value addition as a basis for enhancing productivity in rice production and processing. The total population for the study is 200 staff of selected rice farms in Enugu state. The researcher used questionnaires as the instrument for the data collection. Descriptive Survey research design was adopted for this study. A total of 133 respondents made agronomists, soil scientists, supervisors and farmers were used for the study. The data collected were presented in tables and analyzed using simple percentages and frequencies

















CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1 Background of the study
The struggles of Nigeria farmers in finding ways to increase farm income, interest in “adding value” to raw agricultural products has grown tremendously. The value of farm products can be increased in endless ways: by cleaning and cooling, packaging, processing, distributing, cooking, combining, churning, culturing, grinding, hulling, extracting, drying, smoking, handcrafting, spinning, weaving, labeling, or packaging. According to (Kaplinsky, 2010) value addition means adding value to a raw product by taking it to at least the next stage of production. This can be as simple as retaining ownership of your calves and wintering them on wheat pasture or placing them in a feedlot. Value can be added through membership in a cooperative that processes your products, such
as a cooperative cotton gin. Or, adding value may be as elaborate as going all the way to the consumer with a “case-ready” food product. Hence rice farmers have keen interest in adding value to their rice production and processing so as to enhance the product. Rice is an important staple food in Nigeria. Many Nigerians have developed tastes for polished and size-sorted medium to long-grained rice. Local production of rice has been increasing over the years. Besides offering a higher return, value addition on rice production and processing can open new markets, create recognition for a farm, expand the market season, and make a positive contribution to the community like in the case of Adani in Uzo-Uwani Local Government Area of Enugu state of Nigeria. Though, value addition will enhance productivity in rice production and processing in the area but it is a long-term approach, not a “quick fix.” It requires the willingness and ability to take on risk, as well as adequate capital, management skills, and personal skills such as the ability to interact with the public to succeed (; Kaplinsky and Morris, 2000). Production is the process of transforming certain goods and services known as inputs into other goods and services known as products (Akubiloet al., 2007). It implies a series of processes, techniques, activities or procedures involved in combining resources of land, labour, capitals, water and management to generate useful effect or products. Value on the other hand implies worth, Benefits price or measure of importance. It is a factor of utility. Value can also be seen as the monetary term in which the utility of a product or an item can be explained. Therefore, value addition in the production and processing of rice implies all the activities, processes or strategies and distribution of rice which in one way or the other contribute to benefit/utility maximization (Owoh, 2008). It seeks a careful exploration into all the activities, processes or strategies of operation carried out in the production, processing, packaging and distribution of rice which contribute to the maximization of profit or utility derived from rice.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Neglect of agricultural activities has been a very serious problem affecting both producers and marketers of agricultural produce in the country. This situation appears to be aggravated by government and policy makers who have not considered production and marketing of food crops as serious problems to the economic development of the nation. Nigeria has great potential to greatly enhance productivity in rice production and processing. Nigeria is one of the largest rice producing country in Africa. Though the rice locally produced and processed does not compare the foreign rice product in the market and this has made Nigeria the second world largest importer of rice. This is as a result of poor production and processing of locally produced rice. The application of value addition to rice production and processing will enhance the product. Therefore, the basis for value addition is a necessity for enhancing productivity of rice production and processing.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The broad objective of this study is to study value addition as a basis for enhancing productivity in rice production and processing in Adani, Uzo-Uwani Local Government Area of Enugu state of Nigeria.

The specific objectives are as follow;

Identify the socio-economic factors that affect the respondents in the production and processing of rice.
Determine the available technology that affects value addition in rice business.
Determine the cost and returns involved in rice processing
Examine the various value chains in the production and processing of rice in the area.
Identify the factors that encourage value addition.
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

For the successful completion of the study, the following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher;

H0: there are no socio-economic factors that affect the respondents in the production and processing of rice

.H1: there are socio-economic factors that affect the respondents in the production and processing of rice

H02: there is no available technology that affects value addition in rice business.

H2: there is available technology that affects value addition in rice business.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

From all indication the rate of rice importation is high due to insufficient production and lack of value addition to enhance the productivity of the rice production and processing. The result of this study will enable researcher, government and policy makers to know the problems and constraints that have hindered adequate local rice production, as this will help them to make policies that will tackle this problem. Also the result of this study will educate farmers on the importance of value addition on rice production and processing in order to improve productivity. Furthermore, this study will serve as a useful tool in guiding policy makers and to students who intend to carry out a research on related topic.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers value addition as a basis for enhancing productivity in rice production and processing. The researcher encounters some constrain which limited the scope of the study;

a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) Organizational privacy: Limited Access to the selected auditing firm makes it difficult to get all the necessary and required information concerning the activities.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

ENHANCING: Intensify, increase, or further improve the quality, value, or extent of.

PRODUCTIVITY: Productivity describes various measures of the efficiency of production. A productivity measure is expressed as the ratio of output to inputs used in a production process, i.e. output per unit of input.

PRODUCTION: Production is a process of combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs in order to make something for consumption. It is the act of creating output, a good or service which has value and contributes to the utility of individuals.

PROCESSING: Processing is an open-source computer programming language and integrated development environment built for the electronic arts, new media art, and visual design communities with the purpose of teaching

RICE: Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa or Oryza glaberrima. As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world’s human population, especially in Asia

1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows

Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study


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ABSTRACT

The study was on the relationship between school mapping and access to quality education. The aim is to determine whether school mapping affects access to quality education. The study adopted the cross-sectional survey design and sampled 125 teachers from secondary schools in Kaura and Jemma Local Government Area of kaduna State. The study raised five research questions and two hypothesis data were obtained using a structured questionnaire designed by the researcher. The mean and chi-square were used to analyse the data. Results showed that schools in Kaura and Jema’a have poor school mapping. Also, it was gathered that poverty affects access to quality education. The study recommended that government should ensure that schools are located at trekable distance, also efforts should be made by the government and other individuals to provide infrastructures to quality education. The study therefore concludes that significant relationship exists between school mapping and access to quality education in Kaura and Jema’a Local Government Areas of Kaduna State.



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Quality education is now an issue of global concern. As the Nigerian stakeholder’s attention is increasingly focused on the outcomes of education, policy makers have undertaken a wide range of reforms to improve schools and schooling, ranging from setting new standards and tests to redesigning of schools, new curricula and new instructional strategies. Rising expectations about what students should know and be able to do, break-through in research on how children learn, and the increasing diversity of the student population have all put significant pressure on the knowledge and skill teachers must have to achieve the ambitious goal demanded of public education. That goal is to ensure that children of all backgrounds master a demanding core curriculum and other materials that will prepare them to assume their civic and social responsibilities in a democratic society, and be able to compete within the global economy.

It is expected that educational system will produce the quality and quantity of human resources required for the economy’s growth using the right mix inputs. Ibukun (2009) affirmed that no nation or society can rise above the quality of her education. The immeasurable contribution of education in the development process has left a burning desire in every government to increase access to education for all her citizens. (Ibukun, 2003; Brock, 2006) opined that investigation in basic education and training is an ingredients to human capacity building such capacity, they noted is the foundation needed to realize increased productivity, most importantly technological innovation. The direction of education toward national economic growth and development was an important basic for the introduction of Universal Basic Education (U.B.E) programme. Hence education opportunities and their expansion provide the base for national economic development, Individual economic welfare and also narrows social inequalities by promoting a meritocratic basic for status attainment in which the talented can rise to appropriate position in the economy regardless of social background (Hunnum and Buchmann, 2005).

According to Tolutope (2011) more than 40 years ago, the nations of the world speaking through universal declaration of human rights, asserted that everyone has a right to education. Despite notable efforts by countries around the globe to ensure the right to education for all, the following realities persist: more than one hundred million children have no access to basic schooling; more than nine hundred and sixty million adults, two-thirds of whom are women are illiterate, and functional illiteracy is a significant problem in all countries, industrialized and developing; more than one third of the world’s adults have no access to the printed knowledge, new skills and technologies that could improve the quality of their lives and help them shape and adapt to social and cultural change, and more than one hundred million children and countless adults fail to complete basic education programmes. The world faces daunting problems, notably mounting debt burdens, the threat of economic stagnation and decline, and rapid population growth, widening economic disparities among and within nations, war, occupation, civil strife, violent crime, the preventable deaths of millions of children and widespread environmental degradation. These problems constrain efforts to meet basic learning needs, while the lack of basic education among a significant proportion of the population prevent societies from addressing such problems with strength and purpose.

The World Education Forum (Dakar, Senegal, April 2000) was the first and most important event in education at the dawn of the new century. By adopting the Dakar Frame work for Action, the 1100 participants of the Forum reaffirmed their commitment to achieving Education For All by the year 2015 and entrusted UNESCO with the overall responsibility of coordinating all international players and sustaining the global momentum. The Education for All (EFA) movement is a global commitment to provide quality basic education for all children, youth and adult. At the world education forum (Dakar, 2000) 164 governments pledged to achieve EFA and identified six goals to be made by 2015. Government, development agencies, civil society and the private sector are working together to reach the EFA goals. The Dakar frame work for action mandated UNESCO to coordinate these partners in cooperation with the four other convenors of the Dakar forum (UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF and the World Bank). As the leading agency, UNESCO focuses its activities on five key areas: policy dialogue, monitoring, advocacy, mobilization of funding and capacity development.

The international consultation of Non-Governmental organizations, Dakar (2000) provides the opportunity to take stock of the achievements, the lessons and the failures of the past decade. The most disappointing lessons are that the objectives from Jomtien have not been achieved. Yet for 120 million children right to education is violated everyday, leaving them trapped in poverty. Other children in school lack teachers, class rooms and or books for effecting learning, this means that their education is cut short.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Equalization of education opportunities is a necessary condition to promote faster progress of education. Creation of easy access condition to schools or their alternatives becomes a necessity and essential step toward provision of equal opportunities for secondary schools. However, the distribution of senior secondary schools within the state is not equitable and this has resulted to lack of access to quality education.

School facilities and distribution of same are necessary for effective teaching-learning process (Szuba and Young (2003). Provision and distribution of school facilities are the corporate responsibility of the government and non-governmental organizations. The unending attention which school facilities have continued to receive from scholars in the field of education is a pointer to the necessity for it.

Available literature revealed that facilities are required for various activities of the school programme including extra-curricular activities. Some literature further revealed that the individual schools determine the type and qualities of facility needed. The facilities often needed in schools include, e-learning facilities, chalk board, marker board, classroom apparatus such as wall, charts, maps, writing materials as well as polygraph, offices, laboratories, libraries and other equipment. All of which are necessary for achieving the quality education in schools. Therefore, the thrust of this study put in a question form is that; what is the relationships that exist between school mapping and access to quality education?

1.3 PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between school mapping and access to quality education in Kaura and Jama’a Local Government Areas of Kaduna State. Specifically the study intends to:

Identify the nature of school mapping in the study area.
Examine the extent to which school mapping affect access to quality education in Kaura and Jama’a Local Government Area of Kaduna State.
Identify factors affecting access to quality education in Kaura and Jama’a Local Government Area of Kaduna State.
Identify steps taken by Kaduna State Government to enforce good school mapping.
Examine whether stakeholders in the study area have complied with governments policy on school mapping.
Estimate the relationship between school location as a component of school mapping and access to quality education in Kaura and Jama’a Local Government Area of Kaduna State.
Determine the relationship between distribution of school facilities as a component of school mapping and access to quality education in Kaura and Jama’a Local Government Areas of Kaduna State.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions were formulated to guide the study:

What is the nature of school mapping in Kaura and Jama’a Local Government Areas of Kaduna State?
How does school mapping affect access to quality education in Kaura and Jama’a Local Government Areas of Kaduna State?
What factors affect the access to quality education in the study area?
What measures has Kaduna State Government taken to enforce good school mapping
To what extend has stakeholders in Kaduna State compiled to the policy on school mapping?
What is the relationship between school location as a component of school mapping and access to quality education in Kaura and Jama’a Local Government Areas of Kaduna State?
What is the relationship between distribution of school facilities as a component of school mapping and access to quality education in Kaura and Jama’a Local Government Areas of Kaduna State?
1.5 HYPOTHESES

The following research questions which were tested at 0.05 level of significance were formulated to guide the study.

There is no significant relationship between school mapping and access to quality education in Kaura and Jama’a Local Government Areas of Kaduna State.
The factors that affect access to quality education will not differ between schools in Jema’a and Kaura Local Government Areas.
There is no significant relationship between school location as a component of school mapping and access to quality education in Kaura and Jama’a Local Government Areas of Kaduna State.
There is no significant relationship between distribution of school facilities as a component of school mapping and access to quality education in Kaura and Jama’a Local Government Areas of Kaduna State.
1.6 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

This research becomes necessary as the outcomes would be a guide to the school planners and administrators to be able to identify the extent of the status, distribution or mapping of secondary schools in the state. It is hoped that the findings of this study would help to guide the policy makers and educational managers those things that need to be put in place to make learning attractive.

It is also expected that the findings will also help educationist. The education policy makers are not left out in the scheme of significance of this study. Inter alia, it will help to redirect their policy towards adequate and effective disbursement of funds for the provision of facilities and the need for their distribution when procured. To the school authorities and teachers, it is expected that the study will help to further emphasize the indispensible role of school facilities distribution to accessibility to quality education.

Students have been found guilty of wantonly destroying school facilities, either deliberately or by error of omission. It is expected therefore that this study will help educate the students on the need to jealously maintain facilities because anything contrary to these will have a bounce back effect on them or other students that may come after them. Finally, it will serve as a data bank for further research studies.

1.7 THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

According to Edward (2000), in view of the impact of various physical and socio-economical factors on the pattern of school practices and school mapping, attempts have been made to generalize on school mapping and thus models and theories of school location have been articulated. The most notable is that proposed by Von Thumen in 1926. He made his observations in northern Germany where he owned an estate. His work, The Isolated State was an outcome of his observations and the ensuring generalisations which he argued might apply elsewhere and with similar results.

Von Thumen’s theory started with a number of assumption as follows:- The existence of a single town in the midst of a uniform land surface where there is no disturbance by the physical factors and where transport costs are proportional to distance. Each farmer sells his surplus produce only in the town, take care of transport costs himself and always strive to maximize profits. There is one form of transport, (horse and cart).

The theory is based on the principle of economic rent in which different types of land use produce different net returns per unit area. Thus, commodities which can be grown most profitably near the town considering perishability, bulkiness in relation to transport will be nearer while others will be distributed as distances proportional to the point at which profit can be maximized. Thus Von Thumen evolved a concentric pattern of agricultural land use around the hypothetical town. These are in the distance from the town as follows:-

Market gardening and dairying
Forestry
Intensive crop rotation
Arable and pasture with emphasis on dairy products
three- field crop rotation system and
intensive stock grazing
Market gardening is located closest to the town since it requires the most intensive use of labour. Involves the highest transport costs and produces the most perishable goods. The existence of wood production near the centre of Von Thumen’s rings is explained by the importance of timber as a source of fuel during his time.

Changes in technological development has obviously affected Von Thumen’s original pattern. Transportation has involved, refrigeration has been invented both of which have diminished the perishability factor. Furthermore, there is yearly variation in crop yields which affects returns per unit area. Also the assumption of uniform land surfaces is unrealistic while farmers rarely act rationally, thus when Thumen’s model is applied to real world situations today, it is bound to be distorted. Despite this, the model stood the test of time for a long time. Even today, there are localities within developing countries where the theory is quite relevant to the explanations of school mapping. This theory is relevant to this study because it deals with how schools could be located and facilities distributed to schools in a manner that will minimise cost and to encourage access to education, that is basically the focus of school mapping.



1.8 DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The research has been narrowed to Kaduna state due to time. Even through the research is conducted in Kaura and Jama’a local government respectively, a lot of money is required to carry out a comprehensive research on the topic. The researcher is financially incapacitated to run around for the purpose of collection of information. The cost of research materials has slowed down the study. The researcher was able to collect enough data from the study areas which provide the basis to draw up tangible conclusion and far reaching recommendations.

1.9 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

School Mapping:-It is a process of identifying the educational needs of a community through investigation and survey exercise. Normally an exercise which is undertaken usually after a survey of all existing facilities, like school building (i.e. availability of classrooms, laboratories, lavatories, drinking water facilities etc.) library, library books, teachers, equipment, consumable stores, availability of schools in habitations/villages, etc. so that the deficiencies are pin-pointed for taking corrective measures.

Access to education: is the opportunity to participate in education sector.

Quality: The degree at which education is acquired by an individual. This implies the ability or degree with which an educational system conforms to the established standard and appropriateness of the inputs available for the delivery of the system.


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ABSTRACT

In the public procurement system in Nigeria has over the years been abused leading to cost inflation, delay in project delivery, poor quality of work, and project abandonment. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of the due process policy on construction projects delivery in Nigeria. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire distributed to 52 random selections of constructing, consulting and public organizations operating in Lagos Nigeria. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The result shows that due process policy has a very positive impact in Niger’s procurement terrain. Adherence to due process proceedings had highest impact on cost savings, prequalification of contractors and detailed project design, quality of project delivery, and project duration. The study serve as a feedback to the construction stakeholders in Nigeria and contains useable information for optimizing the existing due process mechanism to enhance not only probity, accountability, transparency and competition in public contract awards, but also the policy’s resultant effects on quality of executed projects, delivery-on-budget and time considerations.























TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Approval ……………………………………………………………………………i

Dedication …………………………………………………………..……………iii

Acknowledgment …………………………………………………………………iv

Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………v

Table of contents …………………………………………………………………vi

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction …………………………………………………………………1

1.1 Background to the study …………………………………………………….1

1.2 Statement of problem ………………………………………………….……3

1.3 Research question

1.4 Purpose of study …………………………………………………………….4

1.5 Significance of the study ……………………………………………………5

1.6 Scope of the study …………………………………………………..………6

1.7 Definition of terms …………………………………………………………6

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Review of Related Literature ………………………………………………8

2.1 The concept of cash flow



CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 Research design

3.2 Description of population

3.3 Method of data collection

3.4 Sample size

3.5 instrument for Data collection

3.6 Validation of the instrument

3.7 Distribution and Retrieva

3.8 Method of Data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

Presentation of data and Analysis

CHAPTER 5

5.0 Discussion of findings, conclusion and

5.1 Summary of findings

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendation

5.4 Limitation of the study

5.5 Suggestion for further research

References

Appendix

Questionnaire









CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE STUDY

Project success is basically to gain the research on public procurement act in the execution project Shash(1993) explains that a construction company can either negotiate with the client or use a competitive tendering process to obtain a contract. F.U. and Drew (2002) suggest that competitive tendering is the most common method use for contractor selection.

In competitive tendering process, a client selects a numbers of constructor to tender or not tender. The contractor need to submit an estimated cost to execute the project at hand, if they intend to tender. The client would select the contractor who submitted the best cost for executing the project (Shash 1993, P. 111). Therefore the decision to tender is the first step that contractors need to consider. The are various factors that need to be considered by the contractor in order to make a decision to tender. The decision is highly related to the specific project and macro environment. It is hard to make a decision in a limited time by the management team. The decision generally is made on the basic experience, intuition and guesses. (Egemen and Mohamed 2007, therefore are many researchers that have discovered the factors that affect the tender / no tender process unfortunately, there has not been any similar research project global economic recession, construction related activities are decreased significantly.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE STUDY

The statement of the study are the research design and procurement effect of tendering is a huge challenge in Act for most contractors who seek government contracts in Nigeria. A study conducted by Obuji (2003) in some West African countries, including Nigeria, revealed that some small scale contractor are not favoured during a tendering process by prospective client because, they neglect various factor that affect the success and failures of submitting a tender for a contract. Some contractors do not structure and draft their tenders in an appropriate manner, hence their chance of being contacted is reduced. Construction industry has complexity in its nature because it contains large number of parties as client contractor, consultants, stakeholders, shareholder, regulators and others contraction project in Nigeria suffer from many problem and complex issues in performance because of many reasons and factor. This project is very important to identify and to evaluate the main factor affecting, contractors tenders in construction project in Nigeria. The practices concerning with tenders such as time, cost, project owner satisfaction and safety checklists will be analyzed in order to know the main practical problem of contractors who do not win tenders as well practical solution. In help enhance of our indigenous contractors in Imo State in wining federal government and foreign contract.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION

1 What are the procurement effect project in Nigeria

What are the challenges Act affect Nigeria when submition of project.
What are the factors that affect contractors tender for construction project.




1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The aim of this research is to analyzed and assess the local factors that account for the success or failure of tenders submitted by contractors when applying for a construction project in Imo State. The aim of this research can be broken down into the following objectives.

To assess the factor that affect contractors tenders for construction project.
To identify the challenges faced by contractors when applying for contracts in Nigeria.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research will help contactors become aware of what the factor which need to be considered when they intend to submit tenders for different projects. This research will also provide the information that could be used by any contractor to create a competitive bidding strategy.

This study will also give a dear insight into the various ways in which profit and efficiency from contracts and contracting can be increased and how the challenges facing contract tendering can be properly tackled. The study also give a clear insight into the various factors affecting tenders and their effects on contractor efficiency and chance of winning a contact in Nigeria.

The findings and recommendations of the researcher will help in building a strong and better contract policy and tendering guideline for contractors especially small scale contractors in Imo State other construction companies in Nigeria.

1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY

This research focuses mainly on the assessment of the factors that affect tender for construction project, using construction companies and private contractors in Imo State as case study. Results and recommendations may not be used to generalize other construction companies or contractors in other parts of Nigeria as the researcher could not cover a wider scoped due to financial and time constraints. Based on the finding of this study other possible researchable areas may include studies on the various effect of other aspects of contracts such as contract laws in Nigeria and contract management and control.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The only limitation faced by the researcher in the course of carrying out this study was the delay in getting data from the various respondents.

Most respondents were reluctant in filling questionnaires administered to them due to their busy schedules and nature of their work. The research found it difficult to collect responses form the various respondent and this almost harmper3ed the success of this study.

1.7 DEFINITION OF KEY OR APPLICABLE TERMS

Tender: According to Simmons (2002) a tender to an offer (usually by a contract or a vendor) to take a job or supply goods.
ii Contract: Erikson (2002) defined contract as an agreement that creates on obligation binding upon the parties thereto

the essentials of a contract are as follows:

1) Mutual assent:

2) A legal consideration which in most instances need not be pecuniary.

3) Parties who have legal capacity to make a contract.

4) Absence of proud or duress and

5) A subject matter that is not illegal or against public policy.

iii Contractor: According to Simmons (2002) a contractor referees to an organization or individual that contract with another organization or individual (the owner) for the construction of a building, road or their facility.

iv Construction / projects: In the fields of architecture and civil engineering construction is a process that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure for from being a single activity. Large scale construction is a feat of human multitasking. Normally the job is managed by a project manager and supervised by a construction manager, design execution of a project, effective planning is essential involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider the environmental impact of the job. The successful scheduling, budgeting, constriction site safety, logistics, inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays and building etc Marshall (2001).


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