What is Hernia?
A hernia happens when an internal organ or tissue in the body protrudes (bulges) through a soft or weak point that houses it. When left untreated a hernia may lead to a series of other complications. For instance, hiatal may result in other symptoms like severe acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

It is important to note that Some forms of hernia may require surgical treatment while others may require medications and other non-invasive procedures but this only depends on the severity and should only be determined after proper examination at the hospital.

What are the types of Hernia?
Certain types of Hernia are gender-specific that is to say there are some that will only affect men whilst there are also some Hernias that will only affect women. Hernias may also be grouped as congenital (present from birth) or acquired over time due to various factors.

Inguinal Hernias: These often occur in the lower abdomen very close to the pubic area. They occur as a result of the weakening of the internal inguinal ring.

Femoral Hernias: They are also known as Groin hernias and are more likely to occur in women though a small percentage of men may also experience it. A weakness in the lower groin causes the intestinal sac to slip out of position. Once this is diagnosed, immediate repair surgery is highly recommended to prevent any further complications.

Hiatal Hernias: They are caused as a result of the weakness in the muscle which separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. This form of hernia may lead to acid reflux into the oesophagus from the stomach.

Umbilical Hernias: [/b]They are caused when a section of the intestine passes through the abdominal wall near the navel. it mostly affects newborn children.

[b]Hernia symptoms
Symptoms may vary with respect to the type and location of the hernia. For instance, in the case of a hernia occurring within the stomach cavity, you may experience symptoms like distension in the abdomen, tenderness, abdominal pains and discomfort in the abdomen, ulcers, bleeding, and narrowing of the oesophagus. while in the case of inguinal hernia, a person may experience pains and discomfort in the groin region.

However, the most general symptoms that may be a cause for concern are;

-An unsual distension (protusion)

-abnormal swelling

-tenderness in the area of concern

-unusual discomforts within the area

What causes Hernia?
Hernias are mainly caused by a loosening, weakening and in most cases opening of the muscle that houses a particular organ/tissue causing them to push through the weak spot. Some are usually congenital (present at birth) while others occur later in life.

Hernia treatment in Nigeria
Surgery can repair a hernia by taking the organ or tissue back into position. The surgical procedure may typically also involve surgically reconstructing or eliminating hernial sacs.
Please note that not everyone who has a hernia requires surgery. However, this can only be determined after a proper check and advisory from the hospital.

The best treatment option would depend on the type of hernia, size and location. Similarly, the Patient may also be able to opt for any of the treatment options after all the necessary factors have been taken into consideration.

There are 3 main types of hernia treatment which includes;

open surgery repair

laparoscopic hernia repair

robotic repair

Please note that they are all done under general anesthesia so you have nothing to worry about. Upon consultation, you will be able to fully discuss and explore all available treatment options.

Open surgery for Hernia treatment
Open surgery repair typically involves a surgical procedure wherein an incision is made and the hernia sac which contains the bulging tissue or organ is identified and put back in place after the soft spots/ walls are carefully lined with artificial meshes that promote strengthening of the soft spots that induced the distension/ bulge and promotes healing in the area.

Hernia treatment without surgery (Laparoscopy)
Laparoscopic hernia surgery/ repair involves the use of laparoscopic or simply put very thin instruments through the umbilicus Guided by a laparoscope which transmits images of the internal organs to a monitor, to locate and repair the hernia. it is usually less invasive and painful. In a laparoscopic repair, recovery is faster.

Robotic repair for Hernia treatment
Robotic repair is a recently developed procedure for hernia repair and is the least invasive option. It is very similar to laparoscopic surgery and very tiny to no incisions will be made. But unlike the Laparoscopic repair that uses two-dimensional imaging (2D) imaging, it employs more advanced three-dimensional (3D) imaging.

How to prevent Hernia
Some hernias are congenital which means that they may have been present since the birth of the individual but generally, adopting healthy lifestyle modifications can help one to prevent the possible occurrence of a hernia. Some of the ways to prevent hernia include;

Balanced intake of fruits and vegetables

Avoiding exercises that can make one susceptible to heavy coughs e.g smoking

See a Doctor when you experience persistent coughs and sneezing

Avoid consuming excess whole-grain meals

Maintain an ideal body weight through exercising and diets

Avoid extremely strenuous activities and lifting very heavy weight materials beyond your body size and form.

How much is Hernia surgery cost in Nigeria?
Surgery costs would usually depend on a combination of factors which include;

1. Type of surgery required

2. Age and gender of patient

3. Location and size of the Hernia

4. Location of Patient/ Choice Hospital

5. Experience of Surgeon

6. Aftercare/ post-op packages

Atrioventricular canal defect is a combination of heart problems causing a defect in the centre of the heart. The condition happens when there’s a hole between the heart’s chambers and problems with the valves that regulate blood flow in the heart.

Sometimes referred to as endocardial cushion defect or atrioventricular septal defect, atrioventricular canal defect is present at birth (congenital). The situation is often related to Down syndrome.

Atrioventricular canal defect allows more blood to go to the lungs. The extra blood pressures the heart to overwork, making the heart muscle enlarge.

If not treated, atrioventricular canal defects can lead to heart failure and high blood pressure in the lungs. Doctors usually recommend surgery during the first year of life to cover the hole in the heart and to reconstruct the valves.

Symptoms of Atrioventricular canal defect
Atrioventricular canal defect is divided into partial and complete. In any of the two, extra blood circulates in the lungs.

Complete atrioventricular canal defect
Signs and symptoms generally develop in the first several weeks of birth. These include:

Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing

Wheezing

Fatigue

Poor weight gain

Excessive sweating

Irregular or rapid heartbeat

Lack of appetite

Pale skin colour

Bluish discoloration of the lips and skin

Partial atrioventricular canal defect
Signs may not be noticed until early adulthood and might be related to problems that develop as a result of the defect. These signs and symptoms might include:

Abnormal heartbeat (arrhythmia)

Heart failure

Shortness of breath

High blood pull in the lungs (pulmonary hypertension)

Heart valve issues

The normal-functioning heart
The right side of your heart moves blood into vessels that go to the lungs. There, oxygen enriches the blood. The oxygen-rich blood flows back to your heart’s left side and is pumped into a large vessel (aorta) that circulates blood to every part of the body of your body.

Valves manage the flow of blood in and out of the chambers of your heart. These valves give way to allow blood to move to the other chamber or to one of the arteries, and close to keep blood from flowing backwards.

What occurs in atrioventricular canal defect
In partial atrioventricular canal defect:

There’s a hole in the wall (septum) that divides the higher chambers (atria) of the heart.

Sometimes the valve between the upper and lower left chambers (mitral valve) also has a defect that makes it leak (mitral valve regurgitation).

In complete atrioventricular canal defect:

There’s a large hole in the centre of the heart the place the walls between the atria and the lower chambers (ventricles) meet.

Instead of different valves on the right and left, there’s one large valve between the upper and lower chambers.

The abnormal valve drips blood into the ventricles.

The heart is pressured to work harder and enlarges.

Risk factors
Factors that may enlarge a baby’s risk of developing atrioventricular canal defect prior to birth include:

Down syndrome

Smoking when pregnant

German measles (rubella) or every other viral illness during a mother’s early pregnancy

Alcohol intake during pregnancy

Poorly controlled diabetes throughout pregnancy

Certain medications taken when pregnant — discuss with your doctor before taking any drugs while you’re pregnant or trying to become pregnant

Someone whose parent had a congenital heart defect

Complications
Complications of atrioventricular canal defect may include:

Enlargement of the heart. Increased blood goes with the flow through the heart pressuring it to work harder than normal, making it enlarge.

Pulmonary hypertension. When there is a hole (defect) that allows the mixing of oxygenated (red) and deoxygenated (blue) blood, the amount of blood that flows to the lungs is increased. This results in pressure buildup in the lungs, resulting in high blood pressure in the lungs.

Respiratory tract infections. Atrioventricular canal defects can cause intermittent bouts of lung infections.

Heart failure. If not treated, atrioventricular canal defect generally results in the heart’s inability to pump enough blood to meet the body’s requirements.

Complications later in life
Treatment highly improves the outlook for children with atrioventricular canal defects. Nevertheless, some children who have corrective surgery may be at risk later in life of:

Narrowing of the heart valves
Abnormal heart rhythm
Leaky heart valves
Breathing difficulties associated with lung damage

Common signs and symptoms and symptoms of these complications include:
Rapid, fluttering heartbeat

Shortness of breath

Fatigue

Prevention
Atrioventricular canal defects typically can’t be prevented.

Heredity may additionally play a role in some heart defects. If you have a family history of heart defects or if you already have a child with a congenital heart defect, discuss it with a genetic counsellor and a cardiologist before getting pregnant again.

Immunization with rubella vaccine has been one of the most effective preventive methods against congenital heart defects.

Colectomy is a surgical procedure done to remove all or part of the colon. The aim of this surgery is to remove diseased sections of your large intestine. The large intestine is also known as the large bowel or the colon.

During this surgery, your doctor removes the diseased parts of your colon and then reconnects the healthy parts. Your doctor may perform a colostomy if there’s not enough healthy intestine after surgery.

Why do I need a Colectomy?
A colectomy may be necessary to treat conditions such as:

Colon cancer
Intestinal blockages caused by scar tissue or tumours.
Diverticulitis, which is a disease of the large intestine.
Precancerous polyps
Infection
Bleeding in the intestines
Volvulus, which is an abnormal twisting of the bowel.
Ulcerative colitis, which is a type of bowel inflammation.
Intussusception, which occurs when one part of your intestine slides into another part of your intestine.

Risks associated with Colectomy
All types of surgery have some risks. These risks can include:

Infection
Bleeding
Heart attack or stroke.
Blood clots
Difficulty breathing.
Pneumonia
Damage to nearby structures.
The risks that are specific to colectomy include:

Bleeding inside the abdomen.
An incisional hernia, which happens when tissue comes through the surgical cut.
Damage to the bladder or nearby organs.
Scar tissue
Dehiscence, which is an opening of a surgical wound.
Problems with the colostomy such as skin irritation.
There are also risks associated with general anesthesia such as reactions to medication and breathing difficulties.

How do I prepare for a colectomy?
At least two weeks before surgery, inform your doctor about all the medications you’re taking, including supplements such as vitamins and herbs. You should also tell them about any recent illnesses including any colds, flu, or herpes breakouts.

Before the surgical procedure, your doctor may need you to:

Stop taking blood-thinning drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil), naproxen or warfarin.
Stop smoking
Drink plenty of water
Eat foods high in fibre
A few days before you have a colectomy, you may need to:

Take laxatives to help you empty your bowels.
Have an enema to clear your colon.
Drink only clear liquids like water, clear juice and broth.
On the day of the surgical procedure, follow your doctor’s instructions. You may need to refrain from eating or drinking anything for 12 hours prior to the surgery.

How is a colectomy performed?
You’ll receive general anaesthesia before the surgery starts. This will keep you asleep during the surgical procedure. It will also keep you from feeling pain. Your doctor may do a laparoscopic or open colectomy.

In a laparoscopic colectomy, your doctor uses a camera to get a clear view of your intestines. The surgery is done through a series of small incisions. It’s less invasive than open surgery.

In an open colectomy, your doctor makes a large incision in your abdomen to see the bowel directly.

The basic structure of both surgical procedures is the same. The doctor accesses your bowel using one or more incisions and takes out the diseased or damaged bowel. The remaining bowel is stapled or sewn together. This is known as an anastomosis. Your doctor will also perform a colostomy if needed. They’ll then stitch the incision. In some cases, your doctor may also need to remove other organs during the surgery.

What happens after a colectomy?
You’ll normally stay in the hospital for three to seven days. You may need to stay in the hospital longer if you develop complications. You may also need to stay longer if you have a more serious underlying health problem.

You’ll have to follow specific instructions about how to eat after the surgical procedure. You’re normally able to drink clear liquids by the second or third day. As you heal, you’ll be able to take thicker fluids and eat soft foods. A full recovery may take about two months.

What is the long-term outlook?
Most people who have colectomy make a full recovery. You may have to use a colostomy bag temporarily. You may also need a permanent colostomy. A colostomy doesn’t usually stop you from doing the activities you enjoy.

You may need constant medical care if you have a chronic bowel condition, such as cancer, Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis.

Atrial septal defect (ASDs) is a type of congenital heart disease where there is a hole in the wall that separates the two upper chambers (atria) of the heart, called the atrial septum.

The hole present allows oxygenated blood from the left atrium to mix with deoxygenated blood from the right atrium, leading to a reduction in the amount of oxygenated blood that reaches the rest of the body. The consequence is an increased workload on the right side of the heart and eventually, a heart failure.

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a type of congenital heart defect that affects a large number of people worldwide. Small ASDs usually don’t need treatment. Larger ones may require percutaneous (nonsurgical) repair or surgery to lower the risk of serious complications.

What are the causes of atrial septal Defects?
This results in blood flowing from one atrium to the other, leading to an increased volume of blood in the right atrium and lungs.

Causes of atrial septal defects are generally divided into two categories: genetic and environmental.

Genetic causes include:

Chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Patau syndrome.
Inherited genetic conditions such as Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Dietz syndrome, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
Mutations in specific genes such as TBX5 and GATA4
Environmental causes include:

Exposure to certain medications or chemicals during pregnancy, such as alcohol, tobacco, and certain prescription drugs.
Maternal illnesses such as rubella, lupus, and diabetes.
Low birth weight or premature birth

What are the symptoms of an Atrial Septal Defect?
Usually, babies born with atrial septal defects (ASDs) do not show signs or symptoms. When signs and symptoms do appear, a heart murmur is a very common one. Other symptoms include;

Fatigue (tiredness)
Easily getting tired during physical activity
Shortness of breath
A collection of blood and fluid in the lungs
The presence of accumulated fluid in the feet, ankles, and legs

How are atrial septal defects diagnosed?
A physical examination is done to check the heart’s structure and function. Additionally, some series of tests are conducted. These tests to diagnose atrial septal defects include:

Electrocardiography (ECG/EKG): An ECG shows your heart’s electrical activity. It can reveal if you have an arrhythmia or other problems related to your heart’s electrical system.

Chest X-ray: This test will show if your right atrium and right ventricle are enlarged. It’ll also show if the blood vessels in your lungs are affected.

Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE): This test shows how the left-to-right shunting of blood (caused by ASD) affects your heart. It can also show details related to pulmonary hypertension.

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE): A TEE is an ultrasound taken through your oesophagus. It shows the size, shape and location of an ASD. It can also check your heart valves. TEE is often used during ASD surgery and percutaneous repair.

Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE): This is an ultrasound taken inside your heart. A tiny camera (echo probe) is sent to your heart through a peripheral vein. This test shows the size and shape of the ASD and the direction of the blood flow across it. It’s often used during percutaneous (nonsurgical) repair of ASD.

How is Atrial Septal Defect treated?
Regular checkups are performed to see if an Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) closes on its own. About half of all ASDs close on their own with time, and about 20 percent close within the first year of life.

There are several treatment options for ASDs, depending on the size and severity of the defect, as well as the patient's overall health and age.

Watchful waiting: For smaller ASDs that cause no symptoms or only mild symptoms, a wait-and-see approach may be appropriate. In these cases, regular check-ups with a cardiologist can monitor the defect and ensure it is not getting worse.
Medications: In some cases, medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, or rapid heartbeat.
Catheter-based closure: This is a minimally invasive procedure that uses a catheter to close the defect. A small device is inserted through a vein in the leg and guided to the heart to seal the ASD.
Open-heart surgery: For larger or more complex ASDs, open-heart surgery may be necessary. During this procedure, the surgeon will make an incision in the chest and repair the defect directly.

Open-Heart Surgery in Nigeria
Open-heart surgery generally is performed to repair primum or sinus venosus ASDs. This procedure is performed under general anesthesia and typically takes 2 to 4 hours to complete. During the surgery, a large incision is made in the chest, and the heart is temporarily stopped to allow the surgeon to access the septum and repair the hole.

What happens during open heart surgery

The specific method to repair atrial septal defects during open heart surgery depends on the size and location of the hole. For small defects, the surgeon may simply sew the hole closed. For larger defects, a patch may be used to cover the hole. After the repair is complete, the heart is restarted and the incision is closed.

What is the recovery process after atrial septal defects surgery?
The outlook for children after ASD procedure is excellent. Typically, children spend 3 to 4 days in the hospital before going home. Complications, such as bleeding and infection, from ASD surgery are very uncommon.

Some children may notice inflammation of the outer lining of the heart, a condition called pericarditis (PER-i-kar-DI-tis). This leads to fluid collection around the heart in the weeks after surgery. This complication of heart surgery normally resolves with medicine.

While in the hospital, your child will be given medicines as required to reduce pain or anxiety. The doctors and nurses at the hospital will show you how to care for your child at home.

They will discuss preventing blows to the chest as the incision heals, reducing activity while your child recovers, bathing, scheduling follow-up medical appointments, and deciding when your child can return to his or her normal activities.

Living With atrial septal defects (ASDs)
The outlook for children who have atrial septal defects (ASDs) is excellent. Advances in treatment allow most children who have these heart defects to live normal, active, and productive lives with no decrease in lifespan.

Most children who have these defects need no special care or only periodic checkups with a cardiologist (a heart specialist) as they go through life.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
How can atrial septal defects be prevented?

Atrial septal defects cannot be prevented as it is a congenital heart condition, meaning it is present at birth and cannot be prevented by any means. However, early detection and proper management can help reduce the risk of complications and improve the quality of life for those with the condition.

Is Atrial Septal Defect a common heart condition in Nigeria?

ASD is one of the most common congenital heart defects worldwide, including in Nigeria. It is often diagnosed in childhood, but some cases may go undetected until adulthood.

Is Atrial Septal Defect treatment always necessary?

The necessity of treatment for ASD depends on the size of the defect and the presence of symptoms. Small Atrial septal defects may close on their own, but moderate to large defects or those causing symptoms often require intervention.

Is Atrial Septal Defect treatment safe in Nigeria?

Atrial septal defect treatment, typically through cardiac catheterization or open-heart surgery, is well-established and considered safe when performed by experienced pediatric or adult cardiac surgeons in Nigeria.

Can adults have Atrial Septal Defects?

Yes, adults can have undiagnosed ASDs that are discovered later in life. These cases are typically managed by adult congenital heart specialists.

What is the prognosis for individuals with ASD?

The prognosis for individuals with ASD is generally good, especially when diagnosed and treated early. Many people with treated ASDs go on to lead healthy lives.

A Heart bypass surgery is to create a new route, known as a bypass, for oxygen and blood to go around a blockage to reach the heart muscles.

Surgery Time
This surgery can take 4 to 6 hours. After the surgery, the patient is taken to the intensive care unit(ICU).

Anesthesia Type
General Anesthesia

Description
Once the patient is under anaesthesia, the heart surgeon will make an 8 to 10-inch surgical incision in the middle of the patient’s chest. The patient’s breastbone is separated to create an opening. This permits the patient’s surgeon to see the patient’s heart and aorta, the major blood vessel leading from the heart to the rest of the patient’s body.

Most patients who undergo coronary artery bypass surgery are put on a heart-lung bypass machine or bypass pump.
• The patient’s heart is stopped while the patient is connected to this machine.
• The heart-lung machine does the work of the patient’s heart and lungs whilst the patient’s heart is stopped for the surgery.

Another kind of bypass surgery which does not use the heart-lung machine and is done while the patient’s heart is still beating is known as off-pump coronary artery bypass or OPCAB.

To create the bypass graft:
• The surgeon may take a vein or artery from other parts of the patient’s body and use it to make a detour (or graft) around the blocked area in the patient’s artery. The patient’s surgeon can also use a vein known as the saphenous vein, from the patient’s leg.
• A blood vessel in the patient’s chest, known as the inside mammary artery (IMA), can also be used as the graft.
• Other arteries can additionally be used for grafts in bypass surgery. The most common one is the radial artery in the patient’s wrist.

After the graft has been created, the patient’s breastbone will be closed with wires. These wires stay inside the patient. The surgical incision is then shut with stitches.

Need for Heart Bypass surgery
The patient might need this surgery if he has a blockage in one or more of his coronary arteries. Coronary arteries are the vessels that supply a patient’s heart with oxygen and nutrients.

When one or more of the coronary arteries develop partly or complete blockage, the patient’s heart muscles no longer get adequate blood. This is also known as ischemic heart disease, or coronary artery Disease (CAD). It can develop chest pains (angina).

Coronary artery bypass surgery can be used to improve blood flow to a patient’s heart.
coronary artery Disease (CAD) is distinct from patient to patient. The way it is diagnosed and handled also varies. Heart bypass surgery is one such surgical treatment.

After the Heart bypass surgery
After the surgery, the Patient will spend three to seven days in the hospital. Patient generally spends the first day in an intensive care unit (ICU). The patient then is moved to the ward or transitional care room for further recovery.

Risks
Risks associated with any surgery include:

• Bleeding
• Infection
• Death

Risks associated with Coronary bypass include:

• Infection, which includes chest wound infection, the occurrence of such is high in obese, diabetic or such patients who have already undergone surgery.

• Heart attack
• Stroke
• Heart rhythm problems
• Kidney failure
• Lung failure
• Depression and mood swings
• Low fever, tiredness, and chest pain, together known as a postpericardiotomy syndrome, which can last up to 6 months
• Memory loss, loss of mental clarity, or “fuzzy thinking”

Prognosis (Outlook)
Recovery from coronary bypass surgery takes time. Patients may not see the full advantages of surgery for three to six months. In most people who have heart bypass surgery, the grafts remain open and work well for many years.

A bone marrow transplant is a procedure to replace damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy bone marrow stem cells.

Bone marrow is the soft, spongy, fatty tissue inside your bones. The bone marrow produces blood cells. Stem cells are immature cells in the bone marrow that produce all of your different blood cells.

Description
Before the transplant, chemotherapy or radiation may be given.

This may be performed in two ways:

Ablative (myeloablative) treatment. High doses of chemotherapy and radiation are given to destroy any cancer cells. This also destroys all healthy bone marrow that remains and allows new stem cells to grow in the bone marrow.

Reduced intensity treatment, also called a mini transplant. Lower doses of chemotherapy and radiation are given before a bone marrow transplant. This allows older people and those with other health issues to have a transplant.

There are 3 types of bone marrow transplants:

Autologous bone marrow transplant. The word “auto” means self. Stem cells are taken from you before you receive high-dose chemotherapy or radiation treatment. The stem cells are stored in a freezer. After high-dose chemotherapy or radiation treatments, your stem cells are returned back to your body to make normal blood cells. This is called a rescue transplant.

Allogeneic bone marrow transplant. The term “allo” means other. Stem cells are taken from another person, called a donor. Most times, the donor's genes must at least partially match your genes. Special tests are done to see if a donor is a good match for you. A brother or sister is most likely to be a good match. At times parents, children, and other relatives are good matches. Donors who are not related to you, yet still match, can be found through national bone marrow registries.

Umbilical cord blood transplant. This is a type of allogeneic transplant. Stem cells are taken from a newborn baby's umbilical cord right after birth. The stem cells are frozen and stored until they are required for a transplant. Umbilical cord blood cells are very immature so there is little or no need for perfect matching. Due to the smaller number of stem cells, blood counts take longer to recover.

A stem cell transplant is normally done after chemotherapy and radiation is complete. The stem cells are delivered into your bloodstream typically through a tube called a central venous catheter. The process is like getting a blood transfusion. The stem cells pass through the blood and into the bone marrow. Most times, no surgery is needed.

Donor stem cells can be gotten in 2 ways:

Bone marrow harvest. This minor surgery is done under general anaesthesia. This means the donor will be asleep and pain-free during the surgical procedure. The bone marrow is taken from the back of both hip bones. The amount of marrow taken out depends on the weight of the person who is receiving it.

Leukapheresis. First, the donor is given several days of shots to aid stem cells in moving from the bone marrow into the blood. During leukapheresis, blood is taken from the donor through an IV line. The part of white blood cells that has stem cells is then separated in a machine and removed to be later given to the recipient. The red blood cells are returned back to the donor.

Why the Procedure is Performed
A bone marrow transplant replaces bone marrow that is either not working well or has been destroyed by chemotherapy or radiation. Doctors believe that for many cancers, the donor's white blood cells may attack any lingering cancer cells, similar to when white blood cells attack bacteria or viruses when fighting an infection.

Your doctor may recommend a bone marrow transplant if you have:

Certain cancers, such as leukaemia, lymphoma, myelodysplasia, or multiple myeloma.
A disease that affects the production of bone marrow cells, such as aplastic anaemia, congenital neutropenia, severe immune system illnesses, sickle cell anaemia, or thalassemia.

Risks
A bone marrow transplant may cause the following symptoms:

Chest pain
Drop in blood pressure
Fever, chills, flushing
Funny taste in the mouth
Headache
Hives
Nausea
Pain
Shortness of breath

Possible complications of a bone marrow transplant depend on many things, including:

The disease you are being treated for
Whether you had chemotherapy or radiation before the bone marrow transplant and the dosages of such treatments
Your age
Your overall health
How good of a match your donor was
The type of bone marrow transplant you received (autologous, allogeneic, or umbilical cord blood)

Complications may include:

Anemia
Bleeding in the lungs, intestines, brain, and other areas of the body
Cataracts
Clotting in the small veins of the liver
Damage to the kidneys, liver, lungs, and heart
Delayed growth in children who receive a bone marrow transplant
Early menopause
Graft failure, which means that the new cells do not settle into the body and start producing stem cells
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), is a condition in which the donor cells attack your own body
Infections, which can be very serious
Inflammation and soreness in the mouth, throat, oesophagus, and stomach, called mucositis
Pain
Stomach problems, including diarrhoea, nausea, and vomiting

Before the Procedure
Your doctor will ask about your medical history and do a physical exam. You will have many tests before treatment begins.

Before the transplant, you will have one or two tubes known as catheters, inserted into a blood vessel in your neck or arms. This tube allows you to receive treatments, fluids, and at times nutrition. It is also used to draw blood.

Your doctor will likely discuss the emotional stress of having a bone marrow transplant. You may want to meet with a counsellor. It is necessary you talk to your family and children to help them understand what to expect.

You will need to make plans to help you prepare for the procedure and handle tasks after your transplant:

Complete an advance care directive
Arrange medical leave from work
Take care of bank or financial statements
Arrange care of pets
Arrange for someone to help with household chores
Confirm health insurance coverage
Pay bills
Arrange for care of your children
Find housing for yourself or your family near the hospital, if needed

After the Procedure
A bone marrow transplant is usually done in a hospital that specializes in such treatment. Most of the time, you stay in a special bone marrow transplant unit in the hospital. This is to reduce your chance of getting an infection.

Depending on the treatment and where it is done, all or part of an autologous or allogeneic transplant may be performed as an outpatient. This means you do not have to remain in the hospital overnight.

How long you stay in the hospital depends on:

How much chemotherapy or radiation you received
The type of transplant
Your medical centre's procedures
While you are in the hospital:

The healthcare team will closely monitor your blood count and vital signs.
You will receive medicines to prevent GVHD and prevent or treat infections, including antibiotics, antifungals, and antiviral medicine.
You will likely need many blood transfusions.
You will be fed through a vein (IV) until you can eat by mouth and stomach side effects and mouth sores have gone away.
After you leave the hospital, be sure to follow instructions on how to care for yourself at home.

Outlook (Prognosis)
How well you do after the transplant depends on:

The type of bone marrow transplant
How well do the donor's cells match yours
What type of cancer or illness do you have
Your age and overall health
The type and dosage of chemotherapy or radiation therapy you had before your transplant
Any complications you may have
A bone marrow transplant may completely or partially cure your illness. If the transplant is a success, you can return to most of your normal activities as soon as you feel well enough. Usually, it takes up to one year to recover completely, depending on what complications occur.

Complications or failure of the bone marrow transplant can result in death.

Ventricular Septal Defect
A ventral septal defect, popularly referred to as a ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole or defect between your heart’s lower chambers or ventricles. The defect can happen anywhere in the muscle that divides the two sides of the heart.

There are different types of VSDs. Smaller defects may close without any treatment and will not result in any long-term effects. Defects that don’t close on their own can normally be repaired by surgery.

Symptoms of a Ventricular Septal Defect
In some children, VSDs do not show any symptoms. If the hole in their heart is small, there may be no indications of the problem.

When there are symptoms, they generally include:

Difficulty breathing

Pale skin coloration

Frequent respiratory infections

Rapid breathing

A bluish skin colour, particularly on the lips and fingernails

It’s also often hard for babies with a VSD to gain weight, and they may be having profuse sweating at the time of feeding. All of these symptoms can be very dangerous and if your baby or child develops any of these symptoms, contact your doctor without delay.

What Are the Causes of Ventricular Septal Defects?
The most general cause of a VSD is a congenital heart defect, which is a defect from birth. Some people are born with holes already existing in their hearts. They may have no symptoms and take years to diagnose.

An uncommon cause of a VSD is severe blunt trauma to the chest. For instance, a serious car accident with repeated, direct or forceful trauma to the chest may cause a VSD.

Risk Factors for Ventricular Septal Defect
VSDs regularly occur at the same time as other birth defects. Many of the same factors that add to the risk of other birth defects also add to the risk of a VSD.

Specific risk factors for a VSD include; having a family history of congenital heart disease and having other genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome.

How Is a Ventricular Septal Defect Diagnosed?
Your doctor will listen to you or your baby’s heart through a stethoscope, take an entire medical history, and carry out different types of tests, which include the following:

A transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE): is a picture taken by numbing the throat and then sliding a thin tube containing an ultrasound device down the throat and into the esophagus, near the heart.

An echocardiogram with an agitated saline bubble test: is an ultrasound done of the heart while saline bubbles are injected into the bloodstream.

An MR: It entails the use of radio and magnetic waves to take images of the heart.

How Is a Ventricular Septal Defect Treated?
Wait-and-Watch Approach

If the VSD is small and not causing any symptoms, your doctor may suggest a wait-and-watch approach to see if the defect corrects itself. Your doctor will carefully observe you or your baby’s health to ensure your condition improves.

Surgery

In more severe cases, surgery is needed to repair the damage. A lot of surgeries done to correct a VSD are open-heart surgery. You’ll be anaesthetized and put on a heart-lung machine. Your surgeon will make an incision in your chest and close the VSD with either stitches or a patch.

A catheter procedure has to do with inserting a thin tube, or catheter, into a blood vessel in the groin and then guiding it all the way up to the heart for closure of the VSD.

If the VSD is large, you or your child may as well need medication to control symptoms prior to surgery. Medicines may include digoxin, a drug made from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, and probably diuretics as well.

What Is the Outlook?
In babies with small defects and no symptoms, your doctor will observe your child to see if the VSD closes on its own. They will also ensure that signs do not develop.

Surgery has a high success rate and incredible long-term outcomes. Recovery time will be based on the size of the defect and whether there are any other health or heart problems.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
How common is VSD in newborns and children?

VSD is one of the most common congenital heart defects. It can affect infants and children, and it often requires medical evaluation and sometimes surgical intervention.

What causes VSD?

VSD is typically a congenital condition, meaning it's present at birth. The exact cause is not always clear, but it can result from genetic factors or maternal health issues during pregnancy.

Is surgery always necessary for VSD?

No, surgery is not always necessary. Small VSDs may close without intervention, but this should be monitored by a healthcare provider. Larger VSDs that cause symptoms or complications often require surgical repair.

Is VSD surgery safe?

VSD surgery is generally safe and well-established. It is performed by pediatric cardiac surgeons with expertise in treating congenital heart defects.

Can adults have VSD?

Yes, while VSD is often diagnosed in childhood, some individuals may have undiagnosed VSDs that are discovered in adulthood. These cases are typically managed by cardiologists with experience in adult congenital heart disease.

What is the prognosis for individuals with VSD?

The prognosis for individuals with VSD is generally good, especially when diagnosed and treated early. Many children with VSD go on to lead healthy lives.

Is there any way to prevent VSD during pregnancy?

VSD is typically a congenital condition, and its exact cause is not always preventable. Maintaining good maternal health during pregnancy is important for reducing the risk of congenital heart defects.

What are Fibroids?
Uterine Fibroids are non-cancerous growths that may develop during a woman's childbearing years. Fibroids typically vary in size from being microscopic (extremely small) to large masses of tissue. These growths are often non-cancerous in nature but may actually cause an increase in the size of the uterus and ultimately interfere with conception or even the growth and development of a foetus. Thus, it is advisable for anyone with fibroid who wishes to conceive to take them out.

Fibroid Surgery, Myomectomy is a surgical procedure which is safely used to remove uterine fibroids. The Fibroid Surgery procedure carried out typically depends on the location, size and number of fibroids.

What are the causes of Fibroids?
There are no single specific known causes of fibroids but some scientific research suggests that one or more of the following factors can pre-dispose a woman to Fibroids. They include

Hormones

Genetics

Growth factors

Extracellular matrix (causing the adhesion of cells together)

What are the symptoms of Fibroids?
Some women who have fibroids generally do not show any symptoms while others may experience one or more of the following symptoms depending on the size, location and number of fibroids.

Some of the symptoms of fibroids may include;

Long Menstrual periods

Spotting between menstrual cycles

Heavy Menstrual flow

Back pain (in some cases leg pain)

Constipation

Anaemia.

Fibroids Treatment in Nigeria
Fibroid diagnosis can be inferred during a routine pelvic examination and more specifically by lab tests, ultrasounds and other imaging tests such as MRIs, Hysterosonography, Hysterosalpingography, and Hysteroscopy.

Fibroid treatment options and management of fibroids vary depending on the size, location and number of fibroids. There are surgical options, minimally invasive and also non-invasive methods of fibroid removal. A one-on-one consultation will help to discuss in-depth and further explore available options.

Surgical procedures for Fibroids include Abdominal myomectomy and hysterectomy, while minimally invasive procedures include Laparoscopy, Endometrial ablation and hysteroscopic myomectomy.

Abdominal Myomectomy for Treatment of Fibroids

This is done to remove large, multiple or deeply rooted fibroids

Hysterectomy for Fibroids Treatment
This is done to remove the uterus in very extreme cases or as a permanent solution to the re-growth of fibroids.

Laparoscopic removal of Fibroids
This is done by removing larger fibroids through a process known as morcellation

What is HIFU Treatment of Fibroids?
High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) also known as ultrasound surgery for Fibroids, uses focused sound energy to heat up and destroy fibroid tissues. It is a non-invasive thermal ablative procedure. It is similar to the concept of focusing the sunlight through a magnifying glass to burn a hole on a paper.

This treatment focuses a high-intensity ultrasonic beam on the targeted tissue, depositing a high level of ultrasound energy. The highly concentrated energy gets absorbed by the tissue generating high temperatures of 60°C – 80°C resulting in necrosis and destruction of the targeted tissue. HIFU also causes pressure waves in the tissues causing the tissue to vibrate leading to mechanical stress on the cells and cell death. Since the ultrasonic beam is focused at a focal point, there is minimal injury to the surrounding tissues.

How to Prevent Fibroids
Since there are no particularly known causes of fibroids, there are no clearly defined methods of prevention but factors like determining whether one is high risk can help in conscious lifestyle changes and improvement where necessary. Studies have also previously shown that avoiding certain kinds of meals which include red meats, low alcohol consumption, Maintaining healthy weights and ultimately routine checks to help discover early signs at the earliest stages is vital to managing symptoms.

Fibroid surgery cost in Nigeria
Fibroid surgery costs depend on various factors;

1. Type of surgery chosen

2. Location, Size and Number of Fibroids

3. Age of the patient

4. Location and choice of the Hospital

5. Experience of Surgeon

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. How much is Fibroid's operation in Nigeria?

This varies from hospital to hospital, the size, number and location of your fibroids is also taken into consideration. click to find out more on info@surjen.com

2. Best Hospital for fibroids in Nigeria

Surjen Healthcare offers you an array of the best and most experienced team of Surgeons both Locally and internationally in the top hospitals across Nigeria for a top-tier healthcare experience.

3. Is Uterine fibroid embolisation done in Nigeria?

Yes! and this is a Clinically approved, less invasive and effective method for fibroid treatment. This is done by cutting off blood supply to the uterine fibroid which eventually results in their shrinkage.

4. Why is Fibroid common in Africa?

Certain research conducted indicates that Fibroid is predominant in women of Black African descent with statistics of 5 in every 10 women sampled. The exact cause is still yet unknown and advanced research is still being carried out to support or debunk this fact.

5. Are fibroids cancerous?

The majority of fibroids are benign (non-cancerous). However, in rare cases, a fibroid can develop into a cancerous tumour called leiomyosarcoma. This type of cancer is very rare, occurring in less than 1% of all cases of uterine fibroids.

6. How are fibroids diagnosed?

Fibroids can be diagnosed through a combination of methods, including pelvic exams, ultrasound imaging, MRI scans, and hysteroscopy. Your healthcare provider will determine the most appropriate diagnostic tests based on your symptoms and medical history.


7. Can lifestyle changes help manage fibroids?

While lifestyle changes cannot directly shrink or eliminate fibroids, they may help manage symptoms. Eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, managing stress levels, and maintaining a healthy weight can contribute to overall well-being and may help alleviate fibroid-related symptoms

An electrocardiogram is an easy, painless exam that measures your heart’s electrical activity. It’s also referred to as an ECG or EKG. Every heartbeat is caused by an electrical signal that begins at the top of your heart and moves down to the bottom.

Heart problems usually affect the electrical activity of your heart. Your doctor may recommend an ECG if you’re having signs or symptoms that may indicate a heart problem.

Including:

Pain in your chest

Feeling worn out or weak

Pounding, racing, or fluttering of your heart

Trouble breathing

A feeling that your heart is beating irregularly

Identification of uncommon sounds when your doctor listens to your heart


An ECG will assist your doctor in ascertaining the reason for your symptoms along with what type of treatment might be needed.

If you’re 50 or older or if you have a family record or history of heart disease, your doctor may order an ECG to search for early symptoms of heart disease.

What takes place in the course of an electrocardiogram?

An ECG is quick, painless, and harmless. After you are dressed into a gown, a technician attaches 12 to 15 soft electrodes with a gel to your chest, arms, and legs. The technician may have to shave small potions to make sure the electrodes stick well to your skin. Each electrode is about the size of a quarter. These electrodes are connected to electrical leads (wires), which are then attached to the ECG machine.

During the test, you’ll be asked to lie still on a table whilst the machine documents your heart’s electrical activity and places the records on a graph. Try to lie as still as you can and breathe normally. You shouldn’t speak at any point of the test.

After the procedure, the electrodes are detached and discarded. The entire process takes about 10 minutes.

What risks are involved?

There are a few risks related to an ECG. Some persons may have a skin rash at the place where the electrodes were placed, however, this typically goes away without any treatment.

People presently undergoing a stress test may be at risk of having a heart attack, however, this is related to the exercise, not the ECG.

An ECG basically observes the electrical activity of your heart. It doesn’t produce any electrical energy and is totally safe.

Getting prepared for your ECG

Avoid drinking cold water or exercising prior to your ECG. Drinking cold water can affect and result in changes in the electrical patterns that the test records. Exercise can amplify your heart rate and have an effect on the test results.

INTERPRETING THE RESULTS OF AN ECG

If your ECG indicates normal results, your doctor will probably discuss them with you at a follow-up visit.

An ECG can help your doctor know if:

Your heart is beating too fast, too slow, or unevenly.

You have blocked arteries or coronary artery disease.

You’re having a heart attack or you’ve previously had a heart attack.

You have heart defects, which include an enlarged heart, a lack of blood flow, or birth defects.

You have issues with your heart’s valves.

Your doctor will use the results of your EKG to know if any treatment or medication can recuperate your heart’s condition.

What is Rheumatoid factor test?

Rheumatoid factor is an autoantibody which is created by the body's resistant framework. The rheumatoid Factor test identifies the degrees of Rheumatoid Factor in the blood which helps in diagnosing immune system issues like rheumatoid joint pain. RF is an autoantibody that is created by the body's resistant framework. It attacks body tissues seeing them as foreign tissues. The existence of the Rheumatoid factor demonstrates that there is autoinflammatory and immune system action going on in the body.

For what reason is Rheumatoid factor carried out?

To diagnose rheumatic infections, for example, Rheumatoid joint inflammation

To diagnose immune system infections, for example, Sjogren's disorder or Lupus Erythematosus

To diagnose severe infection

What does Rheumatoid factor Measure?

Rheumatoid factor attacks sound body tissues as it sees them as foreign body tissues. It isn't found in healthy people. The presence of Rheumatoid factor implies that the body has an immune system infection, for example, Rheumatoid arthritis, symptoms of Rheumatoid joint pain (arthritis) such as stiffness of joints particularly in the morning, pains in joints, hidden skin knobs, loss of bone and swelling of joints.

Interpreting Rheumatoid factor test

There are different conditions where the Rheumatoid factor test is Positive including:

Sjogren's disorder

Cancer

Systemic Lupus erythematosus

Inflammatory lung maladies

Chronic infection

Mixed connective tissue disease

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQS)
Q. How is this test done?

This test is done through a blood test. A syringe with a fine needle is used to pull out blood from a vein in your arm. The doctor will tie a flexible band around your arm to make the veins swell with blood. This makes it simpler to pull out blood. You might be asked to firmly hold your clenched hand. When the veins are unmistakably obvious, the place is cleaned with an antiseptic solution and afterwards, the needle is embedded into the vein to gather the sample. You will feel a little pinprick in the process. Blood test once gathered will at that point be sent to the laboratory.

Q. Is there any risk related to this test?

There is no risk related to the test. Be that as it may, since this test includes a needle prick to pull out the blood test, in uncommon cases, a patient may encounter bleeding, hematoma formation (blood gathering under the skin), wounding or infection at the place of the needle prick.

Q. What is Rheumatoid Arthritis (joint pain)?

Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune infection which is chronic (for quite a while). It causes inflammation, stiffness, pains and terrible changes in the joints of the body. It can happen at any age yet the typical age is after 40 years. When contrasted with men, ladies are increasingly affected. It can grow slowly or quickly. Yet, if untreated can cause disability of the joints.

Q. When does the doctor recommend a Rheumatoid factor test?

The doctor recommends a Rheumatoid factor test when signs and manifestations of Rheumatoid arthritis (joint pain) like the stiffness of joints particularly toward the beginning of the day, pains and swelling in joints, and underlying skin nodules are noted in the patient. On the off chance that the X-ray of the patient shows swelling in the joint capsules alongside the loss of cartilage and bone, the Rheumatoid factor test is recommended.

Q. What other tests are recommended separated from the rheumatoid factor test?

Aside from Rheumatoid Factor (RF), Anti CCP Antibody test, antinuclear antibody test, Complete Blood Count, and X-ray are recommended. If a patient has a positive Anti-CCP antibody test just as an RF test, it shows that the patient has rheumatoid arthritis (joint pain). If the patient has a positive anti-CCP antibody test yet a negative RF test, it implies that the patient is probably going to develop Rheumatoid arthritis later on. If the anti-CCP antibody test is negative yet the RF test is positive, it can demonstrate that the patient ought to be diagnosed with other inflammatory conditions also.

Allergies are more common than you might think, affecting millions of people worldwide. They occur when your body's immune system reacts to a substance that's normally harmless. These substances, known as allergens, can trigger a wide range of symptoms, from sneezing and itching to more severe reactions. In this guide, we'll take a closer look at common allergies, how to identify them, and practical ways to manage and prevent allergic reactions. Let's start by understanding what allergies are all about.

What Are Allergies?
Allergies are your body's way of telling you that it doesn't like something. When you come into contact with an allergen, your immune system goes into overdrive. It produces antibodies and releases chemicals like histamine to "attack" the invader, which can lead to various symptoms. Allergic reactions can be mild or severe, depending on your sensitivity to the allergen.

Common Allergens
While people can be allergic to a wide range of substances, some allergens are more common than others. Here are some of the most prevalent ones:

Pollen: Pollen from trees, grasses, and flowers can trigger seasonal allergies, commonly known as hay fever or allergic rhinitis. Symptoms include sneezing, runny nose, and itchy eyes.
Dust Mites: These tiny creatures are found in household dust, bedding, and upholstery. Allergies to dust mites can cause sneezing, coughing, and a stuffy or runny nose.
Mould: Mould spores thrive in damp environments, such as bathrooms and basements. Mould allergies can lead to respiratory issues, including coughing and wheezing.
Pet Dander: Allergies to pet dander, which include skin flakes, saliva, and urine from cats and dogs, can cause sneezing, itching, and hives.
Insect Stings: Allergic reactions to insect stings, like those from bees, wasps, and hornets, can range from mild swelling to severe anaphylaxis, a life-threatening condition.
Food Allergies: Common food allergens include peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish, eggs, milk, and soy. Food allergies can lead to symptoms like hives, digestive problems, and, in severe cases, anaphylaxis.
Latex: Latex allergies are often associated with rubber gloves and can cause skin reactions and respiratory problems.
Medications: Certain medications, especially antibiotics and pain relievers, can trigger allergic reactions that vary in severity.
Inhalants: This category includes irritants like tobacco smoke, pollution, and strong odours that can exacerbate allergies.
Allergic Skin Conditions: Conditions like eczema and contact dermatitis can be triggered by allergens found in cosmetics, detergents, and other personal care products.

Common Allergy Symptoms
Allergy symptoms can vary widely depending on the allergen and an individual's sensitivity. Here are some common allergy symptoms to watch out for:

Sneezing: Repeated sneezing, especially in response to environmental triggers like pollen, dust, or pet dander.
Runny or Stuffy Nose: Allergic rhinitis often leads to a congested or runny nose.
Itchy, Watery Eyes: Allergies can cause your eyes to become red, itchy, and watery.
Skin Reactions: Allergies may lead to hives, eczema, or contact dermatitis, resulting in red, itchy, and inflamed skin.
Coughing and Wheezing: Respiratory allergies can cause coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
Digestive Issues: Food allergies can trigger nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and stomach cramps.
Swelling: Allergies to stings from insects can cause localized swelling, while anaphylaxis may result in severe facial and throat swelling.
Anaphylaxis: This is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that requires immediate medical attention. Symptoms may include difficulty breathing, a drop in blood pressure, and loss of consciousness.

How to Manage Common Allergies
Managing allergies involves a combination of avoiding allergens, taking medications, and making lifestyle adjustments. Here's a guide on how to manage common allergies effectively.



1. Identify Your Allergens

The first step in managing allergies is to identify your specific triggers. You can do this through allergy testing, which may include skin tests or blood tests to detect antibodies to specific allergens. Once you know your allergens, you can take steps to avoid or minimize exposure.



2. Allergen Avoidance

Pollen Allergies: Stay indoors on high pollen count days, keep windows closed, and use air purifiers. Shower and change clothes after spending time outdoors.
Dust Mite Allergies: Use allergen-proof covers on pillows and mattresses, wash bedding in hot water, and vacuum with a HEPA filter regularly.
Mold Allergies: Keep indoor humidity levels low, fix leaks promptly, and clean mold-prone areas regularly.
Pet Allergies: If you have a pet allergy, consider finding a new home for your furry friend or creating allergen-free zones in your house. Regular pet grooming and cleaning can also help.
Food Allergies: Avoid foods that trigger allergies. Read food labels carefully, and inform restaurants about your allergies when dining out.
Insect Stings: Take precautions when spending time outdoors, wear protective clothing, and carry an epinephrine auto-injector if you have a history of severe reactions.
Latex Allergies: Use latex-free products and inform healthcare providers about your allergy to avoid latex exposure during medical procedures.
3. Medications

Antihistamines: Over-the-counter or prescription antihistamines can help relieve symptoms like sneezing, itching, and runny nose.
Decongestants: Decongestants can reduce nasal congestion, but they should be used with caution, especially by individuals with high blood pressure.
Corticosteroids: These medications can alleviate inflammation and are available as nasal sprays, inhalers, and oral forms.
Epinephrine: For those with severe allergies or a history of anaphylaxis, carrying an epinephrine auto-injector is crucial.
Allergy Shots (Immunotherapy): Allergy shots, also known as immunotherapy, can help desensitize your immune system to specific allergens over time.
4. Lifestyle Adjustments

Maintain a Clean Home: Regular cleaning, including dusting, vacuuming, and washing bedding, can reduce allergens in your home.
Dietary Changes: If you have food allergies, consult a dietitian to help you plan safe and nutritious meals.
Quitting Smoking: If you're a smoker, quitting can help alleviate respiratory allergies and improve your overall health.
Outdoor Precautions: When spending time outside, wear sunglasses to protect your eyes from allergens and use a mask to reduce exposure to pollen or pollution.
Consulting a Specialist: For severe or persistent allergies, consult an allergist who can provide more targeted treatments and recommendations.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Allergies
1. Can allergies develop at any age?

Yes, allergies can develop at any age. Some people may develop allergies in childhood, while others may not experience them until adulthood.



2. How can I distinguish between a cold and allergies?

Both colds and allergies can have similar symptoms, such as sneezing and a runny nose. Allergies, however, are more likely to cause itching in the eyes and throat, while colds often come with fatigue and a fever.



3. Can allergies be cured?

While there is no cure for allergies, their symptoms can be managed effectively through avoidance, medications, and in some cases, immunotherapy.



4. Can allergies be genetic?

Yes, allergies can have a genetic component. If your parents have allergies, you may be more likely to develop them as well.



5. Are natural remedies effective for allergies?

Some people find relief from allergies through natural remedies like honey or herbal supplements, but their effectiveness can vary, and it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional for guidance.



6. Can allergies cause asthma?

Allergies can trigger or exacerbate asthma symptoms in individuals who have both conditions. It's essential to manage allergies effectively to reduce the risk of asthma attacks.



7. Are there any new allergy treatments on the horizon?

Ongoing research is exploring new allergy treatments, including biologic medications and gene therapy, but they are still under development and may not be widely available.



8. What should I do in case of a severe allergic reaction?

In the case of a severe allergic reaction or anaphylaxis, use an epinephrine auto-injector if available, and seek immediate medical attention. Anaphylaxis can be life-threatening and requires swift intervention.



9. Can allergies cause fatigue?

Allergies can lead to fatigue, especially if you're experiencing poor sleep due to allergy symptoms. Addressing allergies effectively may help alleviate fatigue.



10. Should I see an allergist for mild allergies?

While you can manage mild allergies with over-the-counter medications and lifestyle adjustments, consulting an allergist can help you identify your specific triggers and develop a more targeted treatment plan.

Allergies are a common and manageable condition. By identifying your allergens, taking preventive measures, and using appropriate medications, you can significantly reduce allergy symptoms and improve your quality of life. If you suspect you have allergies, consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and guidance on managing your specific condition. Remember that effective allergy management allows you to enjoy life to the fullest, no matter the season or environment.

COARCTATION OF THE AORTA (COA)
Coarctation of the Aorta is a narrowing of the main artery (the aorta) that carries blood to the body. This narrowing affects blood flow where the arteries break out to carry blood along different vessels to the upper and lower parts of the body. CoA can lead to high blood pressure or heart damage.

More details for parents of children with CoA

What is it?
In this condition, the aorta (the main artery that carries blood from the heart to the body) is narrowed or tightened.

What causes it?
In many children, the cause isn't known. Some children may have other heart defects together with coarctation.

How does it affect the heart?
Coarctation prevents blood flow from the heart to the lower part of the body. Blood pressure goes above the constriction. The blood pressure is much higher than normal in the left pumping chamber (left ventricle) and the heart needs to work harder to pump blood through the constriction in the aorta. This can lead to thickening (hypertrophy) and damage to the overworked heart muscle.

How does the coarctation affect my child?
Normally no symptoms exist at birth, but they can develop as early as the first week after delivery. A baby may have congestive heart failure or high blood pressure.

If the obstruction is mild, the heart won't be too overworked and symptoms may not happen. In certain children and adolescents, coarctation is found only after high blood pressure is discovered.

What can be done about the coarctation?
The coarctation obstruction can be resolved using surgery or catheterization.

In the course of cardiac catheterization, a unique catheter containing a balloon is positioned in the constricted region. Then the balloon is inflated for a while, stretching the constricted area open. The balloon and catheter are then detached.

Surgery is often used to resolve coarctation. A surgeon doesn't have to open the heart to fix the coarctation. It can be repaired in several ways. One way is for the surgeon to remove the narrowed part of the aorta. Another option is to sew a patch over the narrowed area using part of the blood vessel to the arm or a graft of a synthetic substance.

An infant with a serious coarctation should have surgery to relieve the obstruction. This may alleviate heart failure in infancy and prevent problems later, such as developing high blood pressure as an adult due to the coarctation.

What will my child need in the future?
The outlook after the procedure is favourable, but long-term follow-up by a pediatric cardiologist is required. Rarely, coarctation of the aorta may re-occur. Then another procedure to mitigate the obstruction may be needed. Also, blood pressure may remain high even when the aorta's narrowing has been repaired.

What about preventing endocarditis?
Children with coarctation of the aorta may have a chance of developing endocarditis. Your child's cardiologist may suggest that your child takes antibiotics before certain dental procedures for a period of time after coarctation repair.

What causes it?
The area where coarctation of the aorta happens is usually in the same spot where the ductus arteriosus closes. At times, during normal closure of the ductus in the first week of life, tissue can increase and cause a narrowing.

How does coarctation affect the heart?
Coarctation of the aorta can lead to high blood pressure in the heart. This can make the muscle of the heart's main pumping chamber (left ventricle) to become thick. Eventually, the function of the heart muscle could depreciate if the condition isn't treated.

What if coarctation is still present? Should it be repaired in adulthood?
Yes, coarctation can be repaired at any age and should be treated as soon as it's diagnosed depending on the severity of the coarct. Adolescents and adults with coarctation can usually be treated by cardiac catheterization.

Problems you may have
High blood pressure is the most common issue adults have. It can be present even if your coarctation was successfully repaired. High blood pressure is very common if the coarctation is repaired after five years old. Patients treated in childhood are at risk for redeveloping the coarctation (recoarctation) and may need catheterization. Most patients with recoarctation of the aorta after initial repair normally don't have symptoms, which makes regular evaluation by a physician all the more important. Many times the region will narrow to a degree, or other portions of the aorta may enlarge (aneurysms) with a likeliness to rupture. These may require to be addressed with further intervention. Patients may develop coronary artery disease, leaving them susceptible to heart attacks. There may even be a great risk of having an aneurysmal blood vessel in the head.

Endocarditis Prevention
Although infection of a coarctation can happen, it isn't likely. Very often, patients may develop an infection of a coexisting abnormal aortic valve. All patients are required to practice good oral care.

Pregnancy
Women with repaired coarctation can be pregnant with low risk. The exclusion is if there's a residual (leftover) narrowing of the aorta or if there's high blood pressure or an enlarged region of the aorta. It's best to plan ahead and have a detailed check-up including an imaging study of the aorta to detect these issues before becoming pregnant and control the issues before conception.

Will I need more surgery?
The need for surgery or catheterization relies mainly on the level of pressure in your arms and legs when you're resting and, under some situations, during exercise. If your arm and leg blood pressures are normal and equal, you perhaps won't need more intervention. If your blood pressure is elevated in your arms and more than 20 mmHg higher than in your legs, it is likely, that further intervention will be required. When problems happen, more and more institutions use catheters instead of surgery, which is much easier for the patient.

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RETINAL DETACHMENT REPAIR
Retinal detachment occurs when the part of the eye(the retina), responsible for sending visual messages to the brain, becomes separated from the underlying supportive tissue. This detachment can lead to a severe loss of vision and, if not addressed promptly, may result in permanent blindness. Understanding the causes and symptoms is crucial for early detection and treatment.

Symptoms of Retinal Detachment
Recognizing the symptoms of retinal detachment is crucial for seeking prompt medical attention. Early intervention significantly improves the chances of successful treatment. Common symptoms include:
1. Floaters and Flashes
The sudden appearance of floaters—specks or particles floating in your field of vision—and flashes of light may indicate retinal detachment. These occur as a result of the vitreous tugging on the retina.
2. Shadow or Curtain Effect
A noticeable shadow or curtain-like obstruction in your peripheral vision is a red flag for retinal detachment. This occurs when the detached part of the retina creates a visual block.
3. Gradual Blurring of Vision
If your vision is gradually becoming blurry or distorted, it could be a sign of retinal detachment. Prompt attention is crucial to prevent further deterioration.
4. Sudden Loss of Vision
A sudden and significant loss of vision, especially if accompanied by flashes and floaters, requires immediate medical evaluation. This could be indicative of advanced retinal detachment.

Causes of Retinal Detachment
Several factors can contribute to the detachment of the retina:
1. Retinal Tears
Small tears or breaks in the retina can allow fluid to seep behind it, leading to detachment. These tears can be caused by trauma, injury, or even the ageing process.
2. Age-Related Changes
As we age, changes in the vitreous—the gel-like substance filling the eye—can increase the risk of retinal detachment. The vitreous may shrink, pulling away from the retina and causing it to tear.
3. Family History
A family history of retinal detachment may elevate an individual's risk. Genetic factors can contribute to the predisposition of certain eye conditions that make detachment more likely.
4. Nearsightedness
People with high degrees of nearsightedness (myopia) are more susceptible to retinal detachment. The elongated shape of their eyeballs can increase tension on the retina, making it more prone to tearing.
5. Previous Eye Surgery or Injury
Individuals who have undergone eye surgery or experienced eye trauma may be at a higher risk of retinal detachment. The structural changes caused by these events can compromise the integrity of the retina.

Can a Retinal Detachment be Cured?
The success of treating retinal detachment depends on several factors, including the extent of detachment, the patient's overall eye health, and how quickly medical attention is sought. In many cases, timely intervention can prevent permanent vision loss.
1. Laser Surgery (Photocoagulation)
Small tears or holes in the retina can be treated with laser surgery, which helps to seal the damaged area and prevent further detachment.
2. Cryopexy
Similar to laser surgery, cryopexy involves using freezing temperatures to seal retinal tears and prevent detachment.
3. Scleral Buckling
This surgical procedure involves placing a silicone band around the eye, relieving pressure on the retina and allowing it to reattach.
4. Vitrectomy
In cases of more severe detachment, a vitrectomy may be performed. This involves removing the vitreous gel and replacing it with a gas or silicone oil to push the retina back into place.
5. Pneumatic Retinopexy
This procedure involves injecting a gas bubble into the vitreous space to push the retina back into place. Laser or freezing treatment is then applied to seal the tear.

Why is a retinal detachment repair performed?
Your retina is the section of your eye that sends images through your optic nerve to the brain. Your retina has millions of cells that detect light like a camera. It is part of the back of your eyeball and is vital to your vision.
Retinal detachment happens when the retina pulls out from the back of the eye and the blood supply. Without a blood supply, the retinal cells will begin to die. This can lead to enduring damage to your vision. If the macula (central vision area) starts to loosen, your vision may be permanently damaged. If the macula totally detaches, you may lose your vision completely. Reattaching the retina promptly is crucial to prevent such a severe complication.
Retinal detachment can happen due to the vitreous fluid of the eye (a gel-like liquid) retracting from the back of the eye, pulling the retina and tearing it. Those tears can then pull away from the back of the eye and detach the retina. Some causes and factors of retinal detachment include glaucoma, stern trauma, nearsightedness, previous cataract surgery, previous retinal detachment in the other eye, or family history of retinal detachment.

How is a retinal detachment repair performed?

There are numerous types of surgery to repair a detached retina. A common tear in the retina can be repaired with freezing, called cryotherapy, or a laser procedure. Different types of retinal detachment need different sorts of surgery and different levels of anaesthesia. The type of procedure your doctor carries out will depend on the seriousness of retinal detachment.
One type of retinal detachment repair is pneumatic retinopexy. In this operation, a gas bubble is injected into the eye. The bubble presses aligned with the detached retina and pushes it back into place. A laser or cryotherapy is then used to reattach the retina tightly into place. The gas bubble will dissolve in a couple of days. A pneumatic retinopexy can be carried out in an ophthalmologist’s office.

In more serious tears, a procedure called a scleral buckle may be conducted. For a scleral buckle, a doctor will position a flexible band around the eye to counteract the force that is pulling the retina out of position. The fluid behind the detached retina will be drained, and the retina should go back to its normal place in the back of the eye. This procedure is carried out in a hospital, operating room, or surgery clinic. Local or general anaesthesia will be used, and you may be required to stay overnight in the hospital.

A vitrectomy is a surgery done for severe retinal detachments. It may be needed for partially removing the vitreous fluid within the eye. Local anesthesia is used and the procedure is normally performed in a surgical clinic.

RETINAL DETACHMENT REPAIR
Retinal detachment occurs when the part of the eye(the retina), responsible for sending visual messages to the brain, becomes separated from the underlying supportive tissue. This detachment can lead to a severe loss of vision and, if not addressed promptly, may result in permanent blindness. Understanding the causes and symptoms is crucial for early detection and treatment.

Symptoms of Retinal Detachment
Recognizing the symptoms of retinal detachment is crucial for seeking prompt medical attention. Early intervention significantly improves the chances of successful treatment. Common symptoms include:
1. Floaters and Flashes
The sudden appearance of floaters—specks or particles floating in your field of vision—and flashes of light may indicate retinal detachment. These occur as a result of the vitreous tugging on the retina.
2. Shadow or Curtain Effect
A noticeable shadow or curtain-like obstruction in your peripheral vision is a red flag for retinal detachment. This occurs when the detached part of the retina creates a visual block.
3. Gradual Blurring of Vision
If your vision is gradually becoming blurry or distorted, it could be a sign of retinal detachment. Prompt attention is crucial to prevent further deterioration.
4. Sudden Loss of Vision
A sudden and significant loss of vision, especially if accompanied by flashes and floaters, requires immediate medical evaluation. This could be indicative of advanced retinal detachment.

Causes of Retinal Detachment
Several factors can contribute to the detachment of the retina:
1. Retinal Tears
Small tears or breaks in the retina can allow fluid to seep behind it, leading to detachment. These tears can be caused by trauma, injury, or even the ageing process.
2. Age-Related Changes
As we age, changes in the vitreous—the gel-like substance filling the eye—can increase the risk of retinal detachment. The vitreous may shrink, pulling away from the retina and causing it to tear.
3. Family History
A family history of retinal detachment may elevate an individual's risk. Genetic factors can contribute to the predisposition of certain eye conditions that make detachment more likely.
4. Nearsightedness
People with high degrees of nearsightedness (myopia) are more susceptible to retinal detachment. The elongated shape of their eyeballs can increase tension on the retina, making it more prone to tearing.
5. Previous Eye Surgery or Injury
Individuals who have undergone eye surgery or experienced eye trauma may be at a higher risk of retinal detachment. The structural changes caused by these events can compromise the integrity of the retina.

Can a Retinal Detachment be Cured?
The success of treating retinal detachment depends on several factors, including the extent of detachment, the patient's overall eye health, and how quickly medical attention is sought. In many cases, timely intervention can prevent permanent vision loss.
1. Laser Surgery (Photocoagulation)
Small tears or holes in the retina can be treated with laser surgery, which helps to seal the damaged area and prevent further detachment.
2. Cryopexy
Similar to laser surgery, cryopexy involves using freezing temperatures to seal retinal tears and prevent detachment.
3. Scleral Buckling
This surgical procedure involves placing a silicone band around the eye, relieving pressure on the retina and allowing it to reattach.
4. Vitrectomy
In cases of more severe detachment, a vitrectomy may be performed. This involves removing the vitreous gel and replacing it with a gas or silicone oil to push the retina back into place.
5. Pneumatic Retinopexy
This procedure involves injecting a gas bubble into the vitreous space to push the retina back into place. Laser or freezing treatment is then applied to seal the tear.

Why is a retinal detachment repair performed?
Your retina is the section of your eye that sends images through your optic nerve to the brain. Your retina has millions of cells that detect light like a camera. It is part of the back of your eyeball and is vital to your vision.
Retinal detachment happens when the retina pulls out from the back of the eye and the blood supply. Without a blood supply, the retinal cells will begin to die. This can lead to enduring damage to your vision. If the macula (central vision area) starts to loosen, your vision may be permanently damaged. If the macula totally detaches, you may lose your vision completely. Reattaching the retina promptly is crucial to prevent such a severe complication.
Retinal detachment can happen due to the vitreous fluid of the eye (a gel-like liquid) retracting from the back of the eye, pulling the retina and tearing it. Those tears can then pull away from the back of the eye and detach the retina. Some causes and factors of retinal detachment include glaucoma, stern trauma, nearsightedness, previous cataract surgery, previous retinal detachment in the other eye, or family history of retinal detachment.

How is a retinal detachment repair performed?

There are numerous types of surgery to repair a detached retina. A common tear in the retina can be repaired with freezing, called cryotherapy, or a laser procedure. Different types of retinal detachment need different sorts of surgery and different levels of anaesthesia. The type of procedure your doctor carries out will depend on the seriousness of retinal detachment.
One type of retinal detachment repair is pneumatic retinopexy. In this operation, a gas bubble is injected into the eye. The bubble presses aligned with the detached retina and pushes it back into place. A laser or cryotherapy is then used to reattach the retina tightly into place. The gas bubble will dissolve in a couple of days. A pneumatic retinopexy can be carried out in an ophthalmologist’s office.

In more serious tears, a procedure called a scleral buckle may be conducted. For a scleral buckle, a doctor will position a flexible band around the eye to counteract the force that is pulling the retina out of position. The fluid behind the detached retina will be drained, and the retina should go back to its normal place in the back of the eye. This procedure is carried out in a hospital, operating room, or surgery clinic. Local or general anaesthesia will be used, and you may be required to stay overnight in the hospital.

A vitrectomy is a surgery done for severe retinal detachments. It may be needed for partially removing the vitreous fluid within the eye. Local anesthesia is used and the procedure is normally performed in a surgical clinic.