₦airaland Forum

Allen Christopher Bertram Bathurst, the 9th Earl of Bathurst is a British peer whose other title is Lord Apsley. He and I were colleagues at Harrow School, the best private school in the United Kingdom, 30 years ago. In 1985 he said the following: ‘’Nigeria is a toilet of a country where evil reigns’’. I have never forgotten his insulting remarks. I found it intriguing that this quintessential member of the English upper class had the nerve to say such things to me about my country. My response to him was equally graphic and frank. I told him that Nigeria was not a ‘’toilet of a country’’ but that if he insisted on his insolent characterization then it was a ‘’toilet’’ that was established by non-other than his British forefathers who defecated in it and left a horrible mess before departing from our shores. He found my response most disconcerting and we almost came to blows. Yet I look at what has happened to us in the last 54 years of our existence as an independent nation and what we have suffered in the last 100 years since the 1914 amalgamation of the northern and southern protectorates and I really do wonder. If the truth must be told, things have not gone too well for us. I was born in the same year as we gained our independence and as I ponder and reflect on the last 54 years all I see is violence, bloodshed, dashed hopes, lost opportunities and shattered dreams. I see a brutal civil war in which two million people died. I see a string of violent military coups and repressive military dictatorships and I see suspicion and division between the peoples of the north and the south. I see dangerous tensions between the numerous ethnic nationalities, continuous strife and sectarian violence. I see bombings, the slaughter of the innocents, Islamic fundamentalist rebellions, battle-ready ethnic militias and bloodthirsty local war lords. I see economic degradation, decaying infrastructures, environmental disasters and untold suffering and hardship. And finally I see poverty and unemployment, poor quality leadership and a dysfunctional semi-failed state which is still struggling to find its true identity. On October 1st every year we make nostalgic and inspirational speeches about the ‘’labors of our heroes past’’ and congratulate one another on our independence. Yet we refuse to sit back in deep reflection, take stock of what has really been going on and carry out an honest and candid appraisal of our situation. We are not ‘’a toilet of a country where evil reigns’’ but we must admit that we are in a mess. And the question is why are we in such a mess, how did we get there, why have we not been able to get out of it in 52 years and what role did our former colonial masters play in creating and sustaining that mess. If we want to answer these questions we must go back to the beginning. The problem is that the British established a faulty foundation for Nigeria right from the start which they knew could not produce anything wholesome. The Nigeria that they handed over to us in 1960 was nothing but an unworkable artificial state and a “poisoned chalice”. It was destined to fail right from the outset. Worse still they handed us that poisoned chalice with a malicious and mischievous intent and without any recourse to our people in terms of any form of a national referendum. The British did the same thing in varying degrees when they left virtually each and every one of their other ‘’third world’’ colonies. The most obvious cases however were Nigeria, the Sudan, India and the nation that was formerly known as Malaya. Every single one of these four countries had monumental problems with sustaining their unity after independence and all of them, with the exception of Nigeria, were compelled to break up into smaller entities before they could bring out the best in themselves as a people and fully exercise their human potentials. Consequently India broke up into three and became India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, the Sudan broke into two and became Southern Sudan and the Sudan and Malaya broke into two and became Malaysia and Singapore. Nigeria is yet to find the courage and fortitude to go that far and whether we will eventually break up or not remains to be seen. Yet the truth is that when you force two incompatibles with completely different world views together into an unhappy marriage, lock the gates of the house, throw away the keys and bestow leadership upon a “poor husband” to rule over a ‘’rich wife’’ in perpetuity, you are looking for trouble. The result of the amalgamation was therefore predictable. It was either that the “poor husband” (the north) would fully subjugate and eventually kill the “rich wife”(the south) or the “rich wife” would fully subjugate and eventually kill the “poor husband”. And we are right in the middle of that struggle for mutual subjugation till today. In 1960 the British ensured that power was handed over to the most pliable region at the Federal level by establishing an alliance with the northern traditional institutions and political ruling elite and fixing the census figures in their favor. Consequently by 1960 we had a situation where the well-educated, enlightened, progressive and predominantly Christian south was played out through intrigue, deceit and fixed census figures and instead power was given to a fatalistic and ultra-conservative Muslim north who were prepared to do anything the British wanted them to do, who had already overwhelmed and suppressed their own ethnic and Christian minority groups and whose major preoccupation was to dominate and control the entire federation, to keep the south out of power and to “dip the Koran in the Atlantic ocean”. It did not stop there. Even after the British left in 1960 they continued to meddle in our affairs and they encouraged, sponsored and supported a string of repressive military regimes, all of which derived their power from a northern-controlled army officers corps whose retired generals are the ones that determine who will be what in our country. That is our story. Some have argued that despite the ignoble intentions of the British we ought to have been able to sort out our own problems 54 years after they left us. This is a good point. It does however betray a tinge of naivety and a lack of appreciation of just how chronic those problems were right from the start and just how malevolent a hand the British dealt us. I say this because the bitter truth is that the system in Nigeria cannot be changed simply because the forces that have controlled our country since 1960 are deeply conservative and the foundation and the structure upon which she has been established has been designed in such a way that makes radical and fundamental change impossible. Some have compared Nigeria to a badly wounded leg which can only be healed through restructuring. It follows that the only way real change can come is if the country is restructured and power is devolved from the center. Unfortunately the Nigerian people do not seem to be minded to effect this option anytime soon. They seem to have lost their will to resist inequity, tyranny and injustice, to insist on determining their own fate and to fight for their own future. The relevance of the British today is that they are not only the architects of this monumental monstrosity but they are also the ones that have continued to encourage and support the ruling elite that runs and sustains it. If they were being fair to us they would have been amongst those that have been encouraging the idea of restructuring our country, devolving power from the center and effecting a fundamental and radical change in our attitudes and affairs. That is precisely what they are doing in the United Kingdom itself today where power is being systematically and gradually devolved from the center at Westminster in England to the hitherto suppressed and occupied regions of Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. This is good enough for them yet our erstwhile colonial masters have never supported a similar course of action for us. It is for this reason that we can blame the forefathers of the 9th Earl of Bathurst almost as much as we can blame ourselves for the mess that our country is in up until today.

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FFK BLASTS BUHARI..
BEHOLD THE WORDS OF THE KING OF
HARAM",
- BY FEMI FANI KAYODE
On 22nd July 2014 General Muhammadu
Buhari told The Nation Newspaper that "our
country has gone through several rough
patches, but never before have I seen a
Nigerian President declare war on his own
country as we are seeing now. Never before
have I seen a Nigerian President deploy
federal institutions in the service of
partisanship as we are witnessing now. Never
before have I seen a Nigerian President utilize
the common wealth to subvert the system and
punish the opposition, all in the name of
politics. Our nation has suffered serious
consequences in the past for egregious acts
that are not even close to what we are seeing
now. It is time to pull the brakes''.
One may have been prepared to accept the
general's words as being those of a genuinely
concerned and committed patriot who simply
wanted our President and his Government to
do a better job and who was worried about the
unfolding situation in our country if he had not
consistently exposed his true colors and his
obvious soft spot for Boko Haram.
Permit me to share just one example of the
expression of that soft spot in this contribution.
On 3rd June 2013, Thisday Newspaper led
their newspaper with the following headline:
''The military offensive against Boko Haram is
anti-north- General Muhammadu Buhari''.
The headline was followed by these words:
''Maj. Gen. Muhammadu Buhari, has criticised
the declaration of state of emergency in
Adamawa, Borno and Yobe States and the
subsequent military offensive against the Boko
Haram Islamic sect. Buhari, who featured on
the “Guest of the Week,” a Hausa programme
of the Kaduna-based Liberty Radio, yesterday
said the federal government’s action was a
gross injustice against the north. According to
him, unlike the special treatment the federal
government gave to the Niger Delta militants,
the Boko Haram members were being killed
and their houses demolished. He said he was
not in support of the declaration of state of
emergency in the three north-eastern states
because President Goodluck Jonathan had
failed from the outset in addressing the
security situation in the country''.
The implications of these shameful and
indefensible comments, coming from a former
Head of State, are obvious and self-evident. If
the truth be told Buhari's peculiar affinity with
the terrorists and his fawning about their
safety and welfare is as unbearable as it is
nauseating.
Yet that same General Buhari who said these
unacceptable things one year ago is now busy
pontificating about his concerns for our nation.
Many would argue that that is pretty rich
coming from him given his past comments
about a ruthless group of terrorists who, more
than any other, merit the award for the
greatest ''troublers of our nation''. Given this I
regard Buhari's comments to the Nation
Newspaper on the 22 July 2014 as nothing but
self-serving and belated clap trap and
balderdash.
Yet this clap trap and balderdash is worthy of a
little attention. Of particular interest to me
were the following words: ''never before have I
seen a Nigerian President declare war on his
own country as we are seeing now''. Really?
Correct me if I am wrong but I thought that
the war that President Goodluck Jonathan had
declared was against terrorism and Boko
Haram and not against the Nigerian people.
Does General Buhari find it difficult to make a
distinction between the jihadists and the
Nigerian people? Does he see them as being
one and the same? Does he actually equate
members of Jamā'at ahl as-sunnah li-d-da'wa
wa-l-jihād with the Nigerian people? Does he
regard the military offensive against Boko
Haram as being an offensive against OUR
people? Does he honestly believe that anytime
that a Boko Haram terrorist is killed by our
Armed Forces and security agencies or that his
house is blown up that it is an attack on the
Nigerian people or an assault on the north?
Are those people that Boko Haram
slaughtering, terrorising, abducting, pillaging,
robbing and raping on a daily basis all over
our country not the real Nigerians?
Does he honestly believe that Boko Haram is
representative of the thinking of our people or
even the majority of the people in the muslim
north? Has this man not lost touch with reality?
Does he really belong to the 21st century or is
he nothing more than an old relic from the
distant past who secretly craves for a return to
the norms, ways and values of 6th century
Saudi Arabia? Is such a man really fit to be
President of our country?
Is he still insisting on having another muslim
as his running mate in order to establish his
strange dream of a muslim/muslim President
and Vice President for our country or has he
shelved that idea due to public resentment and
outrage? Does he have any respect for
christians? Does he have any empathy with the
christian community in northern Nigeria for
the immense suffering, degradation,
humiliation,contempt, shame, indignity,
persecution and mass murder that they have
been subjected to in the north for the last 53
years and particularly in the last few years?
Does he regard christians as being human
beings? Does he accept the fact that Boko
Haram are nothing but beasts? Does he
recognise the fact that no-one has the right to
take the life of another human being in the
name of religion? Does he know that
compulsion has no place in any civilised
religion and that each human being has the
right to exercise his or her free will to
determine which religious faith he or she
wishes to espouse?
Does Buhari understand the meaning of the
words ''secular state'' or the concept of the
secularity of the state? Can he possibly accept
the virtues and comprehend the wisdom of
such an equitable and reasonable
constitutional arrangement which guarantees
the rights of all faiths and which does not allow
one faith to laud it over another anywhere in
our country?
Does he recognise the fact that Nigeria is in
actual fact a secular state in which the rights
and dignity of the members of every faith,
including the christian faith, are guaranteed
by the constitution? Does he accept the fact
that in this day and age it is a heinous crime
against humanity and particularly the girl-
child and that it is a complete violation of the
laws of our land for little girls of the age of 5,
6, 9 13 and even up to 16 to be married off and
subjected to rape in the name of religion and
marriage?
Does the General support paedophiles, sexual
predators, sociopaths, sadistic perverts and
the criminally-insane like the Boko Haram
leader Abubakar Shekau who are sexually
attracted to innocent and defenceless little
girls and who believe that they can be ''sold in
the market'' and ''forced into marriage and
slavery?'' Does he honestly believe that Boko
Haram are human beings? Does this man that
wants to be President of our country not
recognise a heartless and callous beast when
he sees one?
Does the wanton and relentless shedding of
rivers of innocent blood, including the blood of
children, not move his heart? Does the open
abduction of almost 300 little girls, each of
whom is young enough to be his grandaughter,
from the sanctity of their school dormitory in
the dead of the night not evoke pity in him and
not stir him to rage?
Does he have any compassion and does he feel
no pain for the suffering of the victims of Boko
Haram? Does he know that Boko Haram has
killed as many muslims as they have christians
in their insane attempt to establish an islamic
fundamentalist state in our country?
Is his inability to make a distinction between
Boko Haram and the Nigerian people informed
by the fact that he is a closet Haramite whose
stated desire is to ''spread sharia to throughout
the whole of the country'' as he said in 2001?
Does Buhari still believe that ''muslims should
only vote for those who will protect their
interest'' as he said in 2001?
Does he still believe that ''christians should not
worry when muslims chop off their own arms
and hands in the name of sharia because it is
none of their business'' as he said in 2001?
Does he still believe that Boko Haram members
should be forgiven, granted amnesty,
pampered, sent abroad to learn and given
monthly allowances like the Niger Delta
militants like he suggested in 2013?
The questions are legion. Given his views and
obvious sympathy for Boko Haram does
General Muhammadu Buhari have the moral
right to condemn anyone, least of all the
President and the Federal Government, for the
challenges that we are facing in this country?
Never before have I seen a former Nigerian
Head of State openly express sympathy and
covertly support a murderous and bestial
terrorist organisation that has killed well over
15,000 innocent Nigerians in cold blood, that
has abducted and raped our little girls and
that has slit the throats and drained the blood
of our young boys.
Never before have I seen a former Nigerian
Head of State openly defend a bunch of
cowardly, uncouth and barbaric jihadists that
have bombed and burnt alive the weak, the
vulnerable and the elderly in our country and
that have slaughtered our soldiers,policemen
and intelligence agents at will and with such
callousness and glee.
Never before have I seen a former Nigerian
Head of State openly canvass restraint and
mercy for a bunch of bloodthirsty, cold-blooded
mass murderers and criminals that have
turned our country into a pariah nation, that
has made the north the home of the most
callous, ruthless, hateful, vile and evil terrorist
organisation in the world and that has
transformed our nation into a horrendous
haven for ruthless islamic fundamentalistsand
bloodthirsty islamist militias.
If the truth must be told the only thing that is
worse than Boko Haram are those in the
Nigerian political class that secretly support
and covertly assist them. A Buhari Presidency
would be a disaster for our country, a danger
to the christian community and clear evidence
of the final victory and triumph of Boko Haram
and the jihadists over the Nigerian state. It
would also represent the end of Nigeria as one nation,

4) Why is Israel occupying the
Palestinian territories?

This is a hugely important part of the conflict
today, especially for Palestinians.
Israel's military occupation of the West Bank
and Gaza began in 1967. Up to that point,
Gaza had been (more or less) controlled by
Egypt and the West Bank by Jordan. But in
1967 there was another war between Israel
and its Arab neighbors, during which Israel
occupied the two Palestinian territories.
(Israel also took control of Syria's Golan
Heights, which it annexed in 1981, and
Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, which it returned to
Egypt in 1982.)
Israeli forces have occupied and controlled the West Bank ever since. It withdrew its
occupying troops and settlers from Gaza in
2005, but maintains a full blockade of the
territory, which has turned Gaza into what
human rights organizations sometimes call an
"open-air prison" and has pushed the
unemployment rate up to 40 percent.
Israel says the occupation is necessary for
security given its tiny size: to protect Israelis
from Palestinian attacks and to provide a
buffer from foreign invasions. But that does
not explain the settlers.
Settlers are Israelis who move into the West
Bank. They are widely considered to violate
international law, which forbids an occupying
force from moving its citizens into occupied
territory. Many of the 500,000 settlers are
just looking for cheap housing; most live
within a few miles of the Israeli border, often
in the around surrounding Jerusalem.
Others move deep into the West Bank to claim land for Jews, out of religious fervor and/or a desire to see more or all of the West Bank absorbed into Israel. While Israel officially forbids this and often evicts these settlers, many are still able to take root.
In the short term, settlers of all forms make life for Palestinians even more difficult, by forcing the Israeli government to guard them with walls or soldiers that further constrain
Palestinians. In the long term, the settlers
create what are sometimes called "facts on the ground": Israeli communities that blur the borders and expand land that Israel could claim for itself in any eventual peace deal.
The Israeli occupation of the West Bank is all-consuming for the Palestinians who live there, constrained by Israeli checkpoints and 20-foot walls, subject to an Israeli military justice system in which on average two children are arrested every day, stuck with an economy stifled by strict Israeli border
control, and countless other indignities large
and small.

5) Can we take a quick music
break?
Music breaks like this are usually an
opportunity to step back and appreciate the
aspects of a people and culture beyond the
conflict that has put them in the news. And it's true that there is much more to Israelis and Palestinians than their conflict. But music has also been a really important medium by which Israelis and Palestinians deal with and think about the conflict. The degree to which the conflict has seeped into Israel-Palestinian music is a sign of how deeply and pervasively
it effects Israelis and Palestinians.
Above, from the wealth of Palestinian hip-hop
is the group DAM, whose name is both an
acronym for Da Arabian MCs and the Arabic
verb for "to last forever." The group has been
around since the late 1990s and are from the
Israeli city of Lod, Israeli citizens who are part
of the country's Arab minority. The Arab
Israeli experience, typically one of solidarity
with Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza
and a sense that Arab-Israelis are far from
equal in the Jewish state, comes through in
their music, which is highly political and deals with themes of disenfranchisement and
dispossession in the great tradition of
American hip-hop.
Christiane Amanpour interviewed DAM about
their music last year. Above is their song "I
Don't Have Freedom, from their 2007 album
Dedication. Sample line: "We've been like
this more than 50 years / Living as prisoners
behind the bars of paragraphs /Of agreements that change nothing."
Now here is a sample of Israel's wonderful jazz scene, one of the best in the world, from the bassist and band leader Avishai Cohen.
Cohen is best known in the US for his
celebrated 2006 instrumental album Continuo, but let's instead listen to the song "El Hatzipor" from 2009's Aurora.
The lyrics are from an 1892 poem of the same
name, meaning "To the Bird," by the Ukrainian Jewish poet Hayim Nahman Bialik. The poem expresses the hopeful
yearning among early European Zionists like
Bialik to escape persecution in Europe and
find salvation in the holy land; that it still
resonates among Israelis over 100 years later
is a reminder of both the tremendous hopes
invested in the dream of a Jewish state, and
perhaps the sense that this dream is still not
secure.

6) Why is there fighting today
between Israel and Gaza?
On the surface, this is just the latest round of
fighting in 27 years of war between Israel
and Hamas , a Palestinian militant group
that formed in 1987 seeks Israel's destruction
and is internationally recognized as a terrorist organization for its attacks targeting civilians and which since 2006 has ruled Gaza.
Israeli forces periodically attack Hamas and
other militant groups in Gaza, typically with
air strikes but in 2006 and 2009 with ground
invasions.
ONLY HAMAS DELIBERATELY
TARGETS CIVILIANS, BUT MOST
ARE STILL PALESTINIANS KILLED
BY ISRAELI STRIKES
The latest round of fighting was sparked
when members of Hamas in the West Bank
murdered three Israeli youths who were
studying there on June 10. Though the Hamas members appear to have acted without approval from their leadership, which nonetheless praised the attack, Israel
responded by arresting large numbers of
Hamas personnel in the West Bank and with
air strikes against the group in Gaza.
After some Israeli extremists murdered a
Palestinian youth in Jerusalem and Israeli
security forces cracked down on protests,
compounding Palestinian outrage, Hamas and
other Gaza groups launched dozens of rockets into Israel, which responded with many more air strikes. So far the fighting has killed one Israeli and 230 Palestinians; two UN agencies have separately estimated that 70-plus percent of the fatalities are civilians. On Thursday, July 17, Israeli ground forces
invaded Gaza, which Israel says is to shut
down tunnels that Hamas could use to cross
into Israel.
That get backs to that essential truth about
the conflict today: Palestinian civilians endure
the brunt of it. While Israel targets militants
and Hamas targets civilians, Israel's
disproportionate military strength and its
willingness to target militants based in dense
urban communities means that Palestinians
civilians are far more likely to be killed than
any other group.
But those are just the surface reasons; there's
a lot more going on here as well.

Everyone has heard of the Israel-Palestine
conflict. Everyone knows it's bad, that it's been
going on for a long time, and that there is a lot
of hatred on both sides.
But you may find yourself less clear on the
hows and the whys of the conflict. Why, for
example, did Israel begin invading the
Palestinian territory of Gaza on Thursday, after
10 days of air strikes that killed at least 235
Palestinians, many of them civilians? Why is
the militant Palestinian group Hamas firing
rockets into civilian neighborhoods in Israel?
How did this latest round of violence start in
the first place — and why do they hate one
another at all?
What follows are the most basic answers to
your most basic questions. Giant, neon-lit
disclaimer: these issues are complicated and
contentious, and this is not an exhaustive or
definitive account of Israel-Palestine's history
or the conflict today. But it's a place to start.

1) What are Israel and
Palestine?
That sounds like a very basic question but, in a
sense, it's at the center of the conflict.
Israel is an officially Jewish country located in
the Middle East. Palestine is a set of two
physically separate, ethnically Arab and
mostly Muslim territories alongside Israel: the
West Bank, named for the western shore of the
Jordan River, and Gaza. Those territories are
not independent (more on this later). All
together, Israel and the Palestinian territories
are about as populous as Illinois and about half
its size.
Officially, there is no internationally
recognized line between Israel and Palestine;
the borders are considered to be disputed, and
have been for decades. So is the status of
Palestine: some countries consider Palestine to
be an independent state, while others (like the
US) consider Palestine to be territories under
Israeli occupation. Both Israelis and
Palestinians have claims to the land going
back centuries, but the present-day states are
relatively new.

2) Why are Israelis and
Palestinians fighting?

This is not, despite what you may have heard,
primarily about religion. On the surface at
least, it's very simple: the conflict is over who
gets what land and how it is controlled. In
execution, though, that gets into a lot of really
thorny issues, like: Where are the borders?
Can Palestinian refugees return to their former
homes in present-day Israel? More on these
later.
The decades-long process of resolving that
conflict has created another, overlapping
conflict: managing the very unpleasant Israeli-
Palestinian coexistence, in which Israel has
put the Palestinians under suffocating military
occupation and Palestinian militant groups
terrorize Israelis.
BOTH SIDES HAVE SQUANDERED
PEACE AND PERPETUATED
CONFLICT, BUT PALESTINIANS
TODAY BEAR MOST OF THE
SUFFERING
Those two dimensions of the conflict are made
even worse by the long, bitter, violent history
between these two peoples. It's not just that
there is lots of resentment and distrust;
Israelis and Palestinians have such widely
divergent narratives of the last 70-plus years,
of what has happened and why, that even
reconciling their two realities is extremely
difficult. All of this makes it easier for
extremists, who oppose any compromise and
want to destroy or subjugate the other site
entirely, to control the conversation and derail
the peace process.
The peace process, by the way, has been going
on for decades, but it hasn't looked at all
hopeful since the breakthrough 1993 and
1995 Oslo Accords produced a glimmer of
hope that has since dissipated. The conflict
has settled into a terrible cycle and peace
looks less possible all the time.
Something you often hear is that "both sides"
are to blame for perpetuating the conflict, and
there's plenty of truth to that. There has
always been and remains plenty of culpability
to go around, plenty of individuals and groups
on both sides that squandered peace and
perpetuated conflict many times over. Still,
perhaps the most essential truth of the Israel-
Palestine conflict today is that the conflict
predominantly matters for the human suffering
it causes. And while Israelis certainly suffer
deeply and in great numbers, the vast
majority of the conflict's toll is incurred by
Palestinian civilians. Just above, as one
metric of that, are the Israeli and Palestinian
conflict-related deaths every month since late
2000.

3) How did this conflict start
in the first place?

The conflict has been going on since the early
1900s, when the mostly-Arab, mostly-Muslim
region was part of the Ottoman Empire and,
starting in 1917, a "mandate" run by the
British Empire. Hundreds of thousands of Jews
were moving into the area, as part of a
movement called Zionism among mostly
European Jews to escape persecution and
establish their own state in their ancestral
homeland. (Later, large numbers of Middle
Eastern Jews also moved to Israel, either to
escape anti-Semitic violence or because they
were forcibly expelled.)
Communal violence between Jews and Arabs in
British Palestine began spiraling out of
control. In 1947, the United Nations approved
a plan to divide British Palestine into two
mostly independent countries, one for Jews
called Israel and one for Arabs called
Palestine. Jerusalem, holy city for Jews and
Muslims, was to be a special international
zone.
The plan was never implemented. Arab leaders
in the region saw it as European colonial theft
and, in 1948, invaded to keep Palestine
unified. The Israeli forces won the 1948 war,
but they pushed well beyond the UN-
designated borders to claim land that was to
have been part of Palestine, including the
western half of Jerusalem. They also uprooted
and expelled entire Palestinian communities,
creating about 700,000 refugees, whose
descendants now number 7 million and are
still considered refugees.
The 1948 war ended with Israel roughly
controlling the territory that you will see
marked on today's maps as "Israel"; everything
except for the West Bank and Gaza, which is
where most Palestinian fled to (many also
ended up in refugee camps in neighboring
countries) and are today considered the
Palestinian territories. The borders between
Israel and Palestine have been disputed and
fought over ever since. So has the status of
those Palestinian refugees and the status of
Jerusalem.
That's the first major dimension of the conflict:
reconciling the division that opened in 1948.
The second began in 1967, when Israel put
those two Palestinian territories under military
occupation.

Good news to all aspiring candidates who do
not meet up with the requirements for
admission into any University in Nigeria
(private University inclusive), thinking the
next logical option is applying to a polytechnic
or college of education or wait for another
UTME.
Do you know you can still gain admission into
200level come next year? Yes 200Level!
The alternative to admission into University
without UTME(Jamb) is the INTERIM JOINT
MATRICULATION BOARD EXAMINATION
(IJMBE)
This program is an Advanced Level(A/Level)
course regulated and conducted by Ahmadu
Bello University Zaria. Applicants gain
admission into 200 level in any of
Nigeria's private or public university that
accepts it as a criteria for admission. The
program is open for courses in Science/
Engineering,Social sciences, Arts and
Humanities
The program (IJMBE) as articulated on page
4, item 2.2 of the JAMB brochure, runs for less
than a year during which candidates will
receive lectures in preparation for the final
examination(coming up by February 2015)
During the program you will be groomed
extensively on your subject combinations. The
subject combination is being determined by
the course you want to study in the University
(as applied to UTME). For instance, a student
who wants to study Law will offer Literature-
In-English, Government and Economics/
Business administration.
The Requirements for the Program is a
complete O/Level Result (Max of 2 sittings)
and 12 Passport photographs.
Candidates with deficiency in Mathematics
and English Language can also apply as they
will have the opportunity of registering for
any/both subjects.
With IJMBE, your University admission is
guaranteed simply because provisions has
been made for intensive and effective lectures coupled with an environment that is conducive for learning
.For more info/ questions/private chat, you can reach me on 08066630736 or send a mail to tayade2005@yahoo.com
***See You @ the Top***

Good news to all aspiring candidates who do
not meet up with the requirements for
admission into any University in Nigeria
(private University inclusive), thinking the
next logical option is applying to a polytechnic
or college of education or wait for another
UTME.
Do you know you can still gain admission into
200level come next year? Yes 200Level!
The alternative to admission into University
without UTME(Jamb) is the INTERIM JOINT
MATRICULATION BOARD EXAMINATION
(IJMBE)
This program is an Advanced Level(A/Level)
course regulated and conducted by Ahmadu
Bello University Zaria. Applicants gain
admission into 200 level in any of
Nigeria's private or public university that
accepts it as a criteria for admission. The
program is open for courses in Science/
Engineering,Social sciences, Arts and
Humanities
The program (IJMBE) as articulated on page
4, item 2.2 of the JAMB brochure, runs for less
than a year during which candidates will
receive lectures in preparation for the final
examination(coming up by February 2015)
During the program you will be groomed
extensively on your subject combinations. The
subject combination is being determined by
the course you want to study in the University
(as applied to UTME). For instance, a student
who wants to study Law will offer Literature-
In-English, Government and Economics/
Business administration.
The Requirements for the Program is a
complete O/Level Result (Max of 2 sittings)
and 12 Passport photographs.
Candidates with deficiency in Mathematics
and English Language can also apply as they
will have the opportunity of registering for
any/both subjects.
With IJMBE, your University admission is
guaranteed simply because provisions has
been made for intensive and effective lectures coupled with an environment that is conducive for learning.
For more info/ questions/private chat, you can reach me on 08066630736 or send a mail to tayade2005@yahoo.com
***See You @ the Top***

Good news to all aspiring candidates who do
not meet up with the requirements for
admission into any University in Nigeria
(private University inclusive), thinking the
next logical option is applying to a polytechnic
or college of education or wait for another
UTME.
Do you know you can still gain admission into
200level come next year? Yes 200Level!
The alternative to admission into University
without UTME(Jamb) is the INTERIM JOINT
MATRICULATION BOARD EXAMINATION
(IJMBE)
This program is an Advanced Level(A/Level)
course regulated and conducted by Ahmadu
Bello University Zaria. Applicants gain
admission into 200 level in any of
Nigeria's private or public university that
accepts it as a criteria for admission. The
program is open for courses in Science/
Engineering,Social sciences, Arts and
Humanities
The program (IJMBE) as articulated on page
4, item 2.2 of the JAMB brochure, runs for less
than a year during which candidates will
receive lectures in preparation for the final
examination(coming up by February 2015)
During the program you will be groomed
extensively on your subject combinations. The
subject combination is being determined by
the course you want to study in the University
(as applied to UTME). For instance, a student
who wants to study Law will offer Literature-
In-English, Government and Economics/
Business administration.
The Requirements for the Program is a
complete O/Level Result (Max of 2 sittings)
and 12 Passport photographs.
Candidates with deficiency in Mathematics
and English Language can also apply as they
will have the opportunity of registering for
any/both subjects.
With IJMBE, your University admission is
guaranteed simply because provisions has
been made for intensive and effective lectures
coupled with an environment that is conducive
for learning.
For more info/ questions/private chat, you can
reach me on 08066630736 or send a mail to
tayade2005@yahoo.com
***See You @ the Top***

Good news to all aspiring candidates who do
not meet up with the requirements for
admission into any University in Nigeria
(private University inclusive), thinking the
next logical option is applying to a polytechnic
or college of education or wait for another
UTME.
Do you know you can still gain admission into
200level come next year? Yes 200Level!
The alternative to admission into University
without UTME(Jamb) is the INTERIM JOINT
MATRICULATION BOARD EXAMINATION
(IJMBE)
This program is an Advanced Level(A/Level)
course regulated and conducted by Ahmadu
Bello University Zaria. Applicants gain
admission into 200 level in any of
Nigeria's private or public university that
accepts it as a criteria for admission. The
program is open for courses in Science/
Engineering,Social sciences, Arts and
Humanities
The program (IJMBE) as articulated on page
4, item 2.2 of the JAMB brochure, runs for less
than a year during which candidates will
receive lectures in preparation for the final
examination(coming up by February 2015)
During the program you will be groomed
extensively on your subject combinations. The
subject combination is being determined by
the course you want to study in the University
(as applied to UTME). For instance, a student
who wants to study Law will offer Literature-
In-English, Government and Economics/
Business administration.
The Requirements for the Program is a
complete O/Level Result (Max of 2 sittings)
and 12 Passport photographs.
Candidates with deficiency in Mathematics
and English Language can also apply as they
will have the opportunity of registering for
any/both subjects.
With IJMBE, your University admission is
guaranteed simply because provisions has
been made for intensive and effective lectures
coupled with an environment that is conducive
for learning.
For more info/ questions/private chat, you can
reach me on 08066630736 or send a mail to
tayade2005@yahoo.com
***See You @ the Top***

Good news to all aspiring candidates who do
not meet up with the requirements for
admission into any University in Nigeria
(private University inclusive), thinking the
next logical option is applying to a polytechnic
or college of education or wait for another
UTME.
Do you know you can still gain admission into
200level come next year? Yes 200Level!
The alternative to admission into University
without UTME(Jamb) is the INTERIM JOINT
MATRICULATION BOARD EXAMINATION
(IJMBE)
This program is an Advanced Level(A/Level)
course regulated and conducted by Ahmadu
Bello University Zaria. Applicants gain
admission into 200 level in any of
Nigeria's private or public university that
accepts it as a criteria for admission. The
program is open for courses in Science/
Engineering,Social sciences, Arts and
Humanities
The program (IJMBE) as articulated on page
4, item 2.2 of the JAMB brochure, runs for less
than a year during which candidates will
receive lectures in preparation for the final
examination(coming up by February 2015)
During the program you will be groomed
extensively on your subject combinations. The
subject combination is being determined by
the course you want to study in the University
(as applied to UTME). For instance, a student
who wants to study Law will offer Literature-
In-English, Government and Economics/
Business administration.
The Requirements for the Program is a
complete O/Level Result (Max of 2 sittings)
and 12 Passport photographs.
Candidates with deficiency in Mathematics
and English Language can also apply as they
will have the opportunity of registering for
any/both subjects.
With IJMBE, your University admission is
guaranteed simply because provisions has
been made for intensive and effective lectures
coupled with an environment that is conducive for learning.
For more info/ questions/private chat, you can reach me on 08066630736 or send a mail to tayade2005@yahoo.com
***See You @ the Top***

Good news to all aspiring candidates who do
not meet up with the requirements for
admission into any University in Nigeria
(private University inclusive), thinking the
next logical option is applying to a polytechnic
or college of education or wait for another
UTME.
Do you know you can still gain admission into
200level come next year? Yes 200Level!
The alternative to admission into University
without UTME(Jamb) is the INTERIM JOINT
MATRICULATION BOARD EXAMINATION
(IJMBE)
This program is an Advanced Level(A/Level)
course regulated and conducted by Ahmadu
Bello University Zaria. Applicants gain
admission into 200 level in any of
Nigeria's private or public university that
accepts it as a criteria for admission. The
program is open for courses in Science/
Engineering,Social sciences, Arts and
Humanities
The program (IJMBE) as articulated on page
4, item 2.2 of the JAMB brochure, runs for less than a year during which candidates will
receive lectures in preparation for the final
examination(coming up by February 2015)
During the program you will be groomed
extensively on your subject combinations. The subject combination is being determined by the course you want to study in the University (as applied to UTME). For instance, a student who wants to study Law will offer Literature-In-English, Government and Economics/Business administration.
The Requirements for the Program is a
complete O/Level Result (Max of 2 sittings)
and 12 Passport photographs.
Candidates with deficiency in Mathematics
and English Language can also apply as they
will have the opportunity of registering for
any/both subjects.
With IJMBE, your University admission is
guaranteed simply because provisions has
been made for intensive and effective lectures coupled with an environment that is conducive for learning.
For more info/ questions/private chat, you can reach me on 08066630736 or send a mail to tayade2005@yahoo.com
***See You @ the Top***

Good news to all aspiring candidates who do
not meet up with the requirements for
admission into any University in Nigeria
(private University inclusive), thinking the
next logical option is applying to a polytechnic
or college of education or wait for another
UTME.
Do you know you can still gain admission into
200level come next year? Yes 200Level!
The alternative to admission into University
without UTME(Jamb) is the INTERIM JOINT
MATRICULATION BOARD EXAMINATION
(IJMBE)
This program is an Advanced Level(A/Level)
course regulated and conducted by Ahmadu
Bello University Zaria. Applicants gain
admission into 200 level in any of
Nigeria's private or public university that
accepts it as a criteria for admission. The
program is open for courses in Science/
Engineering,Social sciences, Arts and
Humanities
The program (IJMBE) as articulated on page
4, item 2.2 of the JAMB brochure, runs for less
than a year during which candidates will
receive lectures in preparation for the final
examination(coming up by February 2015)
During the program you will be groomed
extensively on your subject combinations. The
subject combination is being determined by
the course you want to study in the University
(as applied to UTME). For instance, a student
who wants to study Law will offer Literature-
In-English, Government and Economics/
Business administration.
The Requirements for the Program is a
complete O/Level Result (Max of 2 sittings)
and 12 Passport photographs.
Candidates with deficiency in Mathematics
and English Language can also apply as they
will have the opportunity of registering for
any/both subjects.
With IJMBE, your University admission is
guaranteed simply because provisions has
been made for intensive and effective lectures
coupled with an environment that is conducive
for learning.
For more info/ questions/private chat, you can reach me on 08066630736 or send a mail to tayade2005@yahoo.com
***See You @ the Top***

Recruitment & Training Exercise For Sales Reps In Abeokuta & Ibadan

Structural Solution UK & Nigeria is currently looking for
SSCE/OND/HND/BSc holders to work as sales reps in Abeokuta & Ibadan.

Salary range: #30,000-45,000 plus a bonus.
Interested candidates should confirm their attendance by sending his/her
name, highest qualification and job location to 07069471106.

Recruitment & Training Dates:
Abeokuta, Wednesday, July 23rd @ 10am.
Jofax Filling Station, Abiola way, Abeokuta, Ogun state.
Ibadan, Friday, July 25th @ 10am.
C/O Master-IT- ALL
104 Liberty Road, Liberty Stadium, Ibadan ( Building opposite the
stadium gate).

For more information: 07069471106
www.structuralsolution.co.uk