Hi.

Try GetDataBack. It has both FAT and NTFS (file system) versions. It can recover files even from formatted drives with its 4 step process. Its disadvantage: it requires time to scan the drive on first use.The bigger the drive the longer it takes.

PM me if you cant get it and i'll see what i can do.

@ Love Decay

Did you you really read it through. In summary its a when and how scenario for DEPLOYING https and not detailed a explanation on installation.

Pertaining to SSL certificates, i posted a detailed step-by-step guide on how to obtain STARSSL certificates some weeks ago but an overzealous mod/bot, for an unknown reason, decided to deny potential webmasters access to the info by censoring it completely. A webmaster confidentially insinuated it may have been censored because most are unaware such a free service exist and a few are making pecuniary benefits from the ignorant.

So due to the current climate of mods censoring info at will, even if it does not violate posting guidelines, i dont think i will go to the trouble of posting detailed guides for some time.

Guide Credit to EriK: http://erik.io/blog/2013/06/08/a-basic-guide-to-when-and-how-to-deploy-https/

Many web developers know about SSL, but it is very common to see it only partially deployed, or not deployed where it should be. This basic guide on when and how to deploy SSL will help you avoid the most common mistakes.

Key points

If you have any kind of confidential information, or if you have logins, even if they are just for admins, you should deploy HTTPS. The risks are not theoretical.

Never deploy HTTPS partially: use it for all content, or many risks are left open, like the interception of session IDs, which is almost as good as passwords.

When you deploy HTTPS, enforce all requests to be served over HTTPS, by redirecting any plain HTTP requests to HTTPS URLs.
Enable strict transport security (HSTS) to further reduce the opportunity for attacks.

Set the secure flag on your cookies, like the session cookie, to make sure they don’t leak out through plain HTTP requests.

What is HTTPS?

HTTPS refers to the layering HTTP on top of SSL/TLS. The end result is that the HTTP traffic, including requested URLs, result pages, cookies, media and anything else sent over HTTP, is encrypted. Someone interfering with the connection can neither listen in on traffic, nor change it. In addition to simply encrypting, the identity of the remote server is verified: after all, having an encrypted connection is a lot less useful if you don’t know who’s at the other end. The end result is that it becomes incredibly difficult to intercept the traffic. It might still be possible to know which websites a user is visiting, but no more than that.

When and why should I deploy HTTPS?

You should deploy HTTPS whenever your website has any kind of non-public information. That includes any website that has logins – after all, if it were public information, it would not need a login. It also includes logins only used by administrators, like in your typical Wordpress website.

You should deploy HTTPS because without it, even someone doing passive eavesdropping, i.e. just listening to the network traffic and not manipulating it, can read along with all HTTP traffic, including any passwords or authentication tokens.

This is not a theoretical attack. I have done this myself (with permission) several times – this is particularly easy on public hotspots. Public hotspots typically apply no wifi encryption, which makes it trivial to eavesdrop on all traffic. This is a very common setup in bars, hotels, trains, and other public places. In other words, if your users sometimes use your website from a public hotspot, and you do not use HTTPS, anyone in the vicinity can listen in on all their traffic. This isn’t the only case where eavesdropping might happen, but it is a very easy one.

What if I just use HTTPS for my login page?

No. Using HTTPS just for the login page will prevent your user’s passwords from being eavesdropped, but this is only part of the problem.

First of all, the less HTTPS on your website, the easier it becomes to do active interception: your login link might point to an HTTPS URL, but if I change that link before the user clicks on it, it will not help you. But, using HTTPS partially also leaves risks open for passive interception.

Verifying a username and password is only one part of authenticating users on the web: we also need to remember that a particular user was authenticated, and which account they authenticated with. The most common method is session cookies. Typically, this means the browser stores a long random string, the session ID, in a cookie. PHP for example, uses the PHPSESSID cookie for this. A database on the server side then knows that that random string belongs to a particular session, in which a particular user authenticated himself. If I somehow acquire the session ID of your session, after you login, I acquire all permissions you have: almost as good as having your password.

Knowing this risk, the session ID is very long and random, and has a limited lifetime, meaning I can’t just guess it: this is what makes it safe enough. But, due to the way cookies work, the browser includes the cookie in every request it makes to your website. So even long after login, every page I request, even if it is usually public, will result in my session cookie being sent by the browser. And if someone is eavesdropping at that point, they can still compromise my account.

The same can happen when you only place the administrator part of your website behind SSL: when you log in and later visit the non-SSL public part, the browser will still be sending the session cookie.

In short: as session cookies, which allow access to the user’s account, are sent in every request, simply securing the login page is absolutely insufficient.

How do I enable HTTPS properly?

Enforce HTTPS usage

Some websites buy an SSL certificate, configure it on their web server, and assume they’re done. But that just means you enabled the option of HTTPS – which users are unlikely to notice. To make sure everyone benefits from your HTTPS support, you should redirect all requests that come in on HTTP, to HTTPS. That means any user visiting your site will automatically be switched over to HTTPS, and from that point on their traffic is secure.

This still leaves a small gap: the first time the user makes a request to your website, they will use plain HTTP, and they may already transmit confidential information at that time. It also leaves a small man-in-the-middle hole open.

Strict transport security

For further tightening, enable HTTP strict transport security (HSTS). This is a special header that can be sent by the server, which indicates: for a defined time period, you must not access this website over plain HTTP, or access it over HTTPS when it has a dodgy certificate. Optionally, subdomains can be included as well.

It’s a simple server header, and trivial to configure. Note though that there is no way to revert the setting before the max-age has expired, so don’t make it too long. You use HSTS next to an HTTPS redirect, not in place of it.

Secure cookies

Cookies, including the session cookie, have an optional flag called secure. This basically means: “never send this cookie over a plain HTTP connection”. Enable this flag on your cookies, and they will not be sent with the HTTP request the browser does initially – but only once the connection switched to HTTPS, and can no longer be eavesdropped.

Can I just deploy SSL for authenticated users?

No. Once you’ve followed the guidelines above, at the moment a user makes a plain HTTP connection, you do not know whether they are authenticated. That’s the whole point: they should not transmit any secret information, like their session cookie, until they are on SSL.

Although I can imagine some ways to work around this, they might break at some point. As the cost of SSL is really quite low nowadays, it’s not worth it.

[size=24pt]Talking about drones. If this is a real drone [/size]




[size=24pt]What do we call this?
[/size]



My opinion: The officer who orchestrated this charade needs to be court martialed. Why ridicule your Commander-in-Chief with the commissioning of a mere prototype toy that can purchased in average toy stores abroad for a few dollars. A responsible serious weapons development section of the Air force, everywhere in the world, tasks a President to commission a fully operational vehicle and not a toy prototype.

Honestly, why did Prez Jonathan agree to this charade in the first place.

ASUU Strike: Presidency lied against ASUU, By Nasir Fagge

The letter from the Government, signed by Dr. Mac John Nwaobiala, was delivered at ASUU National Secretariat on 6th November, 2013. ASUU had made it clear to Government through the Minister of Education, and at the meetings held with Government’s representative, that our Union does not have an EXECUTIVE PRESIDENT who has the power to decide for the Union on crucial matters, including and especially on trade disputes and strikes. Similarly, the internal democracy of our Union does not permit the Principal Officers to make decisions on Union matters of trade disputes without advice from the National Executive Council. Allowing branches to meet, advise and take positions is the only way we know how to run a democratic organisation.

2. The content of ASUU’s reply

Here is the relevant portion of ASUU’s reply to government’s letter, as contained in Union’s letter of 22nd November, 2013 signed by Nasir F. Isa, President of ASUU:

“On behalf of NEC I hereby convey the Union’s appreciation of the expressed concern of Your Excellency to bring an end to the crisis occasioned by the poor implementation of the 2009 Agreement and the 2012 Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) arising therefrom through your personal intervention.

NEC would have taken a definitive decision on ending the strike, especially in view of Your Excellency’s intervention but for certain uncertainties, the clearance of which would have been decisive in making the relevant decision. These uncertainties involve issues on which ASUU members nationwide have strong feelings. They are about certain gaps evident in Government’s report as presented to our Union.

Specifically, our members are requesting that Your Excellency facilitates the resolution of the issues as a way of concretising their understanding of the agreed positions. This will involve the following:

(a) That the N200 billion agreed upon as 2013 Revitalisation Fund for public universities shall be deposited with the CBN and disbursed to the benefitting universities within two weeks.

(b) That the renegotiation of the 2009 Agreement in 2014 be included in the final document as agreed at the discussion with Your Excellency.

(c) That a Non-victimisation clause which is normally captured in all interactions of this nature be included in the final document and

(d) That a new Memorandum of Understanding shall be validly endorsed, signed by a representative of government, preferably the Attorney General of the Federation and a representative of ASUU, with the President of the Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) as a witness.

Your Excellency please be assured that the Union is willing to do all that is needful to resolve the lingering crisis as soon as the expressed observations of our members are addressed.

Thank you

Yours in the struggle

Naisr F. Isa, Ph.D

http://premiumtimesng.com/opinion/150783-presidency-lied-ASUU-nasir-fagge.html

By Russ Boswell

Source Link here

Have you ever wanted to design a game? It's a difficult process, just ask anyone who has ever stepped foot into the business, but that doesn't mean you should give up on your dreams of porting something to the masses. There are a lot of useful tools out there that can help you breath life into your gaming ideas, but some of them will set you back quite a bit, and some are complex and difficult to maneuver.

GameMaker Studio from YoYo Games is not a traditional tool, but is instead an easy-to-use program that can help you quickly create two-dimensional Indie-style games. The best part? You can get it for free.

You're not going to crank out a AAA-title with this creator, but you'll "get a feel" for game design, and you can have a fully-functioning game within weeks according to the company's website. This is a great place to learn the process, and there are hundreds of tutorials online that can help you use GameMaker like a pro.

GameMaker Studio: Standard Edition would normally set you back around $50, but YoYo Games is giving would-be developers a free copy of their popular tool for a "limited time." To get yours, you'll need to go to the following page and download the free edition of the software. Once downloaded and installed, a box will pop up asking you which "update stream" you want to use. Choose the beta stream, and let the program update itself. Once it's all finished you'll be able to upgrade to the Standard Edition, and will be sent an activation code.

We don't know exactly how long this offer will be around, so be sure to secure your copy ASAP.

@donphilopus

This is definitely not a campaign thread. If i were a moderator, i would have censored your statements and that of @Dike Chimezie. Isn't there a motivation or inspiration that made millions of youths to vote for the current President in office?

[size=14pt]Thats what i'm interested in learning.[/size]

@Dike Chimezie
And what if i may ask would be the motivation or inspiration for the enmasse voting; governance deliverables or raw emotions like @donphilopus.
Did any youth in this country really vote based on subjective governance deliverables or just sentiments?

Dike Chimezie:
Stop blabbing! Come 2015 we will dissapoint u.Because enmasse we will vote GEJ again.

@donphilopus
Don't be hasty in jumping to conclusions. I'm being objective here and not taking sides. Speak reason and many will be willing to listen. Why not convince me to see things your way with arguments devoid of abuse. The contents of the thread speaks for itself.

donphilopus: i bet you that most of the people that voted him in then regretted voting for him.
They voted him because most of them didn't his true being then

[size=14pt]Government of the people, for the people, by the people.[/size]

@Dike Chimezie
An interesting perspective. While not all leaders are politicians, most politicians are leaders in their own right. But what about gonvernance deliverables. Any expectations? It seems all the views so far with the exception of @abuayman have any focus on deliverables as a yard stick of governance.

Dike Chimezie: Interesting question indeed.
We realised that he is more a leader than a politician.
"By their fruit we shall know them".He is a responsible POLITICIAN hence worthy of a LEADER.
I have more reasons for not only supporting but liking GEJ.
I rest my case.

@donphilopus
You are the first dissenting voice. Hmmm, your reasons seem far-fetched. If he were prone to wrong decisions won't it have been obvious to the electorate. Anyways, its just one (your) opinion. Lets see what others have to say.

donphilopus: The reason why i didn't vote him and will not vote for him is because he takes the wrong decision, he can't differentiate between good and bad.
To round it off he's too cold and Clueless..
Sorry To Say

@egift
Good looks are assets to politicians all over the world. As a matter of fact most politicians are good looking. So you were enamored by his looks and not governance deliverables. Interesting.

egift: Because he have an innocent look face and a smile of deception to go with it. Is that good enough?

@abuayman
A reasonable motivation. But Rome was not built in day (4give the adage). Surely projects of such magnitude require time to implement. With the university as u say, you are one satisfied voter.

abuayman: All state will have a federal university and domestic airport but up till now, my state Kogi is still there without airport, at least the University is there sha

@kokoA
Was that statement made before the elections? Its a reasonable motivation for voting if i may say.

kokoA: "Terrorist attacks happen everywhere in the world, Nigeria is not an exception..." And "we are on top of the situation"

@ demmie1
Do you imply ur motivation is none other than to have a non-northerner as president. So if things go good or bad you are indifferent? A very interesting perspective.

demmie1: anti-northern sentiments.
I only chose btw two evils.........

@slimming
Good governance in what aspect? Kindly explain what your expectations were?

slimming: For good governance

@ Ayam Kay

Your download links have been up for 15hrs (since 8pm yesterday). They will expire after the next 9hrs.

Fractious politics aside. Its becoming highly probable that Nigeria could be broke. Billions in bugdet arrears to states, Oil theft, strikes over money/unpaid salaries (ASUU, ASUP,etc), expensive bokoharam war, etc. It takes no brainer to realize money could be short. The sooner it sinks into the thick skulls of Nigerians the better.

Watching the verbal tussles on Nairaland for and against President Jonathan is sometimes apalling. But governments the world over have never been (generally) much loved even after they were overwhelmingly elected by voters.

But one aspect is undeniable, election campaigns grants access and insights into the aspiring candidates unlike everyday experiences. You listen to speeeches and debates which motivates and inspires you to vote for the candidates.

It would be nice to hear from Nairalanders which, of President Jonathan's speeches, debates and policies inspired and motivated them to vote him during the last election.

It will offer an insight into whether the verbal dissafection is from failed promises by the President or just impatience for the changes promised.

[size=14pt]Please lets be civil; no vulgar language or abuse. [/size]

For Open Source software check out this page:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_healthcare_software

Take a look at this one on Sourceforge:

http://sourceforge.net/projects/openhospital/



Check this link for a review of some open source alternatives:

https://www.evernote.com/shard/s2/note/a1ff8416-59b2-4352-924c-13fbefbcacf1/poikonen/PublicPharmacoinformatics#st=p&n=a1ff8416-59b2-4352-924c-13fbefbcacf1

Download and test the softwares. You might just find one that fully or partially meets your needs.

To mark the 53rd independence day celebrations, i have promised to provide access to ebooks as much as i can.

Post any title (It can be different from the sample titles below) you need and i shall provide the ebook, if available, as an encrypted download within 36 hours of request from my locker. The download link will be valid for 24hrs only.

Beginning JSP, JSF and Tomcat: Java Web Development

Botnets: The Killer Web App

The C++ Standard Library: A Tutorial and Reference

Cost Estimation Techniques for Web Projects

Even Faster Web Sites: Performance Best Practices for Web Developers

GIS for Web Developers: Adding Where to Your Web Applications

HTML5 for Dummies Quick Reference

JavaScript for Dummies

Professional Node.js: Building Javascript Based Scalable Software

Sams Teach Yourself HTML5 Mobile Application Development in 24 Hours

C++ Primer Plus

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

C++ Timesaving Techniques for Dummies

Flash CS6: The Missing Manual

Ivor Horton's Beginning Visual C++ 2012

LabVIEW: Advanced Programming Techniques

Programming Android

Visual Basic 2012 Programmer's Reference


The ebook size must not exceed 100MB for the request to be honored.

Request Format:
Book Title (it could be different from the above list).
Subject Area (if i dont get the exact title i may get a substitute in the subject same area).
Email: For the download link and password.

Compliments,

Excuse my asking; is this forum not meant to be a medium for sharing knowledge and information?

If yes, then what justifies the censorship of this post?

www.nairaland.com/1462086/https-connection-what-every-web

It says a spambot banned and censored when the contents are a far cry from the infractions stated in the posting rules.

Found this interesting read. Decided its a better read on the original website. Enjoy.

[size=18pt]If you're a web developer, you've probably had to make a user account system. The most important aspect of a user account system is how user passwords are protected. User account databases are hacked frequently, so you absolutely must do something to protect your users' passwords if your website is ever breached. The best way to protect passwords is to employ salted password hashing. This page will explain how to do it properly................................. [/size]

Page link here: https://crackstation.net/hashing-security.htm

Nope. I meant it will be available but expensive. You can get it around the Lagos and Portharcourt areas if you do a little asking around. The Nigerian navy and some oil/gas companies require regular supplies for their activities. I just dont have exact info on any supplier.

The last straw is for you to import it from abroad if all else fails.

The notion is absurd.

Firstly, you will never find any recipe for it on the internet. The 9/11 attack prompted an aggressive take down by NSA/FBI of all web content that even attempts to transfer such knowledge to terrorists.

Secondly, i would advise against any attempt to experiment. It is fraught with danger and the possibility of loss of life.

Thirdly, The ingredients required for such a misadventure are not easy to come by. You can make a rocket banger but solid rocket fuel is something else. There about 3 Nigerian scientists in 3 universities in Nigeria currently working to develop such capability but funding is lacking from the government.

Lastly, the best you can do is to order solid fuel rocket hobby kits from abroad (which might not pass Nigerian customs) if you need to impress anyone. Trying to reverse engineer the fuel formula is not possible after it has been mixed and cured.

I recall a company called air liquide supplies universities and hospitals about 15yrs ago. Not sure if the company still exists now. There is also a local company in the Lagos area but cant recall the name. Most of the Nitrogen gas used in Nigeria is imported and for specialist uses hence the difficulty in getting it.

Encoredme: A friend of mine needs liquid nitrogen for experimental purposes. He's been all over Google to find out where he can get it in Nigeria, but all to no avail. So does anyone have an idea of where to get it?

@13volts

I commend your enthusiasm in sharing with us. The second and third topics in your post were issues i have raised on twitter.

I must however point out a few security details you should observe to safeguard your anonymity and safety. It is no secret that every military command detests unofficial communications to the outside. I am assuming that you are posting incognito (to hide your identity). If i am wrong in this assumption then you may disregard the following comments.

Try to compress and resize your photos before you post them. Not doing so exposes some details which may be used to physically trace you. As an example i was able to obtain the following info from your pics (I deliberately obscured exact details):

Camera type: S********
Camera Model: DSC-**200
Camera Time: ***/***/2014 03:19:08 (You wrongly configured the date to 2014 but the exposure is consistent with time recorded)

Now it would be very easy to narrow down with due diligence the camera used and subsequently you if necessary. Endeavour to use picture utillities like

1. Exiftool (to check embedded info in pictures) or
2. Irfanview (It compresses and also can remove embedded info in pics. It has exiftool in it)

I pray you and your colleagues survive and reap the fruits of yout service to the fatherland

Best wishes

I came across the intersting write up below which i couldn't resist sharing. It is not meant to cast aspersions but encourage discussions on the multi-ethnic character and identities of Nigerians and the struggle for power and recognition within existing dominant ethnic identities.

Source: http://www.farooqkperogi.com/2013/08/whats-really-president-goodluck.html

What’s REALLY President Goodluck Jonathan’s Ethnic Group? By Farooq A. Kperogi, Ph.D.

The magnitude of ignorance that Nigerians have of each other is truly astounding. For me, the most exasperating ignorance that pervades Nigeria is what I call Nigeria’s tripodal ethnic reductionism, which is the infuriatingly ill-informed notion that every Nigerian is—or should be— either Hausa, or Yoruba, or Igbo. The unanticipated rise of Dr. Goodluck Jonathan—who is neither Hausa, nor Yoruba, nor Igbo— as Nigeria’s president has ruptured this simplistic narrative.

But I have seen a growing tendency in Nigeria to call him “a Niger Delta,” “a Niger Delta man,” or simply “a Niger Deltan.” That is a farrago of nonsense. There is no Nigerian ethnic group called “Niger Delta.” That’s the name of a geographic region, and it is peopled by a multiplicity of ethnicities. To describe someone’s ethnicity by a facile geographic label is to partake in a thoughtless erasure of that person’s elemental identity.
People who don’t suffer the lack of cognitive complexity that makes it difficult to imagine a Nigeria outside the three major ethnic groups know and say that Goodluck Jonathan comes from the Ijaw ethnic group, reputed to be the most populous ethnic and language group in Nigeria’s deep south. But is President Jonathan really Ijaw?

[img]http://4.bp..com/-X2inyymDKYE/UfyOdqxS9UI/AAAAAAAACsY/zUJxcqzoQFQ/s1600/President+Goodluck-Jonathan.jpg[/img]

Well, he is not. He comes from an ethnic and language group called Ogbia (also sometimes referred to as Ogbinya), that numbers a little over 266,000, according to the 2006 census. The Ogbia people are found mainly in Ogbia Local Government Area of Bayelsa State. The headquarters of their local government is also called Ogbia, which was built from the scratch by the Ogbia Brotherhood in 1972 as “a centre to unify all Ogbia people.”

The Ogbia language, apparently, isn’t a dialect of Ijaw, as many people have been misled to suppose. It is, in fact, mutually unintelligible with Ijaw, according to Professor Mobolaji E. Aluko, Vice Chancellor of the Federal University Otuoke, whose mother is Ijaw. (Otuoke is President Jonathan’s hometown).

While Ijaw belongs to the Atlantic-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family, Ogbia belongs to the Central Delta subphyla, but historians say the ancestors of the Ogbia people most likely migrated from present-day Edo State. Plus, Ogbia has its own dialects, which are all mutually intelligible, according to Ethnologue. They are Agholo (or Kolo), Oloibiri, and Anyama. As anybody who’s familiar with Nigeria’s oil exploration history would know, Oloibiri is the location of Nigeria’s first ever commercially viable oil well in 1956. Isaac Adaka Boro, the originator of Niger Delta militancy, was also from Oloibiri. It seems like, in this part of Nigeria, place and language names are one and the same.

Anyway, all evidence points to the fact that Ogbia, President Jonathan’s native language, isn’t Ijaw, nor is it even Ijoid, that is, it is not like, derived from, or related to Ijaw—like Kalabari, Dame Patience Jonathan’s language, is. It also turns out that some Ogbia people resent being classified as Ijaw. I recently happened on an online rant by a person named Agoro Eni-yimini that captures this sentiment. In a short post titled “EPIE AND OGBIA ARE NOT IJAW AND CANNOT BE IJAW!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!,” he wrote: “The diversity of languages spoken in Bayelsa State is an indication that it is a state composing of [sic] many nationalities. It is a falsehood of the greatest order for anyone to claim that Ijaw is an umbrella body of so many languages.” He said Ogbia and Epie people (apparently, Epie is another Edoid language in Bayelsa) are “miles apart in culture and language” with the Ijaw and concluded that “any Epie or Ogbia man that [calls] himself an Ijaw is a fool and his ancestor will be sad.”

Well, if President Jonathan is Ogbia, why is he often called an Ijaw? I don’t know for sure, and no one seems to have grappled with this question. But I suspect that we can blame it on the lingering legacies of colonialism. It’s a well-known fact that because British colonialists couldn’t deal with all the labyrinthine messiness of our ethnic complexity, they arbitrarily grouped divergent people and encouraged them to cherish a fictive collective identity. This was done purely for colonial administrative convenience. That’s how the Yoruba identity was born. That’s how notions of Igboness as a collective identity emerged. That’s how Hausa became the lingua franca of the north. And that’s how Nigeria’s tripodal ethnic reductionism came about.

Of course, we all know that unlike northern and western minorities who accepted Hausa and Yoruba as their lingua franca (with the exception of Benue and Edo people who resisted Hausa and Yoruba respectively), ethnic minorities in Nigeria’s deep south resisted learning or identifying as Igbo. So the colonialists chose to construct a hitherto non-existent collective Ijaw identity and encourage smaller, even if unrelated, ethnic groups to belong to it. That’s how Ogbia, an Edoid people, became Ijaw.

But as we saw from the online rant I quoted above, Ogbia people are now asserting their identity. They are calling attention to their ethnic and linguistic singularities. For instance, in an August 8, 2009 lecture titled “Need for a Renaissance of the Contemporary Ogbia Society” at the Annual General Meeting of the Ogbaka Club of Ogbia, a Dr. Edmond A. Allison-Oguru who teaches agricultural economics and rural sociology at the Niger Delta University, recalled the struggles of early Ogbia nationalists whom he said worked hard to compel colonial administrators to excise Ogbia-speaking people from the then Southern Ijaw Native Authority to the Ogbia Native Authority in 1951, a mere 9 years before independence. He also lamented the loss of pride in and ownership of Ogbia language and culture in contemporary times.

Now, here is the rub: in spite of all the struggles for Ogbia self-definition and reassertion, in all of his official documents, including his CV, President Jonathan, Ogbia’s most prominent citizen, self-identifies as “Ijaw.” Why? Well, although someone said “any Epie or Ogbia man that [calls] himself an Ijaw is a fool and his ancestor will be sad,” I don’t think it’s fair to call the president “a fool” on account of his (inaccurate) self-identification.

I think he is merely a victim of the politics of identity in Nigeria. Nigerians have inherited and internalized the unsophisticated rendering of their ethnic complexity that their British colonial overlords bequeathed to them. Most official documents dating back to the colonial period have wrongly classified Ogbia as a “dialect” or “clan” or “subgroup” of Ijaw. And the president probably speaks fluent Ijaw, so he figured that it’s easier for him to say he is Ijaw than to say he is Ogbia and then have to spend time explaining to people who the Ogbia are.