₦airaland Forum

 Affected leaves often wilt, wither, and die early. Stems, flowers, and fruits are sometimes infected.

 Pale green to yellow or brown areas usually develop on the upper leaf surface opposite the downy growth

SYMPTOMS
 White, gray, bluish, or violet downy patches of mildew form mostly on the undersides of leaves in damp weather

WHAT IS DOWNY MILDEW
Downy mildew is one of the most destructive foliar diseases on cucumbers. It causes significant losses in both field and protected culture production systems.
It is a disease of plants, especially in the raining season, caused by several fungus like organisms of the phylum Oomycota.
The downy mildew pathogen primarily infects the leaves, resulting in decreased photosynthesis. During favorable environmental conditions, the pathogen can defoliate plants and destroy entire fields within a week
HOW IS DOWNY MILDEW SPREAD?
It is spread from plant to plant by airborne spores. It is a disease of wet weather as infection is favored by prolonged leaf wetness. It starts with the lower leaves, the gradually ascend the crops infecting the upper leaves. The lower leaves are more affected because they are closer to the ground and splashes if rain ends on them. More so, there's is more overcrowding at the base than the apex of crops.
Overcrowding of crops also help in the spread of Downing Mildew as the leaves find it difficult to get dry easily; leading to prolonged leaf wetness- indirectly harboring this pathogen.

As we know that Cucumbers are mostly made of water which makes them low in calories; they grow quickly as they receive watering. Most varieties will grow in any amount of space with the plants ability to climb, they come packed with many nutritional benefits; eating cucumber prevent dehydration, good source of fibre which helps lower blood pressure for diabetics, it encourage calcium absorption in the body for optimal bone health.
Downy mildew infects gourds, squash, pumpkins, melons and cucumber. Cucumbers are the most susceptible crop to this pathogen.

The Presidential Amnesty Programme  just recently trained 28 ex-agitators from the Niger Delta region in fish processing at the Aquatech College of Agriculture and Technology, New Adeoyo Hospital road, off  Ring road, Ibadan from March 18 – 22, 2018. The training was Championed  by Active Commodities Marketing Enterprises Ltd. (ACME).  At the refresher/training programme, the ex-agitators went  through basic and practical knowledge of fish breeding, rearing, processing and entrepreneurial management in order to permanently re-integrate them into the society and ensure total peace in the region.


fish pond
Speaking with the Nigerian Tribune during the opening session of the seminar, the Senior Reintegration Officer, Post Training and Engagement Unit, Office of the Special Adviser to the President on Niger Delta and Coordinator of the Presidential Amnesty Programme, Mrs Oyintarela Umeri, said the Federal government is determined to ensure that the ex agitators are re-integrated fully into the society.  She said, in an attempt to restore peace in the region, about 30,000 young men and women had responded to the Presidential Amnesty declaration initiated by late President Umar Yar’Adua for the Niger Delta area.  The Programme was in three stages; Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR).  At the initial stage 30,000 ex- agitators put down their arms, then they were demobilised and were re-oriented to shun violence and embrace dialogue including getting what they want through peaceful means.   Umeri further noted that – the Programme, after some years, is now at the reintegration stage, and in a bid to ensure that the agitators would never return to the creeks again, the ex-agitators are now being empowered to engage them in a variety of businesses to make ends meet.  Umeri who revealed that out of the over 17,000 trained in universities across the globe in various vocational skills, over 4,000 have been empowered through business set up in a variety of trade areas.

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Cassava: Tanzania’s White Gold
Cassava is the most important tropical root crop. Its starchy roots are a major source of dietary energy for more than 500 million people. It is known to be the highest producer of carbohydrates among staple crops.
According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), cassava ranks fourth as a food crop in the developing countries, after rice, maize and wheat.

The leaves are relatively rich in protein and can be consumed. Cassava can be stored in the ground for several seasons, thereby serving as a reserve food when other crops fail.

Cassava is also increasingly used as an animal feed and in the manufacture of different industrial products. It is also used in industrial processes.
http://armi.com.ng/cassavathe-white-gold-for-nigeria-and-africa-continent/


According to FAO estimates, 172 million tonnes of cassava was produced worldwide in 2000. Africa accounted for 54%, Asia for 28%, and Latin America and the Caribbean for 19% of the total world production. In 1999, Nigeria produced 33 million tonnes, making it the world ’s largest producer.

A total of 16.8 million hectares was planted with cassava throughout the world in 2000; about 64% of which was in sub-Saharan Africa.

Epoch Agriculture, a Chinese agro-tech company is to invest $1 billion to set up an agro processing industrial park in Tanzania with focus on Cassava Processing.

The pact is between the Chinese firm and Tanzania Agricultural Export Processing Zone Limited (TAEPZ) which has already secured market for up to 2 million tonnes of dry cassava every year.

Dior Feng, top official with Epoch Agriculture, said the envisioned park will house several processing plants to produce various cassava products.
“We plan on investing in the production of paper pulp flour, animal feed, starch and organic fertilizer. It is later expected to expand production to industrial sugar and ethanol,” she told press.

According to the Executive Director of Tanzania Private Sector Foundation (TPSF) Mr. Godfrey Simbeye, TAEPZ expects to increase production by 5 per cent the following year and expand production every subsequent year after that.

The deal presents unprecedented market for Tanzanian cassava growers who at the moment produce in excess of 5 million tonnes of cassava every year.

He was confident that every year, TAEPZ will be able to purchase 2.5 million tonnes, which is almost half of the entire country’s production assuring farmers of a reliable and growing market.

“We are excited about this deal, it’s what our farmers and our economy needs, we are quickly becoming a semi industrialized country led by agro-production…so we will fast track establishment of the park and ensure production and output commence soonest possible,” said the TPSF Executive Director.

He reassured all stakeholders of due diligence and that a comprehensive assessment was conducted to ensure that production will be up to international standards.

When we set out as an agric organization, we pledge to change the face of agriculture and the way its been practice in the country,to make agric appealing, accessories, affordable and achievable for interested Nigerians most especially the YOUTHS.
We are to achieve this using cut edge technology and modern innovation, and on this note the organization is set to introduce our new product to the market where agric business will not only be projected but protected,and we will be giving platforms and opportunities to vibrant Nigerians,graduates and non graduates interested in
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to kindly forward their CV to admin@armi.com.ng,
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HOW PANAMA DISEASE IS TRANSMITTED IN BANANA PLANT
The pathogen can be transmitted through planting materials, movement of infested soil particles through any means such as shoes, vehicles or through water. The fungus is able to remain dormant in the soil for decades. For these reasons, Tropical race four (TR4) is considered as the world’s greatest threat to banana production.

Profile of fusarium wilt (Tropical race 4) has the following profile:

http://armi.com.ng/deadly-panama-disease-fusarium-wilt-in-banana-attacks-again/

The fungus invades a plant by infecting its roots and then moving up through the xylem, the tissue that transports water and nutrients. With its xylem blocked up, the plant wilts and dies. Fusarium is sneaky, too—the spores can linger in the soil for decades, waiting to infect new banana plants. If unchecked, Tropical Race 4 could kill 80 percent of the bananas grown each year, researchers have predicted. Warm soil temperature, poor drainage, light soils and high soil moisture are congenial for the spread of the disease.

WHAT IS PANAMA DISEASE?

Panama disease is a plant disease of the roots of banana plants. It is a type of Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. The pathogen is resistant to fungicide and cannot be controlled chemically. This is a soil-borne fungal disease and gets entry in the plant body through roots. It is most serious in poorly drained soil. Initial symptoms are yellowing of lower leaves, including leaf blades and petioles. The leaves hang around the pseudostem and wither. In the pseudostem of the diseased plant, yellowish to reddish streaks are noted with intensification of colour towards the rhizome.

Earlier this year, former Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin (UNILORIN), Prof Abiodun Adeloye, called for closed observation following reports of disease attacks on the banana sector.


Currently there is another outbreak of Panama disease that is caused by the so-called Tropical Race 4 (TR4). This new vicious race of Panama disease is extremely virulent, widely infecting banana germplasm destined for domestic and international markets, including Cavendish, and spreads rapidly in South East Asia, Latin America and Africa.The panama disease (Fusarium Wilt) recently stroked towards the end of last year affecting several banana fields all over the world, most especially the continent of Africa. Countries like Cameroon, Republic of Congo, Tanzania, and Mozambique were badly hit by the outbreak of this deadly banana disease.

Bananas are serious business. Around the world, roughly 145 million tons of bananas are grown each year. In some areas, they are a staple food; in the East African highlands, people consume them several times a day.  The kind of banana found in most global supermarkets is called the Cavendish. Unfortunately, a new and virulent strain of the fungus behind Panama disease is now on the loose. Cavendish bananas are very vulnerable to it; scientists aren't sure yet how many other varieties are susceptible. Known as Tropical race 4, it’s the most critical menace to bananas globally. This illness, caused by the Fusarium fungus, was first spotted in Taiwan in 1967. In recent years, however, it has spread alarmingly. The fungus has swept through Asia and Africa, with devastating impacts on the Chinese banana industry.

MDDarah84:
Op,stop being abusive while making comments. You are not helping your business.Good,we are all farmers but honestly there is no where on this planet where you get 3000kg per hectare.

Bro, when we are harvesting i would love to invite to our farm at odeda abeokuta to see things yourself.

6 STEPS TO CASSAVA WEED MANAGEMENT
Weed management include techniques the following;

1. Select a site that is fertile with the presence of biological activities such as worm casts.

2. Slash the vegetative cover and allow for regrowth after a week interval. If using tractor, carry out the first plough and allow regrowth after 14days.

for more info on cassava management technique
www.http://armi.com.ng/cassava-weed-management-technique-to-increase-yield/

In Nigeria, the primary herbicides used are atrazine, metolachlor, glyphosate and paraquat and within the farming community, less than 50% of them use herbicides routinely, instead they manage weeds by hand hoeing. The problem is even more serious when considering how farmers prepare their fields. Field preparation and removal of problem weeds, especially perennial grasses and broadleaves, is poor. Fields are mostly cultivated with hand hoes and field preparation often does not include removal of existing perennial weeds. Research by IITA in Nigeria has shown that proper field preparation including application of glyphosate to existing weeds followed by plowing, harrowing, ridging and removal of existing perennial weed propagules leads to lowered weed presence in the cassava field. If proper field preparation and roguing are coupled with use of pre-emergence herbicides and follow-up application of post-emergence herbicides and/or use of mechanical weeding, cassava can become more productive for smallholders. There is also the potential for mechanization on larger farms resulting in higher yields and a reduction in the drudgery. In other parts of the cassava growing world, outside of Africa, a few more herbicides exist and some improved use of mechanical tillers is more common but even in these regions, the need for improved herbicide availability is needed.

Cassava production is mainly concentrated in the tropical regions of the world with three major areas producing the majority of the crop. Africa grows about 50% of the world cassava with the leading countries being Nigeria, Congo D.R., Ghana, Tanzania, Mozambique, Uganda and Madagascar, Southeast Asia which grows 30% of the world cassava where Thailand and Indonesia are major producers and Brazil in Latin America which grows about 20% of the world cassava.

Click the link below to read about how to increase your Cassava yield through proper weed management.
http://armi.com.ng/cassava-weed-management-technique-to-increase-yield/

WEEDS AND CASSAVA
Weeds, which grow incessantly throughout the 10-12 month growing cycle makes it difficult to manage annual and perennial species. Weeds not only reduce yields, but weeding, which is mostly done by hand hoeing, takes 50-80% of the total labour budget of the average farmer. In Nigeria, in particular and Africa as a whole, cassava yield per hectare has not been encouraging compare to other continent like Asia and Latin America. This is because of weeds that compete with the crop for essential growth and also reduce because of poor weed management practices and poor timing of removal. Improved weed management techniques including more systematic integrated weed control tactics are needed, not only in Nigeria, but in other countries in sub-Saharan Africa that would reduce the menace of weeds and increase yields and minimize the drudgery of hand weeding by labourers, thus freeing the labour force to pursue more productive farming practices that result in greater economic opportunities for each.

Cassava is grown on over 15 million hectares and over 550 million people depend on cassava in the continent of Africa. Cassava is a perennial root crop that is grown as a long-term crop annually in over 90 tropical countries. Cassava has serving as a staple crop providing essential dietary nutrients to a large portion of the population in countries where it is grown. Cassava not only provides direct dietary needs of a large portion of the world’s population but it increasingly generate revenues to many farmers, a large portion of whom would be considered small-holder farmers. A number of initiatives are developing industrial scale use of cassava, including in food processing, baking and brewing, biofuel, feed for animals, leading to increased demand. There is increasing research to explore value addition for new cassava products increasing its economic value. However, many challenges face producers of cassava that must be addressed for sustainable production and income security including soil and nutrient management, availability of improved germplasm and pest management, the most prevalent and common are weeds. For example, Nigeria grows over 50% of the world’s cassava with about 4.5 million farmers involved who grow cassava on 3.8 million hectares.

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Atlanticfire:
If it looks too good to be true, then most likely it is not true.

Who gets 3 tons of castor seed per hectare.

Op, post pictures of your castor farm

hmmm, visit our office so we can take you to the farm. i can decide to post any body's farm to calm it's ours. i guess you are new to nairaland. haven't you seen where pictures deceived people.
please seek for knowledge first, instead of wallowing in ignorance claiming what you don't know.

WHAT ABOUT FALL ARMYWORM
The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a species in the order of Lepidoptera and is the larval life stage of a fall armyworm moth. The term "armyworm" can refer to several species, often describing the large-scale invasive behaviour of the species' larval stage. It is regarded as a pest and can damage and destroy a wide variety of crops, which causes large economic damage.it was named because of the species' ability to destroy crops. Because of its propensity for destruction, the fall armyworm's habits and possibilities for crop protection have been studied in depth.
http://armi.com.ng/what-you-can-do-to-protect-your-maize-from-fall-armyworm-insect/

Just of recent, one of our technical heads was telling us of how fall armyworms destroyed several hectares of maize of some farmers’ farm last year, making them lose a large chunk of their means of livelihood. In Africa today most farmers lack adequate knowledge on pest management and control, even the government is not helping matters by making available agric-extension workers to educate these farmers.
Another planting season is here already, farmers are getting ready to cultivate maize on their farmland, and money must be made. However the fear of fall armyworm destroying their maize field is still lurking deep down their minds. Many of them are yet to be equipped with the pest management system to help them control this insect pest from attacking their maize. With the help this article, farmers will have an insight what fall armyworm is and how they can prevent it from attacking their maize field.

Do you want to go into Fish Farming but don't have what it takes? The fact is that a lot of catfish farmers remains unprofitable because they do things the wrong way and that is why we have decided to train individuals on how start a fish farming business and be profitable, the equipments needed and how to construct a good pond. For more details Join us https:///8Ipo8qcJMltHgNsnTehnJS

MDDarah84:
Well,thank you.I will only advice readers to be careful in dealing with your type I doubt if u have a plot or have even seeing a Castor plant before.Nonetheless,your high temperament shows how good you are in business. Good luck

it's okay, because you want to start playing victim.

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MDDarah84:
You planned to market your organisation but you got it wrong.How on earth can you spend more than #150k on Castor planting for an hectare?
1kg of Castor is presently #1000.I am a successful Castor farmer

I know people like you will bring out their heads out. because of your lack of comprehension and assimilation you couldn't understand the article properly. what a shame, just because you get 500kg of seeds from planting an hectare of land doesn't mean other farmers using the best agronomy practice are not getting more than 3 tons. hey brother so called successful farmer why can't you do your own and let us do ours and stop evangelizing your mediocrity. on social media. even at a worse harvest farmers get up to 1.1 tons. please don't call yourself successful with 500kg to show for it. do have a blessed day. I don't want to talk about price of Castor because you literally know nothing about it

BECOMING PART OF OUR CASTOR FARMING PROJECT
One hectare of castor can give you about 3 tons to 3 and half tons of castor seeds but you can get up to 4 to 5 tons using an irrigated land, we would be using an annual seed which means you can harvest twice a year (it takes 5 month to harvest). Castor Growers, Processors, and Marketers Association of Nigeria (CASGPMAN) regulate the price of castor seeds in Nigeria and for the past 6years the price has been stable on an increasing level. Currently, the price per ton for castor seed is pegged at 180,000. Pick up your calculator let’s do some primary arithmetic (3 x 180,000) x 2 = 1,080,000 naira. So we have seen the gross profit using a bench mark of just 3 tons, I’m being very conservative using just 3 tons you can as well use 3 and half tons or even four tons and see what you can get annually. I know the next question on your mind is how much does it cost to plant castor on a hectare of land. I really don’t like giving out cost implications because a lot of factors vary from location to location. However, the cost implication ranges from 250,000 to 300,000 naira (for farmers) it could be lesser or higher all depends on your location.

Now that we have known the cost of production and return on investment and you want to be part of this project kindly contact us through the following admin@armi.com.ng

With the subject titled “interested in Castor farming” with your name, phone and location. For more information you can reach out to us through our official email.
for more information on castor farming visit http://armi.com.ng/castor-farming-in-nigeria-the-trending-niche-in-agriculture-that-may-make-you/

ECONOMIC VALUE OF CASTOR SEEDS
Now what is castor used for, in other not to bore you with my write up, I will list few of it benefits.

It is used as lubricant for high-speed engines and airplanes
It is also used for soap manufacturing
For Varnishes, transparent papers, inks, linoleum
It also has medicinal value
Its cake can be used for manure and feed
There are lots of things Castor and Castor oil can do the ones written above are just few from the lots.

Now let’s get down to business on how you can generate over a million naira in one hectare of castor. Our organization will be opening the platform for farmers and investors who want to go into castor farming, farmers will go through our intensive training before venturing into the farm.

WHAT IS CASTOR FARMING?
Basically, Castor (Ricinus Communis) is cultivated for its seeds. It is an herbaceous plant that can be grown as an annual or perennial, depending on the weather and type of seed used. They are highly rich in ricin which makes them poisonous and yet medicinal. The plant grows rapidly, achieving height of six feet or more in just three months and reaches a maximum height of up to 12 m and is a very invasive plant in places where it is native of.

As a farmer going into castor bean farming, you have to consider the following

Soil: The soil has to be rich in organic substance and must be well drained much as it does not tolerate water logging. Castor plant is quite adaptable to many types of soil.
Sun: Castor loves the sun but needs to be sheltered from the prevailing winds because of its height.
Watering: Castor plant prefers the soil to be always slightly moist.
The beautiful thing about castor is that it is a rugged crop that does well in a marginalized soil.

Let me quickly talk about the importance of castor before telling us the advantage of planting castor using our hybrid seeds knowing fully well that we would be off-taking from our farmers.