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Course Outline
Liquid and Gas pipeline hydraulics

liquid pipeline hydraulics covers the steady state transportation of liquids in pipelines. These include water lines, refined petroleum products and crude oil pipelines. This course will prove to be a refresher in fluid mechanics as it is applied to real world pipeline design. Although many formulas and equations are introduced, we will concentrate on how these are applied to the solution of actual pipeline transportation problems.

First, the liquid properties are discussed and how they vary with temperature and pressure are analyzed. The pressure in a liquid and liquid head are explained next. Then the classical Darcy equation for determining pressure drop due to friction in liquid flow is introduced and a modified more practical version is explained. Common forms of equations relating flow versus pressure drop due to friction are introduced and applications illustrated by example problems. In a long distance pipeline the need for multiple pump stations and hydraulic pressure gradient are discussed.

Next the pumping horsepower required to transport a liquid through a pipeline is calculated. Centrifugal and positive displacement pumps are discussed along with an analysis of the pump performance curves. The impact of liquid specific gravity and viscosity on pump performance is explained with reference to the Hydraulic Institute charts. The use of drag reduction as a means to improving pipeline throughput is explored. Batching of different products in a pipeline simultaneously, with minimum commingling, is discussed next. The internal design pressure in a pipeline and the hydrostatic test pressure for safe operation are explained with illustrative examples.



This course teaches the following specific knowledge and skills:

* Properties of liquids
* Calculating Reynolds Number and friction factor
* How to calculate liquid pressure drop in a pipeline using Moody Diagrams and pressure drop equations such as Miller Equation, MIT Equation and Hazen Williams
* Components of total pressure and how to maintain the hydraulic pressure gradient above the elevation profile
* The effect of temperature on liquid pipeline calculations
* Looping a pipeline to increase flow rate
* Determining the quantity and location of pumping stations and the required horsepower
* Plotting pump vs. system head curves
* Evaluating pump curves, including head vs. flow rate, efficiency vs. flow rate, BHP vs. flow rate, NSPH vs. flow rate
* Using the pump affinity laws
* Using drag reduction agents (DRA) to increase a pipeline's capacity
* Pumping different products, such as jet fuel and diesel, through a pipeline using batching methods
* Calculating pipe wall thickness based on MAOP



Gas pipeline Hydraulics.

gas pipeline hydraulics covers the steady state analysis of compressible fluid flow through pipelines. Mathematical derivations are reduced to a minimum, since the intent is to provide the practicing engineer a practical tool to understand and apply the concepts of gas flow in pipes. In particular, we will cover natural gas pipeline transportation including how pipelines are sized for a particular flow rate, the pressure required to transport a given volume of gas and the compression horsepower required.

The properties of natural gas that affect pipe flow will be reviewed first followed by the concepts of laminar and turbulent flow and Reynolds number. Frictional pressure loss and the method of calculating the friction factor using the Moody diagram and the Colebrook and AGA methods will be illustrated with examples. Several other popular flow equations, such as the Weymouth and Panhandle formulas will be introduced and explained with example problems. Increasing pipeline throughput using intermediate compressor stations as well as pipe loops will be discussed. The strength requirement of pipes, allowable operating pressure and hydrostatic test pressure will be reviewed with reference to the DOT code requirements. Several fully solved example problems are used to illustrate the concepts introduced in the various sections of the course.

The student must take a multiple-choice quiz consisting of twenty-five (25) questions at the end of the course to obtain credits.

Specific Knowledge or Skill Attained

This course teaches the following specific knowledge and skills:

* Gas properties overview, including viscosity, pressure, compressibility factor and gas laws
* How to calculate the compressibility factor of a gas using the Standing-Katz chart
* How to calculate the properties of a natural gas mixture
* Calculating pressure drop due to friction in a gas pipeline using the General Flow Equation
* Use of other gas pipeline pressure drop equations, including Panhandle A, Panhandle B, Weymouth and the IGT equation.
* Friction factor and transmission factors used in gas pipeline pressure drop equations
* Gas pipeline velocity and erosional velocity calculations
* Calculation of pressure drop in long pipelines by subdividing into short segments
* The use of compressor stations and pipeline looping to increase gas throughput
* Compressor station fundamental calculations, including compression ratio, efficiency and horsepower
* Calculation of allowable pipe pressure using design factors based on the location of the pipeline and its proximity to populated area



Pipe Design

There shall be a detailed look at the Power Piping Code; ASTM B 31, all the sub sections, we shall look at Scope ad Scope Exclusions

Piping Systems,

fittings,

valves, Flanges, gaskets, Bolting, , flexibility Design, P&Id’s,GA’s e.t.c



Stress Analysis

Introduction to stress-strain relationships

What is stress analysis

Purpose of piping Stress analysis

How piping and components fail

When piping and components fail

Stress categories

Classification of loads

Requirements of ASME B31.3 (process piping)



Computer Aided Stress analysis

Introduction to Ceasar II

Piping Input

Error checking, static load cases,

Stress analysis report generation

Static output processor



Computer Aided pipe Design

Introduction to 3d Design and Modelling

GA’s P&Id’s

Drawing to codes and standards

Structural Design

Equipment Design with PDMS

Pipe Design with PDMS

Drawing output with PDMS

Exporting Produced drawing (DXF) autocad , CeasarII

Production and printing of isometrics, GA’s





Project



Please Note; a Certificate will be awarded only upon completion of the project