LaudableXX:

He is upset, because people have exposed the hypocritical side of his beloved UK govt, and its' policies.

lol angry? joke of the year!

LaudableXX:

Duh! The chances are very slim, and the opportunity to get a job is only restricted to a few who have studied medicine, engineering, IT-related courses etc., and NOT to most people who come to study in the UK. Duh!!

At least those Nigerians are happy with British govt

justwise:
Keep trying you eventual get your head around it, couldn't make myself any clearer.

The reason for your your distress and irritation is clearer now...it is because people have taken potshots at your dear beloved UK govt, because of its policies. Afterall, the UK govt is perfect and can do no wrong in your eyes...not so?

justwise:
At least those Nigerians are happy with British govt

Oh, you didn't see the word 'restricted', before you went up in arms all over this thread.... huffing and puffing and trying to defend the UK govt's policies? I dey laugh.... Ok, I hope the UK govt gives you an award for the way you have defended them, on this thread. Next!

LaudableXX:


Ooops! Here comes another defender of the British universe and its sibling, the UK government. This thread is NOT pointless. It is meant to educate and inform people, about what happens next after they have acquired those pricey degrees, from UK universities. If after reading over 18 pages of valid points from the OP, and different counter-arguments from others, you have NOT been able to decode the reason for the thread, then please go back to one of your UK schools and kindly take a refresher course in comprehension.

This is silly dribble. Again let me explain - you are expressly told when applying for a visa, that it is temporary and that there are conditions attached to that visa. Anyone who can read can peruse the UK government websites where these conditions are spelled out in detail. To say that this thread is "meant to inform and educate" people who have already obtained a visa is basically an indictment on their own poor planning. I have never seen a situation where obtaining a student visa and paying millions for a masters degree automatically entitled you to a job and/or permanent residence in that country.

LaudableXX:

He is upset, because people have exposed the hypocritical side of his beloved UK govt, and its' policies.

I am utterly confused. How is the UK immigration policy hypocritical? When did the UK government become responsible for Nigerians?

saouri:
Dear All,

It is with a deep sense of responsibility and awareness I am writing you this article today.

For years we have been going to schools in the UK and other parts of the EU. In the past, up to around 2009/2010, we used to get opportunities to stay back in the UK in particular and get job opportunities but in the last 7 to 8 years this has not been the case.
Now as soon as you graduate from your university, you are expected to get out of the UK.

Please bear in mind that as international students, you PAY MORE to get the same education as your UK and EU counterparts but you DO NOT get the same employment opportunities.
The UK will rather employ someone from the EU (or has an EU country passport) who cannot speak even 4.0 IELTS level of english and 4 months working experience, than employ you who has 5 to 7 years working experience with a 7.5 to 8.5IELTS level of english.
They know that the situation in Nigeria is getting worse by the day with the joke that we have as leaders, especially in the aspect of employment.
Some people will say be innovative, be an entrepreneur; my people, please do not allow motivational speakers deceive you. Entrepreneurship is difficult. It is not as glamorous as instagram makes it look. Also, entrepreneurship is NOT for everybody. Many people need real jobs!
Please ask yourself the following;
- Why are you really going to school in the UK?
- Why are you paying higher amounts of money to get an education which does not give you the same employment opportunities as your counterparts?
- Is marrying a UK/EU citizen because of papers worth it?
- Is it really worth it to stay back in the UK illegally?
- Why are you making the UK richer by driving up the value of the pound against the Naira by paying schools fees and visa fees in pounds?
- Why can’t those schools have accounts in Nigeria and you pay all the necessary fees in Naira?

Once upon a time the Naira was more valuable than the pound. My people, Think!!!
Nigerians are excluded from so many life changing opportunities for African youth such as the ALL BAR NONE scholarship, the DFID scholarships, the Barclays Rising Eagles programme (and Barclays has a branch in Lagos) etc.

I totally understand your need to migrate from the horrible economic and employment situation but I would advise you all to look at countries that use the point-based system and actually value your education or work experience in their country.

As a Nigerian, you cannot receive money in your Naira account through PAYPAL but you are encouraged to spend/buy using the same PAYPAL. If you can sell on Ebay, you can make money from home by selling things to people all over the world. We need a wakeup call.

Just so you know, I have personal experience living and working in the UK. To date, it has not given me any employment anywhere.

Even if you have parents that were legally British, because you were not born there in the UK, the Home office is not just going to hand you nationality. No. My country people please understand the UK DOES NOT WANT YOU...

I hope that this write up can dissuade many of you to look away from the UK or the EU.
Leave them alone.

^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^
Well said... brilliant!

In the last 8 years now, I have read of more
young Nigerians who spent up to N5 million
or more to study in the UK... up to the Masters
level with nothing to show for it!

It would have been better to invest the
millions of Naira in businesses that would bring in
returns and are in demand with increasing
global population.

Think agribusiness, Uber/Taxify investments,
etc.

The UK doesn't owe you anything as a foreign
student/national... ONLY YOU can determine
your path to short-term and long-term
success.


All the best.

TWoods:
I am utterly confused. How is the UK immigration policy hypocritical? When did the UK government become responsible for Nigerians?

Were my remarks addressed to you, o thou disgruntled defender of the British universe?

Konquest:
^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^
Well said... brilliant!

In the last 8 years now, I have read of more young Nigerians who spent up to N5 million or more to study in the UK... up to the Masters level with nothing to show for it!

It would have been better to invest that money in a business that would bring in returns and are in demand with increasing global population.

Think agribusiness, Uber/Taxify investments, etc.

All the best.

Well said!! In fact, I have circulated the OP's post to several of my friends who are thinking of going abroad for higher education. Let us hope they are careful enough, to take stock of the current situation and make the best choice for themselves.

LaudableXX:


Well said!! In fact, I have circulated the OP's post to several of my friends who are thinking of going abroad for higher education. Let us hope they are careful enough, to take stock of the current situation and make the best choice for themselves.

^^^^^^
^^^^^^
@LaudableXX

Absolutely... this is the way to go!
Although there are some career paths
like in the "Tech" fields that are in high demand
and even in the specialist fields in
medicine, it is still advisable for the youth
to realise that the job prospects are dwindling
globally... and entrepreneurship is gaining
momentum globally - even in the UK!

Cheers!

Konquest:

^^^^^^
^^^^^^
@LaudableXX

Absolutely... this is the way to go!
Although there are some career paths
like in the "Tech" fields that are in high demand
and even in the specialist fields in
medicine, it is still advisable for the youth
to realise that the job prospects are dwindling
globally... and entrepreneurship is gaining
momentum globally - even in the UK!

Cheers!

I like the fact that you used the word "globally".

It is important to know that this "unemployment wahala" does not only apply to the UK alone. In the US, it's common knowledge that alot of home grads in non-STEM courses (popularly called oyinbo courses) struggle much more than STEM grads to get job. Same applies to Canada. I live in Canada and see the same thing here. Infact, alot of high school grad are now choosing to learn a trade instead of taking out loans to pay expensive school fees at unis and colleges.

If home students despite their advantages (family connections, local knowledge and citizenship) go through so much hardship to land a job, how much more international students that do not have these advantages?

I have met oyinbo grads of social sciences, arts, humanities or business courses struggling to pay off their student debt by working at walmart and the likes, yet you would see companies recruiting engineering/maths students who are not even Canadians straight from uni.

It is important for prospective students thinking of travelling out to be aware of how things work in developed countries.

Colleges and Universities manipulate their grad employment data everywhere in the world, except maybe in 3rd world countries where data gathering is almost non-existent. The UK universities are not exceptions. Government and private educational funding are becoming scarce; hence, student enrolment keeps them in "business" and they are also in competition with each other. It is left for the student to critically look and make good meaning out of the data that universities post on their websites. e.g "90% grad employment! on a university website" could mean 60% of the grads work in Walmart and Tesco as cashiers or stockers, 20% work at Mcdonalds as crew members, 5% work at ma and pa's business and the remaining 5% actually work in a profession related to the course they studied at uni.

Gerrard59:


Schools in Japan offer courses in English (Google G30 Japan). Yes, it is important to learn Japanese, as it is the official language. But shey you desire to reside permanently in a developed society? That is what you've to pay. Germany most are suggesting requires you learn German to fit in properly, so if you can strive to learn German. How about Japanese? To buttress my point, you need a minimum of 3 years to obtain your PR status in Japan and 2 years later, you can become a citizen (Note: You must let go of your current citizenship. I.e. Nigerian). It does not get better than this anywhere across the developed world. Guess what? Japan has the third largest economy globally and possess one of the lowest unemployment rate in the developed world (2.7%). In Japan, it is an employee's market not employer's.

Additionally, it is worthy of note that Japan is the safest country globally (Tokyo and Osaka are amongst the top three safest cities globally according to the Economist Intelligent Unit).

yes they do and yet japanese do not speak english...japanese pr system only exists on paper,it is not practicable,then you be kokujin.....the basic way to japanese citizenship is marriage. yes japan is safe but very expensive

salford1:

I like the fact that you used the word "globally".

It is important to know that this "unemployment wahala" does not only apply to the UK alone. In the US, it's common knowledge that alot of home grads in non-STEM courses (popularly called oyinbo courses) struggle much more than STEM grads to get job. Same applies to Canada. I live in Canada and see the same thing here. Infact, some alot of high school grad are now choosing to learn a trade instead of taking out loans to pay expensive school fees at unis and colleges.

If home students despite their advantages (family connections, local knowledge and citizenship) go through so much hardship to land a job, how much more international students that do not have these advantages?

I have met oyinbo grads of social sciences, arts, humanities or business courses struggling to pay off their student debt by working at walmart and the likes, yet you would see companies recruiting engineering/maths students who are not even Canadians straight from uni.

It is important for prospective students thinking of travelling out to be aware of how things work in developed countries.

Colleges and Universities manipulate their grad employment data everywhere in the world. The UK universities are not exceptions. Government and private educational funding are becoming scarce; hence, student enrolment keeps them in "business" and they are also in competition with each other. It is left for the student to critically look and make good meaning out of the data universities post on their websites. e.g "90% grad employment on a university website" could mean 60% of the grads work in Walmart and Tesco as cashiers or stockers, 20% work at Mcdonalds as crew members, 5% work at ma and pa's business and the remaining 5% actually work in a profession related to the course they studied at uni.

^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^
@Salford1

You've said it all by painting a VERY LUCID
picture of the real world employment situation in the Western world.


Any smart person should print out your
post and/or share it for the benefit of all!
A word is enough for the wise.


I know of a white woman who has a Ph.D
in Classics from a university in the U.S., and couldn't
get a teaching job in the university.


So she had to retrain as a long-haul truck driver
and was earning a very good salary! A Ph.D
holder in Classics... and she was in her late
30s when she made that career change as
a truck driver.


So...just like we have business cycles,
economic cycles, and product cycles...
we also have JOB CYCLES! It shouldn't
take any oyinbo man to tell any smart
person this fact. The job market has
changed in the 21st century and this
is the "job cycle" we are both alluding
to here!


Some guys have to just resign themselves
to "breaking ice" in the "cold rooms" of
the nearest McDonalds branch in the
UK, Canada or the U.S. because they
graduated in the "wrong or less-in-demand"
career paths!


I chuckled at the job percentages you issued
for Walmart, Tesco, and McDonalds in your last
paragraph... your post made a very interesting
read.

All the best!

LaudableXX:


The reason for your your distress and irritation is clearer now...it is because people have taken potshots at your dear beloved UK govt, because of its policies. Afterall, the UK govt is perfect and can do no wrong in your eyes...not so?


Oh, you didn't see the word 'restricted', before you went up in arms all over this thread.... huffing and puffing and trying to defend the UK govt's policies? I dey laugh.... Ok, I hope the UK govt gives you an award for the way you have defended them, on this thread. Next!

Distress and irritated? What loads of porkies! Direct that dribbles to people who invested millions and still jobless because they failed to do their home work before coming here to study

Bagehot:


LOLZ. They also stopped you guys from murdering twins, decreased infant mortality, stemmed the practice of human sacrifice, gave you education, modern medicine, and a modicum of infrastructure. As to why your country is still a shit-hole, look no further than the closest mirror.

Going by the sheer ignorance you have displayed, it's obvious you have no sense of history

afroxyz:


Going by the sheer ignorance you have displayed, it's obvious you have no sense of history

LOL. Oh enlightened one, please educate me on this history you speak about.

erico2k2:

Does it not depend on waht you study?

Of course it depends, but in all you have a upper hand no matter the discipline, opportunity abounds because of the way the system works here.

Konquest:

^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^
@Salford1

You've said it all by painting a VERY LUCID
picture of the real world employment situation in the Western world.


Any smart person should print out your
post and/or share it for the benefit of all!
A word is enough for the wise.


I know of a white woman who has a Ph.D
in Classics from a university in the U.S., and couldn't get a teaching job in the university.


So she had to retrain as a long-haul truck driver
and was earning a very good salary! A Ph.D
holder in Classics... and she was in her late
30s when she made that career change as
a truck driver.


So...just like we have business cycles,
economic cycles, and product cycles...
we also have JOB CYCLES! It shouldn't
take any oyinbo man to tell any smart
person this fact. The job market has
changed in the 21st century and this
is the "job cycle" we are both alluding
to here!


Some guys have to just resign themselves
to "breaking ice" in the "cold rooms" of
the nearest McDonalds branch in the
UK, Canada or the U.S. because they
graduated in the "wrong or less-in-demand"
career paths!


I chuckled at the job percentages you issued
for Walmart, Tesco, and McDonalds in your last paragraph... your post made a very interesting
read.

All the best!

You have in fact said it all.

erico2k2:

Professional like??

professions

salford1:

I like the fact that you used the word "globally".

It is important to know that this "unemployment wahala" does not only apply to the UK alone. In the US, it's common knowledge that alot of home grads in non-STEM courses (popularly called oyinbo courses) struggle much more than STEM grads to get job. Same applies to Canada. I live in Canada and see the same thing here. Infact, alot of high school grad are now choosing to learn a trade instead of taking out loans to pay expensive school fees at unis and colleges.

If home students despite their advantages (family connections, local knowledge and citizenship) go through so much hardship to land a job, how much more international students that do not have these advantages?

I have met oyinbo grads of social sciences, arts, humanities or business courses struggling to pay off their student debt by working at walmart and the likes, yet you would see companies recruiting engineering/maths students who are not even Canadians straight from uni.

It is important for prospective students thinking of travelling out to be aware of how things work in developed countries.

Colleges and Universities manipulate their grad employment data everywhere in the world, except maybe in 3rd world countries where data gathering is almost non-existent. The UK universities are not exceptions. Government and private educational funding are becoming scarce; hence, student enrolment keeps them in "business" and they are also in competition with each other. It is left for the student to critically look and make good meaning out of the data that universities post on their websites. e.g "90% grad employment! on a university website" could mean 60% of the grads work in Walmart and Tesco as cashiers or stockers, 20% work at Mcdonalds as crew members, 5% work at ma and pa's business and the remaining 5% actually work in a profession related to the course they studied at uni.

Spot on

justwise:
Distress and irritated? What loads of porkies! Direct that dribbles to people who invested millions and still jobless because they failed to do their home work before coming here to study

And now that those who didn't do their homework properly have learnt their lessons, and are sharing the benefit of those lessons learnt with others, by advising them to think twice before coming to the UK for higher education, especially when such education can be obtained relatively cheaper elsewhere abroad, why are you still complaining??!

justwise:


Good, invest your money in universities in Nigeria and let the UK sort itself out.

This is the whole point of this thread- took you 19 pages to finally understand it and that's quite disturbing!

LaudableXX:

I am still trying to find out the reason for your angst. The OP as well as a few others have made their points clear, about how the lack of job opportunities in the the UK after graduation, does not make studying in the UK an attractive option, especially after paying those huge fees for their degree programmes - degrees which could also be acquired elsewhere, at a cheaper cost.

Probably because UK schools do NOT stress this aspect enough during the application process, a lot of people may still have a wrong impression about the possibilities of working there, after graduation. Now that a searchlight is being beamed on this aspect, some of you chaps are getting worked up because you see it as a slight on your dear revered Great Britain. Why? I believe all schools should include a caveat in their prospectus/brochure that says international students will NOT get jobs on graduation, except if they have studied medicine or engineering. That way, everyone is on the same page.... my 2 cents!



Yeah....attending UK schools should NOT be a priority for Nigerian students at this time, especially when there are equally good and cheaper alternatives in other countries.

I feel like I should have bolded everything you wrote cos its pure Gold. God bless your level of intelligence!

Aphrodite007:


Everything related to IT is computer science. Everything. So with a BSc (which is naturally meant to be the only degree one should get), you can work as anything in the field of IT provided you are skilled in it or have certifications to prove knowledge of it. You don’t need to see COmputer S8cientist as a job, but all he It jobs would request for CS as a pre-requisite.

Just like medicine, you don’t need an MSc to specialise in any computing field.

Noted . Thanks 4 the insight . I'm marely stressing the less needs of them down here as all of our jobs comes with software package hence the limited IT space . 12 years ago yes but rigjt about now for people outta the EU Hmmm not very bright as U can clearly see frm that list . It'd way to short for me to advice anyone to try . Unless you have expirience in them packages .

cronsberg:
The british do not speal english, what they speak in newcastle and manchester is not english, its jibberish. But a proper "gentleman"; properly dressed in noble finery, speaks the king's english, and writes in the queen's hand.

Exactly and I'm not a gentleman

TWoods:


I get your point but I think its rather misplaced. The UK government makes it clear that a study visa is a temporary visa, obtained only for the purpose of studying in the UK, after which you are expected to return to your home country. No where is there any expectation that you will be allowed to stay permanently or get a job. The basic premise of a non-immigrant visa is that it is TEMPORARY and that the UK provides you no guarantees of "return on your investment". On that basis, I struggle to see why the thread is relevant at all...

Why did justwise tell someone that they wouldn't work in the UK with a visit visa, isn't it clear that a visit visa is obviously for a visit?! The reason is that we hope for something better, no matter the situation. Why did you spend ages on the US thread correcting people's misconceptions? Can't they read the blue print and figure it out themselves? I liked you on the thread cos i believed you were doing it out of the goodness of your heart, but now, I believe different.

You guys constantly remind Nigerians to stick to the rules, which is exactly what we are doing. It is beyond me why you should argue about this, unless you want to pretend like you don't know that Nigerians pay that ludicrous amount with hopes of living/working in the UK. I think its wickedness to know that some people invest borrowed money for a better like in the UK and you wouldn't advise them against it.

Let the Nigerians going to the UK should be the judge of this post, not you guys that were opportune to enter before the laws got difficult.

TWoods:
This is silly dribble. Again let me explain - you are expressly told when applying for a visa, that it is temporary and that there are conditions attached to that visa. Anyone who can read can peruse the UK government websites where these conditions are spelled out in detail. To say that this thread is "meant to inform and educate" people who have already obtained a visa is basically an indictment on their own poor planning. I have never seen a situation where obtaining a student visa and paying millions for a masters degree automatically entitled you to a job and/or permanent residence in that country.

They usually find out on the website, and are told when applying for a visa, during the 10-20 minute interview at the high commission.

Meanwhile most of the schools they applied to, (during the very lengthy application/admission process which could span several weeks of e-mail exchanges and phone conversations), never mention it and even give the impression, that students who graduate from their institutions find it easy to get jobs, or that many of them have become gainfully employed ever since they got pricey degrees from such institutions. Are the UK schools and UK govt in the business of confusing prospective students?

That is why I said that all UK schools should include a caveat in their prospectus/brochures, that international students would NOT be allowed to work in the UK, except for a few who have studied any of the STEM courses, and have a sponsor to back their application. There should be a clear section on immigration policies, in their brochures.

Once that is done, prospective students would be able to compare the cost of such degrees with existing UK policies, and would be able to make better informed decisions, by going elsewhere other then the UK, to study! Now, is that too difficult for you to understand, or must I break it down into mono syllables before it gets into your head?

LaudableXX:

Duh! The chances are very slim, and the opportunity to get a job is only restricted to a few who have studied medicine, engineering, IT-related courses etc., and NOT to most people who come to study in the UK. Duh!!

I studied IT love, and I had a powerful CV when applying, still i didn't get in because I needed sponsorship. I had two doctors as friends and they couldn't get in too, one even went back for a PhD just to buy more time in the UK to apply for a tier 2 visa, its now that he is getting a positive response from them (because EU people have left, lol). I had uncountable number of nurses as friends and only one got in. Engineering is the worst, UK citizens work as contractors in the engineering field, so if you are not an experienced top level engineering executive (probably with a PMP), you are wasting your time. So doing a degree in IT, Med and Engineering, will not guarantee a job until they realise there are no more EU people in the UK and then start smiling at us.

Those two defenders were conversant with the rules in the yester-years, we have been in the system between 2014 and 2017 and are testifying. if they don't want to upgrade their knowledge, that's fine- its completely their business.

Aphrodite007:
I studied IT love, and I had a powerful CV when applying, still i didn't get in because I needed sponsorship. I had two doctors as friends and they couldn't get in too. I had uncountable number of nurses as friends and only one got in. Engineering is the worst, UK citizens work as contractors in the engineering field, so if you are not an experienced top level engineering executive (probably with a PMP), you are wasting your time. So doing a degree in IT, Med and Engineering, will not guarantee a job until they realise there are no more EU people in the UK and then start smiling at us.

Those two defenders were conversant with the rules in the yester-years, we have been in the system between 2014 and 2017 and are testifying. if they don't want to upgrade their knowledge, that's fine- its completely their business.

Thanks for this info, jare. It is priceless. Like I said earlier, I have circulated this thread to everyone I know, who is thinking of going abroad for higher studies. After reading this, I am sure many of them would give the UK a wide berth, and vote to go elsewhere. And I do not blame them. I would do the same, too!

LaudableXX:


They usually find out on the website, and are told when applying for a visa, when they go through the 10-20 minute interview at the high commission.

Meanwhile most of the schools they applied to, (during the very lengthy application/admission process which could span several weeks of e-mail exchanges and phone conversations), never mention it and even give the impression, that students who graduate from their institutions find it easy to get jobs, or that many of them have become gainfully employed ever since they got pricey degrees from such institutions. Are the UK schools and UK govt in the business of confusing prospective students?

That is why I said that all UK schools should include a caveat in their prospectus/brochures, that international students would NOT be allowed to work in the UK, except for a few who have studied any of the STEM courses, and have a sponsor to back their application. There should be a clear section on immigration policies, in their brochures.

Once that is done, prospective students would be able to compare the cost of such degrees with existing UK policies, and would be able to make better informed decisions, by going elsewhere other then the UK, to study! Now, is that too difficult for you to understand, or must I break it down into mono syllables before it gets into your head?

Are you in Abuja? Let me take you out for a drink.

This is what I've been saying! If them born them well, let them include the caveat on the website that just 1% of international students work, lets see who will dash them money to cater to their citizens! I'm just tired of the senseless arguments gan!

You know the worst part for me? These defenders are people that I respect and used to follow gullibly but now that I see that I'm wiser than them on nairaland, I would start doubting everything they say! Just Imagine if I hadn't experienced this thing first hand, I would have out-rightly believed them, chai! mumu no good sha!

Aphrodite007:
Are you in Abuja? Let me take you out for a drink.

This is what I've been saying! If them born them well, let them include the caveat on the website that just 1% of international students work, lets see who will dash them money to cater to their citizens! I'm just tired of the senseless arguments gan!

You know the worst part for me? These defenders are people that I respect and used to follow gullibly but now that I see that I'm wiser than them on nairaland, I would start doubting everything they say! Just Imagine if I hadn't experienced this thing first hand, I would have out-rightly believed them, chai! mumu no good sha!

Babe, I dey Lagos, o! But I am familiar with a lot of these issues. I am doing some work for a client now, in the oil & gas sector. We were initially thinking of running training courses for their staff at a UK institution, but with recent developments, we have discovered that the same courses are being offered at a top university in South Africa. We switched the courses to the SA school. Less stress and far less cost involved!

lebete3000:


Who told you UK offers the best education?

they might not offer the best but its definitely on top of the rankings, i would know, i work in a Russell group uni and follow the rankings as part of my day job.
And they are fields of study in which the UK offers the best education so it really depends on the area of study.

LaudableXX:

Babe, I dey Lagos, o! But I am familiar with a lot of these issues. I am doing some work for a client now, in the oil & gas sector. We were initially thinking of running training courses for their staff at a UK institution, but with recent developments, we have discovered that the same courses are being offered at a top university in South Africa. We switched the courses to the SA school. Less stress and far less cost involved!

Nice decision!

I am all about getting value for money, why spend so much to get little back? The worst sef is that the people you intend to train might not even get the visa to the UK easier than they would to SA. I am just happy at the attention this thread is getting, I pray less and less people go to the UK until they adjust their immigration laws.

cheers love!