Adolf Hitler was the German Chancellor in 1933 and later Fuhrer in 1934. He led Germany to war in 1939 by invading Poland, which was met with international condemnation and it resulted to the Second World War from September 1939 till his death in April 1945. Below are 10 things you may not know about Adolf Hitler:

1. Hitler was the first European leader to stop the operation of human zoo.

2. Hollywood was afraid of losing money if they made a movie about Hitler but Charlie Chaplain did a movie mocking Hitler with his own money.

3. On October 15, 1918, During the first World War, Adolf Hitler was blinded temporarily by a mustard gas on his camp.


4. Hitler has strongly wanted to become a priest............

Continue reading @https://www.historicalville.com/2019/09/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-adolf.html?m=1

Imagine if this man made heaven at the end of the day seating near father Abraham.. Christianity is amazing..I don't know why u wld Eva choose anoda religion

Chalie chaplin , my all time favourite comedy movie...

HRHQueenPhil:
Imagine if this man made heaven at the end of the day seating near father Abraham.. Christianity is amazing..I don't know why u wld Eva choose anoda religion

if he made it to hell, what stop him from causing another war their with his fallen soldiers

Blakjewelry:

if he made it to hell, what stop him from causing another war their with his fallen soldiers

spoken like a real asshole& dats some1 husband. GOD forbid bad tin

HRHQueenPhil:
spoken like a real asshole& dats some1 husband. GOD forbid bad tin

Hitler never declared war on anybody.

It was the Jews that declared war on Hitler.

HRHQueenPhil:
Imagine if this man made heaven at the end of the day seating near father Abraham.. Christianity is amazing..I don't know why u wld Eva choose anoda religion

If not for Hitler opposing International Jews aka Bolshevik Communists, chances are that you would not be alive today and the world would have since been under total Jewish domination with Jerusalsm as the capital of the world with a false Jewish Messiah as the supreme ruler of the world. Christianity would have since been wiped out and non Jews that were not killed would have been slaves to Jews.

You guys need to stop believing every Jewish lie on Hitler, NAZI Germany, Fascism and WW2.

GenSpecifics:


If not for Hitler opposing International Jews aka Bolshevik Communists, chances are that you would not be alive today and the world would have since been under total Jewish domination with Jerusalsm as the capital of the world with a false Jewish Messiah as the supreme ruler of the world. Christianity would have since been wiped out and non Jews that were not killed would have been slaves to Jews.

You guys need to stop believing every Jewish lie on Hitler, NAZI Germany, Fascism and WW2.

we're u there wen it all went down? Stop taking it P jooor!

HRHQueenPhil:
we're u there wen it all went down? Stop taking it P jooor!

I keep saying that all you fake Christians will fall for the false Jewish Messiah who was prophesied in revelations to appear at the end times.

You have been deceived to believe the Jew is your friend.

Have you asked yourself why the Jews keep pushing their own narrative on the causes of the World War and why they keep villifying Hitler?

You are ignorant just like I was.

JEWS WERE KEY ADVISORS of the Versailles Treaty of 1919 which carved Germany into pieces just after WWI.
Rabbi Stephen Wise advised President Wilson about the impending treaty before Wilson left America for the Versailles peace conference. The Jew Bernard Baruch advised Wilson at the conference. British Prime Minister Lloyd George was advised by the Jew Phil Sassoon. French leader Georges Clemenceau was advised by his Jewish Interior Minister Georges Mandel aka Louis Rothschild.
Representing the American banking interests was Paul Warburg, the Chairman of the Federal Reserve. His brother, Max Warburg, the head of the German banking firm of Warburg and Company, was there as a representative of Germany.
By the Treaty of Versailles the German people were thoroughly humiliated. The old Austrian Empire was balkanized and divided up into allotments satisfying the political intrigues of the architects of the Treaty. The Weimar government was forced upon the German nation and the communist Jewish leaders Rosa Luxembourg and Karl Leibknecht were agitating for revolution.
The German people were not unaware that the Jewish role in the Bolshevik Revolution threatened their own national life. The historian Ernst Nolte and several other notable historians have argued that the Jewish role in the Bolshevik Revolution was an important cause in Germany’s backlash against the Jews.
The Weimar government was comprised of many Jews. From the outset the Weimer government was criticized by ordinary Germans who were of the opinion that the Weimer government was allied with international Jewish bankers in signing the hated Versailles Treaty.
The famous stab-in-the-back legend soon began to circulate which rightly asserted that Germany had won the war in 1914, but had been betrayed by Jews who struck a deal with Britain to bring America into the war in exchange for the deed to Palestine.
Middle class voters soon became disillusioned with the Weimar government. Weimar’s constitution was written by the Jew, Hugo Preuss. The Jews under the Weimer Republic formed leftist institutions such as the Frankfurt School. Jews were theater producers, newspaper owners, poets, artists, and writers in the Weimar Republic.

GenSpecifics:


I keep saying that all you fake Christians will fall for the false Jewish Messiah who was prophesied in revelations to appear at the end times.

You have been deceived to believe the Jew is your friend.

Have you asked yourself why the Jews keep pushing their own narrative on the causes of the World War and why they keep villifying Hitler?

You are ignorant just like I was.

Care to tell us more about what really caused the WW2 and how the Jews caused it.

SOCIAL MORES BEGAN TO DECLINE owing to Jewish dominance of the media and the arts, promoting sexual perversity and pornography. A leading artist of the time was the Jew and Spartacist communist, George Grosz, known for his pornographic paintings.
The middle class thus turned their voting habits towards Germany’s National Socialist Party whose platform was to bolster Germany against the moral decline caused by influential Jews. By 1932 there were twenty times as many Jewish government officials in Germany’s Weimer Republic as had existed before 1919. Zionists of international attachments were insinuating themselves into key positions in the German administrative machine.
In September of 1933, Dr. Manfred Reifer, a well-known leader of the German Jews wrote in the Jewish magazine Czernowitzer Allegemeine Zeitung:
—— “Whilst large sections of the German nation are struggling for the preservation of their race, we Jews fill Germany with our vociferations. We supply the press with articles on the subject of its Christmas and Easter. We ridicule the highest ideals of the German nation and profane the matters which it holds sacred.” ——
On January 30 1933 Hitler was appointed Chancellor of the German Reich and the corrupt Weimar Republic ceased to exist. The German government began removing seditionist Jews from influential positions and transferring power back to the German people.

JEWS START A WORLD WIDE BOYCOTT OF GERMAN GOODS
ON MARCH 24 1933 on the front page of the London Daily Express, appeared the headline: Judea Declares War On Germany: Jews Of All The World Unite. The headline followed with:
“The Israelite people of the world declare an economic war on Germany. It is not sufficient that we should buy no goods made in Germany. We must refuse to deal with any shopkeeper who sells any German-made goods. What we are proposing is to bring the German people to their senses by destroying their export trade on which their very existence depends” Here & Here.
Hitler’s boycott order on March 28, 1933 was in direct response to the Declaration of War on Germany. Today, Hitler’s boycott order is described as a naked act of aggression, yet the circumstances leading up to the order are left out of even the most detailed histories of The Holocaust.

THE MUNICH AGREEMENT

ON SEPTEMBER 29, 1938, an agreement was signed between Hitler and Great Britain’s Neville Chamberlain which called for a peaceful revision of the wrongs committed by the Treaty of Versailles. A four-power conference was planned which would preserve the peace. The four powers were Great Britain, Germany, France and Italy.
An ambassador for the Munich Agreement, a Mr. Oswald Pirow, was sent to Germany to ease the tension on the Jewish issue. Neville Chamberlain told Pirow that pressure of International Jewry was one of the principal obstacles to the Munich Agreement and that it would greatly help him resist that pressure if Hitler could be induced to moderate his policy towards the Jews.
Pirow stated that Hitler viewed this idea with favour and an Anglo-German agreement was in sight. However, the Jews purposely put an end to this.
On November 7, 1938, the Polish Jew, Herschel Grynszpan, murdered the German Secretary of State, Ernst von Rath, in Paris. The five bullets fired were the logical result of the Jews’ Declaration Of War On Germany and put an end to the peaceful resolution of the European conflict envisioned by the Munich Agreement.
The assassination provoked an anti-Jewish backlash in Germany which in turn incited public opinion in Great Britain and the USA against Chamberlain’s efforts to relieve Anglo-German tension. In the United States Germans were assaulted and persecuted. The Jewish-controlled press and movie industry intensified its efforts in lobbying for an unpopular American role in pursuing a war against Germany.

JEWISH PUNISHMENT ON THE GERMAN NATION

IN 1941, LONG BEFORE there were any concentration camps, a prominent Jewish Zionist, Theodore N. Kaufman, wrote Germany Must Perish. The book enjoyed brisk sales, having been promoted by the New York Times and the Washington Post , both Jewish owned newspapers.
Kaufman set out a plan for the total destruction of the German population by a very simple method: the mass sterilization of all German men and women between the age of puberty and sixty years. He described the plan thus:
—— “TODAY’S WAR is not a war against Adolph Hitler. It is a war against uncivilized, barbarian Germans who cherish darkness. The German people may seemingly adopt the superficial mannerisms of civilized peoples but all the while there remains ever present within them that war-soul which drives them to kill. And no amount of conditioning or civilizing will ever be able to change this basic nature.
“There remains then but one mode of ridding the world forever of Germanism - and that is to stem the source from which issue those war-lusted souls, by preventing the people of Germany from ever again reproducing their kind. This modern method is known as Eugenic Sterilization.” —— Here.
This book was the basis of the Morgenthau Plan of 1944 which strategized death by starvation of ten million Germans in the first two years after the war. Henry Morgenthau, who authored the Plan, was born to Jewish parents in New York City.

ON SEPTEMBER 11 1941, the American hero, Charles Lindbergh, gave his famous Speech which urged Americans to remain against American intervention of the European war:
“The Jews are one of the principal forces attempting to lead the U.S. into the war. The Jews’ greatest danger to this country lies in their large ownership and influence in our motion pictures, our press, our radio, and our Government. I am saying that the leaders of the Jewish race wish to involve us in the war for reasons that are not American.”

GenSpecifics:
JEWS WERE KEY ADVISORS of the Versailles Treaty of 1919 which carved Germany into pieces just after WWI.
Rabbi Stephen Wise advised President Wilson about the impending treaty before Wilson left America for the Versailles peace conference. The Jew Bernard Baruch advised Wilson at the conference. British Prime Minister Lloyd George was advised by the Jew Phil Sassoon. French leader Georges Clemenceau was advised by his Jewish Interior Minister Georges Mandel aka Louis Rothschild.
Representing the American banking interests was Paul Warburg, the Chairman of the Federal Reserve. His brother, Max Warburg, the head of the German banking firm of Warburg and Company, was there as a representative of Germany.
By the Treaty of Versailles the German people were thoroughly humiliated. The old Austrian Empire was balkanized and divided up into allotments satisfying the political intrigues of the architects of the Treaty. The Weimar government was forced upon the German nation and the communist Jewish leaders Rosa Luxembourg and Karl Leibknecht were agitating for revolution.
The German people were not unaware that the Jewish role in the Bolshevik Revolution threatened their own national life. The historian Ernst Nolte and several other notable historians have argued that the Jewish role in the Bolshevik Revolution was an important cause in Germany’s backlash against the Jews.
The Weimar government was comprised of many Jews. From the outset the Weimer government was criticized by ordinary Germans who were of the opinion that the Weimer government was allied with international Jewish bankers in signing the hated Versailles Treaty.
The famous stab-in-the-back legend soon began to circulate which rightly asserted that Germany had won the war in 1914, but had been betrayed by Jews who struck a deal with Britain to bring America into the war in exchange for the deed to Palestine.
Middle class voters soon became disillusioned with the Weimar government. Weimar’s constitution was written by the Jew, Hugo Preuss. The Jews under the Weimer Republic formed leftist institutions such as the Frankfurt School. Jews were theater producers, newspaper owners, poets, artists, and writers in the Weimar Republic.

These are serious allegations that I have to seriously investigate. I do know that the Versailles Treaty was chiefly why Hitler was able to rally the entire German nation to war but to insinuate that Jews were behind it is another thing entirely. For now I won't argue with you. I'll research on it.

HRHQueenPhil:
spoken like a real asshole& dats some1 husband. GOD forbid bad tin

sorry my bad. I was expecting you to see the sarcasm in those words, I forgot I was talking to fool.

Blakjewelry:

sorry my bad. I was expecting you to see the sarcasm in those words, I forgot I was talking to fool.

no, u forgot how to hide ur stupidity,waste of sperm ekwensu

GenSpecifics:
ON SEPTEMBER 11 1941, the American hero, Charles Lindbergh, gave his famous Speech which urged Americans to remain against American intervention of the European war:
“The Jews are one of the principal forces attempting to lead the U.S. into the war. The Jews’ greatest danger to this country lies in their large ownership and influence in our motion pictures, our press, our radio, and our Government. I am saying that the leaders of the Jewish race wish to involve us in the war for reasons that are not American.”

please i would like a link to your source.

GenSpecifics:
JEWS WERE KEY ADVISORS of the Versailles Treaty of 1919 which carved Germany into pieces just after WWI.
Rabbi Stephen Wise advised President Wilson about the impending treaty before Wilson left America for the Versailles peace conference. The Jew Bernard Baruch advised Wilson at the conference. British Prime Minister Lloyd George was advised by the Jew Phil Sassoon. French leader Georges Clemenceau was advised by his Jewish Interior Minister Georges Mandel aka Louis Rothschild.
Representing the American banking interests was Paul Warburg, the Chairman of the Federal Reserve. His brother, Max Warburg, the head of the German banking firm of Warburg and Company, was there as a representative of Germany.
By the Treaty of Versailles the German people were thoroughly humiliated. The old Austrian Empire was balkanized and divided up into allotments satisfying the political intrigues of the architects of the Treaty. The Weimar government was forced upon the German nation and the communist Jewish leaders Rosa Luxembourg and Karl Leibknecht were agitating for revolution.
The German people were not unaware that the Jewish role in the Bolshevik Revolution threatened their own national life. The historian Ernst Nolte and several other notable historians have argued that the Jewish role in the Bolshevik Revolution was an important cause in Germany’s backlash against the Jews.
The Weimar government was comprised of many Jews. From the outset the Weimer government was criticized by ordinary Germans who were of the opinion that the Weimer government was allied with international Jewish bankers in signing the hated Versailles Treaty.
The famous stab-in-the-back legend soon began to circulate which rightly asserted that Germany had won the war in 1914, but had been betrayed by Jews who struck a deal with Britain to bring America into the war in exchange for the deed to Palestine.
Middle class voters soon became disillusioned with the Weimar government. Weimar’s constitution was written by the Jew, Hugo Preuss. The Jews under the Weimer Republic formed leftist institutions such as the Frankfurt School. Jews were theater producers, newspaper owners, poets, artists, and writers in the Weimar Republic.

This is some serious shit.
Care to reveal your source op?

HRHQueenPhil:
no, u forgot how to hide ur stupidity,waste of sperm ekwensu

I see your bad upbringing is affect you, if you are this bitter kill the fool who gave birth to you

Blakjewelry:

I see your bad upbringing is affect you, if you are this bitter kill the fool who gave birth to you

haba, ur family are bunch of murderers dats why u wld give such a suggestion.. generation of imbeciles useless retard

HRHQueenPhil:
haba, ur family are bunch of murderers dats why u wld give such a suggestion.. generation of imbeciles useless retard

sorry no vex I forget say worwor people dey get bad mouth well well. abeg no vex

Blakjewelry:

sorry no vex I forget say worwor people dey get bad mouth well well. abeg no vex

see who is calling someone wor wor,generation of deformed and decapitated ugly creatures who have never amounted to anytin in life.asshole!

HRHQueenPhil:
see who is calling someone wor wor,generation of deformed and decapitated ugly creatures who have never amounted to anytin in life.asshole!

hmmm you that is mentally deformed from birth, swear no one has never told you, you are mad before.
you are mad at every guy you see just because one yahoo boy use your womb take buy benz

Blakjewelry:

hmmm you that is mentally deformed from birth, swear no one has never told you, you are mad before.
you are mad at every guy you see just because one yahoo boy use your womb take buy benz

now I know u are a waste of sperm,read wat u typed or show somebody .. nonentity

HRHQueenPhil:
now I know u are a waste of sperm,read wat u typed or show somebody .. nonentity

your repeated use of the word sperm shows either you are honey or sex starve probably that is the cause of your frustration

Blakjewelry:

your repeated use of the word sperm shows either you are honey or sex starve probably that is the cause of your frustration

ok that's the funniest thing I have heard today, from all I said sex starved is wat u diduced from it..chai..u may be right though..I av been so angry since.

HRHQueenPhil:
ok that's the funniest thing I have heard today, from all I said sex starved is wat u diduced from it..chai..u may be right though..I av been so angry since.

lol I have been wondering when you are going to give up.

Yujin:

These are serious allegations that I have to seriously investigate. I do know that the Versailles Treaty was chiefly why Hitler was able to rally the entire German nation to war but to insinuate that Jews were behind it is another thing entirely. For now I won't argue with you. I'll research on it.

I've done some research and I got this.
THE JEWS WHO STABBED GERMANY IN THE BACK
Seventy-nine years after Kristallnacht, ‘A Deadly Legacy,’ a new history of German Jewish soldiers during World War I, traces the origins of the European scapegoating that would engulf the continent some years later
By David Mikics
November 9, 2017 • 12:00 AM
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“Once said to be lost, it was,” Charles Krauthammer wrote in 2004 in a New Republic article in which he fingered Walter Cronkite, “the voice of the establishment,” as the culprit behind America’s defeat in Vietnam. While the Vietnam stab-in-the-back argument is now largely dead, the idea persisted for decades that America could have won the war if only the military hadn’t had its hands tied by politicians, or the media hadn’t been so downbeat, or the hippies hadn’t turned the country into a clown circus. This notion was born from sheer bewilderment: America had never lost a war, the myth-making went, so someone, somewhere must have decided we weren’t going to win.

A similar bewilderment afflicted Germany at the end of World War I. The first stab-in-the-back story—Dolchstoss in German—happened when the German army returned home in defeat in November 1918. The reason for their surrender was obscure to many Germans: the enemy had never touched German soil, and both at the beginning and the end of the war—at least according to German newspapers—the Kaiser’s forces appeared to be winning. So there was only one possible explanation: Germany had been betrayed by Socialists and (you guessed it) Jews, 1918’s equivalent of the traitorous Sixties counterculture.

Historians have often remembered that right-wing Germans let their Jewish compatriots take the rap for Germany’s defeat and for the shame of Versailles’ punitive peace. They have been less inclined to remember that for most of the war German Jews and gentiles stood proudly together in defense of their country. Jews welcomed the war as a fight for justice, freedom and, most important of all, German culture.

Gertrud Kantorowicz wrote in August 1914, when the conflict broke out, that “the war itself is pure greatness … my being relates to Germany as a life’s breath relates to the body out of which it arises.” Gertrud was the cousin of the historian Ernst Kantorowicz, who earned the Iron Cross on the Western front and after the war joined the Freikorps, the right wing militia that battled Communists and Socialists in the streets of German cities. Both of them were Jews, and proud Germans.

Ernst and Gertrud Kantorowicz were typical of German Jews, Tim Grady demonstrates in his new book A Deadly Legacy: German Jews and the Great War. They were passionate nationalists, as völkisch as you could get. Like other Germans, they celebrated the outbreak of war as a momentous chance for national renewal. The late historian Fritz Stern remarked that the passionate German response to the war went beyond mere patriotism. Many intellectuals, especially, saw the guns of August as a triumphant release from dead-end bourgeois culture, a call to a new nobility and manliness.

In summer 1914, during the first frenzy of battle, even German Zionists declared that there was “no difference” between Jews and other Germans. Martin Buber wrote enthusiastically in August, “Never has the concept of the Volk been such a reality to me than during these last weeks.” The Jewish politician Ludwig Haas remarked that Russia, when it entered the war, had committed “the greatest crime in world history.” Never mind that Germany had in effect set off hostilities by giving a green light to Austria-Hungary’s attack on Serbia. Germans were eager to cast their fatherland as the victim of France, England and, most of all, Russia.

Russia had a deep meaning for Jews worldwide: it was their oppressor, their enemy. And so for many German Jews WWI became a holy war against Russia. The Zionist Jüdische Rundschau proclaimed that Germany was fighting “to free Russia and the world from unprecedented tyranny.” Jewish artists like Max Liebermann drew fierce caricatures of the bloodthirsty, slobbering Russian beast.

German Jews were prominent supporters of the army’s efforts to colonize the East. The territory won from Russia, they argued, properly belonged to Germany. Since the Ostjuden spoke Yiddish, a dialect of German, they were Germany’s racial compatriots.

Not that German Jewish soldiers felt a kinship with Russian Jews: the invaders were often appalled by the squalor of shtetl existence. These were exotic foreigners, alien to German Jewish culture. When refugee Jews from the East began flooding into Germany, Grady remarks, German Jews mostly recoiled from them instead of welcoming them with open arms. Grady quotes Victor Klemperer’s comment about eastern Jews: he did not “belong to these people,” Klemperer wrote: “I thanked my creator that I was German.” In spite of this cultural friction, Eastern Jews mostly welcomed the Germans who had delivered them from Russian rule.

When the Germans marched through Belgium in 1914, the Allies were quick to promote tales of German beastliness: the Belgian baby speared on a Hun’s bayonet was an image guaranteed to rouse indignation. One French journalist claimed that the Kaiser’s troops had cut off the hands of 4,000 children. Faced with such made-up atrocities, German Jews, like other Germans, leaped to the defense of their nation’s soldiers. They also went on the attack, inventing atrocities of their own. The Jewish writer Arnold Zweig published a short story about a Belgian farmer who cuts the throats of three peaceful German soldiers, then butchers them and feeds them to his pigs. In October 1914 the Jewish playwright Ludwig Fulda drafted a petition claiming that Germany had not destroyed “the life and property of a single Belgian citizen”; and he added, “We shall fight this war to the very end as a cultured people to whom the legacy of Goethe, Beethoven and Kant is as sacred as hearth and home.”

Fulda was mistaken in his defense of Germany’s soldiers. Although the German army didn’t cut off hands or shish-kebab babies, they did often murder Belgian prisoners and civilians, as the historian Max Hastings has shown. “How could [German soldiers] expect to be shot at from windows and cellars?” the Kölnische Zeitung asked in 1914, tacitly admitting that Germany had broken the rules of war. Out of self-defense the Kaiser’s troops had to “adopt punitive measures, burn houses, execute civilians,” the newspaper concluded.

In August 1914 the German army was riding high, and Berlin was convinced that the fighting would soon be over. Then came the stumbling block of the Marne in September, which stopped Germany’s advance and turned the war into an excruciating game of attrition. Now Germany was fighting on two fronts, cheated of its fantasy about quickly defeating France. The horrendous specter of trench warfare arose, and with it the desire for new weapons that would deal the enemy a decisive blow.

Grady recounts the well-known story of the German Jew Fritz Haber, the Nobel Prize winner and inventor of chemical weapons. Shortly after the Germans first used Haber’s chlorine gas in defiance of the Geneva Convention in April 1915, Haber’s wife committed suicide; undeterred, he traveled to the eastern front the next day to oversee more gas attacks. Haber’s godson Fritz Stern wrote that Haber was “German in every fibre of his being, in his restless, thorough striving … in his very soul and spirit.”

Unlike African-Americans in the American army, German Jews were integrated into their country’s forces, and anti-Jewish insults were rare. Grady writes that the Bavarian List regiment, “which counted fifty-nine German Jews as well as a young Adolf Hitler, showed few signs of harbouring any form of anti-Semitic spirit.” Rabbis served the religious needs of Germany’s Jewish soldiers and, military circumstances permitting, they were allowed to return home for Jewish holidays. Kaiser Wilhelm had decided that Jews could become officers, and so they did, though the higher-ups were sometimes reluctant to promote them.

But as the war ground relentlessly on, anti-Semitic rumors started circulating among the German people: Jews were shirkers, they were profiting from the war rather than fighting in it. The Wehrmacht gave in to the anti-Semitic canard with the census of November 1916, designed to find out how many Jews were serving at the front. The military insisted, implausibly, that the census had no anti-Semitic intent. Jews, who were fighting and dying for Germany like any other Germans, were disheartened.

Grady writes that Jewish and non-Jewish soldiers fought together on the German front lines with very little tension. But on the home front, the imaginary Jew was culpable for Germany’s loss.

In January 1918, strikes broke out across Germany; workers demanded peace, more food and more democracy. Two prominent Jews, Hugo Haase and Kurt Eisner, were among the leaders of the strikes. Afraid of a revolution like the Bolsheviks’ in Russia, the government quickly arrested the striking workers—and sent many of them to the front. In Berlin, flyers were handed around blaming the Jews for the uprising, though most Jews—and most soldiers—had little sympathy for the strikers. One Jewish newspaper, the Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums, proclaimed that the strikers had “weaken[ed] the army’s military clout” and added that they were “stabbing the frontline army in the back.” Jewish writers, like other Germans, freely employed the fatal figure of speech.

The last gasp of Germany’s wartime ambition occurred in the spring of 1918. The treaty of Brest-Litovsk had awarded a huge chunk of Russian territory to Germany; the war in the East was over. In the West, German forces under General Ludendorff pushed the British and French armies back thirty-seven miles, but their advance cost half a million casualties. The French counterattacked in the summer, and by September the jig was up. Ludendorff, a broken man, admitted privately that “victory is out of the question,” but the German public still found defeat unimaginable. When news of the armistice broke in November, Joseph Levy, an orthodox Frankfurt cantor who led services in full military uniform, was like most Germans deeply shocked. The fatherland, he lamented, was “lost.” But who had lost it?

The main gift of Grady’s meticulously researched book is its lesson about how poisonous and long-lasting a stab-in-the-back legend can be, and what damage it can do to a country. In 1922 Weimar foreign minister Walter Rathenau, who had put Germany’s economy on a war footing in late 1914, was nicknamed “Gottverfluchte Judensau” (“goddamned Jewish pig”) and killed in the streets. Rathenau had just signed the Treaty of Rapallo with the Soviets, which gave up Germany’s land claims from WWI. A few years later, the idea of Jewish betrayal during and after the war paved the way for a political party that saw Jews as not merely traitors, but a poisonous, subhuman riff-raff.

Stern in his book about the intellectual roots of Nazism, The Politics of Cultural Despair, wrote that “No single idea played so powerful and so pernicious a role in postwar Germany as the notion that an undefeated army had voluntarily laid down its arms in the hope of a just peace. Because of it, Germans were able to feel that the Allies had tricked, not defeated them,” and that sinister elements of German society had aided this betrayal: “socialists, liberals, and Jews.”

The Weimar republic had been “fathered by traitors.” And so when the republic was swept away by the Nazis, Germans swallowed their reservations. They were certain that, whatever Hitler’s shortcomings, at least he would never double-cross them and lead their homeland to ruin.
Cc:genspecifics