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USES OF ENGLISH.
CONCORD
Concord is an agreement between the subject and the verb. The fact is that English is a language that has many rules and exceptions, hence, there is the need for every English user to know how to conjugate the right sentences to avoid grammatical blunders; which may be dangerous.
Every student must know that the subject ( the doer of an action) and the verb (the action that is demonstrated) must have an agreement between each other.
There are many rules in concord; and I urge the students to read this lesson intensively, meticulously and aptly.
Let's talk briefly about the subject.
Subject is the doer of an action. It can either be a noun or a pronoun.
Noun can be singular or plural. And don't forget that a noun is any name of a person, thing, place, an animal and idea.
So when you mention any name, you must know that it is a noun. A singular noun refers to one person, animal, place, thing, and idea; while a plural noun refers to two or more people, animals, places etc. You can read more about this in the first lecture of Oracle Tutors.
Verbs are action words which can also show state of being or emotion. By now, you should have known that verb is the most important parts of speech in English. Without verb, there is nothing like sentence. Verbs always come after the subject in the sentence. However, it can change if the structural arrangement of word classes changes due to the dexterity of the writer or speaker.
Verbs can also be singular and plural. Singular verbs always end with letter "s" as in; IS, HAS, WAS, GOES, COMES, SINGS, CARRIES, COOKS etc. While plural verbs do not end with letter "s" as in; ARE, HAVE, WERE, GO, COME, SING,CARRY, COOK etc.
I hope you understand the explanation above? If your answer is YES, then, you can continue reading.
Rules.
1a. After a singular subject, a singular verb must follow it.
My mother ( one person) cooks (singular verb) rice daily.
He (one person) is (a singular verb) very angry often.
The dog ( one animal) wags (singular verb) its tail.
1b. You a plural verb after any plural subject.
Our mothers ( two or more people) cook (plural verb) rice daily.
They (two or more people) are (plural verb) very angry often.
The dogs ( two or more dogs) wag (plural verb) their tails.
If it is not clear, read it again.
2. AGREEMENT WITH "EACH, EVERY".
When any of the two words above is used, make sure you use a singular noun and a singular verb.
Each GIRL ( singular noun) IS (singular verb) here.
Every MAN (singular noun) KNOWS ( singular verb) me
3. AGREEMENT WITH "EACH OF, ONE OF, NONE OF"
when any of the words above is given, it would attract A PLURAL NOUN and A SINGULAR VERB.
Each of THE STUDENTS ( plural nouns) KNOWS (singular verb) us.
One of THE DOCTORS (plural noun) HAS (singular verb) a house in London.
None of THEM (more than two persons) IS (singular verb) sensitive.
4. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
Use a singular verb after any indefinite pronoun. Examples:
Everyone, everything, everybody, everywhere
No one, nothing, nobody, nowhere
Anyone, anything, anybody, anywhere
Someone, something, somebody, somewhere.
Everyone IS (singular verb) in the hall
Everybody LOVES (singular verb) success.
5. AGREEMENT WITH "EITHER/OR" and "NEITHER/NOR"
after using "EITHER/OR" or "NEITHER/NOR", the noun or pronoun (subject) that comes after "OR and NOR" will attract the verb. Simply put, if the subject that comes after "OR as well as NOR" is singular, you must use a singular verb, and if the subject is plural, a plural verb must be used.
Examples: Either the students or THE PROPRIETOR (singular subject) GOES (singular verb) home early.
Neither the proprietor nor THE STUDENTS (plural subject) GO ( plural verb) home early.
6. AGREEMENT OF PRAYER, RECOMMENDATION, SUGGESTION, DEMAMD.
When prayer, suggestion, recommendation, or demand is expressed in a sentence, a plural verb must follow without giving any regard to the subject used. Either singular or plural subject, you must use a plural verb.
God (singular subject) BLESS ( plural verb) you.
He demands that HE (one person/ singular subject) Go (plural verb)
7. AGREEMENT OF "EVERY with FIGURE"
If a number --- such as; two, three, four, ten, etc. --- follows EVERY immediately, the noun must be plural and the verb must be plural, also.
Every FIVE professors (plural subject) teach ( plural verb) very well.
8. AGREEMENT WITH "ALL"
"All" has two meanings when it is used as a subject. First off, it means ALL THE PEOPLE, second, it means EVERYTHING.
When "all" means ALL THE PEOPLE, it will attract a plural verb.
All ---- eating in the room
(a) is (b) are.
The answer is ARE, because ALL in the expression above refers to ALL THE PEOPLE.
Conversely, when ALL refers to EVERYTHING, it will attract a singular verb.
All is well.
All that glitters is not gold.
9. AGREEMENT OF "MANY A"
after using MANY A, singular noun and a singular verb must follow.
Many a LADY (singular subject) LOVES (singular verb) dancing
10. AGREEMENT OF BODMAS.
BODMAS means Bracket, Of, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction.
Sentences which involves these Mathematical parlance/principles can attract both singular and plural verb.
Two multiplied by ten IS/ARE twenty.
More to follow.
Stay tuned!
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ORACLE TUTORS.
Uses of English.
Verbs: verbs are words which describes actions, states of being or occurrences.
The reason for the definition is that there are some verbs that do not perform actions. So it will be insensitive that all verbs perform actions and to define verbs as action words. You will learn more about this latter in this lesson.
There are types and forms of verbs. I will teach everything accordingly.
Types of Verbs.
Lexical verbs: these are verbs that can stand alone and have complete meanings. Examples: go, sing, dance, come, write, give etc.
I go to school
She dances very well every time.
Lexical verbs, in present tense, can be divided into two, they are singular and plural. Singular verbs always end with letter "S" as in; sings, walks, jumps, goes, knows, strikes etc. While plural verbs do not end with letter "S" as in; sing, walk, jump, go, know, strike etc.
Note: a singular verb must be used after a singular subject ( the doer of an action)
The man comes here always.
Dara sings pleasantly.
The man ( one person) the verb singular (comes)
Note: after a plural subject, a plural verb must be used
The men come here always.
Helping verbs: there are many types of helping verbs but I will explain three, which are; primary helping verb, modal verb, anomalous verb.
1. Primary helping verb: AM, IS, ARE, WAS, WERE etc.
Note: a continuous form of verb (verb + ing) can come after primary helping verb.
I am SINGING in the church.
Note: a past participle form of verb can come after primary helping verb if the sentence is in reported speech.
I am KNOWN by people as a writer.
The assignment is WRITTEN.
2. Modal verb: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will,would, ought to, had to,need, must, dare.
Note: modal verbs attract plural lexical verbs either the subject is singural or plural.
I can FLY (not FLIES) like a butterfly.
I must SEE you today.
3. Anomalous verbs: has,have, had.
These attract past participle forms of verbs.
Note: you have to read present tense, past tense and past participle very well.
Go - went - gone, sing - sang - sung, burst - burst - burst, get - got - got, hang (criminal) - hanged - hanged etc.
I have GONE there.
He has got to the place.
Special notice: all singular verbs end with letter "s" as in; is, has, comes etc.
Even "WAS" that is in past tense form ends with letter "s" thereby making it singular.
HAD is the past tense of HAS and HAVE.


FORMS OF VERBS.
1. stative verbs: they express states of being rather than actions. I explained earlier that there are some verbs that do not perform actions. So, there are ways they - stative verbs- can be used. They relate with thoughts, emotions, feelings, senses etc.
Examples of stative verbs: see, understand, hear, smell, love, hate, seem, listen, recognize, agree, believe, perceive, include, imaging, suppose, know, like,dislike, want, remember, appreciate,mind, depend, consist, comprise, detest etc.
English users are to be careful with stative verbs. Why? If you use a stative verb in (ing) before a primary helping verb, it can be bad English or it may be wrongly used
Buhari is seeing Kudi ( wrongly used) the statement means that Buhari and Kudi are dating each other.
I am loving you ( bad English)
These are correct sentences below;
Buhari sees Kudi
I love you.
They understand you.
Do you listen to me ( not ARE YOU LISTENING TO ME)
2. Dynamic verbs: these are action words. They attract (ing). These verbs describe the action that can start and finish. They demonstrate the action words that can be seen to be demonstrated. When someone RUNS, you can see the action - that is dynamic. But when someone LOVES another person, can the verb be seen to be demonstrated? No! Someone can claim to love someone and still kill that person
3. To - Infinitive verbs: these are the base to form of verbs. To infinitive will surely have TO + a verb in base form.
To go, to sit, to jump, to come etc.
PATTERNS OF VERBS.
1. Verbs followed by ING.
The are the lexical verbs that attracts other lexical verbs that end with ING. Examples: stop, start, love, like, hate, enjoy, finish, mind, help, avoid, deny, admit etc.
I can't stop LOVING you.
He starts BEHAVING like an animal.
Do you mind EATING any food?
I enjoy DRINKING alcohol a lot.
2. Verbs followed by TO - infinitive: grow, afford, love, start, like, hate,want, prefer, eat, dance, look, stand, come, go, remember, agree, plan, decide etc.
So, after any of the verbs, a verb that has TO + the base form of the verb should follow.
I want TO GO.
He swims TO IMPRESS people.
3. Verbs followed by ING and TO - INFINITIVE.
examples: love, hate, help, start, prefer, etc. I believe you should have understood this.
TERM VERBS
I saw him crossing the road/ I saw him cross the road, which one is correct?
I watched him jumping over the fence, I watched him jump over the fence, which one is also correct?
Both sentences in each example is correct - the sentences are good English.
However, there is little difference in the first two examples and the second. How? Why?
There are actions that are completed and actions that are not completed.
" I watched him crossing the road" this means that you look at him very well as he crosses the road ( completed)
"I watched him cross the road" this means that you see him but you do not see him cross the road completely. Perhaps when he starts crossing, you look away or you leave. ( uncompleted)
However, many scholars justify this with another method. They say that some actions are quick and some are long - that means some actions take long time before they can be completed.
I saw him come ( short time)
I saw him coming ( long time)
So, as a student, when you see such question, make sure you ask yourself that is the action demonstrated for short or long time.
Thank you!
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ORACLE TUTORS.
USES OF ENGLISH
CONCORD (continuation)
11. AGREEMENT WITH "A NUMBER OF and THE NUMBER OF"
When A NUMBER OF is used, it always attracts a plural verb. Example
A NUMBER OF stolen vehicles HAVE been recovered.
However, when THE NUMBER OF is used, it will attract a singular verb.
Eg. The number of stolen vehicles HAS been recovered.
12. AGREEMENT WITH SIAMESE SUBJECT.
Siamese means TWO IN ONE, that is, a subject is seen like two. It is not two; it is one and it will attract singular verb.
"The proprietor and English teacher". Looking at this, a person can think that there are two subjects there, that is, "the proprietor" and "English teacher". However, the subject in the expression is one. Why? Because THE PROPRIETOR is also the ENGLISH TEACHER.
If there would be two subjects at the expression above, it will be " THE PROPRIETOR and THE ENGLISH TEACHER"
Article " the" that comes before "the English teacher" makes it a subject that is different from the proprietor which is also a subject, making the subjects two. Therefore, without the article THE in " THE PROPRIETOR AND ENGLISH TEACHER" that means we have one subject and it will attract a singular verb.
The proprietor and English teacher KNOWS me
NOTE: if article "the" comes before " English teacher", that means we have two subjects and it will attract a plural verb.
The proprietor and the English teacher KNOW me.
13. AGREEMENT WITH BLOCK PLURAL GROUPS.
Block plural groups are adjectives that function as nouns with the use of article "the" which precede them.
Examples: the young, the aged, the helpless, the hapless, the handicapped, the brilliant, the disabled, the poor, the rich, the wise, the meek, the wealthy etc.
These can be rewritten as; the young people. The aged people, the helpless people, the hapless people etc.
So, when you have such group of nouns, it is plural and it will attract a plural verb.
"The poor" or any other can never regard to one person, but to two or more persons/people. So, block plural groups are plural, they always attract plural verbs.
The poor ARE ridiculed in the society.
The rich also CRY
The aged POSSESS grey hair.
Note: you must not add letter "s" to any of these nouns.
The poors ( bad English)
The poor (good English)
14. AGREEMENT WITH PARENTHESIS.
Parenthesis also means bracket. This can also be called ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AGREEMENT.
In this, we have the real subject and the false subject. The false subject is there to confuse the students in their choice of verb, which can be singular or plural.
The false subject is the additional information which is not relevant.
Look this: THE MAN - NOT HIS CHILDREN.
What is the real subject? It is "THE MAN" and the false subject is "NOT HIS CHILDREN"
So, in your choice of verb, choose a singular verb if the real subject is singular and choose a plural verb if the false subject is plural.
The man - not his children IS here
The children - not their father COME early always.
15. AGREEMENT WITH COLLECTIVE NOUNS.
A FAMILY consist/consists of how many people? One? No! A family consists/ consist of a father, mother and their children.
Other examples: team, club, class, church, Chelsea Football Club, Nigeria, audience, crowd, congregation, etc.
These noun do not refer to a person when you look at the number of people that are involved.
The team usually PLAY well ( how many people?) A team consist of eleven players.
A family is/are coming now.
When these are used, a singular and plural verb can be used. However, when the collective nouns perform actions, plural verbs, only, must be used.
The audience DISPLAY their maturity in the hall often.
The class (students) MAKE noise often.
16. AGREEMENT WITH PLURAL FIGURES.
When a figure follows a plural noun, such as; "FIVE CHILDREN, FIFTEEN LAWYERS, THREE PROSTITUTES", a singular helping verb must be used.
Examples of singular helping verbs; IS, WAS, HAS.
ten children IS good for the programme.
Three prostitutes was there yesterday
Note: when a figure follows a,plural noun, a singular helping verb must be used.
17. AGREEMENT WITH "AS WELL AS, CUM, WITH, ALONGSIDE WITH, TOGETHER WITH"
When any of the words above is used, the subject that comes first in the sentence will be regarded as the real subject.
THE TEACHER as well as THE STUDENTS.
which subject comes first in the sentence? It is "the teacher". Therefore, the real subject will attract the verb.
If the real subject is singular, the verb should be singular and if the subject is plural, the verb should be plural.
"The teacher as well as the students HAS money"
"The students as well as the teacher HAVE money"
18. PROXIMITY AGREEMENT.
Proximity means nearness. At times, students have problems of knowing the subjects that will attract the verb when there are a lot of subjects in the expression. In this sentence, a correlative conjunction ( OR/NOR) will come before the last subject. It is the noun or pronoun that comes after OR/NOR that will attract the verb.
If she passes her examination, Sola, Wale, Tobi, Tunde or Kazeem IS to be praised.
Buhari, Osinbajo or you ARE going to London.
19. AGREEMENT WITH "AND"
When two or more subjects are joined by AND, a plural verb should be used.
Ade and Tolu KNOW him
The teaches, some parents and the students ARE going to Lagos at present.
20. AGREEMENT WITH ABSTRACT NOUNS.
abstract nouns cannot be seen, held or touched. Example: joy, sorrow, dream, happiness, education, integrity, decency, corruption, death, sickness.
Use a singular verb after any abstract noun.
Education IS the key to success.
To be continued.
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