Religion is an important part of human civilization, shaping cultures, societies, and individuals for millennia. Across the globe, people find solace, meaning, and community in their religious beliefs and practices. From the ancient rituals of Hinduism to the modern teachings of Scientology, the world is adorned with a rich tapestry of spiritual traditions.

Beyond major world religions, a multitude of spiritual paths and traditions enrich the human experience. Sikhism, with approximately 30 million adherents, blends elements of Hinduism and Islam, emphasizing the principles of equality, service, and devotion to God. Jainism, with around 4.2 million followers, espouses non-violence, truthfulness, and asceticism, seeking liberation (moksha) from the cycle of birth and death.

Moving beyond the boundaries of organized religion, indigenous spiritualities such as African Traditional Religions and Native American religions celebrate the interconnectedness of all life and the sacredness of the natural world. Animism, practiced by millions worldwide, attributes spiritual significance to natural phenomena, animals, and ancestors, fostering harmony, respect, and stewardship for the Earth. When considering the distribution of religious populations globally, it becomes apparent that certain regions exhibit higher levels of religious adherence than others.

With a number of religions found across the globe, it is essential to note how religion plays a significant role in shaping cultural norms and values, which in turn influence economic behaviours and outcomes. According to the World Values Survey, a global research project exploring values and beliefs, religiosity is positively correlated with trust in others and social cohesion, both of which are crucial for economic development. Countries with higher levels of religiosity tend to have higher levels of trust and cooperation, which can facilitate more efficient markets and higher levels of economic growth.

Moreover, religious institutions often serve as important providers of social services, particularly in developing countries where government resources may be limited. For instance, according to the World Bank, faith-based organisations provide a substantial proportion of healthcare services in many developing countries, with estimates ranging from 30% to 70%. These services contribute to improving health outcomes and human capital development, which are essential drivers of long-term economic growth.

Religious beliefs can also influence individual behaviors and attitudes towards work, entrepreneurship, and savings, all of which have implications for economic productivity and growth. For instance, research has shown that Protestant work ethic, which emphasizes hard work, discipline, and frugality, is associated with higher levels of economic prosperity. Countries with a Protestant heritage, such as those in Northern Europe and North America, tend to have higher levels of economic development and innovation compared to countries with different religious traditions

Religious values can also influence corporate policies and practices related to employee well-being, diversity, and inclusivity. For example, companies with Christian founders may prioritize family-friendly policies, such as flexible working hours or parental leave, reflecting values of compassion and respect for family life. Additionally, religious organisations often promote inclusivity and accommodation for employees of diverse religious backgrounds.


Rastafari
No. of Adherents: 0.6 million

Rastafari is a spiritual and cultural movement that emerged in Jamaica during the 1930s, inspired by the coronation of Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia, whom Rastafarians believe to be the messiah or divine incarnation (Jah). Rastafari draws upon elements of Christianity, Pan-Africanism, and Jamaican cultural traditions. It emphasizes the worship of God, often referred to as Jah, and the pursuit of righteousness, social justice, and repatriation to Africa. Rastafarians reject Babylon, a term used to represent oppressive systems of government, inequality, and materialism, and advocate for the liberation of African people from colonialism and racism. Rastafari culture is characterised by reggae music, dreadlocks, vegetarianism or Ital diet, and the sacramental use of cannabis as a spiritual aid.

Unitarian Universalism
No. of Adherents: 0.8 million

Unitarian Universalism is a liberal religious movement that emerged in the United States in the early 19th century, formed by the merger of Unitarianism and Universalism. It emphasizes the freedom of belief, the search for truth, and the inherent worth and dignity of every individual. Unitarian Universalists draw upon diverse religious traditions, philosophies, and ethical principles to create a supportive community that encourages spiritual growth, social justice, and environmental stewardship. The movement values inclusivity, tolerance, and acceptance of diverse identities, beliefs, and lifestyles. Unitarian Universalist congregations provide a space for worship, religious education, social activism, and fellowship, and often engage in interfaith dialogue and community service.

Wicca/Neopaganism
No. of Adherents: 1 million

Wicca is a modern pagan religious movement that emerged in the mid-20th century, drawing upon pre-Christian European traditions, folklore, and occult practices. Wiccans worship a diverse pantheon of deities, including a god and goddess representing the divine masculine and feminine energies, and often incorporate rituals, spells, and magical practices into their worship. Wicca emphasizes reverence for nature, the cycles of the moon and seasons, and the practice of witchcraft as a means of spiritual connection, personal empowerment, and manifestation. Neopaganism is a broader umbrella term encompassing various contemporary pagan and polytheistic traditions inspired by ancient religious practices, mythology, and nature spirituality. Adherents of Wicca and Neo-paganism often celebrate seasonal festivals (Sabbats), perform rituals in sacred circles, and participate in community gatherings and covens.

Animism
No. of Adherents: 1.9 million

Animism is a worldview and religious belief system that attributes spiritual significance and personhood to natural phenomena, animals, plants, and inanimate objects. Animistic beliefs are found in indigenous cultures around the world and often involve rituals, offerings, and ceremonies to communicate with and honor the spirits or deities believed to inhabit the natural world. Animism is rooted in the belief that all living beings and elements possess a spiritual essence or soul, and that humans are interconnected with the environment and other forms of life. Animistic traditions vary widely depending on cultural context, geographical region, and local interpretations of spiritual practices. Animism emphasises respect for nature, harmony with the environment, and the preservation of ancestral traditions and wisdom.

Tenrikyo
No. of Adherents: 2 million

Tenrikyo is a Japanese new religious movement founded in the 19th century by Miki Nakayama, known as Oyasama. It is based on the belief in the "Joyous Life" (Anoyo-no-Ura), a state of spiritual and physical well-being achieved through faith in God, called Tenri-O-no-Mikoto. Tenrikyo teaches the importance of helping others, practicing gratitude, and living in harmony with the natural world. Adherents of Tenrikyo engage in rituals, prayers, and acts of charity to cultivate a sense of inner joy and to spread harmony and happiness to others. The religion emphasises the concepts of salvation for all people, the unity of humanity, and the interdependence of all existence.

Zoroastrianism
No. of Adherents: 2.6 million

Zoroastrianism is one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions, founded by the prophet Zoroaster (Zarathustra) in ancient Persia over 3,000 years ago. It is centered around the belief in Ahura Mazda, the supreme deity who embodies truth, righteousness, and order, and the cosmic struggle between good (Asha) and evil (Druj). Zoroastrianism emphasizes ethical dualism, promoting virtuous thoughts, words, and deeds to uphold cosmic order and combat moral corruption. Key Zoroastrian teachings include the importance of free will, the judgment of souls after death, and the eventual triumph of good over evil. Zoroastrian worship involves rituals, prayers, and ceremonies performed in fire temples, where fire symbolizes divine illumination and purity. Zoroastrian communities are primarily found in India, Iran, and diaspora communities around the world.

Cao Dai
No. of Adherents: 4 million

Cao Dai, also known as Caodaism, is a syncretic religion that originated in Vietnam in the early 20th century. It combines elements of various religious traditions, including Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Christianity, and indigenous Vietnamese beliefs. Cao Dai followers worship a supreme deity known as the "Cao Dai" or "Highest Power," along with other divine beings, saints, and ancestors. The religion teaches the pursuit of spiritual development, moral integrity, and social harmony. Cao Dai emphasizes the concept of karma, reincarnation, and the ultimate goal of liberation from the cycle of birth and death. Adherents of Cao Dai engage in rituals, prayers, and meditation practices to cultivate spiritual growth and foster a sense of universal love and compassion.

Shinto
No. of Adherents: 4 million

Shinto is the indigenous religion of Japan, rooted in the worship of kami, divine spirits or deities believed to inhabit natural phenomena, objects, and ancestors. Shinto rituals and practices are centered around the veneration of kami, purification rites, and expressions of gratitude for blessings received. Shinto does not have a single founder or central scripture but is characterized by reverence for tradition, purity, and harmony with nature. Shinto rituals are performed at shrines (jinja) and include offerings, prayers, festivals, and ceremonies to mark important life events and seasonal changes. Shinto coexists with other religions in Japan, such as Buddhism, with many Japanese people practicing both Shinto and Buddhist traditions simultaneously.

Jainism
No. of Adherents: 4.2 million

Jainism is an ancient religion that originated in India over 2,500 years ago, founded by spiritual teachers known as Tirthankaras, the most recent of whom was Mahavira. Jainism emphasizes non-violence (ahimsa), compassion, and the pursuit of spiritual liberation (moksha) through self-discipline and ethical conduct. Jains believe in the existence of eternal souls (jivas) trapped in a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth (samsara), and seek to attain liberation by overcoming attachment, ignorance, and karma. Key Jain principles include non-violence, truthfulness, non-possessiveness, and celibacy. Jains adhere to a strict vegetarian diet and follow practices such as meditation, fasting, and ritual purification. Jainism is divided into two major sects, Digambara and Svetambara, each with its own interpretations of Jain teachings and practices.

Bahá'í Faith
No. of Adherents: 5 million

The Bahá'í Faith is a monotheistic religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in the mid-19th century in Persia (present-day Iran). It emphasizes the unity of all religions and humanity, advocating for world peace, social justice, and the elimination of prejudice and inequality. Bahá'ís believe in the essential unity of all religions, viewing them as successive stages in the spiritual evolution of humanity, and recognize prophets and founders of major world religions, including Abraham, Moses, Buddha, Jesus, Muhammad, and Bahá'u'lláh. The Bahá'í Faith teaches the importance of independent investigation of truth, the harmony of science and religion, and the equality of men and women. Adherents of the Bahá'í Faith engage in community-building activities, promote education, and work towards the betterment of society.

Judaism
No. of Adherents: 14.7 million

Judaism is one of the oldest monotheistic Abrahamic religions, with roots dating back over 3,000 years to the covenant between God and the patriarch Abraham. Central to Judaism is the belief in one God (Yahweh) who revealed himself to the Jewish people through prophets, including Moses, who received the Torah (the first five books of the Hebrew Bible). Judaism is characterized by its emphasis on ethical monotheism, the importance of study and interpretation of sacred texts, and adherence to religious practices and rituals, such as prayer, Sabbath observance, dietary laws (kashrut), and circumcision. Judaism encompasses a diversity of religious movements, including Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, and Reconstructionist Judaism, each with its own interpretations of Jewish law and tradition.

Juche
No. of Adherents: 19 million

Juche is a political and religious ideology originating in North Korea, advocated for by Kim Il-sung as the guiding philosophy of the nation. Emphasizing self-reliance, autonomy, and nationalism, Juche promotes the idea of individuals and the state relying on their own resources and strengths rather than seeking external assistance. It blends elements of Marxism-Leninism with a focus on Korean traditions and values, perpetuating a cult of personality surrounding the Kim family dynasty. While serving as the official state ideology of North Korea, Juche is criticised for maintaining authoritarian rule and human rights abuses, yet it remains central to North Korean identity and ideology.

Sikhism
No. of Adherents: 26 million

Sikhism is a monotheistic religion founded by Guru Nanak in the late 15th century in the Punjab region of South Asia, which is now divided between India and Pakistan. Sikhs believe in one God, Waheguru, and follow the teachings of the Ten Sikh Gurus, recorded in the Guru Granth Sahib, the Sikh holy scripture. Sikhism emphasizes the principles of equality, social justice, service, and devotion to God through meditation and selfless action (seva). Sikhs are recognizable by their adherence to the Five Ks, which include wearing the Five Kakaars: Kesh (uncut hair), Kara (steel bracelet), Kanga (wooden comb), Kachera (cotton undergarment), and Kirpan (ceremonial dagger). The Sikh community gathers in Gurdwaras for worship, community meals (langar), and religious ceremonies.

African Traditional Religions
No. of Adherents: 100 million

African Traditional Religions encompass a diverse array of indigenous beliefs, practices, and rituals across the African continent. These religions are deeply rooted in the cultures, traditions, and spiritual beliefs of various ethnic groups and communities. African Traditional Religions typically involve the worship of ancestral spirits, deities, and natural forces, with rituals and ceremonies performed to maintain harmony with the spirit world and the natural environment. Practices may include offerings, prayers, divination, and ceremonies to mark significant life events, such as birth, marriage, and death. While Christianity and Islam have had significant influence in Africa, many people still practice African Traditional Religions alongside or syncretized with these global religions.