BREAST CANCER

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that starts in the cells of the breast. A malignant tumor is a group of cancer cells that can grow into (invade) surrounding tissues or spread (metastasize) to distant areas of the body. The disease occurs almost entirely in women, but men can get it, too.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF BREAST CANCER

Everyone’s breasts are different, and your breasts can change with age and at different times of the month.

It’s important to get to know how your breasts normally look and feel so it will be easier to spot if there are any unusual changes for you. If you do spot any unusual changes to your breasts you should get them checked out by your doctor.

Finding out about breast cancer signs and symptoms can help you understand what breast changes to look out for.

Lumps are vital to look out for, and for many women the first sign or symptom of breast cancer is a lump in their breast. But many women have breast lumps and most of them are benign (not cancerous), and there are other important signs and symptoms too.

CHANGES TO CHECK FOR

LUMP - may not be seen, but might be felt.

- Can you feel a lump? Either in the breast, upper chest or armpit?
- Is there a lumpy area?
- Or unusual thickening of the breast tissuethat doesn't go away?
- Is there any unusual pain?
Either in part of the breast or the armpit?

SKIN TEXTURE e.g. dimpling or puckering

Any change in size or shape? For example, one breast might become larger or lower than the other. Any change in colour? E.g. the breast may look red or inflamed. Any change in skin texture? Such as puckering or dimpling of the skin of the breast.

APPEARANCE OR DIRECTION OF THE NIPPLE

What about the appearance or the direction of the nipple? E.g. one might become inverted (turned in) when it normally points out.

NIPPLE DISCHARGE

Any unusual discharge? One or both nipples might have a discharge.

RASH OR CRUSTING

Any rash or crusting of the nipple or surrounding area. It’s as simple as TLCTOUCH your breasts.
- Can you feel anything unusual?
- LOOK for changes. Is there any change in shape or texture?
- CHECK anything unusual with your doctor.

Love your breasts - be breast aware. Most cases of breast cancer are found by women noticing unusual changes and visiting their doctor to get them checked. The earlier breast cancer is found, the better the chance of beating it – so it’s important to be breast aware. Being breast aware simply means knowing what your breasts look and feel like normally, being on the lookout for any unusual changes and getting them checked out by your doctor.No one knows your body better than you and everyone will have their own way of touching and looking for changes – there’s no special technique and you don’t need any training. It’s good to get into the habit of doing this regularly – maybe when you’re in the bath or shower, or while getting dressed in the morning.
STAGES OF BREAST CANCER

Your pathology report will include information about the stage of the breast cancer — that is, whether it is limited to one area in the breast, or it has spread to healthy tissues inside the breast or to other parts of the body.

Your doctor will begin to determine this during surgery to remove the cancer and look at one or more of the underarm lymph nodes, which is where breast cancer tends to travel first. He or she also may order additional blood tests or imaging tests if there is reason to believe the cancer might have spread beyond the breast.
CANCER STAGE is based on four characteristics:the size of the cancer. Whether the cancer is invasive or non-invasive whether cancer is in the lymph nodes. Whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body beyond the breast. You also may see or hear certain words used to describe the stage of the breast cancer:

LOCAL: The cancer is confined within the breast.Regional: The lymph nodes, primarily those in the armpit, are involved.

DISTANT: The cancer is found in other parts of the body as well.Sometimes doctors use the term “locally advanced” or “regionally advanced” to refer to large tumors that involve the breast skin, underlying chest structures, changes to the breast's shape, and lymph node enlargement that is visible or that your doctor can feel during an exam.

The stage of the breast cancer can help you and your doctor understand your prognosis (the most likely outcome of the disease) and make decisions about treatment, along with all of the other results in your pathology report.

Cancer stage also gives everyone a common way to describe the breast cancer, so that the results of your treatment can be compared and understood relative to that of other people.

Your doctor may use another staging system known as TNM to describe the cancer. This system is based on the size of the tumor (T), lymph node involvement (N), and whether the cancer has spread, or metastasized, to other parts of the body (M).
STAGE 0

Stage 0 is used to describe non-invasive breast cancers, such as DCIS (ductal carcinoma in situ). In stage 0, there is no evidence of cancer cells or non-cancerous abnormal cells breaking out of the part of the breast in which they started, or getting through to or invading neighboring normal tissue.

STAGE I

Stage I describes invasive breast cancer (cancer cells are breaking through to or invading normal surrounding breast tissue) Stage I is divided into subcategories known as IA and IB.

Stage IA describes invasive breast cancer in which: the tumor measures up to 2 centimeters ANDthe cancer has not spread outside the breast; no lymph nodes are involved

Stage IB describes invasive breast cancer in which: there is no tumor in the breast; instead, small groups of cancer cells – larger than 0.2 millimeter but not larger than 2 millimeters – are found in the lymph nodes OR there is a tumor in the breast that is no larger than 2 centimeters, and there are small groups of cancer cells – larger than 0.2 millimeter but not larger than 2 millimeters – in the lymph nodes.

Microscopic invasion is possible in stage I breast cancer. In microscopic invasion, the cancer cells have just started to invade the tissue outside the lining of the duct or lobule, but the invading cancer cells can't measure more than 1 millimeter.

STAGE II

Stage II is divided into subcategories known as IIA and IIB.

Stage IIA describes invasive breast cancer in which:no tumor can be found in the breast, but cancer (larger than 2 millimeters) is found in 1 to 3 axillary lymph nodes (the lymph nodes under the arm) or in the lymph nodes near the breast bone (found during a sentinel node biopsy) OR the tumor measures 2 centimeters or smaller and has spread to the axillary lymph nodes OR the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 5 centimeters and has not spread to the axillary lymph nodes.

Stage IIB describes invasive breast cancer in which:the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but no larger than 5 centimeters; small groups of breast cancer cells -- larger than 0.2 millimeter but not larger than 2 millimeters -- are found in the lymph nodes OR the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but no larger than 5 centimeters; cancer has spread to 1 to 3 axillary lymph nodes or to lymph nodes near the breastbone (found during a sentinel node biopsy) OR the tumor is larger than 5 centimeters but has not spread to the axillary lymph nodes
STAGE III

Stage III is divided into subcategories known as IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC.

Stage IIIA describes invasive breast cancer in which either:no tumor is found in the breast or the tumor may be any size; cancer is found in 4 to 9 axillary lymph nodes or in the lymph nodes near the breastbone (found during imaging tests or a physical exam) OR the tumor is larger than 5 centimeters; small groups of breast cancer cells (larger than 0.2 millimeter but not larger than 2 millimeters) are found in the lymph nodes OR the tumor is larger than 5 centimeters; cancer has spread to 1 to 3 axillary lymph nodes or to the lymph nodes near the breastbone (found during a sentinel lymph node biopsy)

Stage IIIB describes invasive breast cancer in which: the tumor may be any size and has spread to the chest wall and/or skin of the breast and caused swelling or an ulcer AND may have spread to up to 9 axillary lymph nodes OR may have spread to lymph nodes near the breastbone.

Inflammatory breast cancer is considered at least stage IIIB.

Typical features of inflammatory breast cancer include: reddening of a large portion of the breast skin. The breast feels warm and may be swollen, cancer cells have spread to the lymph nodes and may be found in the skin.

Stage IIIC describes invasive breast cancer in which:there may be no sign of cancer in the breast or, if there is a tumor, it may be any size and may have spread to the chest wall and/or the skin of the breast AND the cancer has spread to 10 or more axillary lymph nodes OR the cancer has spread to lymph nodes above or below the collarbone OR the cancer has spread to axillary lymph nodes or to lymph nodes near the breastbone

STAGE IV

Stage IV describes invasive breast cancer that has spread beyond the breast and nearby lymph nodes to other organs of the body, such as the lungs, distant lymph nodes, skin, bones, liver, or brain.You may hear the words “advanced” and “metastatic” used to describe stage IV breast cancer. Cancer may be stage IV at first diagnosis or it can be a recurrence of a previous breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body.
NATURAL REMEDIES FOR BREAST CANCER

GARLIC: It is well known that garlic has certain antibiotic properties which can be used to get rid of various infectious agents like bacteria, yeast, and fungi.

According to the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), presence of alkyl sulphur compounds makes it a very good anti-cancer agent.

It does so by causing the malignant cells to undergo natural cell death, also known as apoptosis. It also plays an important role in activating the immune cells against cancerous cells. It is always better to eat garlic in raw form as an oil, clove or powdered substance, rather than consuming it in a cooked form.

BROCCOLI: Broccoli contains the linamarase gene that when present inside cancer cells can breakdown into cyanide and effectively kill tumorous cells.

GRAPES: Grapes contain a compound called proanthocyanidins that reduces the body’s estrogen production. This results in the effective treatment of breast cancer, as is evident from the clinical trials performed over several breast cancer patients. The study showed that the extract of grapes affects breast cancer tumors that are hormone-sensitive. A drug called doxorubicin was also found to enhance its anti-tumor activity by consuming grapes juice or extract everyday as a supplemental treatment.

SOYBEAN: This is one of the known dietary elements that are considered to be an absolute must for breast cancer patients. According to the MD Anderson Cancer Center, it contains phytoestrogens and several other entities that block cancerous cells from using estrogen. It also contains isoflavones needed for the prevention of cancer at early stages. It can be taken either as sprouts or as a cooked vegetable.

OLIVE OIL: Olive oil is known for its health benefits. It also reduces risk of cancer.Recent research study suggests that hydroxytyrosol, a major component of olive oil may help prevent breast cancer in postmenopausal women.

CALCIUM: It is important to consume calcium, especially in the pre-menopausal period for women. It has been shown to reduce breast cancer risk in a number of different studies. Foods rich in calcium are canned salmon, orange juice, almonds and green vegetables.

WHEAT GRASS: This widely praised type of health grass is known to be advantageous to cancer patients. Wheatgrass, when taken in the form of juice or raw is shown to regress cancer cells’ growth as demonstrated by the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre. It has the ability to enhance the immune system, and rids your body of toxins and waste products.

GREEN TEA: Prepare herbal green tea by boiling some amount of tea leaves in a glass of water till it reduces to half. This has anti-inflammatory properties and is very effective against breast cancer formation.

LIGNANS: Lignans are present in the seeds of sunflower, cashews, strawberries, flaxseed, and peanuts. These compounds prevent estrogen-dependent tumors by slowing down their rate of growth and progression. Any of these items can be incorporated in the daily diet chart and should be used as frequently as possible.

VITAMIN D: Vitamin D intake has been associated with a lower risk of breast cancer. This can be found in milk, eggs, and COD LIVER OIL, but not in cheese and yogurt.

Others remedies include: Echinacea, Cod liver oil, Fish oil, Bee pollen, Selenium, Vitamin C, Tumeric, Dandelion, Ginger, Aloe Vera, Sutherlandia, Ginseng

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