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Students should be aware of which research paper themes to avoid and which are the most beneficial. Certain subjects are inappropriate for research papers, and understanding about them can help you choose a better topic. The following is a list of research paper subjects that students should avoid.

Research subjects that are irrelevant to the audience should be avoided.
When a student prepares a research paper, he or she has a certain audience in mind who will benefit from or read it. The student should be aware that the audience will be interested in his topic. Every research is judged on how significant it is for people, thus significance is a very basic aspect of it. A research paper cannot be prepared just because the topic is intriguing or because writing a research paper on that topic is simple.

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Doesn't pique your attention or won't keep it for long

Certain subjects can be turned into good research papers, but they are uninteresting to you. The process of producing a research paper will be made more difficult if you choose a topic that is uninteresting to you. If your instructor assigns you a topic that you are not interested in, you might consider how you can make a boring topic fascinating to you.
There are just a few places where you may acquire information.

When writing a research paper, sources are crucial since you must gather information from them. If you just have a few sources to choose from, critical assessment of your issue will be tough. You'll rely on the limited accessible sources, which will lead to concept repetition.
They're unmanageable and don't simply lend themselves to being whittled down.

There are certain themes that are exceedingly wide and difficult to narrow down; as a result, pupils find it tough to manage them. You could think you'll be able to handle it, but as the process progresses, you'll realize it's getting longer and longer, and you won't be able to do it in the time allotted. A vast topic is not only tough to manage in a research paper, but it also produces numerous study aspects that are difficult to examine in a single little research article.

Others have overworked it, as is customary.
Certain topics lose their novelty as a result of the large number of pupils who have studied on them. A topic that has been overworked may pique your curiosity, but it will bore the audience, particularly your teacher.

Controversial
Controversial subjects can spark controversy in and out of the classroom, making things more difficult for you to handle. They can also be used to harm people's feelings.
Someone to whom you are emotionally attached

A teacher is a person who instructs pupils in the field of education. The teacher's job is frequently formal and long-term. It is taught at a school or other site of formal education as a profession or profession. The acquisition of new or changing knowledge, attitudes, abilities, or preferences, as well as the synthesis of multiple forms of information, is referred to as learning (Adeyanju, 1997). A qualified teacher is concerned with learning and teaching. Learning is a difficult task.

This may be characterized as a shift in routine; a long-term change in behavior that is influenced in part by the event. Newly gained skills, knowledge, perspectives, facts, concepts, and information can all result in learning (Adeyanju, 1997). A range of teaching strategies that excite, encourage, and concentrate learners' attention during the session can reinforce learning.

Teaching materials and instruments that assist teaching and learning in schools are referred to as teaching techniques (Agunet et al., 1977). Visual aids, auditory aids, actual objects, and a variety of additional instructional approaches are examples of teaching methods. Visual aids are items that may be made at home or in a professional setting. They take the shape of wall maps, visual pictures, images, and other two-dimensional items, for example. There's also audiovisual material to consider. Get more: Project For Students

These are audio-equipped instructional equipment such as radios, televisions, and various projectors. Another effective technique of teaching geography is through television and radio broadcasts. The use of movies as a teaching tool is also common. Teaching methods provide additional benefits in addition to assisting students in remembering important information. When used correctly, they can aid in attracting and retaining pupils' attention. Audio or visual media can be very helpful in assisting a subject, and combining audio and visual stimuli is especially effective because it engages both of the most important senses (Burrow, 1986). Teachers must realize that they are similar to idea salespeople, and that many of the finest sales methods for attracting potential clients should be considered. One of the primary goals of any courses is for students to get as much information as possible about the subject, particularly about the most essential elements. Many research have been conducted to see how effective teaching approaches are in achieving this goal. The findings reported in the trials range from moderate increases in retention of 10 to 15 percent to more hopeful results of up to 80 percent retention (Burrow, 1986).

The efficiency of the tools and the simplicity with which they may be prepared can both be improved by planning them out beforehand as a draft. It's easier to make adjustments and revisions now than it is after the project is finished. Technical accuracy, accurate terminology, grammar, spelling, fundamental balance, clarity, and simplicity must all be thoroughly reviewed in the first draft. Teaching materials should also be examined to determine if they are practicable and acceptable for students to utilize in a training setting. However, the status of Nigeria's education system is not encouraging, with inadequate classrooms, instructional materials, labs, and libraries, as well as instructor credentials. Poor school curricula and teaching methods are a result of this. The goal of this study is to evaluate the condition of teaching in Nigeria and to investigate teaching techniques, with a focus on the Ovum Aba Secondary School.

Research has been done in Nigeriano for a long time, as has been done in Nigerian schools. The majority of the material provided focuses on the importance of teaching aids rather than whether these teachers possess the necessary pedagogical abilities and how well they are used by teachers. The lack of such a research left the key actors in education with no knowledge with which to interact. This research was conducted under the assumption that a beautiful book or globe, for example, is worthless if it is not used. When effective teaching approaches are accessible but aren't employed, they aren't helping students learn (Joy et al., 2002). The researcher also wants to see how well instructors at Ovom Girls Secondary School in Aba employ these approaches to promote learning.

The high level of moral degeneration and insurgencies in the Nigerian nation indicates that religious education in secondary schools is inadequate. As one of the religious topics taught in secondary school in Nigeria, Christian religious studies (Crs) plays a critical role in maintaining the moral and spiritual well-being of persons in society. The objectives of Crs at the senior secondary level make clear the key roles of Crs in equipping individuals and ensuring a high level of morality, which include: providing more opportunities for Nigerian youths to learn more about god and thus develop their faith in god; enabling youths to accept Christ as their savior; and assisting youths in developing Christian attitudes and moral value (2013).

On the creation of schools by 19th century missionaries, one of the primary subjects missionaries gave to the Nigerian education system was Christian Religious Studies (Crs). The purpose was to teach those who could aid the colonial trinity (God/Christianity, government/colonization, and gold/commerce) achieve their aims. The primary curriculum contents of their educational system were Bible Studies, Arithmetic, and English language for communication in order to attain the goals. To properly execute the contents, appropriate consideration was given to the notion of God's role in man's existence (Nsongo, 2011). This might be Helpful: Students Project For Undergraduate

Bible studies, sometimes known as Crs, were a major focus throughout the missionary era. Following independence, the government took over schools, prompting a request for a curriculum reform in 1983. The demand came in response to criticisms of colonial education, which some scholars saw as being excessively arts-oriented and hence unrelated to Nigeria's upliftment, political liberation, and infrastructure development (Ocho, 2015). Ocho went on to say that as a result of the issue, the curriculum was changed to provide a stronger focus on science and technology topics.

The main goals of incorporating Crs into the educational curriculum are to produce a generation of citizens who can think for themselves, respect the ideas and feelings of others, understand the dignity of labor, and uphold the moral values outlined in the broad national goals. At the secondary school level, the topic is intended to educate students for practical living by instilling Christian attitudes and values, as well as to prepare students for higher study (Akubue, 2012).

Without competent religious studies, the Nigerian country is prone to war, religious crises, insurgencies, and social discontent, among other things. This is because religious beliefs influence human behavior in social, political, economic, and other areas (Eluu, 2015). Crs instruction stretches back to the pioneers of Nigerian education in the 19th century (Banjo, 2013). Because of the moral principles it teaches the people during the missionary rule. Following the government's control of schools, the Nigerian secondary school curriculum was overhauled, with a greater focus on science and technology disciplines.

This move had an impact on students' studies and interests in Crs in the educational system, resulting in low enrolment in Crs. Students' enrolment and interest in Crs, according to Gbenda (2014), might be the consequence of a lack of instructional tools, less trained teachers, and a lack of incentives, among other factors. Njoku (2015) further suggested that low student enrolment in Crs might be due to the professors' instructional delivery style and personalities. Crs is an optional course taught in all Nigerian senior secondary schools. The subject's optional character in Nigerian senior secondary schools also affected the number of students who registered for it in the West African Examination Council (Waec), the National Examination Council (Neco), and other internal examinations. Crs is a teaching subject that is based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ (Ugwu, 2011). As a teaching subject, it is not only geared toward converting people to Christianity, but it is also necessary for value formation, value system orientation and reorientation, and spiritual upliftment of the student. According to Ali and Akubue in Njoku (2015), Crs is a topic that strives to build and promote Christian attitudes and values in students' lives, such as respect for life, obedience to constitutional authority, responsible self, selfless service to God and mankind. Crs is seen by them as an academic field aimed at moral and spiritual development of the learner.

This demonstrates that Crs is concerned with Christian values such as love, care, patience, trust, forgiveness, and hope in God, as well as healthy male relationships. According to Obanya in Njoku (2014), Crs, like all other topics, has five characteristics. These characteristics include a collection of reasonable theoretical formulations, intrinsic development capability, relevant solutions to human issues, a structured Body of knowledge, and a degree of consistency with other academic pursuits. Crs is described as a social science topic in senior secondary schools that teaches students excellent moral behavior, fear of God, knowledge, and skills that would enable them to give their fair share to socio-economic and moral growth. Incorporating solid faiths and moral values into the lives of pupils will almost always aid in the development of their spiritual and moral well-being.

According to Unesco (2010, p. 9), vocational education and training is "an educational process leading to the development of practical skills, attitudes, knowledge, and skills" in many areas of the social economy and social life. The management of economic and development issues is enriched by Vet as an educational system (Quisumbing, 2001). This is true, however, when Vet is implemented in a way that suits the demands of the people. Vet must also be tailored to the environment's requirements. On a social, economic, cultural, and political level. According to Alam (2008), a nation's power resides in its people. Get Trending: Research Topics

As such, vocational training is critical to human development since it affects the sort of development a country will experience based on the quality and relevance of the vocational training available. However, according to Wallenborn (2009), growth in underdeveloped nations, particularly in Africa, remains sluggish in comparison to developed countries due to the poor quality of education and training available. Vet is also concerned with the issue of educational and training quality. As a result, Vet's contribution to African development is minimal. This is due to issues linked to vocational training implementation. Many nations throughout the world, including Australia, Germany, China, Taiwan, India, Bangladesh, Ghana, Botswana, and Africa South, have and still use vocational training as a development strategy (Alam, 2008, p. 9).
To address the problem of youth unemployment, Australia and Germany have employed vocational training to provide young people with skills and knowledge (Iacovou and Arnstein, 2007).

Vet has been further expanded in countries such as Taiwan, China, and India as a strategy to encourage the production of skilled workers (Unesco, 2009). This boosts productivity and, as a result, economic growth. Vet, on the other hand, continues to play a role in promoting social development. This demonstrates how Vet plays a variety of functions in development. Vet was also established as a means of reducing poverty. Vet is a program for building skills for young people that is one of several poverty reduction programs. 2 | P a g e Tikley (2012) believes that the Vet system should take into account a variety of contextual variables. Vet's failure to address environmental elements reduces its effectiveness as a development tool. As a youth program, vocational training must also take into account the dynamics of youth.

According to Colley et al. (2007), young people in the twentieth century confront larger development problems and are more likely to fall into poverty. Young individuals aged 15 to 24 who encounter considerable challenges to obtaining or sustaining well-being are considered vulnerable in this context (Berzin, 2010). Despite their efforts and commendations in the field of vocational training, arguments are made to explain their function and efficacy as trainees (Filmer & Fox, 2014). These reasons stem from the fact that vocational education and training (Vet) does not produce skilled professionals for Africa's development process (Unesco, 2006). Vet has not only given qualified employees to fulfill the labor market's demands, but it has also contributed to the training and skills development of young people to some level (Berzin, 2010). This is due to social and economic issues that affect Vet implementation and hinder the program from meeting its goals. Vet's involvement in minimizing teenage vulnerability is one of these goals. These debates and uncertainties abound in Nigerian Vet.

Tertiary education, as defined by the National Policy on Education, is education provided beyond secondary school at Nigeria's universities, colleges of education, and polytechnics. The federal and state governments, corporations, and people all own these organizations. Regardless of ownership, certain Federal authorities have been appointed to oversee, monitor, and accredit courses in these schools. The National Universities Commission (Nuc) is in charge of universities, while the National Board for Technical Education (Nbtc) and the National Commission for Colleges of Education (Ncce) are in charge of polytechnics and colleges of education, respectively. While the Yaba Higher College, Nigeria's oldest postsecondary school, was established seventy-five years ago, the university college in Ibadan was established in 1948, and the first Advanced Teachers College began teacher training in 1962. So the youngest of the three major kinds of higher education is 45 years old.

The National Policy on Universal Basic Education was born as a result of Nigeria's signing of international agreements on education for all. With this, all school-aged children are required to attend school, and the number of progressive students in both primary and secondary schools has risen. According to Rui Yang (2002), Chinese higher education has grown significantly in the last decade, with gross enrollment rates rising from 3.4 percent in 1990 to 7.2 percent in 1995 and 11% in 2000. One of China's provinces, Jiangsu, is anticipated to be the first to go from elite to mainstream tertiary education. Between 1975 and 2000, the percentage of adults with a postsecondary education almost doubled in Oecd nations, rising from 22% to 41%.

According to Ocho (2006), most universities and polytechnics, particularly those at the federal and state levels, enroll much more students than there are competent lecturers, classrooms, labs, tables, reading materials, and equipment. Carrying capacity, defined as the greatest number of students an institution can support for quality education based on available human and material resources, has been exceeded on numerous occasions. Obe (2007) stated that 18 of the 25 federally controlled colleges had overenrolled, and 13 of the 19 state universities had overenrolled, while just one of the seven private institutions had overenrolled.
Federal and state universities each have five of the top ten overcrowded institutions, according to the study. With special reference to the University of Lagos, the student population has grown through time as seen below:
1962-130, 1970-2528, 1980 12,365, 1980-12,365, 1990 12,647, 2000 37,683, 2006 37,840, 1962-130, 1970-2528, 1980 12,365, 1980-12,365, 1990 12,647, 2000 37,683, 2006 37,840. A state-owned institution was discovered to have an excess of 24,628 students. In polytechnics and colleges of education, the tendency of massification is no different.

Significant gains in enrollment, according to Unesco (1999), are a good indication of access democratization. Higher education is not just accessible to individuals who fit the traditional definition of student, i.e. a person aged 18 to 24 who has joined straight from secondary school or shortly afterwards, but it is also open to older students who want to continue their education in this era of "lifelong learning." There are many more pupils of various ages, socioeconomic backgrounds, and academic abilities. As a result, massification is seen positively since it demonstrates the democratization of access and is no longer elitist. It also leads to increased human capital creation, which provides nations with the skilled people resources they need to develop. On a worldwide scale, massification seems to be essential in this knowledge economy, where the two traditional pillars of a successful institution have been replaced by four, which include not just excellent teaching and research, but also the capacity to innovate and share information. Because of the widespread availability and desire for higher education, creativity has become more essential. In order to attract the finest students, schools are getting more innovative and competitive. Students often have a broad range of institutions and programs to select from. This might be helpful: Project Works For Students

Increased enrollment in basic education as a result of the Education for All movement, as well as free and compulsory basic education in most African nations, has resulted in significant gains in primary and secondary enrolment and completion rates. For example, between 1999 and 2004, secondary enrollment rose by approximately 43% across Africa, with over 31 million pupils enrolled (Unesco, 2007). These secondary school graduates then sought entrance to higher institutions. However, the growth in demand outstripped the capacity of the institutions, and by the late 1980s, African higher education was said to be in crisis (Ajayi et al, 2006). This is because, despite the fact that the higher education sector was rapidly growing and improving, the majority of African nations were not stable enough to accommodate the rapid rise in enrollment. “Studies have connected the crisis to the political and socio-economic contortions that Africa has gone through in the last two decades,” writes Obanya (2004). Armed conflicts, civil wars, economic repressions, and bad administration (due to either autocratic or corrupt leadership) plagued the continent on all sides, making it very difficult for the continent to establish itself in the fast-growing field of higher education.

The majority of us do not naturally write research papers. The average research paper follows a strict rhetorical structure [1,2]. Knowing the rules—some stated, others implied—can help you write a work that will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.
The importance of the research question is paramount.

A excellent research paper is focused on a single research issue. The primary organizing concept of the article is the research question, often known as the study aim or major research hypothesis. Everything that is relevant to the study topic should be included in the paper; the rest should not. When the article reports on a well-planned research endeavor, this is possibly self-evident. In applied fields such as quality improvement, however, some publications are based on initiatives that were carried out for operational reasons rather than with the primary goal of creating new knowledge. Authors should define the core research topic a posteriori and build the article around it in such circumstances. Read more: Adult Education Project Topics

In general, a study should only cover one major research topic (secondary but related questions are allowed). Write multiple articles if a project enables you to investigate several different research topics. For example, if you used a freshly created questionnaire to assess the effect of getting written permission on patient satisfaction at a specialist clinic, you would wish to publish two papers: one on the questionnaire creation and validation and the other on the impact of the intervention. The goal is to divide findings into "optimally publishable units" rather than "least publishable units," which is a technique that should be avoided.

What is an excellent research question? The essential characteristics are I specificity; (ii) originality or innovation; and (iii) wide scientific significance. The research question should be specific rather than simply identifying a broad topic of investigation. It is frequently (but not always) expressed in terms of a possible relationship between X and Y in a population Z, for example, ‘we investigated whether providing patients about to be discharged from the hospital with written information about their medications would improve their treatment compliance one month later'.

A research does not have to break entirely new ground, but it should add to or contradict current information in a meaningful manner. Finally, people in the same scientific field should be interested in the issue. The latter criterion is more difficult for applied scientists than it is for fundamental scientists. While it is fair to presume that the human genome is the same all over the globe, determining whether the outcomes of a local quality improvement initiative have broader implications needs considerable thought and debate.

The paper's structure

Writing the paper gets much simpler if the research topic is well stated. The question will be posed by the publication, which will then be answered. The correct format of the article is crucial to effective scientific writing. The sequence of Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion is the fundamental structure of a typical research report (sometimes abbreviated as Imrad).
Each segment focuses on a distinct goal. In the Introduction, the authors state: I the issue they want to address—in other words, the research question; (ii) what they did to answer the question in the Methods section; (iii) what they observed in the Findings section; and (iv) what the results imply in the Discussion section.

Each fundamental part, in turn, covers numerous subjects and may be further split into subsections (Table 1). The authors should describe the study's rationale and context in the introduction. What is the research question, and why should it be asked? While a thorough examination of the literature as a preliminary to the research is not required nor desired, it is useful to place the study within a broader area of inquiry. The research question should always be stated explicitly, rather than leaving the reader to guess.

Education has recently been acknowledged as one of the universal means of survival and enhancement of individual and societal well-being. The introduction of formal education is seen as the cornerstone of national progress as well as the surest path to achieving all long-term goals. As a result, families and people, particularly adolescents and children, are increasingly placing a greater emphasis on education. As a result, no nation, government, organization, or family can achieve sustainable success in their daily operations without having educated citizens, officials, and workers who are more aware of their commitments, roles, and responsibilities.

Follow the rules, follow the regulations, and participate in the activities of the organization. The 6-3-3-4 System of Education, which was established in 1982, was designed to provide Universal Basic Education to citizens in order to breed species of individuals with compassion for our great nation, national consciousness, and the right attitude toward life, properties, and values required to advance national development to the next level. (Chinasa, Onwuchekwa, and Ogbonna, 2009). get more: topics for research

However, the federal government of Nigeria's investment in education has shown to be a productive and promising reward for national growth throughout the years, providing a vivid hope for the better in the near future. There is little question that a number of reasons have stifled the trend of rapid educational growth, with absenteeism among students and instructors in elementary and secondary schools serving as a cankerworm for education. This has generated numerous concerns about the educational quality and management in Nigerian secondary schools. Huzinga and Thornberry (Huzinga & Thornberry, 2000).

Furthermore, truancy has a very visible and typically unfavorable influence on truants' current and future educational lives. Truancy leads in a loss of intellectual growth and an individual's ability to progress. It also results in low academic achievement at the conclusion of school periods, terms, and years. As a danger to a student's academic achievement, truancy is seen to lower the child's educational quality. It lowers a child's academic success standards.

It causes a decline in educational standards in schools. It raises the number of examination malpractices and bad examination outcomes, both internal and external. Truancy is also a factor that leads to idealization, joblessness, unemployment, and underemployment among today's adults, just because they engaged in the act of truancy throughout their school years. Nonetheless, the purpose of this study is to look at the actual actions, causes, and repercussions of truancy in secondary schools, as well as how these truants' academic performance is affected. (2002, Oehme and Franzke)

In Nigeria, truancy is one of the most serious antisocial discipline issues among secondary school pupils. Researchers have paid a lot of attention to the idea and acts of indiscipline. Various behavioural disorders such as stealing, violence, drug abuse, examination malpractice, sexual abuse, and truancy, according to Peck (2003), have undermined effective teaching-learning processes to the point where some teachers have become helpless and disorganized in their task of imparting knowledge to learners. Huzinga and Thornberry (Huzinga & Thornberry, 2000).

Anti-social behavior is prevalent in today's Nigerian society. This is evidenced by the avalanche of societal issues that occur on a regular basis. These issues, which encompass a variety of variables like as social inequality, ethnicity, inadequate resources, corruption, poverty, criminality, and other socioeconomic difficulties, afflict the whole country. The expectations of society and their actual manifestations are vastly different. There would hardly be a day that went by without some kind of social crisis being reported.

In accordance with the preceding, Osarenren (2002) stated that societal views vary because society is dynamic and changes occur often, and she provided some basic causes for anti-social behavior in the society to support her assertions. One of the reasons, according to her, is the change in society's structure as a result of the rapid transition from rural to urban and industrialization; second, there has been a serious disruption of community solidarity and the integrity of the extended family structure; and third, delinquency is on the rise in deteriorated neighborhoods.
A social issue arises when there is a significant gap between a society's aspirations and its actual achievements, according to sociology. According to this viewpoint, societal issues are caused by a failure to bridge the gap between how people desire things to be and how they really are.

Experts agree that deviation is a societal problem that may be attributed to both personal and social characteristics. According to Osarenren (2002), deviation is defined as any conduct that does not follow the laws, regulations, norms, and values of the period. In line with this viewpoint, Ajuzie (2005) argues that deviance in society should be eradicated or brought under control. She goes on to say that the best way for a society to do so is to apply knowledge to practical ends, such as corrections, the development of policies and programs for combating crime and deviance, and the reform, remobilization, and treatment of deviants.

how things are in reality (Coleman, 1999). In any scenario, some social factors are harmful (Eitzen, Smith & Baca-Zinn, 2009). These circumstances impede society's members from reaching their greatest potential. Poverty, racism, and uneven opportunity are, as a result, social problems in any social environment.

Education serves as a watchdog, ensuring that the problem of deviance is addressed and that institutional norms and laws are followed. Education has a huge influence on transformation and adjustment since information is light, transforms, and leads in the correct path. The purpose of this study is to look at the impact of social problems on secondary school students' academic performance and social adjustment. In this context, the term "deviance" comes to mind quickly since it is a phrase that is easily linked with social issues among teenagers in general and secondary school students in particular.

Before delving deeper into the study, it will be helpful to lay a solid foundation with respect to relevant accounts of social deviance issues among Nigerian youths and secondary school students. According to Osaat (1999), the current Nigeria generation has been a generation of youth restiveness and moral decadence, sporadic ethnic and religious violence, insurgent tribal youth militias, and lax enforcement of the law. view more: Research project for graduating students

Deviance, disruptions, crises, difficulties, violence, unrest and all anti-social activities, all of which have been classed as social problems are widespread in every sector of the Nigerian country. The major objective of this study is to put attention on these difficulties with a focus on the educational sector and notably among students of senior secondary schools in Nigeria. The number of students engaging in antisocial behavior is steadily increasing. Teachers, Parents, Guardians, and the Government, as well as stakeholders in the educational system and well-intentioned Nigerians at large, face a huge problem as a result of this conduct.

The incidence of low performance in the Senior Secondary School Certificate Examination in Essay writing is not only startling, but also terrifying. For example, from 2007 to 2009, the data reported an alarming average of 60% failure in Essay writing for three consecutive years. The West African Examination Council (Waec) published a report in 2009. This result, of course, necessitates immediate attention on the part of those in charge of secondary education in Nigeria. In his paper delivered at the Waec monthly seminar, Uwadiae (2009) stated that in the last five years, the proportion of failure in Essay writing has exceeded the percentage of credit level.

According to Wikipedia, an essay is a piece of writing that presents the author's personal point of view. Literary critique, political manifestos, scholarly arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author are all typical uses for essays. According to a media report, student performance in written, reading, and spoken English is not encouraging, but there are several other factors that could stymie student performance in essay writing, including the student's background, teachers, interest, government, and attitude toward academic work.

It is critical to stress that the qualifications of English teachers whose only duty is to teach reading, writing, and speaking abilities will influence whether students do well or poorly. A competent trained English instructor should be in charge of teaching pupils in order to assure correctness, motivation, and interest. The government's inability to provide appropriate teaching aids has also contributed to students' low English language proficiency. It is the government's obligation to offer the essential instructional materials to assist in the teaching of essay writing abilities to students at all levels of education.

The West African Examination Council (Waec) recently released students, who have connected applicants' poor performance in English language as a consequence of weak Essay writing abilities, between 2002 and 2008, to government and parents, jeopardizing their desire for postsecondary education. According to Waec, student performance in the May/June West African Senior School Certificate Examination (Wassce) with the period has decreased, with widespread failure documented in English Language due to low performance in essay writing, and stakeholders have been urged to take action to halt the trend. According to Ojo (2002), many students struggle with essay writing.
Guidelines and counseling techniques must be integrated into classroom activities. This is critical because secondary school pupils become frustrated when they fail to write an essay about a topic in English.

This is due to the fact that most Nigerian universities do not admit students who do not have at least a credit level pass in the English language. Furthermore, most businesses prefer to hire individuals who have received a credit or pass in English language over those who have failed the subject. More significantly, in today's modern and dynamic environment, when academic achievement is the emphasis and order of the day, this fundamental issue demands immediate action.

Writing is a form of human communication that uses signs and symbols to convey language and emotion. Writing is usually used as a supplement to speech or spoken language in most languages. Writing is a technology produced by human culture, not a language. Writing, like speech, is based on many of the same elements as speech, such as vocabulary, syntax, and semantics, with the addition of a sign or symbol system. The outcome of writing is known as text, and the person who receives it is known as a reader. Publication, narrative, communication, and keeping a diary are all reasons for writing. you might like to read more: project topics

As human communities arose, pragmatic needs such as sharing information, keeping financial records, codifying laws, and documenting history drove the development of writing. The intricacy of trade and governance in Mesopotamia exceeded human memory about the 4th millennium Bce, and writing became a more reliable way of documenting and presenting transactions in a permanent manner. Writing may have originated in ancient Egypt and Mesoamerica as a result of calendrics and a political need to document historical and environmental occurrences.

The major goal of this study was to identify some of the failures in secondary school English Language examinations as a consequence of poor essay writing performance in Nigeria, with the goal of proposing a remedy.

Proponents of quantitative research frequently challenge the concept of dependability, generalizability, and validity in qualitative research. Though maintaining validity in qualitative research is tough, there are some other strategies to improve the quality of qualitative research. The goal of any research, whether quantitative or qualitative, should be to maintain rigor and control in order to find the truth. It might be difficult for a beginner researcher to find rigor and control in qualitative research. To ensure that the qualitative research is valid, he should ask himself two questions

The researcher is the answer to the first question, and if he is a newbie in this subject, he will seek assistance from the research supervisor or an expert in the field. The second issue can be answered by using statistical tools to analyze the data collected. If statistical analysis fails to answer the second issue in qualitative studies, logic is utilized to ensure that the research instruments are legitimate and credible.
The best definition of validity, according to Kerlinger, is "are we measuring what we think we're measuring," and "validity refers to the extent to which an empirical measure adequately reflects the real meaning of the subject under examination," according to Babbie (1990).

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Validity of the situation

Face validity assesses the instrument's reliability by establishing a logical link between the scale's questions and the study's goals. The scale's questions should have a logical justification for being created, i.e., they should provide answers to the objectives. It should also be emphasized that the scale's questions should address all of the study's objectives.

Face validity has the drawback that the reasoning on which the researcher generates questions is subjective, and hence changes from person to person. The link between the aims and the instrument will not be the same if new questions are produced. As every change in the questions will generate a different outcome, no objective conclusion can be reached.

Validity in both the present and the future
Concurrent validity refers to how closely the results of a scale match those of a previous study of a similar nature. It can also refer to putting the identical test in front of two groups at the same time to see if it's genuine. It also forecasts how valid the scale will be in the future; this is a quick technique to measure or establish a test's validity. It is widely used in the field of psychology, and it may be used to measure human traits extremely effectively.

Validity of the construct
Construct validity assesses the validity of a claim in a more objective way. It assesses the validity of the instrument by establishing a relationship between the questions and the outcome variables and measuring the coefficient of variation. To determine construct validity, the researcher must be well-versed in statistical methodologies.

The first step in the research process is to identify the research problem. It's akin like deciding on a destination before embarking on a journey. It serves as the backbone of the entire research process. A research problem is offered in the form of a question in the social sciences. It aids in narrowing down the problem to a level where a study can be conducted. There are three basic reasons for defining a research problem.

It emphasizes the significance of the research subject.
It assists the researcher in appropriately defining the parameters of the investigation by allowing them to position the problem in a specific context.

You May Love To Read: Research Topics For Undergraduate Students

It gives a structure for presenting the findings in a clear and concise manner.
A research problem can be defined in absolute terms as a statement about the topic of concern, or a situation that needs to be improved, an unsolved question in the literature, a challenge that needs to be eradicated, or any other point that requires some serious examination (Gallupe, 2007).

Finding logical answers to research challenges is required to complete optimal research. However, there are three categories of research problems: descriptive (research questions that focus on the relationship between two or more factors), relational (research questions that focus on the relationship between two or more factors), and causal research (problems that look at cause and effect).

Problems with descriptive research

Descriptive research problems are those that ask, "What is.....?" with the goal of describing the situation, state, or presence of a given phenomenon. They are attempting to depict what is already there in a group or population. Surveys and opinion polls are the greatest tools for such research since they need systematic observation of social concerns.

For instance, "what are the most important aspects influencing consumers' purchasing decisions?" Cross-sectional research and longitudinal studies are used to acquire data for these issues. Cross-sectional studies provide you a snapshot of data at a particular point in time. Longitudinal studies, on the other hand, use a fixed and stable sample that is measured across time. Mail, online or offline surveys, and interviews are all ways that can be used to collect data in both circumstances. When dealing with a descriptive research problem, the variables and hypotheses cannot be manipulated because they are usually nondirectional (Hashimi, 2015).

Problems with causal research

The goal of causal research is to determine the size and nature of cause-and-effect relationships. These types of research questions aid in determining the influence of certain modifications on existing norms and practices. As a result, they may spot patterns in the interactions between various parts.
For instance, ‘how does online education effect a student's ability to learn?' Experiments are the most common method of gathering primary data in these situations. The hypothesis is usually directed in this case, i.e., it explains how one thing influences the behavior of another. Such studies allow the researcher to adjust the variables as he or she sees fit. There are two approaches to obtain data for causal research:

laboratory studies and field experiments.

In most cases, laboratory experiments are carried out in a controlled environment, allowing the researcher to precisely alter the variables. Field experiments, on the other hand, are much more realistic in character.

The challenge of relational research

According to this research challenge, a link between two variables must be studied. The goal is to look at qualities or characteristics that are linked together in some way.

For example, ‘how does a teacher's experience influence his or her teaching style?' As a result, this type of study problem necessitates the use of multiple variables to characterize the link between them (Hartanska, 2014).

Study methodology refers to the many approaches and strategies utilized to display the research in a visually appealing manner. The processes improve the research process and reveal how research is conducted. It aids in the explanation of research techniques and delivers the concept to the audience in an elegant manner that is mostly dependent on the researcher.

The research used a variety of techniques to describe the concepts, which we shall discuss in this post. However, the researcher's choice of technique is entirely up to him or her, and the type is not constrained by any rules. The procedures used by the researchers must satisfy them. This is the subject of this article.

Different criteria are used to classify research techniques. They are the broad category, the study's type, the study's purpose, and the study's research design. Interviews and case studies based on research methods are also included. In certain studies, more than two approaches are integrated, but in others, just a few methods are included.

Quantitative Research

Quantitative relates to numbers when data is collected based on numbers and a summary is derived from these numbers, as the name implies. In quantitative research, graphs assist in quantifying the results.

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Qualitative Analysis

The non-numerical aspects of the investigation are referred to as qualitative. Qualitative research comes to the rescue when knowledge or data cannot be understood in terms of statistics. Qualitative research, while not as trustworthy as quantitative research, aids in the formation of a better summary in terms of hypotheses in the data.

Research that is descriptive
In descriptive techniques, facts are considered, and surveys and case studies are conducted to elucidate the facts. These aid in determining and explaining the facts using examples, and they are not rejected. In descriptive research, several factors can be utilized to explain the facts.

Analytical Studies

Analytical research begins with facts that have previously been established as the foundation for the study, and it concludes with a critical review of the material. Quantitative approaches are also used in analytical methods.

Research in Practice

Applied research is action research that focuses on a single topic and tends to generalize data. Variables are assumed to be constant, and forecasting is carried out so that techniques may be easily discovered in applied research. The research is written in technical language, and the summary is based on technical facts.

Fundamental Investigations

Fundamental research is pure or fundamental research conducted to discover an element or hypothesis that has never been discovered before. The goal is to see how traditional things may be altered or something new produced by connecting several disciplines. The summary is written entirely in everyday language, and the study is based on logical conclusions.

Investigative Research

Exploratory investigations are based on ideas and their explanations, but they don't offer any conclusions about the research issue. The framework is inadequate, and the techniques provide a flexible and exploratory approach to the research. The theory is not tested, and the outcome will be of little use to the rest of the world. The findings will be topic-specific, which will aid in the research's improvement.

Conclusive Research

Conclusive Research has a good methodology design and seeks to provide a solution to the research issue. A well-designed framework aids in the formulation, solution, and presentation of hypotheses and outcomes. The outcomes will be general and beneficial to the rest of the globe. Researchers will feel a sense of fulfillment in solving issues and assisting society in general.

Survey

Surveys are sometimes overlooked, yet they serve an important part in research methods. It aids in the collection of a large volume of real-time data and the research process. It can be done at a minimal cost and in a shorter amount of time than any other approach. Quantitative and qualitative approaches can be used in surveys. Quantitative surveys must always take precedence over qualitative surveys since they produce numerical results and the data is genuine. Surveys are mostly used in business to determine market demand for a product and to anticipate production based on the survey's findings.

Study of Cases

Case studies are another type of research approach in which several scenarios are explored and the best one for the study is chosen. Case studies aid in the formation of a research topic and the research's basis. Case studies may be used to explore a variety of facts and theories that aid in the formation of suitable reviews on the study issue. According to the literature reviews from the studies, researchers might make the issue generic or particular. The case study may be used to gain a thorough grasp of the research.
We also have focus groups and research interviews to help us better grasp the research methodologies.

The number of people included in a research study to reflect a population is referred to as sample size in research. The overall number of respondents included in a study is referred to as the sample size, and this number is generally split down into sub-groups based on demographics such as age, gender, and geography to ensure that the total sample accurately represents the entire population. One of the most crucial aspects of statistical analysis is determining the optimum sample size. If the sample size is too small, the results will be invalid and the population being investigated will not be appropriately represented. Larger sample sizes, on the other hand, give reduced margins of error and are more representative, but an excessively high sample size can considerably increase the cost and time required to perform the research.

What is the significance of determining the sample size?

Are you prepared to conduct a survey of your study subjects? You can use research surveys to learn more about your target audience. The information you gather allows you to better address the demands of your customers, resulting in higher sales and client loyalty. The researcher must calculate and decide sample size in order to identify the appropriate number of respondents while keeping the research study's quality in mind.
So, how do you figure out the sample size? What criteria do you use to determine who should receive your survey? What factors do you consider when determining the size of your target audience?
Sending out an excessive number of surveys can be costly without providing a clear advantage over a smaller sample. You won't have enough data to draw correct conclusions if you send out too few surveys. Knowing how to effectively calculate and estimate sample size can provide you a competitive advantage. Let's have a look at what constitutes a decent sample. Let's also have a look at the sample size calculation formula so you can figure out the ideal sample size for your next survey.

What is the purpose of determining sample size?

Assume you're a Nigerian market researcher who wants to send out a survey or questionnaire. The goal of the poll is to learn how your target audience feels about a new cell phone you're planning to release. You want to know what Nigerians think about the new product so you can anticipate whether it will be a success or a failure before it is released.
Assume you chose Lagos, which has a population of 40 million people. You choose a sample of 500 people who fit the consumer panel criterion using a sample size determination formula. The responses can be used to predict how your target audience will react to the new product.
Knowing how to calculate a sample size, on the other hand, necessitates more than merely distributing your survey to as many individuals as possible. If you use an excessively large sample size, you risk wasting resources, time, and money. A tiny sample size prevents you from getting the most out of your data, resulting in inconclusive conclusions.

What are the different words for sample size?

Let's have a look at some words you should be familiar with before we get into sample size determination:
The population size: The population size refers to the number of persons who fit your demographic. For example, suppose you're looking for information on doctors in Nigeria. The total number of doctors in Nigeria is your population size. Don't be concerned! It is not always necessary to have a large population. If you know who you're aiming to portray, a smaller population size can still offer you accurate findings.
Confidence level: This metric indicates how confident you can be that your data is correct. It is expressed as a percentage with the confidence interval aligned. If your confidence level is 90%, for example, your results will almost certainly be 90% accurate.
The confidence interval (margin of error): There's no way to be 100 percent accurate when it comes to surveys. Confidence intervals indicate how far you're ready to allow your data to deviate from the population mean. A margin of error is a measure of how near a survey result can be expected to be to the true population value. Remember to utilize our margin of error calculator if you need assistance with this information.
Standard deviation: A data set's dispersion from its mean is measured by standard deviation. It calculates a distribution's absolute variability. The standard deviation and degree of the deviation increase as the dispersion or variability increases. You've already sent out your survey, for example. What level of variation do you anticipate in your responses? The standard deviation is the amount of variation in a response.
Sample size calculation formula – Learn how to calculate your sample size Using the Taro Yamane Formular

Taro Yamane, a mathematical statistician, devised a formula for estimating or determining sample size in respect to the population under study, allowing inferences and conclusions drawn from the survey to be applied to the complete population from which the sample was drawn.

Most researchers or project students struggle to determine the appropriate sample size for their project, research, or survey work during their investigation. Before questionnaires are written and sent out into the field to collect data for analysis, sample sizes must be determined. Because the conclusions gained from the uncalculated sample size would not be precise enough in making a decision on the hypothesis under examination, project managers may decide to cancel the research/project work completely.
The purpose of calculating sample sizes correctly is to ensure that the conclusions gained after analysis can be applied to the full population under investigation.
As a result of our passion for research, we've decided to teach students and researchers how to calculate sample size for their projects and research papers in the most reliable and effective method possible. One of the most widely used methods for calculating sample size is shown below.
The statistical formula devised by Taro Yamane is as follows:
n = N/ 1+ N(e)2
In the formular above;
n is the required sample size from the population under study
N is the whole population that is under study
e is the precision or sampling error which is usually 0.10,0.05 or 0.01
Example:
Using the Taro Yamane’s statistical formular to determine the adequate sample size of say 300 respondents under study. This would hence be

n = N/ 1+ N(e)2
N=300; e= 0.1; e2= 0.01
n = 300/1+ 300(0.1)2
n= 100.
Therefore, a sample size 100 respondents out of the entire population of 300 respondents would therefore be the lowest acceptable number of responses to maintain a 95% confidence level.

Church growth is one of the necessary outcomes of Christ's, the Head's, and vision for the Church. “Make disciples of all nations” (Matthew 28:19a ASV) begins today in the local church, with the Pastor as the leader, his co-workers, and members of his spiritual family who must grow before unbelievers are reached. Church communication is undeniably difficult to grasp and nearly impossible to master, but it is an essential skill for all churches to develop in order to thrive. Communication is not only a word but it is also a concept defined diversely and does not have undisputed meaning among researchers in this field. Its etymological background facilitates to dig the term in order to break through its sense. Thus, ‘communication’ derives from the Latin word “communis” which means “common” with its verb “communicare” which signifies “to share, impart or partake”.
Communication is a necessary component of human life. It is a dynamic process through which people comprehend and seek to be comprehended by others.
“Communication includes nearly every interaction between two or more persons... any transfer of information which has a direct and deliberate impact or influence upon a people's social, economic, or political welfare, has considerable impact on the people's thoughts and conducts,” writes Smith (2018) in.
Communication has been at the heart of human dynamism since the beginning of time. Udeze (2015, p.37), stresses that “Communication is a necessary process for exerting influence over people and events, influencing people's behavior, persuading, implementing, changing, motivating, and leading.” Members of any human society seek to know and understand issues, proposals, plans, and policies being made for their own good and the role they are expected to play through communication. Through communication, people resolve major social issues that threaten mutual peace, unity, and progress in their society. Through mutual understanding between its super ordinates and subordinates, effective communication can help any organization develop a team spirit.
People who want to be understood by others must have and use “appropriate and effective” communication knowledge, skills, and motivation. “Lack of effective communication, which results in distorted understanding or complete misunderstanding among members of a society causes apparent societal dysfunction,” writes Okonkwo (2017, p. 255). Okonkwo (2017, p. 255) stated that “there can be no development at any level without communication”. Ile, (2001, p 281) wrote “...the formal organization is sustained on the infrastructure of communication”. When considering its use between two or more people, as well as its role within a family, a church, or an organization, this term has a lot of meaning and a lot of implications. Its meaning changes depending on whether it's about a person's relationship with an organization, an organization's relationship with the general public, or the type of relationship that exists between various organizations, such as secular, ecclesiastical, governmental, lucrative, non-profit, and so on..
Church communication research examines churches from a variety of angles, including member identification, leadership burnout (Chandler, 2019), and rhetorical studies. Communication mastery and diligent application can make a significant contribution to church growth. Effective communication is information exchange, not one-way communication. The communicator frequently receives feedback from the receiver, but this is not always the case. It will aid in the improvement of communication if the communicator allows for feedback. There are effective and ineffective feedbacks, however. Theology Research Topics and Materials
Leadership communication in the church is preferred when the leader has "the controlled, purposeful transfer of meaning by which leaders influence a single person, a group, an organization, or a community". The leader, of course, directs others through communication in order to get things done. He is a spokesperson who shares ideas, divulges information, and knowledge, and persuades others to follow him or walk in the path he demonstrates to be the best for their development or salvation. He directs, motivates, and inspires others to take action. In order to achieve his goals and complete his assigned missions, he communicates in a variety of ways; however, mastering three aspects of leadership communication is required. There are three types of communications: core, managerial, and corporate (Barrett, 2016).
Furthermore, academic literature evaluating the effectiveness of churches' strategic communication is even scarcer. Strategic communication is defined as an organization's "purposeful use of communication to achieve its mission". Studying churches’ use of strategic communication offers the potential to provide these unique organizations with practical applications for better communicating with their members as well as possibly attracting new members. In the church, communication necessitates the following:
• There are two or more parties
• An understanding of the methods of communication used by two or more parties
• Resolving conflicts without causing the church to disintegrate, with a focus on what edifies or builds up.
Simply put, all divine communication serves to bring people closer to God. God had to communicate Himself to some men in order to unite people to Himself. God then chose to use men to whom He had revealed Himself as instruments to reveal Himself to others. As a result, every elder, deacon, teacher, preacher, coordinator, zonal leader, church worker, elderly woman, husband, father, or youth is a communication instrument in the church. When the church has effective communication, it means that the communication instrument is gradually taking on the nature of God. He becomes more united with God as he takes on the nature of God.
We must learn to communicate with one another in a way that is pleasing to God when dealing with one another. We must all learn to communicate, comprehend, and grow with one another. We, as communicators, must be careful not to use the mediums of communication (words, actions, reactions, appearance, moods, signals, fellowship, and prayers) to draw attention to ourselves, our beauty, our accomplishments, or our oratorical abilities, but rather to the cross of Christ, to Christ Himself.
Internal and external church growth is required for the Body of Christ in every denomination at the local, national, and international levels if Christ's order is to be carried out. There are numerous ways to make the completion of this commission a success. Effective leadership and communication, which are discussed in this study, are two techniques that can help churches grow significantly. However, in a local church, for example, it is appropriate that the coordinator of the implementation of church growth plans, in this case the Pastor, has a good leadership style and, as a result, leadership behaviour that will assist him in developing appropriate leadership traits. In order to communicate effectively with others, he should consider their emotional, psychological, and mental attitudes as he works with them. That will enable him to establish good organizational communication, which is required for successful external communication with existing mediums to relate to people and communicate the Word of God in order to grow the church as a result of Kingdom expansion.
If the pastor, as its administrator, does not use today's new Information and Communication Technology to network with others, the church as an organization may not achieve its mission. Because any church's administration revolves around the pastor, who, by virtue of his position, plans and executes the day-to-day operations of the organization, he must keep his subordinates informed of his plans and programs. In order to achieve the church's goals and objectives, the pastor must keep his congregation informed about their expected responses. Members of such a church organization will gladly cooperate if they are adequately and correctly informed about their role in the day-to-day operations of the church to which they belong. The pastor, as a church leader, may appreciate and embrace the use of modern communication to transport his church members, which will not only serve as a catalyst for the church's growth but also have an impact on the people, making the pastor's job easier. All of his directives will be followed by members who will be submissive and obedient.
“An effective (potential) organization is one that has found an effective leader (administrator) with good communication skills,” according to Udeze (2015, p. 37). This means that if an organization's goals aren't propelling or influencing its members' responses to achieve them, the leader's poor communication skills could be to blame. When it comes to the church, which is the subject of our study, it could be argued that poor morality output and poor responses to church goals are the result of poor or ineffective communication from the top. It's possible that the pastor (administrative head) didn't say exactly what he meant. In other words, what he said may not have been understood by his audience, as the intended meaning may have been lost in the transmission process.
“Alas... the indistinct utterances of many, concerning the dimness of thought in others with regard to Fundamental truth, has givens too much Occasion For Criticism (ridicule),” Howard says (1969).
In a nutshell, tracing how communication and administration have interacted from the beginning to the present suggests that there must be a connection between the two. So, how can communication contribute to effective church growth? The themes of church growth and communication will be used to answer this question in this study. To begin, church growth defines church, exemplifies church growth in the primitive church, and emphasizes its three core pillars. Second, Leadership examines leadership characteristics, styles, and behaviors. Finally, communication emphasizes the meaning and elements of communication, as well as the barriers to effective communication, as well as communication improvement and channels.

The author-date system of citation is used in the APA in-text citation. This indicates that the author's last name and the year of publication must be cited in the text, separated by a comma. In some occasions, the page number should be referenced as well, although in most cases, the page number does not appear in the text citation. The in-text citation is used to eliminate the disruption of flow that occurs when the source is checked at the conclusion of the manuscript for any undergraduate research project Ideas. There should also be a reference list entry for EACH in-text citation.

In-text APA citation guidelines
In the APA style, there are a few basic principles to follow when citing sources in the text. Though it may appear that citing merely the author's last name and the year of publication is straightforward, there are few instances where this is not the case. Different types of sources necessitate different treatments. The researcher must be familiar with the APA in-text citation guidelines for various sources.
In the APA in-text citation, there are two aspects to consider: the signal phrase and the parenthetical citation. In the signal phrase, the researcher can include the author's last name and the publication date. The author and date should appear in parenthesis if he does not cite the author-date in the signal phrase.

1. The first requirement is to use parenthesis in the text to indicate the author's last name and the year of publication. A comma should be included between the author's name and the year of publication.
For instance: “According to Drury (2020), there are a variety of reasons for stillbirths, as well as a variety of personal, cultural, and social elements to consider”.

2. In the case of a direct quotation, the page number should also be included in the in-text citation.
For instance, according to Olayinka (2014), “the number of high school dropouts in Virginia has decreased since 2000.” (p.60).

3. When there are numerous authors for a source, you must list them all by last name and separate the last two with an ampersand "&."

4. If the source does not list an author but does list an editor, use the editor's last name in the parenthetical citation.

5. When the author's identity is unknown, the title and date must be included in the in-text citation. If the title is too long, you can just write the first few words of it.


6. When citing numerous works in one location, use a semicolon to separate each citation, for example, there have been studies that show that excessive screen time affects children's psychological development in later years (Okoro, 2020; Adams, 2015).

Conducting research interviews is a major part of every research project. It is a vital section of any research. An interview is a thorough investigation, and it requires a thorough understanding of its mechanics to perform it successfully. Here are some pointers for conducting a research interview. To learn more about how to conduct an interview, check out my essay on the differences between structured and unstructured interviews. Most Project Topics for undergraduate students contain research interviews and for you to conduct your research interview successfully, the following should be taken into cognizance;

Prepare your questions ahead of time

It is critical to be thoroughly prepared for the questions you will be asked. You can even write down all of the questions you will be asked. Some skilled interviewers prefer to ask random questions that come to mind as the interview progresses, but this requires extensive understanding of both the topic area and the interview mechanics. A student should write down all of his queries and organize them so that he can go to the written copy for assistance when needed. Written questions assist the interviewer in ensuring that no questions go unanswered.
It should be emphasized that an interview is an in-depth investigation into any phenomenon, scenario, or event; therefore, rather than asking basic and generic questions that just return yes or no replies, the interviewer should construct questions that allow for in-depth answers. If the interviewer just asks yes or no questions, the interview's objective will be lost because such questions are easier to deal with in a questionnaire.

Taking note of the responses

In an interview, you must strike a balance between asking questions, interpreting the respondent's expressions and general attitude, and recording the responses. If the interviewer takes too much time asking questions and getting involved in the answers given by the interviewee, he may not be able to completely record the responses. Although the interviewer may recall a few comments later, the most of the interview data will be lost if it was not adequately recorded. The respondent may agree to the recording of the interview using a tape recorder or a video recorder in some situations, although this is not always the case. You cannot record the interview in this manner if the respondent is uncomfortable with it being recorded electronically. In research, you must adhere to ethical norms of behavior at all times and in all procedures.

Follow-up on the interview

There can be occasions when you neglect to ask or record a crucial inquiry. It's possible that you'll need to revisit the question with the interviewee. A face-to-face interview gives you additional opportunities to build a rapport with the interviewee so you can contact him in the future. If you conducted the interview over the phone, make sure you are respectful to the candidate and allow him ample time and chance to explain his replies. Your politeness will assist you in establishing a rapport with the interviewee. Do not appear rushed to the interviewee, as this may cause him to answer quickly and leave out facts that he knows and can tell you.

Picking a topic for a research project follows the same rules as choosing a title for any other piece of academic writing. If you want to choose a title for a blog or a web post, you must follow the same rule. You can come up with a title for your research paper once you've decided on a topic. The title should adhere to certain guidelines and possess certain traits that make it a good title. When choosing from a list of undergraduate research topics; The following qualities should be present in a title:

Project Topic Should be Informative

A title should be descriptive enough for readers to guess what they will find in the research report. It should be self-explanatory rather than ambiguous. In simple words, a research paper title should convey some notion about the research paper. The research paper should not have too many imprecise or generic titles. There is no need for elaborate words or long phrases in the title of a research paper. All you have to do now is come up with an instructive, precise word that best summarizes the information contained within.

Research Title should be a Phrase

A phrase rather than a sentence should be used as the title of a research report. A single sentence as a title divulges far too much information regarding the research work. The names of books and journals are always phrases, and a research paper is no exception. There is no requirement for punctuation at the end of the phrase.

Topic Should be Straightforward

The title's language and wording should be plain and easy to comprehend. Some students make the mistake of naming their research paper after imprecise terms. They believe that catchy titles will make them more desirable, but this is not the case. For a novel or an essay, catchy and cute names might work, but not for a research paper. Before employing too much technical language in the title, consider the audience.

Title should be Concise

A long title divulges far too much information about your research work. Details do not need to be included in your title; instead, you can provide them later in your thesis statement. Create a succinct and accurate title that serves as a research paper topic. The audience may become distracted if the research paper title contains too many specifics.

There is no punctuation
At the end of the research paper title, there is no need to include punctuation. A punctuation mark is unnecessary for a sentence; have you ever seen a punctuation mark at the end of a book title? Certainly not! If necessary, a colon or comma can be placed between the title phrase and the subheading.
Each word's first letter should be capitalized
Except for conjunctions, articles, and prepositions, capitalize the first letter of each word. The same concept holds true for any other title, such as a book or journal title. You do not need to use quote marks or underline the title.
It is therefore important to note the above points when writing or drafting research topics; this is because most project supervisors look out for these points and a host of others depending on your discipline, school and country.

The child's initial point of interaction with the outside world is his or her family. As a result, the child receives early education and socialization from his or her parents and other prominent family members. The family, according to Bandura (1989), provides the psychological, moral, and spiritual foundations for the child's total growth. Family/home is either shattered or intact structurally. In this sense, a broken home is one that is not structurally solid as a result of divorce, separation, the death of one of the parents, or illegitimacy. Children's illegitimacy, the label of adopted kid, shattered households, divorce, and parental deprivation, according to Emery (2004), are the main causes of psychological home situations. He claims that such aberrant home settings are likely to have a negative impact on a child's school performance.

This Might Be Helpful: Research Topics In Education

According to Tilman (2007), research have demonstrated that when one kind of violence is prevalent in the family, other forms of violence are more likely to occur as well, and that family violence has a clear link to community violence, other forms of aggression, and gender-based violence. Many jurisdictions have law enforcement.
Countries will not intervene in what is commonly referred to as a "domestic feud," despite psychological research indicating that abusers are unlikely to seek aid to quit their violence. According to studies, there is a clear link between domestic violence and community violence. According to Golden (2000), a history of abuse has been demonstrated to enhance the chance of abusive behavior. Parental conflict and aggressiveness, or a conflict atmosphere in the home, according to Steinberg (1996), is linked to offspring's personal or violent crimes.
According to Johnson (2005), children of divorced parents/separated households frequently fail and are emotionally vulnerable. However, this may not be entirely true in all cases of family strife. Some children, regardless of their family's background or structure, can work hard and achieve success in life. Furthermore, according to Ayodele (2007), the environment in which a youngster finds himself determines his learning ability and, eventually, his academic achievement in school.
On the other side, Kiura (1999) claims that a healthy husband-wife relationship is based on self-awareness, spouse awareness, individuality balance, mutual relationship, conflict resolution, sexual harmony, and sound abilities in mutual discussion and communication. He also believes that parents must take responsibility for their children's eternal fate, educating, preparing them for life, and guiding them in the proper direction. If parents aren't getting along, their children will suffer as well. They suffer not only at home, but also when they go to school or visit friends since they are carrying their parents' burdens with them.
The impact of the home environment on a student's academic success is widely recognized. Most homes in Nigeria are broken up as a consequence of factors such as incompatibility between couples, the death of a parent, the desire to go on oversea excursions to generate more money, and even marital adultery. As a result, there is a lot of miscommunication between parents and children. Most young females depart their homes and embark on oversea excursions with the intention of making money in various states of the federation.
Some men who migrate abroad forsake their houses and refuse to connect with their families back home, leaving children in a difficult situation, particularly in terms of transition. According to Chador (2008), a student's home environment has a significant impact on his academic success. Family strife can have a significant impact on academic performance.

A component of an Undergraduate project's introduction is devoted to the significance of the study. This article explains how to write this section and gives an example to show how to do so.
Fundamentally, the section on the significance of the study informs the reader about how the study will contribute to a problem in mind. However, what the research will contribute and who will profit from it must be explained explicitly.
If you let your thoughts flow, you can come up with several important contributions to your Undergraduate research work. However, I find the following pointers useful when writing the study's relevance.
Below are important tips to note when writing your significance of the study;

1. Refer To The Problem's Statement

Your problem statement can help you figure out what your study's specific contribution is. You can achieve this by looking for a direct relationship between the problem description and the significance of the study.

For instance, your research question could be written as follows:
“Is there a significant relationship between the teacher’s teaching pattern and the students’ academic performance in Mathematics?”
Given this research question, your research's contribution would most likely be a new teaching pattern (or styles) (among the three you examined) that can assist students do better in Mathematics. Your research will show that this method of instruction is effective. That might be a game-changing technique that transforms the way teachers teach Mathematics, a subject that many pupils despise.

As a result, just looking at your problem statement will reveal how important your research will be to individuals who need it. You will not vary from the predicted result of your investigation. Others may make use of your discoveries for their own reasons.
If the study's findings do not add to the body of knowledge, you should reconsider the study's goals. Determine what people in your field of study require. There will always be a problem your undergraduate research should try to solve.

2. Write From A General Contribution To A Specific Contribution

Write the significance of the study by considering the research's overall contribution, such as its significance to society as a whole, and then working your way down to the individual level, which may include yourself as a researcher. You begin generally and progressively narrow your focus to a certain group or individual. It's a deductive technique, like an inverted pyramid. As a result, you write from the broadest to the most specific applications of your research findings.
This efficiently motivates the mind to think in a deductive manner, i.e., from general to specific, when combined with a reference to the problem statement.

Conclusion

These two methods for writing the significance of the study will keep your mind from roaming aimlessly as you investigate the relevance of your research. By using them, you will save time and be able to concentrate on the next section of your Undergraduate Research. Who knows, maybe this area can assist you argue why your study is worthy of a grant.

If you're writing a paper, an outline will help you not only organize your thoughts but also serve as a structure for your entire paper, regardless of the type of your research. An outline for a research paper serves as a visual reminder to include all relevant research facts in your essay or article. It's a skeleton version of the actual paper that will walk you through the full procedure.

How to Create a Research Paper Outline
Initially, breaking down your essay, research paper, or other document into different sections (Introduction, Body, Conclusion, etc.) will help you keep more organized and lessen the danger of forgetting or omitting key information. Furthermore, dividing the essay down into these sections will help you to address certain parts one at a time, reducing the likelihood of being overwhelmed.
Whether you're writing a scientific paper or something more general, the form of your outline will be identical. Surprisingly, the form of a research outline and a research paper template are practically identical. Check out example Undergraduate research papers online to have a better understanding of the structure of an outline.

The following are the main elements of an outline:

The Introduction
The Body
The Conclusion

Isn't it fairly straightforward? The important thing to remember is that each section has a specific purpose, and the way you organize material in your outline will determine how your paper reads once it's finished.

The introduction is one of the most crucial parts of any good research paper, and it's also one of the last ones to be completed. This is because the objective of the introduction is to attract the reader's attention. This is accomplished by presenting the reader with the topic and using the thesis statement to get the reader's attention.

The Body is the most important part of the essay; it contains many fact-filled paragraphs or subsections that will help you to expand on your thesis statement by presenting evidence to back up your claim. This section should not only expand on your opening statement, but also include information about the methods you utilized to do your study and include investigative points or answers to any queries you had.
You should also think about using a literature review. This is accomplished by keeping track of the literary sources you used to back up your thoughts and hypotheses. The topic of your paper and the literature you choose should be related.
This will usually come after the methods and literature sections if you utilized any form of data validation. This is where you'll summarize your findings and identify any other variables you discovered during your investigation. You can utilize graphs or tables, but make sure to explain them to your audience.

Finally, you'll draft your conclusion. The conclusion usually does not include new material, but rather summarizes the paper's main arguments. It is also necessary to restate the argument and mention any future research. You can also use project writing services to assist you in getting an outline or GUIDE to carry out your research.

Every student who has written a research paper is aware of the numerous constraints that apply to the sources employed during writing. They must be written by qualified and credible experts or organizations, and they must strictly comply to the quality, transparency, language, organization, and presentation requirements that are anticipated for the relevant type of information, whether it is a publication, database or Undergraduate research project. Scholarly sources are generated by adhering to these high standards; therefore they have a considerably higher possibility of conveying the truth. Authors ensure that they deal with facts rather than fakes, myths, delusions, and poor research by using excellent sources in a research work.

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Almost every internet search nowadays begins with the most ubiquitous instrument – an online search engine, and this is true for most types of information, including scholars. A good search engine must provide relevant results to its users, have a simple design and user-friendly interface, and provide tools to expand or narrow a search. For many individuals, Google has become the most popular web search engine over the years.
However, there is no such thing as a global search engine that can find anything. For more advanced and detailed Internet searches, it is best to use many search engines. To avoid superfluous pages and commercials and get exactly what you're looking for, you'll need to think about how to phrase your inquiry correctly and then spend some time reviewing the results.
Search engines can be both general and specialized. The above-mentioned general engines are well-known, but specialist engines aid in the discovery of information on a specific subject. Depending on your needs, you should select one or more of these.

To assist students in their pursuit of true knowledge, we have compiled a list of specialist databases or search engines that may be useful in discovering the material needed for a research paper.

However, if you require more assistance with your paper, you should consider the following services:

1. Google Scholar

Although it is connected to the most popular generic search engine, this tool focuses solely on searching through academic articles and publications. Even academics utilize it on a regular basis because of major benefits such as universality and automation, which means that new material does not have to be added manually, as in a human maintained database - rather, it is gathered automatically from all over the internet using algorithms.

2. Projectclue.com

Project Clue inc. is one of the leading African research guide online platform with proven years of research guide development; constantly uploading unique Undergraduate project topics and materials to be used as a guide to OND, HND, NCE, BSC, PGD, and MBA students with a view to helping them achieve their aim of having excellent grades due to our resolve to assist students , the complete abstracts , table of contents and chapter one is given FREE on this website for universities, polytechnics and college of education undergraduates from Nigeria and other African countries. Projectclue.com is the largest undergraduate projects repository in Nigeria and has other 20,000 project materials and guides which services strictly for RESEARCH GUIDES and assistance meant to help students carry out their research effortlessly.

3. PubMed

This is a search engine linked to the National Institutes of Health's MEDLINE database, which stores abstracts and references to papers in the biological sciences and biomedicine. With the other 30 million records, the fact that this database solely contains abstracts and references allows it to be fully comprehensive, simply structured, and reasonably easy to maintain. 13 million of these contain abstracts, 14 million contain links to full-text publications, and 3.8 million contain links to freely accessible full-text articles.

4. Library of Congress

This is the online counterpart to the Library of Congress, which is located on Capitol Hill. It provides a variety of material about American history, including digitized collections of historical documents, images, maps, and music, as well as a law library and US Copyright Information. Importantly, you can get aid from a human librarian who can help you find specific sources or information.

5. Project Gutenberg

It is the oldest digital library, with over 60000 electronic books in dozens of languages, available in plain text, HTML, PDF, ePub, or MOBI formats, or for on-site reading. One of the most distinguishing features of this resource is that it is and has always been completely free. It could be quite beneficial for students who need to deal with one or more original publications, particularly those studying humanities such as literature, philosophy, and history.

Study habits are learning tendencies that enable students work privately. Study habits are defined as those techniques such as summarizing, note taking, outlining or locating materials which learners employ to assist themselves in the efficient leaning of the materials which is at hand. The term “Study habits” implies a sort of more or less permanent method of studying. According to Good’s dictionary of education, “Study habits are the tendency of students to study when the opportunities are given.

In the era of globalization and technological revolution, education is considered as a first step for every human activity. It plays a vital role in the development of human capital and is linked with an individual well – being and opportunities for better living. It ensures the acquisition of knowledge and skills that enable individuals to increase in their productivity and improve in their quality of life.

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Success as the name implies is wished for by everybody but it does not easily come by on a mere platter of gold; one must work for it through hard work and diligence. Schools, colleges, polytechnics and universities have no worth without student. The social and economic development of a country is directly linked with student academic performance; the desire of success is derived from individual’s concept of himself and in term of the meaning of various incentives as they spell success and failure in the eyes of others.

Learning is a very important personal matter and there isn’t one study habit that works for every situation. An individual student has to take more responsibility to acquire the desired knowledge to develop positive values, critical thinking, attitudes and skills.

Effective study skills and strategies are opportunities to approach learning tasks systematically and independently. Practicing good study habits is the key to becoming smarter and achieving success in school.

Paivio (2000) noted that habits of study, which are formed in school, have greater significance and students must realize the need to acquire these effective study habits. Effective studying will help students to prepare schoolwork in less time to achieve greater degree of mastery of the lesson. Students who study effectively and efficiently utilize methods of learning which aid the acquisition, retention, application of knowledge, facts and information from textbook and class discussion, lectures and other resources.

According to Pascual (2001), Study skills/ habits or study strategies are approaches applied to learning. They are generally critical to success in school, are considered essential for acquiring good grades, and are useful for learning throughout one’s life. There are arrays of study skills, which may tackle the process of organizing and taking in new information, retaining information, or dealing with assessments. They include mnemonic, which aid the retention of lists of information, effective reading and concentration techniques, as well as efficient note taking. Effective study habits are often up to the students and their support, however there is an evidence that they are increasingly taught at Secondary Schools and university levels. The researchers believe that the development of study habits helps a person become successful and productive.

Study habits are said to be improving because of the advents and wide use of the Internet, hypertext, and multimedia resources which greatly affect the study habits (Liu, 2005). Karin and Hassan (2006) also noted that the exponential growth digital information, which changes the way students perceive studying and with printed materials that are to be used in facilitating study. Liu (2005) and Ramirez (2003) report that students print material from the Internet in order to study and read later on. Igun (2005) also found that Nigerians study from materials downloaded from the Internet. Reading is an attempt to absorb the thought of the author and know what the author is conveying (Leedy, 1956). Studying is the interpretation of reading materials. Study habits and skills are particularly important for college students, whose needs includes time management, note taking, Internet skills, the elimination of distraction, and assigning a high priority of study. Fielden (2004) states that good habits helps the students in critical reflection in skills outcomes such as selecting, analyzing, criticizing, and synthesizing. Nneji (2002) states that study habits are learning tendencies that enable students to work.

According to Hot (2000), the word “Identification is defined as the process of showing, providing or recognizing who or what somebody or something is”.
Therefore, the identification of difficult teaching and learning topics in SS3 physics, chemistry and English language curricula in Nigeria can be seen as the process of showing or providing or recognizing the difficult topics in teaching and learning physics, chemistry and English language in SS3 curricula in Nigeria.
But, in order to identify the difficult teaching and learning topics in SS3 physics, chemistry and English language curricula, we have to look into how the definitions of the word curriculum have been offered by different educationists.

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Curriculum, according Hosford (2005) in Badmus (2006), is a set of experiences planned to influence learners towards the goal of an organization. However, Lawis and Niel (2002) cited in Akanybon (2007) define curriculum as a set of intentions about opportunities for engagement of person to be educated with other persons and with things (all bearers of information, process, techniques and values) in certain arrangement of time and space.
On the other hand, Tanner and Tanner (2000) in Akangbon (2007) see curriculum as the cumulative tradition of organized knowledge, modes of thought, a planned learning environment, cognitive/affective content and process, an instructional plan, instructional outcomes and a technological system of production.
Therefore, the content of the curriculum and the methods employed to present the content have to be determined by the nature of the society and the nature of the learner.Chemistry is one of the three main branches of pure sciences, the other two being biology and physics. Chemistry deals with the composition, properties and uses of matter. It probes into the principles governing the changes that matter undergoes. So, it is not, of course, for those who teach chemistry in schools to concern themselves directly with the economic future of the nations for which they work. But it remains a fact that students want to do useful things and that they will profit from being shown how they can contribute to a dynamic part of their country’s industry. This provides an added reason for teaching chemistry in school.
The teaching and learning of chemistry, on the other hand, is not a simple job for those who teach the subject and learners. The fact that some terms in chemistry cannot be observed or be related to the physical activities, makes the teaching and learning of some topics in chemistry very difficult for teachers and students. In other words, the teaching and learning of some topics in chemistry involves mathematical expression and critical thinking.
Physics is the science concerned with the study of physical objects and substances and of natural forces such as light, heat and measurement. As physics is based on exact measurements, every such measurement requires two things; first a member or quantity, and secondly a unit. All branches of it deal inevitably with difficulties whose solution, are often envisaged to benefit humanity. Unfortunately, some students in SS3 hardly register the subject in the SSCE examinations because they find some of its topics very difficult to understand. Many reasons, according to Charles and Chester (2001), might be broadly deduced for students’ poor performance in physics and these included: Psychological factors like confidence, cognitive styled decisiveness, ideational fluency, intellectual ability attitude, curiosity and so on.

After about a decade and a half of adopting an industrialization strategy based on large-scale industries, mostly of the assembly type, which were set up, tended to be capital intensive and in appropriate, given the country resources endowment their capital equipment and techaical manpower have continued to be largely imported, As a result, the triple objective of setting up large-scale industries namely:

1. Achievement of high level employment

2. Local sourcing of raw materials.

3. And saving of foreign exchange acquisition materialized.

In response to the weakness of large-scale manufacturing, government has sought to promote small-scale industries as a strategy for self-reliant industrialization. In Nigeria economy, attention has been drawn to the fact that small-scale enterprises have received very little attention where as it is providing employment for approximately triple the number engaged in large-scale manufacturing as well as playing their role which is crucial importance to our developing economy.

This is why it is important to reconsider the problem hindering the growth of this sector. Such problems the researcher has classified into managerial and financial inhibitions as well as some of the government policies, which do not favour small-scale industries.

The aqua rapha(god’s healing water) was established on 15th December 2004, by it’s sole owner Rev. father Ejike Mbaka.

His ability to generate money out of little or nothing and his interest in small business as while made him engage in small business partnership dealing on the distribution of house hold goods.

The owner made the feasibility study. the report is not too far from what becomes the reality.

The feasibility study was good only that there were few under and over estimations due to the on- going inflationary trend in the country and reforms in the economic system of the country.

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The factory is located at 9th mile corner opposite Ama Brewearer plc in Enugu state. The factory is located in this area because if it’s proximity to the source of the raw materials used in the productions. The major raw materials used in the production of sachet/ packaged water are sourced locally. The manufacture employs the services of different professionals in manufacturing of the packaged water.

These professionals from different field/department work together to ensure the success of desired quantities that will ensure the company’s targets, objectives and goals. The purchasing department plays its role by getting all the necessary requirements for the production.

The factory men will organize the raw material and use it in production of complete products. After production, they will communicate stores and store will pack those products and communicate marketing for sales there by realizing funds, the finance department will keep for the enhancements of the company. the programme could have taken long before how, but the company has a serious financial constraint. The availability and cheapness of the major raw materials also affected the choice of products.

Aqua Rapha investment company produces packaged water, it’s product capacity is at minimum of eight hundred and fifty (850) bags that contains (20) sachets, per day. Given an effective annual working period of 240 days the output is modesty placed at 203, 760(two hundred and three thousand, seven hundred and sixty bags per year)

The management of aqua rapha investment company focus attention on the human side of the enterprise, in other words the behavioral aspects of management is primus. The proprietor of aqua rapha investments company believes that by rewarding workers adequately they tend to work harder and put in their best to achieve the organization set goals.

Undergraduate Project Titles encapsulates the core notion or ideas of your final year research. A decent title uses as few words as possible to adequately explain the contents and/or aim of your research paper.
Choosing appropriate research subjects is a vital skill for every student to have. It is simply the difference between producing an excellent project or otherwise; it is also required if the process of writing your research is to function smoothly.
The significance of producing a good paper can cause students to feel a large and looming weight hanging over their heads as time passes; but, if you know a few key steps, selecting the correct research subjects can be quick, straightforward, and even entertaining.
In this article, you will learn how to identify the best research titles in five simple steps.

1. Generate a list of potential research topics.

The first and most important step is to hold a brainstorming session to choose which topic is best for you. It's best to pick something that fascinates you, but don't be hesitant to venture a little beyond of your comfort zone. Examine what's in the news to see if anything sparks a creative surge of thought. Make a long list of potential options and start the choosing process.

2. Choose a Topic

The second step is to choose a topic, which may seem simple and uncomplicated, but getting this step right is critical if you want the remainder of the process to go smoothly.
A common mistake students make early on is being far too particular; yet, choosing the correct topic is a process of elimination.
The goal of starting with a finalized idea is to save time, but the time spent getting there will help you with the rest of the process, so don't rush it.
Begin by selecting a broad topics; the broader, the better as this would help you gather materials for your research easily. So, if you want to write about a multifaceted subject like music, go ahead and do it! The next steps will help you to cement your idea and get closer to that final draft.

3. Be Very Specific

After you've chosen a wide topic, the following step is to narrow it down even further. This will assist you in determining whether your subject has depth and is worth reading. If this stage takes a little longer than expected and you find yourself changing your mind about your topic, don't panic; after you've nailed this step, the rest will be simple.
The aim is to start with a broad concept and then narrow it down to a specific aspect of that subject. Then you must take that aspect and narrow it down even further. For example, if your topic is music, make it specialized by focusing on blues music. Then, to make it even more specific, make it about the effect and influence rural Mississippi blues had on Chicago blues in the 1950s; this is how you make a paper distinctive as well as engaging.

4. Make your topic into a question.

Once you've decided on a topic, you must define it by asking a question that will aid you with the context of your work. So, if your chosen topic is "The effect mass media on poverty alleviation," you should adapt it to "How has mass media influenced poverty alleviation."

5. Conduct Additional Research on Your Topic / Create an Outline

At this point, you practically have a project waiting to be written; all you need to do now is conduct extensive research on the specific topics of your paper and build an outline of what you want your paper to say. You are now ready to begin by writing a two-sentence response to your defined topic question.
The most difficult part is over; you now have your research topic in simply five steps. All you have to do now is write it!
The first step is to establish a list of what you want your research paper to say, how you want it to be spoken, and how you want it to be perceived. Create objectives and goals, as well as a timeline for when and how you want to reach them, but before you do so, remember the five steps outlined above and put them into action before writing a single word.

In 1949 the government of Nigeria appointed F.J. Harlow, principal of Chelsea Polytechnic (London) to asses the need of establishing a College or Colleges of Higher Technical Education (Fafunwa 1994). The report of the two teams led to the establishment in 1952 of three regional Colleges named the Nigeria Colleges of Art, Science and Technology with branches at Ibadan, Enugu and Zaria. Chronological emergence of the Polytechnics showed that the first full blown Polytechnics in Nigeria were first and foremost Technical Institute or Colleges which were primarily established to train technicians. To mention for instance, the Yaba Technical Institute that metamorphosed to the present Yaba College of Technology in 1963 is one of such institute.

However, in the 1970’s Polytechnics/Colleges of Technology were established under various laws which recognize them as statutory bodies with autonomous status. The Institute of Management and Technology is not only a State owned Polytechnic but amongst the first generation of Polytechnics in Nigeria. The Enugu state University of Science and Technology started from one of the campuses of Institute of Management and Technology.

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A recent event is that Enugu State College of Education (Technical) equally took off from a former Campus 2 of Institute of Management of Technology. The latest is Enugu State College of Agriculture and Agro Entrepreneurship, Iwollo. Conclusively, the Government of Enugu State has four tertiary Institutions of higher learning in Enugu State, Nigeria. The research will be basically interested in the Enugu State University of Science and Technology and College of Education (Technical), Enugu.

Also, there are several privately owned tertiary institutions namely: Institute of Ecumenical Education, Thinkers Corner Enugu; Our Savior Institute of Science, Agriculture and Technology, OSISATECH; African Thinkers College of Education, Enugu; Caritas University Emene Enugu; Renaissance University Ugbauka, Enugu; Bishop Okoye University, Emene Enugu; and The College of Education, Nsukka. However, there are other tertiary Institutions of higher learning owned by Federal Government of Nigeria. They are; University of Nigeria Nsukka and Federal College of Education Eha Amufu, Enugu State; Federal College of Cooperative Studies, Oji River; and School of Dental Technology and Therapy. It can be recalled that business education as a discipline was being offered in Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Institute of Management and Technology whereas the creation of Enugu State College of Education (Technical) has made the N.C.E programme to be transferred to it from Institute of Management and Technology, thereby relieving the Institute from offering any Nigeria Certificate in Education programme. It is important to understand computer as relates to its applications and purpose.

This is because before going into its influence or importance of business organizations as well as business education, we can look at computer as basically an electronic device that accepts DATA from an input device, performs some kind of manipulations on the data in accordance with pre defined instructions and transfers the manipulated or processed data to an output device for further process or in final printed form such as business document, schedules and management control report (Modum, 1995).

The manipulation in the above meaning of a computer implies calculations, comparison, and logical operations. Changes in computer technology are rapid and of great magnitude which indicated that large number of users is found in education, arts, science and engineering. Be it as it may, computer plays important roles in space travel, navigation, banking, traffic control, meteorology, power, medicine, air travel, industry, printing education, telephone and telex. It most be noted that an organization would use a computer only if by so doing it is more profitable (Carey,1995).

The development of internet technology avails an individual the opportunity to surf through the World Wide Web (www) with speed and ease, thereby communicating with others around the globe. Computers have found application in carrying out business in the private and public sectors especially in government agencies.Computer is profitable as labour saving devices which facilitate office work to ease cumbersome nature of manual-typing, cyclo-cyling and other office work before the introduction of computer to office work. Computer applications help increase productivity in terms automation and control in industrial setting and in office applications. All over the world the impact of computer has been felt, efficiency and effective use of computer technology and application are positive. Yet, the impact of computer is not limited to science, engineering and technology but can be applied in Education.

The basic question is to what extent has computer technology affected teaching and learning in Business Education in Nigeria.

Business education is regarded as a process of instructing person(s) on what happens during business transaction in the office, banks, market and anywhere money changes hands or a type of Education that helps person(s) to learn the facts, acquire the skills, develop abilities to like attitudes useful for success in business situation. The following: book-keeping, accounting, clerical and general office work, distributive, marketing, stenographic and secretarial duties can be performed by a business Educator. Computer technology has developed links which helps the business Educator in carrying out its numerous duties in the field of human endeavour.

There are many ways of doing many things we encounter in our environment and all life endeavors. The field of education is not an exception. In imparting knowledge to learners with the purpose of achieving a desired positive objective in the end, there are several ways to adopt for that.

In overcoming a task, although there are many ways of doing so, one could think of the best and most efficient and quickest means to overcome such a task. Hence we are interested in not only knowing ways of doing things but knowing the best way of doing that in order to achieve the desired objective within the shortest possible time.

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In the teaching of any mathematics topic, there is always a controversy on which method that can serve best. This is because mathematics is one of the most important subjects in the curriculum of most countries and one of the most difficult subjects to students and adults, something that has been expensively studied by researchers such as Nnadozie (1995) and others. It is then necessary that we examine two methods out of many methods of teaching and determine the best and most suitable method with respect to teaching quadratic equations. There are many methods as there are many concepts to be learnt which demands that efforts should be made by teachers to discover the best method for each concept for quickest achievement of the objectives.

It has been observed that student run away from mathematics class. The significance of mathematics is undoubted. It is invaluable in all facets of learning in our society. The fact that there are many methods of teaching mathematics call for a critical study of those methods and possibly discover the effective approach that could be used in handling the various mathematical problems. The approaches to solving quadratic equations are many, but there is need to determine whether those approaches yield similar results or different results as the case may be when applied. The poor performance of students in the examination on this note has been always attributed to the teacher’s method, which is often said to be poor. Hence there is need to know how teaching method can really influence academic excellence.

Education is of paramount importance in a growing nation. It is the best legacy a nation can give to her citizens especially the youth. This is because the development of any nation or community depends largely on the quality of education of such a nation. Not only is education the greatest force that can be used to bring about redress, it is also the greatest investment that a nation can make for the quick development of its economic, political, sociological and human resources. (Nigeria, National policy on Education.) The very process of learning to read and write should be made an opportunity for acquiring information that can immediately be used to improve living standards.Education is viewed in different perspective by different authors.

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Oyakan (2000) opined education as the aggregate of all process by which a child or young adult develops the abilities, attitudes and other forms of behaviour which are of positive values to the society in which he lives. Here education is regarded as the totality of all form of brilliant ideas, visible skills and desirable value orientations that can nurture individuals into responsible competent citizen, such educated men and women would use their competence, experience and vision of a good society to create wealth for nation building. Nigeria like any other developing nations has witnessed military rule for a long time and aborted civilian administrations which necessitated the promulgation of decrees, edicts and laws concerning educational practices at federal, state and local government levels. The inconsistent continuation of government due to coup detat de-emphasized the continuity in the implementation of educational laws and policies since 1970’s till the present time. This generally laid the foundation of fallen standard in education at the primary and secondary school levels. (Shittu 2004). According to Olutu (1994) looking for means of survival, the nation has evolved series of socio-economic and educational measures and policies such as Structural Adjustment Programs (SAP), Austerity measures, Universal Primary Education (UPE), Universal Basic Education (UBE) and Devaluation of the Naira. These measures have not improved the social-economic and educational status of families (olutu 1994). Also many rural and sub urban dwellers can no longer pay the schools fees of their wards. These ugly situations have promoted young school students to dropout of school to engage in subsistence farming and become housemaids or engage in other menial jobs to support their academic pursuit. Hence many students have since taken schooling as a secondary assignment and school attendance on rotational basis. The resultant problem posed by this is poor academic performance in school examination like National Examination Council (NECO) and West African Examination Council (WAEC). This trend is posing huge problems to parents, governments, political parties and stakeholders in education.

The purpose of a research proposal is to persuade potential supervisors that your research work is worthy of their support. These documents, which outline your Undergraduate Project, are usually between 1,500 and 3,000 words long.
Your Undergraduate research proposal should passionately describe what you want to investigate and why, convey your understanding of existing literature, and clearly outline at least one novel issue and your methodology to solving it.
While it must be well-structured, your research proposal should be flexible enough to allow any adjustments you may need to make as your research advances.
Because layout and forms differ, it is best to discuss your potential project supervisor before you begin. Here are some things to keep in mind when creating a research proposal.

The title page

Your interim title should be no more than 10 words long and should clearly and accurately describe your area of study and/or suggested strategy. It should be entertaining, educational, and catchy.

Introduction

The first section of your proposal is your project's initial pitch, so make sure it clearly outlines what you intend to do and why. It should include the following:
Introduce the subject.
Provide context and background information.
Create an outline for your problem statement and research topic (s)
Some crucial questions to consider while you prepare your introduction include:
Who is interested in the topic (for example, scientists, practitioners, policymakers, or specific members of society)?
How much information regarding the situation is already available?
What is lacking in present knowledge?
What new insights will your research provide?
Why is this study worthwhile?

If your proposal is lengthy, you may want to include distinct sections with more specific information on the backdrop and context, problem statement, goals and objectives, and significance of the research.

Aims and Objectives

This is a brief synopsis of your project. Your objectives should consist of two or three broad statements that emphasize what you eventually want to achieve, supplemented by numerous focused, achievable, and measurable objectives - the measures you'll take to answer each of your research questions. This entails clearly and concisely outlining:
1. How your research fills a knowledge gap or adds to existing information
2. How your study relates to the department to which you are applying
3. Your research questions' academic, cultural, political, and/or social importance

Review of Related literature

This section of your Undergraduate proposal examines the key ideas, models, and texts that surround and impact your research questions, demonstrating your understanding and awareness of the significant topics and disputes.
It should also concentrate on the theoretical and practical knowledge gaps that your study attempts to fill, as this ultimately justifies and motivates your research.

Research Methodology

You are expected to detail how you will answer each of your research questions in this section. A robust, well-written methodology is essential, especially if your project requires considerable collecting and analysis of source data.
The methodology for your research proposal describes the data gathering and analytical approaches available to you before justifying which ones you will utilize in greater detail. You will also define the population that you wish to study.
You should also demonstrate that you are conscious of your research's limitations by defining the parameters that you intend to present. Remember that doing a terrific job of investigating a specific topic is more remarkable than doing a decent job of investigating a larger one.

Bibliography

Finally, you will submit a list of the most important books, as well as any attachments such as your academic CV. Demonstrate your critical thinking abilities by selecting only the most applicable materials.

Indiscipline may be said to be as old as the time when men started to organize himself into society and consequently made laws to order the affairs of men in a social set up. In the Holy Scriptures, Cain exhibited some form of indiscipline when he out of envy murdered his brother Abel in their Abode. “Indiscipline” is not an issue that has not been known by all, as people in one way or the other have been involved with indiscipline behaviour on daily basis. Many students today especially those in secondary schools exhibit some forms of indiscipline ranging from stealing, murder, cheating etc. These acts involve both adults and youths, the rate of indiscipline is quite alarming in the modern world.

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Indiscipline may be seen as a form of deviating from the set rules guiding behavioral conduct i.e an individual doing or engaging in activities in a wrong way and thereby neglecting the rules and regulations. For instance, there is a rule which says “All pedestrians should not cross the express way rather should cross-over by climbing the over-head bridge”.

The above rule is as clear as crystal and if anyone contradicts the rule, the person will be termed as “undisciplined”. The Oxford Advanced Dictionary defines “indiscipline” as lack of control in the behaviour of a group of people. In other words, it is the ability of an individual to live contrarily with rules.

Most schools in the past were voluntary agency schools. As at then, there was harmony as principals, teachers shared the same view of students desirable behaviours. The quality of school system as regards to discipline was very high up till the end of Nigerian civil war in January 1970. Some of the indiscipline acts that began to manifest after the civil war include; bullying, exam malpractice, cultist activities, truancy etc. (Source from: This Day Newspaper page 26, 13th of February 2002).

Zubaida (2009) identifies various forms of indiscipline among the secondary schools students such as truancy, lateness to school, cultism, drug abuse, insulting/assaulting, stealing, rioting and many other anti-social vices. According to Zubaida (2009) and Eyinade (1999), a number of these acts of indiscipline were directed against constituted authorities and established rules. An example of this is refusal to wear the right school uniform and going out of bounds without permission. The respect which teachers command among students had been seriously worn-off. And some teachers have not done much to help the situation by their actions. This problem has turned to a national issue.

Our leaders in the past have tried to remedy this situation but the problem proved not to be solved. One of the cardinal objectives of education as spelt out in the National policy on education (2004) revised, is to inculcate right type of values and attitudes to education, parental factors and teacher attitude. Therefore, there is need to get at the root of causes of indiscipline among students with a view of finding a solution. In this light the researchers concern is to find out factors responsible for indiscipline among secondary school students with a view to provide solutions in order to make our educational system what it ought to be.

In any civilized society, the fostering of discipline is a necessary condition on the maintenance of law and order. It is a pre-requisite for the promotion of political, social and economic development of a society or nation achieves is to a large extent a function by its various organs and what they are able to inculcate on the youth is very essential in order to ensure loyalty of the citizens and to the social and economic development of the country. The national policy of education (1981) stated the purpose of education as follows: “To create a good society where all its members can use their disposal to develop all the natural resources within the environment in pursuit of the self goal and objective?” there have been a considerable exhibition of indiscipline in school of which a lot of bad behaviour such as gambling, smoking, drunkenness, stealing, bribery, corruption and drug addiction flourished. In fact, it was in realization of these problems that led to the launching of the ethnical war against (W.A.I.) by the Buhari military regime in 1984.

Examination malpractice has become a normal occurrence among students’ world over, but more worrisome in Nigeria. Though there have been endless discussions on whether examination exercise should be expunged from school activity but there has not been any other substitute to assess the effectiveness of teaching and learning of both teachers and students respectively. Therefore, examination still remains one strong way of assessing academic activities in schools. Examination, as it were remains one of the Herculean tasks that is insurmountable for students generally irrespective of their level, sex, status or age. At the mention of examination, students begin to agitate, worry, pant, and express other general disposition of anxiety. Aside these common feelings toward examination especially in Nigeria, Ugo & Odimba (2010) submitted that there is over-reliance on results of examinations to secure higher education or to get jobs by the students; and there is high level of moral decadence in the society. Consequent upon these, students resort to various corrupt practices to achieve ‘successes’ in examinations.

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Ugo & Odimba (2010) described examination malpractice as any action done or omitted which makes it impossible to use an examination in determining the level of competence of a candidate in absorbing, reproducing, and where appropriate, applying knowledge. In effect, examination malpractice is any negative deviation or departure from the recommended and accepted norms in the conduct of examination. It is reported that students have devised several ways of practicing examination malpractice, among which are: impersonation; bringing in foreign materials (books, calculator); substituting worked scripts; stealing, converting, misappropriating scripts; collusion in the examination hall (copying); mass/organized cheating involving assistance from teachers and outsiders; and insult/assault on supervisors/ invigilators (Alutu & Aluede, 2010). In describing how institutionalized and fraternal examination malpractice has become in Nigeria, Ijaiya (2002) stated that the examination malpractice practitioners employ the services of adult agents/collaborators inform of the teachers, examination agents (in form of examiners in the case of external examinations), touts/mercenaries, as well as the parents to perform the act.

The common belief on certificates as the only yardstick to measure ones qualification has led many Nigerians into buying educational certificates to prove their academic worth. Examination malpractice in Nigeria is as old as the country herself. According to (Anzene, 2014), examination malpractice was first reported in Nigeria in the year 1914, when the question papers of the Senior Cambridge Local Examinations were reportedly seen by candidates before the scheduled date of the examination. The Examination Malpractice Act (1999) explains examination malpractice as any act of omission or commission by a person who in anticipation of, before, during or after any examination fraudulently secure any unfair advantage for himself or any other person in such a manner that contravenes the rules and regulations to the extent of undermining the validity, reliability, authenticity of the examination and ultimately the integrity of the certificates issued. Again, examination malpractice is commonly defined as a deliberate wrong doing contrary to official examination rules designed to place a candidate at an unfair advantage or disadvantage, (Akaranga & Ongong, 2013). Jimoh (2009) remarked that examination malpractice is any irregular behaviour exhibited by a candidate or anybody charged with the conduct of examination before, during or after the examination that contravenes the rules and regulations governing such examination. Onuka & Durowoju (2013) defined examination malpractice as any dishonest or unauthorized action or deed committed by a student on his own or in collaboration with others like fellow students, guardians, parents, teachers, head teacher, examination officials, supervisors, invigilators, security officers and anybody or group of people before, during or after examination in order to obtain undeserved marks or grades.

From all the definitions, it is clear that examination malpractice tends to confer undue advantage or undeserved grade to the perpetrators of the act. Again, it may be committed by not only the candidates but also by other bodies charged with the responsibilities of examination management. Undoubtedly, examination malpractice has been a social problem for decades, but the rate and manner it is perpetrated nowadays calls for serious concern. The rate of this crime has become so widespread that there is virtually no examination anywhere at all levels and outside the formal school system that there is no one form of illegal practice or another, (Nnam & Inah, 2015; Ojonemi et al., 2013). Examination malpractices are common everywhere and every examination season witnesses the emergence of new and ingenious ways of cheating, (Nnam &Inah, 2015; Anzene, 2014; Ojonemi et al., 2013; Jimoh, 2009). This study is however examining the causes and the effects of examination malpractices among SS3 students of secondary schools.