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Science and technology have proved significantly useful in man’s daily struggle to control his immediate environment and build a virile world. Specifically, Jegede and Brown (2008) opined that sound national development emanate mainly from the areas of science and technology. Okeke (2007) stated that science and technology are like two inseparable twins that mainly hold the National development and sustainability. Science is a systematic process of obtaining testable knowledge about nature and natural occurrences, utilization in careful manner of the observation and experimentation. Technology, on the other hand is the process of designing and utilizing techniques to convert resources to material object. Most developing nations as a result of visible role of science and technology now make frantic efforts to improve on the study of science and allied science subjects in their schools, for instance in Nigeria, the National policy on education stipulates that admission into the Nation’s tertiary institutions should be based on 60:40 ratio of science and Arts related subject respectively (Federal ministry of Education (FME, 2004).

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The study of biology is essential for nation’s building, scientific and technological development. Without sound knowledge and wholesome attitude towards biology, the much needed and vouched technological breakthrough may not be achieved. For instance, the knowledge of biology is brought to play, in the area of manufacturing and processing industry, medicine, food production and pharmaceuticals among others. Osuafor and Okoro (2013) said that science education is imperative for useful living in any society. It is the centre for producing resources necessary for socio-economic, scientific and technological development need for advancement of any nation.

From the above, notwithstanding much has been said about factor that hinders the effective teaching and learning of biology and has caused a lot of backward and poor academics performances of senior secondary school student in Ebonyi State and Nigeria entirely. The implication of this persistent poor performances of students in biology due to a lot of factors created greater percentage of them to fall to get good grades that will take them to higher institution of her studies. This has been a source of problem to well-meaning Nigerians, parents, governments, researchers and science educators.

Researchers in science education in Nigeria have continued to seek for ways of improving the situation and maximize meaningful learning of biology by the students. Biology is described as a science of life and plays vital roles in the life of every human being. It is very vast with many decisions including zoology, botany, ecology, genetics, morphology anatomy, physiology histology, microbiology, biochemistry evolution and the more advanced cell biology, molecular biology among other. Apart from the interrelatedness that exists among these branches, biology is close related with other science subject like agricultural science, chemistry, Geography, mathematics and physics. Little wonder that biology finds application in many specialized areas like medicine, pharmacy, food production and processing industries, biotechnology, genetics engineering, agriculture and horticulture, agriculture and environmental protection, tourism industry among other (Osuafor and Okoro 2013).

Considering biology’s many branches and vast application in every field of human endeavor as enunciated above the importance of biology in the nations economic development cannot be over emphasized. It is therefore becomes very necessary that effort are geared towards finding a last solution to the students academic poor performances in the subject. To this end several factors have been identified by researchers as been responsible for the effective teaching and learning which definitely lead to poor performances. These includes the following; lack of qualified and experienced teachers, lack of educational instructional materials like textbook, visual and audio visual aids, laboratories, conducive learning environment, over loaded syllabuses, lack of interest on the parts of the students, poor teaching method/interaction pattern on the parts of the teachers, large class size/high teacher, family background (Nwagbo, 2011).

Ncharam (2008) has established that students inability to seat down and study, comprehend what the curriculum talked about and this highly result to poor performances in external examination. This also results to general backwardness in technological and scientific advancement. Akpan (2009) rightly documented that proper understanding of concept and concentration science related subject and this contribute to no small measure to better the academics achievement and performances of students. He went further to say that, to such students there is therefore no nature of manipulated questions that might be posed to them in that particular concept that they cannot be able to provide solutions to, since they have mastery and regular practice of the concept involved in the question. This would give the students the opportunity to think ethically, manage and use available resources within their environment effectively to develop the Nation.

There is underlying complexity of the factors affecting the performance of students in education attainment and this is what has prompted the current study. Despite the complexity of factors influencing students’ achievement, a number of studies are pointing to the evidence that institutional factors are associated with academic performance though mainly in other subjects rather than accounting. Accounting is one of the subjects needed by every individual irrespective of the person’s profession. For any business to thrive, the knowledge of accounting is necessary. Accounting is concerned with the acquisition of knowledge for recording, analyzing, interpreting and summarizing the financial data of an organization or enterprise (Ndinechi & Obidile, 2013). Unfortunately students’ performance in the subject has not been encouraging especially at the post basic education level (secondary schools). Post primary education level is the level between the basic and tertiary level where systematic and organized education is offered. It is believed that at this level of education, desired attitude, skill and knowledge could be obtained by the recipients. Information gathered from post primary school service commission (PPSSC), showed a decline in the performance rate of students in accounting in external examination from 2013 -2015 as 40%, 36% and 32% respectively. Academic performance according to Eze, Ezenwafor and Obidile (2016) is the outcome of students’ effort in examinations. It was observed from the literature that students’ academic performance is determined by a number of factors.

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A number of studies have been carried out to identify and analyse the numerous factors that affect academic performance in various levels of educational attainment. Their findings identified change of school, family break up, teacher absence, parent illness and death of a family member, student’s illness, learning disability caused by visual or hearing impairment and student’s attitude towards learning as causes of poor academic performance (Browny & Sunniya, 2012). Others include shortage of well-trained teachers, inadequacy of teaching facilities, lack of funds to purchase necessary equipment, poor quality textbooks, large classes, poorly motivated teachers, lack of laboratories and libraries, poorly coordinated supervisory activities, interference of the school system by the civil service, incessant transfers of teachers and principals and automatic promotion of pupils (Vundla, 2012). Mbugua, Kibet, Muthaa and Nkonke (2012) listed factors as under staffing, inadequate teaching/learning materials, lack of motivation and poor attitude by both teachers and students as factors influencing academic performance of students.
Igwe and Ikatule (2011) attributed poor academic performance of students to deficiency in teaching method(s) used by teachers. According to Tshabalala and Ncube (2013) lack of materials, bad teacher behavior, poor grounding in the subject area at lower levels, poor teaching methods as well as fear of the subject are factors affecting academic performance of students. Enu, Agyman and Nkum (2015) listed the causes of academic performance to include inadequate teaching and learning materials, method of instruction, teachers and students’ self-motivation. Specifically, in accounting, academic performances of students are influenced by related factors such as negative attitude of students towards accounting as a difficult subject, students’ academic aptitude, previous and recent academic performances, insufficient effort and poor motivation (Atieh, 2013). Also teachers’ qualification and experience affect academic performance of students in accounting (Omotayo, 2014).
According to Okon (2012) poor application of teaching methods, lack of fund, inadequate teaching experience, lack of teaching aids, lack of qualified teachers and wrong methods of teaching could influence students’ interest in accounting. Igberi (1999) mentioned unavailability of current text-books in accounting as one of the causes of poor academic performance of students in accounting. Corroborating, Ezeagba (2014) listed inadequate instructional materials and ineffective/poor teaching method as causes of poor students’ academic performance in accounting. Ward, Wilson and Ward (2014) attributed causes of students’ poor academic performance in accounting to lack of study, inability to apply the material covered, the speed of coverage of the material, the method used by the instructor, among others. However most of these studies were conducted in different environment rather than the environment of the present study, hence the need to identify the factors influencing students’ academic performance in principles of accounts in post primary institution in Nigeria.

Education is view as an instrument of change. Every nation has strong faith in the effectiveness of education as a powerful instrument for notion development that is why most countries are attempting to adjust their educational philosophy and policies to match the changing economy and social structure (NPE1987) education is a process by which people are used to culture into which they are born in order for them to develop it further. Beside education is centered on maximum development of the individual members of the society mentally, socially and religiously so that the individual can become useful to himself and the society (farrant, 1992) .

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It is in this direction that the government took step to eradicate illiteracy in education in a developing country like Nigeria. This resulted in more people being registered in the universal “free” primary education (UPE) introduction by the various governments in primary school and latter in secondary school in order to cope with the increasing trend of admission into the secondary schools. Inspite of this, the performance of education in schools has continued to be discouraging this secondary school in Ondo state. The falling standard of education in school has been attributed to a number of perceived factors such as lack of support to students teachers by host teachers/principal, unconducive climate accommodation problems and the government.

Fagbonuye (1999) stated that the problem of non availability of teachers in schools was one of the various reasons for poor student’s performance. It cites a situation where four teachers were made to face one thousand students to him a poorly both qualitatively cannot produce students with high academic standards.

Research work in the past have shown that the factors influencing student performance during teaching practice have been of great concern to many individuals, parents, teachers, government and even the students it is clear that performance is getting poorer even as most bodies mentioned above trying their possible best.

To find solution to these problems the following questions were asked;

1. How does learning environment influence students teachers performance.

2. Does lack of support by host teachers influences student’s performance.

3. How does the attitude of teachers affect the performance of the student teachers?

4. How does attitude of supervisor influence student’s teachers performance.

Financial Accounting is an indispensible field of study in education. It is a subject that is very essential for business, it helps both profit and non -profit organization. Financial Accounting is a subject that involves the process of recording, interpreting and communicating financial data of an organization to the end users in order to make useful economic decisions. The new policy on education (2004) is designed to be functional, practical and quantitative. This is expected to reduce the more paper work system associated with the former system of education and which led to the mass unemployment. This new policy on education emphasized vocational education and was formulated by Nigerians to direct the nation towards technological and economic development and cultural renewal.

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An overview of financial accounting shows that it involves a lot of human cognitive domain i.e. an individual is expected to be intellectually sound and up to the task of performing calculation and must be able to translate word problems into calculable state i.e. figures. This is a fundamental characteristic of a related subject, Mathematics. In other words, this is a saying that financial accounting has a linkage with mathematics but not all students are good in this particular aspect. Hence, financial accounting as it involves calculation with indeed is cumbersome also involves own theoretical aspect. This on the other hand, is the note aspect. Since most student s find it difficult to perform to expectation in the calculation aspect, then they can easily boost their performance in the note aspect because they believe it is easy to cram note unlike calculations, However, students who have outlined their counterparts in the calculation area, research has shown that it is as a result of the permanent format and process that is embedded in the subject that has really helped them, so they find it interesting in cramming both the note aspect and the mathematical aspect. But one question to be asked is this, how long will cramming help the students? What if the students are called upon to teach their colleagues, will they not fumble? This question has aroused the interest of the researcher to embark on a research on developing effective strategies to improve the student’s academic performance in financial accounting.

Since this study focuses on preparing the students on how to forge a head in their academic life at both the tertiary level and professional level, there is need to look at how their performance can be improved so as to make them relevant in their field and in other field of study. Due to the vital role that the knowledge and understanding of financial accounting is playing in the society, there is need to improve on its standard. Therefore, this project is carried out with the aim of developing strategies that would help students improve their academic performance in financial accounting as a subject or course of study.

The Federal Republic of Nigeria (2004) stated that the broad goal of the secondary school education is to prepare individuals for useful living within the society and higher education. To achieve these objectives, secondary school education in Nigeria has six years duration given in two stages, three years of junior secondary school followed by three years of senior secondary school. The curriculum designed for senior secondary school is comprehensive and broad based, aims at bordering students’ knowledge and outlook. Subject offered in senior secondary school are in three groups core subject, vocational subject and non-vocation subject acts, one of the vocational subject is financial accounting. Financial accounting falls under the vocational area and therefore a discipline that is very essential for business. It helps both profit and non -profit making organization. This is because it helps the organization to make policies which helps and enhance expansion. It also assesses the efficiency of management to making decision relating to further investment. It prospectors in assessing the efficiency of the management and provide information which assist parties outside organization to make objective judgment about the organization. However, at the secondary school level, the objective of teaching this subject is to provide students with the basic method of processing data to develop manipulation skills and provide knowledge for career advancement in accounting so as to develop an economic understanding of business vocabulary, to help students develop and understand basic accounting concepts and principles. In summary, to be self-reliant. As a result of this, it has been noted by some educational scholars in this discipline that students need to improve themselves in order to achieve the set goals as identified above.

In the content of the academic performance of students in various subjects, it is seen that the performance of students in term of academic in a subjects demands improvement as a result of the relevance of the subject in other field of study. Although, students of nowadays put up poor performance in this important subject this is according to the result released by West African Examination Council (WAEC) in the last five years and even in Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB) examination and that of the National Examination Council (NECO). Therefore, if this problem continues to remain at the fundamental level of the course of study, it is pertinent to state assert that achieving the goals will be a little difficult if not checked now.

Akinteru (1998) reported that financial accounting teachers effectiveness in instructional delivery depends on their consideration of the nature of the subject during instructional planning. According to her, Financial accounting is not a subject that can be mastered by mere memorization of the basic rules. It requires total involvement of the learner in the learning process, sound theoretical intensive practice in the application of basic principles. To what extent the financial accounting teachers involves these principles to teach financial accounting is yet to be determined. According to Ogunu (2000), poor academic performance has been identified as problem in Nigerian Secondary school. Public examination for example, WAEC(2000) Analysis of percentage performance of candidates in West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination for 1998,1999 and 2000 revealed 52.48%,58.38% and 51.21% percentage failure in financial Accounting.

Akintelure (1998) blamed the problem on accounting teachers insensitively to the nature of financial accounting when planning instructional activities in the classroom. According to educational proponents, teaching methodologies has great influence in the outcome of the teaching learning process. The method that the teacher adopts will immeasurably determined how much he has achieved at the end of the day. The process of teaching financial accounting entails the use of both verbal and non-verbal teaching aids, problem solving techniques which involves posing a problem in relation to the subject with the extent of the understanding of the students so as to enable them to take active participation in the teaching and learning process.

Time management is essential from choosing your undergraduate projects topics through to project defense. Academic life and time management do not mix, whether you like it or not. Many students begin writing their Undergraduate projects only when deadline looms; those who begin early, on the other hand, become distracted and slip off the track. Time management is an essential component of undergraduate project writing, and strengthening time management skills when writing research papers and essays can substantially increase the quality of your writing and thus your grades. Time management also allows you to devote enough attention to each stage of the writing process, such as research, organization, writing, and proofreading. Thus, it increases your chances of success in writing research projects.

Below are some time-management tips and strategies when embarking on research projects:

Devise a writing strategy

The key to effective time management is planning. Writing a research paper or essay can appear to be a daunting undertaking at first. The task may appear less onerous with appropriate planning. Create a plan that outlines what you need to do and when you will do it. Setting a deadline for your writing task can aid in the development of an effective strategy. Your writing assignment may not always go as planned, but the technique will help you get back on track and continue easily.

Pay special attention to the guidelines.

The instructions explain how to write your final year project. Before beginning your writing work, it is critical that you carefully read and comprehend the directions. Knowing key parameters, such as the permitted word limit or the accepted citation style, is essential for organizing time for your task. Failure to follow the directions properly may result in time loss and prevent you from staying on schedule. Correcting the citation style, for example, midway through your assignment can be time-consuming.

Break your research project into smaller tasks.

There are numerous elements to producing a research paper or essay. Breaking down your project writing into smaller portions is an excellent strategy to do it on time. Setting a schedule for little activities and sticking to it is always easier. Take one task at a time and complete it before moving on to the next. Many parts of a research paper or essay serve as foundations for one another. Maintain the order of the jobs to avoid rework, which costs you money and wastes valuable time.

Take your time to conduct thorough research.

Conducting research is an unavoidable component of your writing task. It may be tempting to make a schedule and begin writing your paper, doing research as you go. This method, however, can be costly in terms of work quality and time management. It is true that you will need to conduct research throughout your assignment, but having a clear understanding of your task will allow you to proceed confidently. So, do your homework ahead of time and stick to reliable sources.

Procrastination should be avoided.

Procrastination is your archenemy in time management. Determine what motivates you to procrastinate. Once you've identified the cause, remove it from your writing process. If your working environment is distracting you, try changing your working environment. Some people are distracted by loudness, while others are distracted by the presence of other people. If you fall into this category, consider conducting your work in an isolated location. Depending on the cause of your procrastination, try to devise a suitable strategy to avoid it.

Conclusion

Time management is a healthy practice that will benefit you in the long run. Motivate yourself to stay on track by approving a self-reward once each milestone on your timeline is completed.

Vaccines are a vital tool for slowing the spread of the COVID19 pandemic. More than 100 COVID-19 vaccine candidates were being developed as of April 8, 2020. (Pogue et al 2020). Two vaccine candidates had entered Phase 1 clinical studies prior to March 30, 2020, while five vaccine candidates were in Phase 1 clinical studies as of April 9, 2020. Given the large population and relatively significant vaccine hesitancy for existing vaccines, as well as low vaccination coverage, understanding vaccine acceptance is crucial, and it is a key source of study for undergraduate students' research projects and topics.

Immunization is one of the most cost-effective preventive interventions among the range of measures combating the pandemic. Many countries have accelerated vaccine development and developed COVID-19 vaccination programs; as of early 2021, there were over 170 vaccines in pre-clinical development and over 60 vaccines in clinical development. Despite the fact that vaccine research has advanced at a breakneck pace, public acceptance and negative attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines remain significant obstacles. Acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine is recognized as a critical factor in determining the success of a vaccination program. Previous studies have looked at the acceptance rate of the 2009 HIN1 influenza vaccine, which is important because public acceptance of vaccines is important.
Given that actual or perceived vaccine efficacy may be low, it's also important to figure out how vaccine efficacy affects acceptance. Given the potential for alarmist, sensationalist portrayals of the pandemic, the high use of news media is concerning. Myths, rumors, and disinformation can also spread swiftly online, particularly through social media. Uncertainty about COVID19, for example, about whether people have natural immunity and whether specific home remedies (garlic, vitamins, and saline nose rinsing) help protect against coronavirus, may have been exacerbated by people's reliance on social media. It could also explain why some people aren't sure if the virus was created by humans and released on purpose. Uncertainty and rapidly changing information could have contributed to the virus's increased fear. These findings highlight the necessity of disseminating accurate COVID-19 health information to the general public via a variety of mediums (news, social media, and government websites) in order to correct misconception. The impact of media exposure could be linked to the dissemination of critical pandemic health information. Although early media exposure appears to have assisted health-protective practices, as the epidemic progresses, media fatigue—when people become numb to continual messaging—may diminish this benefit. Excessive or misplaced health protective behaviors, such as presenting for diagnostic testing when the actual risk of exposure is low, may also result from repeated media exposure, which can have long-term health consequences. According to emerging evidence from organizations that have conducted widespread testing for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, between 2 and 8 out of every 10 infections may be asymptomatic. Those who are infected, even if they are asymptomatic, can still spread the virus to others. Furthermore, during the incubation period, people appear to be infectious and asymptomatic (Lauer et al, 2020). People frequently rely on symptoms to diagnose illness, assuming that if they don't have any, they are healthy. In the case of the COVID-19 pandemic, such assumptions could have serious ramifications in terms of community transmission and reduced health-protective behaviours. As a result, public health campaigns about COVID-19 must address these misunderstandings. It is critical to investigate COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and predictors, as well as attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines among student nurses.
Getting people with positive attitude is a promising way of enhancing willingness to volunteer in management of COVID-19 crisis. Furthermore, because of the high risk of infection, nurses work under great pressure when dealing with these patients, as a result, they need a helping hand to be able to combat the rapid spread of the disease condition. The willingness of nursing students to serve as volunteers regarding COVID-19 will play an important role in achieving victory in the battle against the epidemic in the country, hence, the need to conduct this study at this time. Previous studies have explored the knowledge and attitudes of medical staff towards infectious diseases and their willingness to work during an epidemic. Projectclue.com reported the outcome of a study on the knowledge and attitudes of critical care clinicians during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. They found that only 82.3% of medical staff expressed willingness to care for patients with Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (swine flu).

The evolution of school supervision is visible throughout history as a result of learning philosophy and of social and political factors. By definition, supervision means guiding, supporting, controlling, overseeing, or ensuring that the anticipated principles are met. Thus, school supervision includes the process of ensuring that the values, rules, regulations and procedures prescribed for the purpose of implementing and achieving the goals of education are effectively enforced. As a consequence, supervision requires the use of expert expertise and experience to monitor and organize the process of enhancing teaching and learning programs in schools. In addition, supervision could be seen as an interaction involving some kind of defined relationship with and between individuals, so that people influence others. To some degree, this mode of interaction is profoundly challenged by a predetermined program of instruction. According to Projectclue.com, the systematization of the interaction of those responsible for working within the administrative framework is called supervision. Thus in the course of its duty, the supervisor is required to initiate a variety of practices that will contribute to a fruitful convergence of these two contexts in order to achieve peace and satisfaction. Supervision is a multifaceted method that focuses on training teachers to provide knowledge to enhance their teaching efficiency. The common feature of instruction and supervision is that these processes take place in a face-to-face environment. School monitoring is one of the few practices that can provide sufficient skills for effective teaching and learning in our schools. We all need to know more about the effects of school supervision in Nigeria. I assume that the emerging trend in school supervision problems today calls for the consequences of supervision to be examined at all levels of education. The purpose of school supervision is to help teachers improve their education. Education supervision is required by the Departments of Education and local school districts to support teachers in delivering high-quality education to public school students. The process of supervision of an instructional teacher also requires direct assistance to enhance the techniques of classroom practice through observation and assessment of teacher performance.
This technique is currently conducted in local school districts via checklists and narrative forms that assess teachers in a face-to-face environment. Efficient supervision is seen as one of the keys to the complex problem of enhancing the quality and performance of basic education, the quality of education management and the quality of education attainment. According to most researchers, positive factors influencing the quality of teachers have a role to play in improving the quality of teaching and curriculum implementation by controlling unnecessary absenteeism, incompetence in the planning of lessons and laxity in book marking and feedback. They continue to argue that an efficient supervisor should be a little more knowledgeable about modern methods of administration and teaching. It is the supervisor who is responsible for quality; thus if head teachers were to play their role, there would be no need for quality debate.

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Furthermore, researchers described challenges faced by external supervision, especially in developing countries and Africa, to include, among other things, insufficient travel funds and vehicles, weak supervision strategies, too many schools per officer, and time constraints. There is also a conflict between their advisory and control positions, which yield little to school success and efficiency due to weak human relations. Most school of thoughts concluded that school management is merely a matter of maintaining strict adherence to the rules and regulations and allegiance to the principals. Not this, but also there is hardly any follow-up, except by the internal supervisor on behalf of the inspectors, hence the need to reconsider internal supervision as a tool for quality education in Nigeria. The primary goal of any supervisor is to bring about improvement, not to preserve the status quo, in order to increase the standard of quality education. Many of the proposed changes came from mid-level or upper-level management, and then went down for implementation. Some of these changes may impose new standards; they will require new skills, inconvenience, may change administrative structures and staff roles, or may put pressure on the status quo. As a link between management and staff, it is the responsibility of the principal or head of each secondary school to ensure that improvements are effectively made to the school. Studies observed that both absenteeism and lateness are symptomatic of education systems that have poor teacher management mechanisms and are unable to provide incentives to inspire teachers to change their attitudes towards work. Some sanctions and penalties for lateness and absenteeism have been prescribed by secondary school monitoring board, but head teachers seem reluctant to implement them because professional culture does not encourage the requisite compliance authority. This problem of supervision complicates matters because it affects the dedication of teachers to work, the measurable pattern of attendance and the quality of the delivery of services in the classroom and in the school as a whole.

Motivation is hard to describe. The word "motivation" comes from the Latin word "move" which means "move;" therefore, motivation can mean the process of evoking movement in the person. It's a very important aspect that decides how effective we are with what we do. It acts as a guiding force that gives us the will to achieve a mission and ultimately succeeds in achieving the ultimate objective. The level of motivation can vary from day to day depending on how we feel or how we perceive a certain experience. Motivation also pushes us to stick to the low selections of facts and recipes needed to keep our development going. Motivation is an important element in the teaching and learning process. Effective learning depends on the high or low motivation of students. It will push learners to the aim of learning. Motivation is also the key to success in improving the teaching process. It is in line with the above circumstances that the effects of school monitoring and its influence on student academic achievement need to be investigated. Supervision also has a long way to go in Nigeria's education system

Leadership is understood as a process of influence focused on activities that need to be carried out, based on actions that promote individual and collective efforts, in achieving common goals. Leadership in the organization can also be known as an executive position, which has the ability to encourage a group of individuals, turning what was predicted into reality. According to each theory, leadership is related to its main element of analysis, so for each occasion, a different style of leadership is required. For example, the trait-centered leadership argues that leadership ability is born with the individual; it is not acquired through experience but means the individual characteristics that define their leadership style.

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On the other hand, Behavioral Theory believes that leaders are developed throughout experiences; they do not have an innate ability to lead, but they create behaviors according to their daily tasks. The Contingency Theory, on the other hand, argues that leadership styles should be shaped according to different leadership situations. The Transformational leadership theory, on the other hand, is concerned with relationships between individuals, advocating that leaders collaborate with those who identify needed changes, creating a vision to guide the change through inspiration for the good of the organization. Leaders have different styles to lead, which vary and are effective according to the circumstances, attitudes, and preferences of those involved. Leadership style refers to the intended way in which a leader persuade the majority of people within the organization to deeply know the coming situation is better than the present situation.
A central theme in management is determining how strategic decision making allows one organization to perform better than another. Separating the strategies an organization pursues from those individuals that make strategic decisions can be a critical mistake. The top management of an organization exists to a large extent to make decisions regarding the path of the organization. A great deal of literature has focused its attention on both the CEO and top management teams (TMTs), and the role they play in an organization. These are some of the modern theories on strategic leadership and decision making. Upper echelon theory puts forward the idea that strategic decisions are connected to the background characteristics of an organization’s management. A top management team is a formulation of top-level managers and directors within a firm possessing specific expertise in areas that will enable an organization to make informed decisions. This expertise encapsulates the tangible and intangible knowledge and characteristics an individual possesses. According to Hambrick and Mason, individual characteristics and cognitions are developed by past experience, education, and personal values. Cognitions shaped by these, influence the way top managers analyze and respond to situations, and the strategy chosen for the organization. Nonetheless, strategic leadership is vital for strategic decision making because of the strength of having a short and long term focus on organisational objectives and goals. Management needs to be aware of the various characteristics that influence decision making and develop deliberate structural frameworks that derive optimal results from the aspects. For instance, the experience of employees is critical in decision-making, but an organisation that only employees or have highly experienced employees may indicate that they have a concentration of mature employees. They may be missing out on not having a mix of young, not so experienced leaders. Such a team may be more conservative than risk-taking or may not quickly respond to innovation.

What exactly is an abstract?

A one-paragraph overview of any project work for undergraduates is what an abstract is. Abstracts are written before research defence. The abstract in a research enables readers to immediately comprehend the aim and important ideas of a work and informs your supervisor whether reading the complete work is worthwhile.

Why should you write an abstract?

Readers can make conclusions regarding your idea based on the abstract. Your sponsoring professor can use the abstract to determine how well your study is progressing. It is used by the conference organizer to determine whether your project meets the supervisor's criteria. Your abstract is used by the defence audience (teachers, administrators, colleagues, and presenters' families) to decide whether or not to grade you properly. All of these readers must be considered in your abstract.

How does an abstract appeal to such a large number of people?

This abstract's target audience is as broad as feasible, ranging from expert to layperson. You must strike a balance between creating an abstract that demonstrates your knowledge while still being understandable (with some effort) by lay members of the audience. Use as little technical jargon as possible and explain it as much as feasible. Before using an abbreviation, always use the complete term [DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs), for example]. Remember that you are an expert in the topic about which you are writing; don't assume that the reader will share your insider knowledge.

What information should be included in the abstract?

Consider your abstract to be a simplified summary of your entire project. The reader should comprehend the nature of your research question after reading it.
Although the content varies depending on the topic and topic, all abstracts, whether in the sciences or the humanities, should have the following information:
1. The purpose of the project identifying the area of study to which it belongs.
2. The research problem that motivates the project.
3. The methods used to address this research problem, documents or evidence analyzed.
4. The conclusions reached or, if the research is in progress, what the preliminary results of the investigation suggest, or what the research methods demonstrate.
5. The significance of the research project. Why are the results useful? What is new to our understanding as the result of your inquiry?

Whatever type of research you are conducting, your abstract should address the following questions for the reader: What do you want to know? What is the significance of this? How are you going to study it? What will you utilize to back up your claims? What are the implications of these findings? What do they imply?

Stylistics Considerations For Writing A Standard Abstract

The abstract should be one paragraph in length and should not exceed the word count. Edit it thoroughly to ensure that it adheres to the Four C's of abstract writing:
Complete - it covers all of the project's major components.
It is concise — there is no extraneous wordiness or content.
It's simple – it's readable, well-organized, and doesn't use a lot of jargon.
It is cohesive because it flows seamlessly between the sections.

The significance of clear language during abstract writing

Because all researchers hope that their work will be valuable to others, and because good scholarship is increasingly being used across disciplines, it is critical that the language of your abstracts be understandable to non-specialists. Simplify your vocabulary. Friends from another major will immediately notice what has to be clarified. Problem areas to look for include:
Remove all jargon. Displaying your technical vocabulary will not convey the worth of your research. If a technical term must be used, include a non-technical equivalent to assist a non-specialist in deducing the term's meaning.
Remove unnecessary words such as superfluous modifiers, pompous diction, and excessive description.
Avoid linking together nouns (make the relationship clear with prepositions).
Remove phrases like "it is my opinion that," "I have decided," "the key issue supporting my position concerns," or "surely there is little dispute as to..." Concentrate entirely on what the reader needs to know.

Below is an example of a standard Abstract

Sample Research topic: Effectiveness Of Social Media Platforms In Interpersonal Communication Among Students Of Abia State University During The Covid-19 Lockdown

Abstract
The study was aimed at investigating the effectiveness of social media platforms on interpersonal communication among students of Abia state university. The survey research was used in this study to sample the opinion of respondents. This method involved random selection of respondent who were administered with questionnaires. The target population of the study comprised students of selected departments in Abia state university. The questionnaire administered was one hundred and ten (110) copies and one hundred copies retrieved which constitute the sample size. The descriptive and analytical approach was adopted using Chi-square to test and analyze the hypotheses earlier stated. The findings revealed that there is a significant effect of social media platforms on interpersonal communication among Abia state university students during covid-19 lockdown and that there is a significant relationship between social media platforms usage and interpersonal communication among Abia state university students during covid-19 lockdown. It was therefore concluded from the findings that social media platforms have a high potential to help inform and increase awareness, education, and healthcare during the coronavirus crisis period. It was recommended that Governments and experts can also use these experiences from social media to prevent the outbreak of COVID-19 disease and other similar future crises.

Planning which happens to be a major Undergraduate Research Project in the context of education entails the process of setting objectives and determining the means to achieving the objectives. It entails deciding in advance what to be taught how, to teach, when to teach, who is be taught, and the evaluation of recipient. Planning is the beginning of teaching and learning process, before a teacher goes to the class to deliver any lesson, he plans such lessons while education administrators make policy and plan the curriculum for the school to implement them. Through planning for a lesson makes the teaching-learning encounter valuable and productive impact. Conversely, no planning leads to a wasteful and unproductive lesson. The motion pervades education at all levels and in all subject areas (Egbe, 2008). There appears to be widespread agreement not only on the value of planning, but also on the substance and format of plans. The plan that enlisted universal acceptance contains the purposes, experiences and their organization and evaluation.
If a lesson is to be effective, the teacher needs to make decision in these areas before the lesson. He needs to identify the objectives he intends to develop, the knowledge or subject-matter, objectives as well as the process and effective objectives. He needs to select and organize students learning experience that will develop the objective. He needs to make decision about activities to be used, materials to be gathered, amount of time to be spent, and other matters. Finally, he needs to decide what method or instrument to use to determine whether the teaching accomplished the objective of the lesson. The notion that effective planning will give direction to teaching and result in worthwhile efficient learning has considerable logical validity. It would seem that careful, detailed planning concerning purposes, experiences and evaluation would result in useful and appropriate teacher behavior in the classroom. But is this assumption valid? Does planning increase the effectiveness of teaching and learning? It is against this background that the researcher deemed the subject matter. The impact of effective planning on teaching and learning process worthy of investigation.
The state of teaching is fast deteriorating in primary school in Nigeria. Consequently, pupils become disenchanted and apathetic toward learning. As such it becomes imperative to reappraise the impact of effective planning on teaching and learning process in Nigeria. The main pedagogical problems to consider is: Does effective planning have a beneficial effect on teaching and learning? Hence, the subject matter of this research the impact of effective planning on teaching and learning process becomes an empirical problem worthy of investigation.

Simply said, research is the systematic search for knowledge. Undergraduate Project Topics must be carefully chosen in order to carry out a successful study and ultimately score better grades. The research method entails acquiring and analyzing data on the study topic in order to develop a thorough conclusion. But the essential question here is who will decide what should be looked for and how that decision will be made. The researcher must identify the research objectives and decide what needs to be searched, according to the answer. The researcher should have complete authority over the research subject so as to improve chances of coming up with researchable research objectives.
But how will it be decided what needs to be searched for? It's tough, yet there's a simple logic to it. In our daily lives, if we know where we want to go, we can choose a route to get there easily.
Similarly, in writing a project, if we know what we're searching for, we can figure out how to get it. As a result, we can argue that the anticipated outcomes define the phrasing of the research objectives. The objectives become more visible and important at this point.

The Undergraduate Research Project is guided by its objectives

A study's objectives provide a clear direction. The scope is specified as soon as the researcher defines the objectives. Further steps are carried out based on the objectives, such as primary and secondary data collecting, data analysis, drawing interpretation, and research conclusion. All of these research processes are determined by the objectives and carried out in accordance with them.

Objectives aid in avoiding any deviance from the Undergraduate Project topic

When a researcher begins collecting data for a study, particularly secondary data, he or she encounters a wealth of information about the research topic. The researcher is frequently distracted by the vast amount of data available from a variety of sources and deviates from the main subject. The amount of data creates uncertainty about which data should be used for current study and which should be discarded. The objectives assist the researcher in staying on track with the current research and avoiding deviating from the research topic.

The goals of the study are to reduce resource waste

Objectives reduce waste of time, money, and energy by prohibiting the researcher from deviating from the research topic. Objectives assist the researcher in focusing on the current investigation. With well specified objectives, waste of research resources is reduced, and the study's efficiency is increased.

The objectives facilitate the intended audience's understanding of the Undergraduate research

All study is futile if the intended audience, i.e. the research's beneficiaries, do not understand it. The objectives assist the target audience in clearly understanding the purpose of a given research and hence facilitate comprehension. As a result, objectives help to make a study meaningful to the intended audience.

The academic achievement of students in a school relies on several factors of which the school facilities, instructional materials and conducive environment are of importance. Good school facilities support the educational enterprises. Research has shown that clean air, good light, well equipped library, spacious classroom, comfortable and safe environment are important for academic achievement, Schneider, (2008). Factors such as student’s socioeconomic status and parental involvement are among the most important predictors of students’ academic achievement, hence, improving school facilities offers a feasible opportunity for improving academic achievement of students. School facilities play a vital role in the actualization of educational goals and objectives by satisfying the physical and emotional needs of the students. A conducive and calm environment promote understanding coupled with a wall equipped library, instructional materials such as models, pictures, charts help to promote learning and expanding the scope with skill improvement and academic excellence, Schneider (2008).

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In any situation of learning, the learning environment should be such that attract both the learners and the teachers, promoting effective learning for a positive academic outcome. School facilities can be regarded as the items which make teaching and learning possible in a school. In other words, school facilities can be referred to as the human and physical resources that are needed or used in the school in order to aid learning and teaching. The school facilities that are physical resources can be seen as those materials which can give help and support to school organization, example the building, the library chairs, textbooks, classroom, chalk board, sporting school environment and laboratory (biology laboratory). Human resource mean the personnel’s employed in the school to ensure learning. This includes the principals, the headmasters, teachers and administrative staff etc.
The human resources can be seen as the greatest and most useful facilities a school can ever have. Facility means the system which supports the operation of an organization or an institution to carry its daily activities and to promote growth and development in such organization or institution. Facility refers to the entire environment of the school or an organization, it refers to both the physical and material resources available to the students and teachers in the school to facilitate the learning teaching process. Academic achievement can be regarded as a success a learner has especially when his own efforts and skills have been employed. The outcome of something can be defined as the result or effect of an action or event Hornby, (Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition). Therefore, for a successful academic achievement of students to occur, there has to be adequate facilities to help them to improve and develop their knowledge and skills. For academic achievement to be ensured what is seen and felt easily registers in memory and is promptly recalled. Learning environment has to be physically comfortable, socially acceptable, freedom of expression, acceptance of indifferences so that the individual can actively participate in the learning. A study by Mark Udo in (2015) showed that there was a widespread deficiencies in students who schooled in institutions faced with aging building block, poor ventilation, large class size, unequipped library, poor electricity supply and poor learning facilities. Those who were involved in school planning and designing saw it as an opportunity to enhance better learning environments and their logic was to compel others and the question arises; how can students achievement be 100% in schools that are substandard? Since Nursing is a profession and requires practice of what is taught in theories, now remains that the students nurses needs are good and conducive learning environments, professionally trained teachers, a well-equipped library for references, in order to enhance students achievements in their academic. The examination will then ensure on the relationship between school design and students variables, such as achievement, attendance, behavior and dropout rate.
In recent times, students academic achievement in Biology has been an area of most concern to stakeholders and other researchers in the field of education (Akintola, 2009). This has been so because the major objectives of education is to bring about a desirable behavioural changes on the part of the learners and the learned. It also aimed at producing a well balanced personality to live according to what the society cherishes. It is obvious that students’ achievement in Biology is quite dependent upon a number of factors including availability of library, Biology laboratory etc. These factors have contributed immensely to the academic achievement of students in the subject matter in their respective schools. Most students find school life enjoyable but some do not. The schools provide most students the platform for healthy growth, physically, morally, and most importantly emotionally.

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So many career candidates fumble through interviews as if the questions are thrown at them out of nowhere. However, you should expect a lot of interview questions. If you want to know how to prepare for a career interview? Monster has your back. Prepare ahead of time by studying this list of famous and regularly asked interview questions and answers so you can confidently respond to them.
What are some of the flaws?
One of the most common questions asked by interviewers is, "What are your weaknesses?" It's also the most hated of all the questions. Handle it by highlighting your qualities and downplaying your flaws. Focus on technical aspects rather than personal qualities: "To be a more successful presenter, I am always trying to improve my communication skills. I just joined Toastmasters, which has proven to be extremely beneficial."


What makes you so unique that we can recruit you?
Summarize your experiences in response to the question, "Why do we recruit you?" "I will make a huge difference in your business with my five years of experience working in the finance industry and my established track record of saving the company money. I am sure that I will be a valuable member of your squad."

Why are you interested in working here?
Many interview questions and responses aim to determine if an applicant is a suitable match for the role. The interviewer is looking for an answer to the question "Why do you want to work here?" that shows you've given it some consideration and aren't simply sending out resumes because there's an opportunity. "I've chosen main businesses whose mission statements align with my ideals, where I know I'll be passionate by what they do, and this company is at the top of my list of desirable options," for example.

What are the objectives?
When prompted, "What are your objectives?" Rather than locking yourself into the near future, it's also better to dream about short-term and intermediate targets. As an example, "My immediate aim is to find work in a business that is focused on success. My long-term objectives would be determined by the company's direction. I expect to advance to a place of responsibility in the future."

Why did you quit (or are you about to quit) your job?
One of the most important job interview tips is to never criticize a previous boss. When you're unemployed and an interviewer asks, "Why did you leave (or why are you leaving) your job?" state your reason for leaving in a positive light: "I made it through two rounds of company downsizing, but the third round resulted in a 20% staff cut, which included me."

If you're already working, concentrate on what you want in your next position: "After two years, I decided to look for an organization that values teamwork and where I can contribute my expertise."

What can you give us that none of the other candidates can?
When asked, "What can you do for us that other politicians can't?" emphasize your special qualities. This would entail a review of your past experiences, talents, and personality characteristics. "I have a rare mix of good technological abilities and the ability to develop positive client connections," summarize succinctly. This enables me to apply my skills and break down data in a more user-friendly manner."

Worldwide, changes are taking place tremendously. One change is affecting all countries around the world including Nigeria. Some scholars urge that the only thing that is permanent in life is change. No situation is permanent in life. Thus, the Nigerian work environment has become liable to change, considering the dynamic and complex issues that are faced daily. The emerging trend in work that is beginning to serve as a mark of merit or critical edge is the level of workplace ethics that is dwelling within an organization. In the face of the emerging world economy, an organization that is involved in a proper framework for good governance must practice work ethics and incorporate good values as part of its organizational culture if it must achieve higher performance (Omisore et al, 2015). In a present world, work ethics has been an interesting subject in management and business in general, due to its importance in evaluating employees’ behavior and performance and it is so critical to organizational performance (Schminke et al. 2015). Companies and institutions all over the world, both public and private maintain codes of corporate governance for managing ethical performance (Rossouw, 2015). Despite its importance still no single organization is safe from corporate scandals (Samir et al; 2015), in years malpractices have been observed in organizations which go beyond legal and ethical context. It has been argued that non observance or non existence of some set of ethical values have been a contributory factor to the Africa predicaments in leaderships in most African states (Agbude & Etete, 2013). For instance the country has faced corporate failures on banking sector in 1997, 26 commercial banks failed due to financial irregularities such as AfriBank Plc and Bank PHB (Bello, 2012).

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Purposeful actions in a proactive manner are required of contemporary organizations to achieve desired level of performance from workers with cognizance to the acceptable norms and best practices in the industry they belong too and country of operation. In the words of Schminke et al (2015), one of such action known as ethics is increasing, with work ethics as one of such actions that can bring about the desired performance level of employees job performance, irrespective of the sharp practices and unethical work practices of competitors in the business environment. However, there is perceived decline in work ethic, an evidence of this is well established in the integrity violations by many employees in our contemporary work organizations. Issues of fraud, theft, corruption, manipulation of information, misconduct, and the likes are well reported now. Notable scholars are of the opinion that to remain market a leader or become industry champion, ethical behavior must be institutionalized (Schminke, Arnaud and Kuenzi, 2015).
The performance of an organization is sometimes based on the ethical work climate. Ethical work climate reflects the collective moral reasoning of organization members. Thus, strong ethical climate provides employees a foundation for thinking about moral issues. Although organization members may reason effectively about the right thing to do, translating reason into action depends on the moderating effect of two additional contextual factors; collective moral emotion (in the form of collective empathy) and collective ethical efficacy. Furthermore, the moral reasoning reflected in ethical climate is more likely to translate to ethical behaviour if members: (i) Care about those impacted by their actions (empathy). (ii) Believe in their ability to successfully follow through in their decision (efficacy). Thus, ethical climate, collective moral emotion and collective ethical efficacy interact to create an environment more strongly related to ethical behavior. Ethical behavior is characterized by honesty, fairness and equity in interpersonal and professional relationship and it respects the dignity, diversity and the right of individual and groups of people. Therefore for an organization to move forward in the aspect of performance, it is important to have a good understanding of ethics and also take it seriously as this can undermine the competitive strength of the organization and the society at large (Harrington, 2011)
Geetu (2013) reveals that organization cannot ignore ethics. Indeed for some ethics has been added to their corporate values. But help is needed by organization to integrate ethical practices and competencies, but initially this requires an increased and shared understanding of ethics in organizations. Numerous researchers suggest that organizational ethics is a major influence in ensuring the attainment of organization objectives. Marri, Sadozai, Zaman & Ramay (2012) opine that, work ethics facilitate employees’ attitude towards hard work and their organization too. To guarantee employees job performance, such employee must have displayed a high sense of responsibility, integrity, discipline, quality, and sense of team work. Some argue that any of such conducts are limited just to the job description and responsibilities. Others argue, though, that they also have ethical responsibilities towards the organization by ensuring its continued survival. The above considerations show that workplace ethics have a big role to play in the organization setting to drive the performance of the organization, though there are matters to be dealt with critically to make it vital

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The development of any society is measured by the extent of influence and controls the people have on nature and ability to channel their natural resources. This is determined by the level of effectiveness and efficiency of the instruments of labour.

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In other words, without instruments of labour man - physical, intellectual and psychological assets cannot help him (Islam and Kazulnko, 2008). Nigeria, among the third world countries went through almost a century of colonial experience from 1861-1960, when she got her political independence. Since independence, Nigeria has been struggling in the course of political instability, economic and socio-cultural imbalances. And like other third world countries, the nation has been hugely confronted with underdevelopment which emanated from dominant exploitative character of the western economies on which those of the third world depend. The gap in income inequalities has widened, and perceptions of group marginalization have intensified youth's anger arising from unemployment and poverty, finds expression often in the violent ethno-religious conflicts, or in violent protests and criminal activities such as armed robbery, extortion and fraud.

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The atmosphere becomes perpetually tensed, laborious, charged, over-heated and characterized by violence (insurgency & counter-insurgency). More so, the nation's economy is suffering enormously owing to her main dependence on petroleum without economic diversification. "Dependency relates to a situation in which the economy of certain countries is conditioned by the development and expansion of the other to which the former is subjected’’ (Santos 2013). The relation of inter-dependence between two or more economies in a world trade terms, assumes the form of dependence when some countries (the dominant ones like the USA, Britain, Germany and France) can expand and be self-sustaining; while other countries (the dependent ones like Nigeria, Rwanda, Bolivia, Thailand and India) can do this only as a reflection of expansion which can have either a negative or positive effect on their immediate development". From the definition above, dependency, according to Santos is both bilateral and multilateral. It also explains or entails the existence of foreign and domestic inter-dependence i.e. two countries together with reasons to relate, again the relation leads to some conditioning effects on development policies of decision makers in a dependent society, and lastly, with this relationship inherently unequal being, are of the dominance and dependence (Santos, 2013). The basic assumption is that there is a dialectical relationship between development and underdevelopment. (Frank, 2010) "Development and underdevelopment are two different sides of a universal historical process’’. He asserts that what causes underdevelopment in third world is as a result of what brought about development in Europe and America". This dependency concerns the centre which refers to the technologically advanced countries of the world and the periphery refers to the third world countries. It should be noted that the centre has a centre which refers to the urban areas of the world and the periphery which refers to the rural areas of the world. The periphery (third world countries) also has both the centre and the periphery. This simply refers to the "centre of the periphery and the periphery of the periphery". Centre of the periphery refers to the urban centre of the developing countries like Nigeria, while the periphery of the periphery refers to the rural areas of the developing country. This is a relationship where the centres of the developed countries dictate the terms of their co-existence economically, socially and politically. There is an exploitative and vertical relationship between the centre and the centre of the periphery which is subordinate to the centre. In this, the centre is assigned the role of manufacturing industrial products while the periphery produces primary goods-raw materials and needed resources; the periphery now depends on the centre for her economic survival and consumption of the already made products (foreign products). Succinctly put, this is an unequal relationship between the countries provided to be already at an advantage the (capitalists) and disadvantaged countries (third world countries like Nigeria) as a result of economic exploitation.

Nigeria like other developing countries is still in the initial stages of integrating ICT in teaching and learning process in the education sector. Though it is limited by a number of barriers, there are many factors influencing the use of ICT to make teaching and learning effective in schools of learning in Nigeria. ICT is an electronic means of capturing, processing, storing, communicating information. The use of ICT in the classroom teaching and learning is very important for it provides opportunities for teachers and students to operate, store, manipulate, and retrieve information, encourage independent and active learning, and self-responsibility for learning such as distance learning, motivate teachers and students to continue using learning outside school hours, plan and prepare lessons and design materials such as course content delivery and facilitate sharing of resources, expertise and advice.

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This versatile instrument has the capability not only of engaging students in instructional activities to increase their learning, but of helping them to solve complex problems to enhance their cognitive skills (Jonnasen & Reeves, 2016). Pernia (2018) defines ICT as technologies used to communicate in order to create, manage and distribute information. She adds that a broad definition of ICTs includes computers, the internet, telephone, television, radio and audio-visual equipment. She further explains that ICT is any device and application used to access, manage, integrate, evaluate, create and communicate information and knowledge. Digital technology is included in this definition as services and applications used for communication and information processing functions associated with these devices.
Generally, three objectives are distinguished for the use of ICT in education (Plomp et al, 2016):
(i) The use of ICT as objects of study; refers to learning about ICT, which enables students to use ICT in their daily life.
(ii) The use of ICT as aspect of discipline or profession; refers to the development of ICT skills for professional or vocational purposes.
(iii) (iii) The use of ICT as medium for teaching and learning; focuses on the use of ICT for the enhancement of the teaching and learning process Drent & Meelissen, 2017).
It is a fact that teachers are at the centre of curriculum change and they control the teaching and learning process. Therefore, they must be able to prepare young people for the society in which the competency to use ICT to acquire and process information is very important.
Several studies argue that the use of new technologies in the classroom is essential for providing opportunities for students to learn to operate in an information age. It is evident, Yelland (2011) as argued that traditional educational environments do not seem to be suitable for preparing learners to function or be productive in the workplaces of today's society. She claimed that organizations that do not incorporate the use of new technologies in institutions cannot seriously claim to prepare their students for life in the twenty-first century. This argument is supported by Grimus [2010], who pointed out that “by teaching ICT skills in educational institutions the students are prepared to face future developments based on proper understanding” (p. 362).
ICT originally is applied to serve as a means of improving efficiency in the educational process. Furthermore, it has been shown that the use of ICT in education can help improve memory retention, increase motivation and generally deepens understanding [Dede, 2018)]. ICT can also be used to promote collaborative learning, including role playing, group problem solving activities and articulated projects [Forcheri & Molfino, 2010]. ICT allow the establishment of rich networks of interconnections and relations between individuals. Some authors maintain that technology has the power to change the ways students learn and professors teach [Kozma, 2012]. However, the effectiveness of ICT despite all the accrued benefits needs proper studies especially in developing countries like Nigeria where a lot of factors are still militating against the use of ICT.
Basic Technology as a subject has been affected by ICTs, which have undoubtedly affected the teaching and learning of the subject (Yusuf, 2013). A great deal of research has proven the benefits to the quality of teaching and learning (Al-Ansari, 2016). ICTs have the potential to innovate, accelerate, enrich, and deepen skills, to motivate and engage students, to help relate school experience to work practices, create economic viability for tomorrow's workers, as well as strengthening teaching and helping schools change (Davis and Tearle, 2012.

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It takes time to design the ideal job application, and it's disheartening to imagine that your CV could be refused at the first hurdle due to an easily avoidable mistake.
While most of us understand how to write a CV, it's shockingly easy to make simple errors - and if you're not aware of them, they could cost you a job.

1. Improper formatting

Employers are turned off by CVs that aren't straightforward and easy to read. Employers spend an average of eight seconds checking each CV, giving you no time to make a positive first impression.
When considering how to structure your CV, it's vital to help the reader get to the most pertinent information as quickly as possible.
As a result, it is important to keep your CV brief so that it can be easily absorbed. The template you use to build your CV should be eye-catching while remaining uncluttered. Avoid using different fonts and sizes, and avoid using misleading formats.
Don't use anything smaller than a size 10 font, and leave plenty of white space.
In an effort to stand out, I see the use of ratings using stars or bars on CVs. These are often linked to hard or technological skills. Even if they look good, an employer wants to know how you can put those skills to use.

Take a look at some latest job vacancies in Nigeria.

2. Failing to personalize the application

One size does not suit everything when it comes to CVs. Anything you include should be fully customized to the organization and job for which you are applying. Recruiters would be able to easily see that you are the ideal candidate as a result of this.
Employers can tell right away if you've done your homework on the job specifications. There's nothing worse for a recruiter than getting a CV that conveys a lack of interest, attachment, or time spent on it. Evaluating which of your skills most effectively fit the work specification will give you the best chance of success.
Don't be afraid to be ruthless when it comes to eliminating irrelevant encounters. Even if you're applying for similar positions with different organizations, make sure you review their precise criteria and adjust your CV accordingly.

Consider your CV to be your personal highlight reel, containing the most important details for each position you're applying for. You may have a master CV with everything on it, but you should customize what you submit for each application, particularly if you're applying for jobs in different industries.
Tailoring demonstrates that you are involved in the job enough to put time and thought into your application. It reflects your inspiration, which is an important part of what employers seek.

3. Incorrect spellings

Even if English isn't your first language, there are no reasons for spelling errors. An error-free CV is essential for demonstrating your precision and attention to detail, so double-check everything, including your contact information. Don't forget the squiggly red lines that your spell-checking app uses to detect errors in text. Double-check what they're saying and consider if the alternatives they give will add or subtract impact from your writing.
Reduce your chances of making mistakes by taking your time - never put off writing your CV until the last minute. Examples that are rushed are easily identified and discarded.
Most professional CV writers also advises you to double-check your tenses. 'Because CVs are updated on a regular basis, tenses may get mixed up and not be updated to represent the current situation. Is the experience you're writing about happening right now, or is it a part you played in the past? Check that you're using the proper present or past tense.'
To see if there is a spelling or grammatical error, temporarily change the font, scale, and color - this will trick your brain into believing it's a new piece of writing, allowing you to spot errors you might have overlooked previously.
CV Clue provides some additional useful advice. 'Print your CV and read it aloud; this will slow down your thinking process and encourage you to concentrate on specific words.' Others can stumble through clumsy sentences if you do. You may also read your CV from bottom to top to ensure you don't miss something. This makes the flow less familiar, making it easier to spot errors.'

4. Lies

While you're trying to get a foot in the door and impress future employers, it's tempting to stretch the reality because, after all, who's going to check?
That is incorrect. Since the information on your CV is easily verifiable, never presume that recruiters would not inquire.
Lying about your Alma Mata, pretending to have completed university when you haven't, lying about your current job title, or embellishing a time of work experience would not help you in the long run. Your lies will be transparent at best, and your CV will be dismissed outright. At worst, you may be invited to an interview in which you will either trip yourself up or be asked questions to which you will be unable to respond.

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5. Inadequate proof

When you're trying to reach a tight application deadline, it's easy to make generic, hollow statements on your CV. However, failing to successfully demonstrate your talents, accomplishments, and experiences may be a costly mistake.
'It's critical to back up how you meet the criteria because an employer can't be sure that you're capable of doing the job effectively without this knowledge,' explains CV clue. 'You can't be the safe pair of hands an employer is looking for unless you can easily clarify how you've used specific skills or acquired experiences.'
Concentrate not only on what you did, but also on what you accomplished. Most likely, your previous experience was temporary, voluntary, or part-time, with duties such as 'tidying the office' or 'filing and data entry.' You want to highlight how you took on such responsibilities and went above and beyond to make a difference. For example,'shortened average closing time with efficient clean up' or 'held office running smoothly with fast data entry' may be examples.
'Don't assume that an employer can see how good of a communicator you are only because you say you interact with people on the phone. 'It is your responsibility to demonstrate how you do it effectively,' CVclue says.
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6. Failure to clarify 'why'

It is not enough to simply state your credentials; you must also demonstrate them by explaining why you have chosen to engage in such activities for your personal and professional growth. You can then go into greater detail about the skills you've learned as a result of your efforts.
Discussing your extracurricular activities, for example, is critical if you pay special attention to any positions of responsibility you've held and detail what you've gained from the experience.
Average CVs, on the whole, offer you the 'what' - for example, the degrees or jobs the person has had. Great CVs also include the 'whys,' such as why the individual chose that degree or society.

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7. Ignoring gaps in your employment history

Gaps in job history are fairly common, and as long as they are clarified, they are rarely a concern.
You don't need to think about breaks of a few weeks, but if you've been out of work for months (or even years), you must justify why simply and concisely. Any unexplained absences of this length will be viewed with suspicion by prospective employers, giving the impression that you were idle during this time.
Don't be afraid to tell recruiters that you took time off to volunteer, care for a sick relative, or travel around the world. There is also no shame in telling employees of a time of absence due to sickness, a medical condition, or redundancy.

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How to Find CV writing Services In Nigeria
How to Get access to Latest Jobs

There is a lot to be said on how to hunt, locate, and correctly apply for new jobs and vacancies in Nigeria today. On the web, there are many online websites that publish recent job vacancies, but the majority of them are not confirmed job vacancies. As a result, it is critical to always check out and locate verified jobs in order to avoid being scammed on the web. Searching for new jobs and openings in 2020 can be a challenging challenge, but it can be made much simpler if you are properly taught how to search. The following are some pointers for looking for recent job openings and vacancies in Nigeria.

Always look for the most recent verified job.
The majority of job listings on the internet have either expired or are actually false. It is therefore important to always look for confirmed job vacancies in order to ensure that any job vacancy seen is genuine and that the chances of landing those jobs are good.

Search for New Job Vacancies in Nigeria by Location or State
When looking for vacant jobs in Nigeria, it is also critical to remember that, in addition to looking for confirmed jobs, you should also restrict your search to the most recent jobs by region. When searching for new job vacancies by state in Nigeria, keep in mind that proximity is crucial when looking for job, which is why it is critical to check for latest job vacancies near me. Most job seekers overlook this while looking for job, and their lack of information has unfortunately prolonged their job search. One significant piece of advice is that job managers favor applicants who live nearby. As a result, it is important to look for open positions like this.

Latest Job Vacancies in Jigawa
Latest Job Vacancies in Osun
Latest Job Vacancies in Kogi
Latest Job Vacancies in Enugu
Latest Job Vacancies in Gombe
jobs in Ogun state

Always Search for Recent Jobs by Industries/Profession

When looking for open positions, it is important to focus on the most recent job openings by industry or occupation. When you look for job and openings by occupation or specialty, you are more likely to find jobs that are a good fit for you. You would be wasting your time if you conducted random job searches without first narrowing your search. Examples of employment by industry are given below.

Latest job Vacancies in Logistics/ Transportation/ Supply
Latest job Vacancies in Manufacturing/ Production
Latest job Vacancies in Business Strategy/ Management
Latest job Vacancies in Construction
Latest job Vacancies in Business Strategy/ Management
Latest job Vacancies in Education/ Teaching/ Training
Latest job Vacancies in Engineering/ Technical

There is a lot to be said on how to hunt, locate, and correctly apply for new jobs and vacancies in Nigeria today. On the web, there are many online websites that publish recent job vacancies, but the majority of them are not confirmed job vacancies. As a result, it is critical to always check out and locate verified jobs in order to avoid being scammed on the web. Searching for new jobs and openings in 2020 can be a challenging challenge, but it can be made much simpler if you are properly taught how to search. The following are some pointers for looking for recent job openings and vacancies in Nigeria.

1. Always look for the most recent verified job.
The majority of job listings on the internet are either expired or are actually false. It is therefore important to always look for confirmed job vacancies in order to ensure that any job vacancy seen is genuine and that the chances of landing those jobs are good.

2. Search for New Job Vacancies in Nigeria by Location or State
When looking for vacant jobs in Nigeria, it is also critical to remember that, in addition to looking for confirmed jobs, you should also restrict your search to the most recent jobs by region. When searching for new job vacancies by state in Nigeria, keep in mind that proximity is crucial when looking for job, which is why it is critical to check for latest job vacancies near me. Most job seekers overlook this while looking for job, and their lack of information has unfortunately prolonged their job search. One significant piece of advice is that job managers favor applicants who live nearby. As a result, it is important to look for open positions like this.

Latest Job Vacancies in Jigawa
Latest Job Vacancies in Osun
Latest Job Vacancies in Kogi
Latest Job Vacancies in Enugu
Latest Job Vacancies in Gombe
jobs in Ogun state

3. Always Search for Recent Jobs by Industries/Profession

When looking for open positions, it is important to focus on the most recent job openings by industry or occupation. When you look for job and openings by occupation or specialty, you are more likely to find jobs that are a good fit for you. You would be wasting your time if you conducted random job searches without first narrowing your search. Examples of employment by industry are given below.

Latest job Vacancies in Logistics/ Transportation/ Supply
Latest job Vacancies in Manufacturing/ Production
Latest job Vacancies in Business Strategy/ Management
Latest job Vacancies in Construction
Latest job Vacancies in Business Strategy/ Management
Latest job Vacancies in Education/ Teaching/ Training
Latest job Vacancies in Engineering/ Technical

Pentecostal churches are one of the fastest growing Churches in Nigeria in the 21st century. The term Pentecostal Church shall be used interchangeably with the term New Religious Movement. The Pentecostal Churches have been defined by various scholars of Religion. Burgess (2018) opined thus “Pentecostalism is an umbrella term for African Movements and Churches which stress the experience of the Spirit”. Ojo (2010) said that “the Churches share common phenomena through literature, crusades, camp meeting and rely on the “new birth” and the power of the Holy Spirit”. Owoeye (2011) believes that Pentecostal Churches are Churches that emphasize the working of the Spirit in the Church, especially with ecstatic phenomena like prophecy and speaking in tongues, healing and exorcism. Pentecostal churches shares all the above features as a Pentecostal Church. Christianity can be described as the religion based on the ideas of Jesus Christ. Its followers worship in a church, (Macmilian 2017). The term “church” as translated in the English Language is from the Greek word “ekklesia”. This term had been in use before the emergence of the Christian church and it basically means “called out”. According to the Holman Bible Dictionary (2012), “… use of the term prior to the emergence of the Christian church is important as two streams of meaning flow from the history of its usage into the New Testament understanding of the church”. While the first meaning from the Greek translation is “called out”, signifying “an assembly of citizens of a Greek city” as used in Acts 19:32,39; the second meaning of this Greek term “was used more than one hundred times in the Greek translation of the Old Testament in common use in the time of Jesus”. The Hebrew term for this second meaning is “qahal” which means “assembly” and it can be used in a variety of ways, referring to an assembly of prophets (I Samuel 19:20), of soldiers (Numbers 22:4), or of the people of God (Deuteronomy 9:10) (Holman 2012). Invariably, whichever usage one adopts out of these two, it is evidently clear that the term “church” refers to a group of special and privileged people chosen or “called out” for a special purpose by God. Politics Just like Christianity, politics is variously defined as the ideas and activities involved in getting power in a country or over a particular area of the world. It is also a belief and attitude about how government should work (Macmillian 2017). It can also be said that the science and act of government, political activities, beliefs or affairs, factional scheming for power (Geddes and Grosset 2011). However, politics has been observed in human group interactions, including corporate, academic and religious institutions. It consists of social relations involving authority and power and refers to the regulation of a political unit and to the methods and tactics used to formulate and apply policy (Anifowose Remi 2015). Politics ultimately comes from the Greek word “polis” meaning state or city. In Latin, it is “politicus” and in French “politique”, thus it became “politics” in English. “Politicus” describes anything concerning the state or city affairs. The great Greek political philosopher, Aristotle, began his famous work “politics” with the observation that “man is by nature a political animal”. By this, he means that the essence of social existence is politics and that two or more men interacting with one another are invariably involved in a political relationship. Men are engaged in politics as they try to define their positions in society, as they struggle for scarce resources and as they try to convince others to accept their points of view. Aristotle then concludes that the way to maximize one’s individual capabilities and to attain the highest form of social life was through political interaction with others in an institutionalized setting, designed to resolve social conflicts and so set collective goals (James, 2019). Marshall (2014) shares his view by defining the state as follows: ‘The state is what God through Jesus Christ has set up to maintain justice.

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Its officers are as much ministers of God as the prophets and priests’. Marshall’s definition and classification of political officers as ministers of God helps us to transcend the situation where people only look and view politics as cruel and morally dangerous, and at that moment (negative viewing) there is something we miss. We forget and overlook that even in the church we have politics simply because human beings are involved. In some cases, these ecclesiastical politics are as cruel as secular politics. What we argue is that all human beings are bad, they act under compulsion. And because of our negative judgment of politics, we fail to see even the obvious good in it. The immediate question would be: is anything good that could come from politics or can be found in politics? The answer to this question is affirmed by Hulled (2013), when he asserted that: ‘The good in the sphere of politics is justice; and justice consists in what tends to promote the common interest’. This common interest can only be promoted by participation. Thus, exclusion from the structures (like political parties) where common interests are established and negotiated is immoral as it has ‘anti-creational sentiments’.
A controversy whether or not the Church should involve herself or play any role in the political affairs of the society often arises. While some have argued on the one hand that much involvement may jeopardize the Church’s spiritual status as the ecclesia (the called out people of God), others, on the other hand, have shown that being too distant calls into question the Church’s self-understanding as the light, salt and moral beacon on the earth (Callaway 2011: 1). It will seem more appropriate to take a reconciliatory or midway position that while she is not expected to become a political organization, the Church has a substantial role to play in politics by acting as a principled guide, moral watch dog, spiritual counselor and conscience to the society.

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Since the mercantile period globalization had boosted the interaction between states, especially in the area of exchange of goods and services and an increase in economic development. Globalization is a powerful real aspect of the new world system, and it represents one of the most influential forces in determining the future course of the planet. It has manifold dimensions: economic, political, security, environmental, health, social, cultural, and others. Globalization which is one of the vital project topics among students today has had significant impacts on all economies of the world, with manifold effects. It affects their production of goods and services. It also affects the employment of labor and other inputs into the production process. In addition, it affects investment, both in physical capital and in human capital. It affects technology and results in the diffusion of technology from initiating nations to other nations. It also has major effects on efficiency, productivity and competitiveness (Intriligator, 2003). In the 1990s `globalization' has become a particularly fashionable way to analyze changes in the international economy and in world politics. Advances in technology and modern communications are said to have unleashed new contacts and intercourse among peoples, social movements, transnational corporations, and governments. The result is a set of processes which have affected national and international politics in an extraordinary way (Ngaire, 2000). In the age of globalization, the links between political economy and society are forged through terms like governance. An old word in the English language with a new lease on life, governance plays a role that on the surface appears benign but on closer scrutiny becomes more sinister. One of the perspectives for examining these links and penetrating below the surface appearance of a term like governance is political economy, an interdisciplinary tradition that spans the social sciences and humanities from sociology and geography to communications and education (Sumner, 2018). In the words of Canadian political economist Harold Innis, the task for engaged intellectuals involves “questioning the pretensions of organized power” (Neufeld & Whitworth, 2017:198). The term `political economy' is used advisedly for it has been used to describe a number of different things in political science and international relations; from the application of rational individualism to the study of politics, to debates over policy with an economic dimension. In this study, the term is used to describe the changing relationship between political systems (both national and international) and economic forces (Gourevitch, 2013). In other words, the study is concerned with how policy-makers are being affected by economic forces, as well as how they themselves affect these forces. Following in the classical tradition of political economy, the study also address the moral debates about globalization (challenges and benefits), and touching upon the possible ramifications for opportunity and inequality among a wide range of actors in a globalizing world (Hurrell and Woods, 2014). The research adopts the political economy approach, which treats social life and material existence in their relatedness (Ake, 2013). Political economy underscores the central importance of the mode of production and relations of production as a major casual factor in all social phenomena (Onimade, 2015).

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By its nature, globalization concurrently provides economics opportunities and economic threats. More so, it seems to be biased and has unequal considerations on countries. Above all developing economies are hold-out for benefiting from globalization due to their economic status. Cross-country capital flows are growing rapidly, and domestic systems are consequently increasingly exposed to shocks emanating from abroad. Since cross-border financial flows tend to be more volatile than domestic flows especially equity flows, such flows heighten the risk of financial crisis in many developing economies (Earnest, 2004). Really, exposure of developing economies to external shocks of global financial integration raises capital flight and inflows. This affects exchange and interest rates, hence pose new challenges of macroeconomic management of the economy. Dos Santos as cited in Suleiman (2004) believed that, "unequal exchange led to the development of dependency relationship where third world has their economies conditioned by the growth and expansion of another economy. Nigeria has an example experienced dependent economy which is considered among the factors responsible for economic slow growth rate. Globalization imposed a dependent capitalist social system and western values in the forms of industrialism, market principle and institutions on Nigeria. A culture of dependency also was institutionalized through internationalization of capital and social life…. underdevelopment and inferiority complex were also instituted as a cumulative product of Western hegemony on Nigerians (Suleiman, 2004). Nigeria has been experiencing disappointing performance in terms of growth in GDP and the general development of her economy. As a result there is no improvement in the reduction of poverty. In the last decades, the global economy suggest a challenge; the utilization of the opportunity engineered by globalization while at the same time managing the problem and tension it poses, for developing countries like Nigeria. Rather than strengthening the economy, globalization seeks to retrench it, thus Nigeria enters the global market at a competitive disadvantage as a largely mono-product economy with weak currency, shrinking indigenous industrial space, mounting debt profile, corruption-infested political and economic climate. This unacceptable posturing imposes a systematic dispossession and exploitation of initiatives and resources and also the misuse and squandering of the economic surplus by the regional and local power elites.

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In recent years, both nationally and globally, the use of questionnaires as a means of data collection in health-care research has increased. The growing focus on evidence-based health care emphasizes the importance of nurses understanding the theoretical concerns associated with such approaches. When evaluating questionnaire results, the development process should be described in sufficient detail and rigor to allow a practitioner to make an informed decision on whether to incorporate the findings. We use questionnaires to collect information in a structured manner that, when collected from a representative sample of a given population, helps us to extrapolate findings to the larger population. This is critical when assessing the efficacy of care or treatment. Although the rigor with which questionnaires are developed is improving, nurses are still not necessarily adept or secure in the psychometric assessment of such tests (Jones & Johnston 1999). The issues of reliability and validity that underpin questionnaire production from item generation to the proposal of an a priori factor structure to subsequent psychometric analysis are central to understanding the findings obtained from questionnaires. Although applicable texts which contain details about these issues, there is rarely enough detail in a single source to direct the questionnaire creation process. This write-up offers a critical examination of key methodological problems ranging from item generation to expected psychometric assessment, as well as a collection of heuristic decision-making tools to help practitioners create their own measures or assess the work of others. Two case studies from clinical practice and nurse education demonstrate these. Item analysis and exploratory factor analytic approaches are used to investigate issues of reliability and validity.

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Mathematics in general is linked with the development of any nation in the world. Mathematics as a discipline, opens and shuts more doors for men and women than any other content area we have got Bolaji, (2005). Whether it is in science, engineering or technology, it is tremendously important that a person be well-armed with mathematics if he/she is going to have options in life Bramlett and Herron, (2009). Mathematics is one of the core subjects to be offered to all students till the tertiary levels of education, Ernest, (2004).

Mathematics as observed by Fishbein and Ajzen (2005) is a fundamental science that is necessary for understanding most other fields in education. Fishbein (2005) stressed further that no other subject forms such a strong force among the various branches of science. In support of Fishbein, (2005), Ford (2001) affirmed that the knowledge of science remains superficial without Mathematics. It therefore means that, the position of mathematics in school curriculum in Nigeria is important for scientist. In Nigeria, both primary and secondary teacher training colleges have ordinary level mathematics as requirement for enrolment to prospective teachers.

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Though, we are living in a world that is rapidly progressing scientifically and technologically, the economic wellbeing of any developing nation depends to a significant extent on her scientific and technological process. Nigeria being a developing country now encourages the study of science and technology in schools so as to be able to meet up with the man-power needs of the nation.

All these approaches made by the government are good in themselves. A question stands to be answered “How do students and their attitude to the subjects relevant in achieving this purpose?” No matter the amount of investment, the government puts into education to make sure we are developed scientifically and technologically, it would be a wasted venture if students’ attitude to mathematics is negative. This is because mathematics is the language of sciences. Mathematics serves as the vehicle of thinking. A real study of science is not possible without the facilities of the fact that mathematics stands to be the vehicle of thinking. From the above going facts, it is evident that lack of initiatives to solve a problem contributes to the massive failure in mathematics among students. Ability to solve a problem becomes difficult. Idah (2007) sees reasons behind these facts and he stated that “as a subject, mathematics is at the base of all the science and environmental professions”. In industry, mathematics is needed for the production of guided missiles and is useful in aerospace technology. In communication, mathematics is also very useful. If one is mathematically literate, one can communicate precisely and present his argument in a logical manner because mathematics helps one in logical thinking. Indeed, there is hardly any field where mathematics is not useful. The farmer, the hunter, the housewife etc make use of mathematics in carrying out some simple arithmetic. This actually helps them tremendously.

Hence, we notice that if Nigerians are to realize their national objective in science and technology, hands must be on deck regarding the study of mathematics in both the primary, secondary and tertiary level of our education. Efforts would be made to improve students’ attitude towards the subject.

Our main focus this undergraduate research topic is how does the secondary schools student react to the studies of mathematics in their various schools? Mathematics is said to be one of the core-subjects in the secondary schools.

The right way to introduce young pupils to mathematics is not to teach Arithmetic, Algebra, Statistics and Geometry as separate branches, each with its own technical apparatus and methods. The ideal thing is to treat mathematics as a science in which the topics are chosen so as to develop a grasp of mathematical idea. Therefore, the early stage of mathematics teaching is very important since the pupils’ future performance in the subject depends on how well they perform at this stage. Mathematics is a way of thinking about pattern and relationship of numbers and shapes. It includes arithmetic, algebra, geometry, statistics and trigonometry.

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Education being one of the vital Undergraduate Research Topics has been described as the best legacy that any nation or individual could leave behind for generation yet to unborn. It is the bedrock of civilization and a valuable asset in any nation. It have been used from time immemorial as a veritable instrument of cultural transmission. A lot of factors has marred the desire and pursuit of education and development in the country; inadequate infrastructure, poor government involvement, high cost of education, etc have hampered educational development in Nigeria. Beside these, there are some social problems which have also continued to cripple the quest for education in Nigeria. Over the years in the educational sector, various research studies have been conducted to proffer solution to these intractable educational problems in our society.



In all, parental role have also been identified as an eminent social force influencing a child’s education. According to Adeyemo (1994), the home is the first station from where the child enters the world, hence its influence is very critical to the development of the child. And because of the very prominent position parents occupy in the home, they have enormous responsibilities regarding the upbringing of their child especially in the education of the child. It is rather unfortunate that parents are often unmindful of the very strategic role they are supposed to play bin the educational development of the children. In essence, they should not allow minor differences and other inexcusable issue to come between them to the detriment of their children

Loye (1976) traced the emotional development of a child to his or her home environment. He asserted that the emotional development of a child is strongly affected by two kinds of relationship namely, the parent child relationship and the parent-parent relationship.


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Drinkmeger and mckay (1989) made the submission for four basic ingredients of positive child relationship, and they consist of Mutual Respect which influence effective parent to avoid nagging, debating or talking down on their children. Effective parents take out time to have pleasant moments with their children and shower them with time. It is important that parents communicate love through words and actions in homes. Children should be encouraged to believe in themselves. In an authoritarian household, the children’s, sense of worth comes from getting rewards and avoiding punishment from parents. The relationship between parents and their children is beyond paying their school fees and providing them with school materials but a show of love from parents to children. This is essential for a healthy, mental, physical, emotional, and spiritual development of single or complete parents.

Davis (1978) advised teachers to learn to discover the reference point that is, the home environment from which the children departed. He further said that unless the teacher discovers these reference points of his or her student, he or she may cause great deal of damage. With reference to the submission that a child’s intellectual capacity started from home, the study therefore tends to look at the effect of single parents on children academic performance.



A single parent is a parent not living with a spouse. The single parent has most of the day to responsibilities in raising the child or children. This herculean task cannot be accomplished by an individual. Mgbiti Ossat (2011) corroborated thus, single parenthood is the practice of raising children or building family without a spouse or partner. As a form of building a family, single parenthood (single parenting) is now permissible in our society. In the western society in general, the child ends up with the primary caregiver usually the mother or the father when there is separation. Some sociologists perceive the prevalence of single parenting as an alternative family form, rather than as a problem in the society.

Regardless of how it is perceived, the increase of families raised by one parent influences the social, economic and political context of family life. In Nigeria, the existence of single parent was formerly unknown and where they existed, they were ignored as exceptional cases. However, in modern times, has become a fast growing family pattern both in and outside Nigeria Nwachukwu (1998). Although there are no available statistic of single parent families in Nigeria, practical experience and newspaper reports show that there is a growing increase in the percentage of adults and children living in single parent household.



Historically, the death of a partner was a major cause of single parenting and other causes include separation, divorce of a married couple, divorce of children that were in cohabitation, early pregnancy, etc. However, children with single parents are three times more likely to drop out of school than children from two parent families. The demographic of single parenting shows a general increase worldwide in children living in single parent homes. A child from a home where the father and mother are present will be taken care of and will socialize in the best way possible. This is due to the fact that the process of socialization depends on both parents playing complementary role in the upbringing of the child, such a child is likely to achieve self actualization later in life, unlike children from single parent home who are likely to suffer deprivation and denial of some right and opportunities.



Amato (2003) asserted that single parenthood is problematic for the children’s socialization because many with one receive less economic and social support with practical assistance, less information, guidance and supervision, less role modeling than children in two parent families. Among children in single parent families, those from mother absent homes and mother absent household earn lower grades than children from father absent households. Children from father absent households generally find it difficult to connect with school activities both academically and morally (Murkey, 2004).

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The family is the child’s first place of contact with the world. The child as a result, acquires initial education and socialization from parents and other significant persons in the family. Bandura (1989) pointed out that the family lays the psychological, moral, and spiritual foundation in the overall development of the child. Structurally, family/home is either broken or intact. A broken home which results from family conflict in this contexts is one that is not structurally intact, as a result of divorce, separation, death of one of parent and illegitimacy. According to Emery (2004), psychological home conditions arise mainly from illegitimacy of children, the label of adopted child, broken homes, divorce and parental deprivation. Such abnormal conditions of the home, are likely to have a detrimental effect on school performance of the child, he asserts. Project Topics on family conflicts are of the vital Undergraduate Project Topics in Nigeria

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According to Tilman (2007), studies carried out have shown that when one form of violence was found in the family, other forms were more likely to also occur and that violence in the family has a direct relationship to community violence and other forms of aggression and gender based violence. Law enforcement in many countries will not intervene in what is often called a “domestic quarrel” even though psychological research indicates that without such intervention, abusers are unlikely to seek help to stop their battering behaviour. Research has found a strong relationship between violence in the home and violence in the community. Golden (2000) reports that it has been found that prior history of abuse can increase the likelihood of abusive behaviour. According to Steinberg (1996), parental conflict and aggression or a conflict atmosphere in the home is related to offspring’s personal or violent crimes.
Johnson (2005) asserts that children of unmarried parents /separated families often fail and are at risk emotionally. However, this may not be completely applicable in all cases of family conflict. Some children irrespective of home background or structure may work hard and become successful in life. Moreover, Ayodele (2007) stated that the environment where a child finds himself/herself goes a long way in determining his learning ability and ultimately his academic performance in school.
On the other hand, Kiura (1999) asserts that a healthy relationship between husband and wife depends on self understanding, understanding spouse, balance between individuality, mutual relationship, proper management of conflicts, sexual harmony and sound skills in mutual dialogue and communication. He also says that parents need to assume responsibility for their children’s eternal destiny, educate them, prepare them for life and guide them towards the right way. If parents are not in harmony, it follows that their children will suffer too. They not only suffer at home but also when they go to school or visit friends by carrying the burden of their parents with them.
There is a global awareness of the importance of the home environment on students’ academic performance. In Nigeria, most home are not intact as a result of issues of incompatibility of the couples, death of a parent and the quest for the oversea trips to make more money, and at times marital infidelity. This has resulted in the rapid misunderstanding between couples and children. In some states in the federation, this is quite clear, that most young ladies abandon their homes, and embark on oversea trips with a view to make money. Some men, who travel abroad, abandon their homes and would not communicate with the families back-home so children from such homes are in dilemma, especially in terms of adjustment. Chador (2008) notes that the environment in which the students come from can greatly influence his performance in school. The effects of family conflict may impact greatly on the academic achievement.
There is also the case of street children, some of whom are on the streets because they have run away from violent home environments. These incidents take place not only in rural areas but also in urban ones. Their lives are enclosed or imprisoned if they continue being exposed to a violent environment. For some, such an environment means that they have no access to formal education and their cognitive and affective developments are tampered with. This study, therefore, sought to find out the impact of family conflicts on a pupil especially on his or her academic performance.

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Introduction

Nigeria is an endowed country in both human and natural resources and it has the goal of being one of the well developed nations in the world and a leading nation in Africa by the year 2020. For this purpose, Nigeria devoted in the process of exploiting and improving its resources and attraction of its citizens and foreign nationals to invest within the economy. Nigeria is an Africa’s largest country in terms of population of almost 200 million people and the second largest economy after South Africa with GDP of US$ 415 billion, it is the highest producer of oil in the whole of Africa and six in OPEC. Nigeria is blessed in terms of oil resources and large number of mineral products. It has fertile land for agricultural potentials, but still an importer of food to feed its citizens (ADB, 2012). As a result of all these resources of human and mineral, Nigeria challenges many problems of poverty, poor health care delivery system, pipe-borne water, joblessness, poor education and other issues that include armed robbery, kidnapping, ethnic crisis, assassination, militancy, terrorism and recently the insurgency of Boko Haram. It is the most problematic issue that threats economic, political and social development of the country. In reality, whatever Boko Haram did or claimed to do is contrary to Islamic teaching of Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessing be upon him).
Lots of Islamic scholars both locally and internationally confronted what Boko Haram is doing. Many scholars sees Boko Haram as a terrorist group which tarnishes the image of Islam and Muslims, it is being sponsored and controlled by other foreign personnel. Not less than 250 individuals have since been reported dead in the January 20, 2012 bomb incident in Kano and clear indications are that every plan for peace to be restored in the Islamic fundamentalists are inadequate or ineffectual, or both. From the reports, multiple explosives occurred one after the other in Kano, in the frequent manners of similar attacks by the members of Boko Haram sect in Maiduguri, Damaturu, Potiskum, Gombe, Abuja, and Madalla in Niger State. It is axiomatic to assert that there is a major consensus of opinion that government must find a fast-fix solution to the problem, and then a steady solution. This is because there is no way government will continue to spend the huge chunk of money it had been spending on security without providing security to Nigerians. Some Nigerians and groups have been so incensed with the rising insecurity in the polity that they are calling for Jonathan’s resignation.
There is usually the belief that such calls will proceed to rise until there is visible improvement in the sustenance of security in the country, as there is a rising impatience among the residents. If a fast action is not taken on this matter, other sect could rise making it impracticable to make peace any longer. The bad trend in insecurity came with emergence of Boko Haram, the Muslim fundamentalist sect, bomb blowing everything within reach. It had no issues eliminating innocent people, even women and children who had no connection to what it is fighting about. It is also visible that, the activities of Boko Haram have affected the postings of students of Southern extraction on national youth service to the north. Parents are strongly rejecting the posting of their graduates as corpers to the north. This, in itself is a heavy blow to the noble objective of the scheme which is unity. The Presidential assurances so far is not helping at all; because all that Nigerians observe are deadlier attacks by Boko Haram after the president had assured that perpetrators of previous attacks would be arrested and prosecuted. It does the government no credit to learn that arrested members of the sect escaped or set freed by the challenges and the best the President will do is throw his hands up in frustration, lamenting that the sect has infiltrated even his security agencies. Development is the preoccupation of every political system and political leadership. In the same vein, “violence and instability are not known to be catalysts for economic development” (Msue, 2013). Therefore, it is only in an atmosphere of peace and tranquility that the individual can progress and indeed country can achieve national development. Since economic activities only excel in a peaceful environment, security, hence, is sine qua non to economic development. Lack of security of life and property, which is the tool of national progress, is common in Africa and Nigeria. Whereas the “State is instituted by way of solution for the inconvenience of state of nature to avert a state of war. (It is) created in order that life, liberty and property may be preserved” (Appadorai, 2011), the Nigerian State, however, seem to have failed in fulfilling one of the fundamental functions of a state, which is to provide adequate security for the citizens. Nigerians feel unsecured, unable to go about their economic activities due to the insurgency of the Boko Haram sect. The rising wave of wicked activities of Boko Haram has put Nigeria in the global glare of publicity as being terrorist haven. Hence the study examines Boko Haram insurgency and economic development in Nigeria, case study of Borno 2015 – 2019.

Statement of the Problem

Indeed, the unity of Nigeria is seriously threatened by Boko Haram. However, the reality of this threat is worsen and manifested in the statements credited to some well placed northern Nigerians that no military action should be taken against the group. Rather than condemn this crime of Boko Haram against the Nigerian state and her people, these Northern Nigerians of Islamic faith are demanding for dialogue and amnesty for this fundamentalist sect. Boko Haram is a terrorist organization which caused the loss of lives and properties in northern Nigeria, while others considered it as insurgent group financed by foreign nationals to spoil the image of Islam and Muslims. There are causes and factors that impacted negatively on Nigerian economic development. Therefore, this study examines Boko Haram insurgency and economic development in Nigeria

Aims of the study

The major aim of the study is to examine Boko Haram insurgency and economic development in Nigeria, case study of Borno 2015 - 2019. Other specific objectives of the study include;
1. To examine the emergence of Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria.
2. To examine the incidence of Boko Haram attacks in Nigeria.
3. To examine the impact of Boko Haram insurgency on economic development in Nigeria
4. To examine the economic effect of Boko Haram.
5. To examine the relationship between Boko Haram insurgency and economic development in Nigeria.
6. To examine the effect of Boko Haram on the economic activities in Nigeria

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