₦airaland Forum

Why Nigeria Needs a Shift: Beyond the Presidency

My desire to see Mr. Peter Obi as Nigeria's next president isn't rooted in animosity towards Mr. Tinubu, but rather in a pragmatic assessment of our nation's socio-political equilibrium.

While Mr. Tinubu, to my mind, might be too advanced in age to readily perceive beyond the counsel of his immediate circle, the more pressing concern is the vital need to alleviate tribal pressures that continue to strain our unity.

It's evident that Mr. Obi's campaign has resonated strongly with a particular tribal and religious sentiment. However, for the enduring cohesion of our diverse nation, it is crucial that the segment of our population that feels most marginalized is empowered with a voice in leadership.

Mr. Obi, having commendably served as a formidable opposition leader, has consistently held the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) and the Tinubu administration accountable since their inception.
I genuinely hope to witness Mr. Obi's victory in 2027. Not because I believe he possesses a magic wand to transform Nigeria into an overnight El Dorado, but because his presidency could significantly de-escalate national tensions. It would serve as a powerful reminder that Nigeria's progress doesn't hinge on a single "saint" in the presidency, nor on 36 "saints" as governors, or 774 "saints" as local government chairpersons.

Significant national advancement requires a collective effort, not a solitary messiah.


The Unvarnished Truth: One Leader Cannot Solve All Our Woes.

The notion that one individual can single-handedly rectify Nigeria's deeply entrenched problems, as Mr. Obi's supporters sometimes suggest, is a dangerous illusion. Unfortunately, this harsh reality may only become fully apparent to many Nigerians after he has been in office for a couple of years.

Consider the pervasive crisis in our education system: how can one person solve, in merely two years, a situation where children across the country prioritize cheating over genuine learning from primary school onward? How do we address a culture where citizens ostentatiously flaunt ill-gotten wealth at social gatherings, seeking validation through fake displays of affluence? What about the normalization of "obtaining" and advanced fee fraud in various insidious forms? Or the disheartening trend of young women being driven into prostitution, often facilitated by digital devices?

We've witnessed the erosion of academic integrity, from the introduction of NECO because WAEC was deemed too difficult, to the necessity of post-JAMB exams due to a loss of faith in JAMB itself. Lecturers, who should be mentors, openly extort students, while our youth cynically ask, "Why go to school when there are no jobs?" and "Who school epp?"

No, Mr. Obi must become president. His tenure, regardless of his intentions, will undeniably demonstrate that no single individual, however well-meaning, can fix this country overnight. Only then, perhaps, will we all collectively grasp the profound truth that our progress depends on systemic change and the concerted efforts of every Nigerian.

Now, this is what AI offers:

Based on the image provided, the pawpaw fruits show signs of discoloration, dark spots, and what appears to be a fuzzy or mold-like growth, particularly on the lower fruits. This strongly suggests a fungal infection.

Here's a breakdown of the likely infection, causes, and solutions:

Likely Infection:
The symptoms are highly indicative of a fungal disease, with anthracnose being a very common and strong possibility for pawpaw. Other fungal diseases like powdery mildew or various fruit rots could also present similar symptoms, but anthracnose is a prime suspect given the dark, sunken lesions often associated with fruit infection.
Likely Causes:
* High Humidity and Moisture: Fungal spores thrive in moist environments. Prolonged periods of rain, high humidity, or poor air circulation around the tree create ideal conditions for fungal growth and spread.
* Poor Air Circulation: Densely planted trees or overgrown foliage can restrict airflow, trapping moisture and promoting fungal development.
* Wounding/Damage: Any physical damage to the fruit (e.g., from insects, wind, or handling) can create entry points for fungal spores.
* Infected Plant Debris: Fungal spores can overwinter in infected plant material (leaves, fallen fruit) on the ground, serving as a source of inoculum for new infections.
* Splashing Water: Rain or irrigation water can splash fungal spores from the soil or infected plant parts onto healthy fruits and leaves.
* Lack of Sanitation: Not removing diseased fruits or plant parts allows the fungal spores to continue multiplying and spreading.
Likely Solutions:
Addressing fungal infections in pawpaw involves a combination of cultural practices, sanitation, and potentially fungicides:
* Pruning for Air Circulation:
* Remove excess foliage: Carefully prune the tree to improve air circulation within the canopy, reducing humidity around the fruits.
* Remove crossing branches: Eliminate branches that rub against each other, as this can create wounds.
* Sanitation:
* Remove infected fruits and plant parts: Immediately remove and destroy any infected fruits (both on the tree and fallen on the ground) and diseased leaves. Do not compost them, as this can spread the disease.
* Clear debris: Keep the area around the base of the tree free of plant debris.
* Watering Practices:
* Water at the base: If irrigation is used, water the base of the tree rather than overhead to avoid wetting the foliage and fruits unnecessarily.
* Water in the morning: This allows the foliage to dry out during the day, reducing the time moisture is present.
* Fungicide Application (if necessary and appropriate):
* Consult local agricultural extension: Before applying any fungicide, it's crucial to consult with a local agricultural extension service or an expert. They can accurately identify the specific fungus and recommend appropriate, locally approved fungicides.
* Common fungicides for anthracnose: Fungicides containing active ingredients like copper, mancozeb, or azoxystrobin are often used for anthracnose, but specific recommendations vary by region and regulations.
* Follow instructions: Always follow the product label instructions for mixing, application rates, and pre-harvest intervals.
* Nutrient Management:
* Balanced fertilization: Ensure the tree receives adequate and balanced nutrients. A healthy, vigorous tree is generally more resistant to diseases. Avoid excessive nitrogen, which can promote lush, susceptible growth.
* Disease-Resistant Varieties (for future planting):
* If planting new pawpaw trees, consider varieties known for their resistance to common fungal diseases in your area.
By implementing these solutions, you can help manage the current infection and prevent future outbreaks, leading to healthier pawpaw trees and better fruit yields.

Nairaland is a perfect measure of the extent of ignorance in Nigeria.

Like a few people have written, this is a disease affecting the fruit, yet people are writing about ginger and all what not.

Even ginger farmers deal with diseases like this to their plants.

If you don't know something, must you type? Blood of the lamb! This is the resultant effect of all the examination malpractices and miracle centre frauds in our education system. Our people have been returned to primitive cognitive capacities.

As it is, we apparently have to aggressively rejig our educational value system from top to bottom.

They didn't get married for money. They married on the basis of love, understanding, mutual communication and respect. They have apparently also been careful not to let religious people, friends and relatives to push them apart.

Once people take care of this, and don't marry because a man has money or a girl has big bombom, marriage is indeed lovely.

meobizy:
It’s 2025. Sex on TV is nothing. Bamike had sex on TV and is a happily married woman plus Nollywood actress. Have talent to fall back on and life will bend to your whim. Many of their peers who were breathing furnitures have been completely forgotten.

She had sex with her husband, whom she was dating at the time in the house.

They got intimate inside the toilet, away from the broadcast cameras, actually.

Only clarifying that for those who do may not know.

Hemanwel:
Please, can anyone school me what the criterion or criteria are for a Club to qualify for the FIFA CWC? I am asking because I don't understand why an ATM will be part of Spanish representatives and not Barcelona; why do we have Benfica and FC Porto representing Europe and not Liverpool or Barcelona or Napoli or even Atalanta?

The FIFA Club World Cup, especially the expanded 2025 edition, has specific criteria for qualification, which can be a bit complex. Here's a breakdown to help you understand:

Key Criteria for 2025 FIFA Club World Cup (and future expanded editions):

- Continental Champions (2021-2024): The primary way to qualify is by winning your confederation's premier club competition (e.g., UEFA Champions League, Copa Libertadores, CAF Champions League, AFC Champions League, CONCACAF Champions Cup) between 2021 and 2024. These teams get automatic spots. For example, Chelsea (2021 UCL winners), Real Madrid (2022 & 2024 UCL winners), and Manchester City (2023 UCL winners) qualified directly from Europe.

- Four-Year Club Ranking: For confederations with more slots than just their champions (like UEFA and CONMEBOL), additional teams qualify based on a four-year ranking system. This ranking is calculated based on their performance in their respective continental club competitions during the 2021-2024 period.

- UEFA's specific ranking system awards points for wins, draws, qualification for group stages, progression to later stages, etc. This is why teams like Bayern Munich, PSG, Inter Milan, Juventus, Borussia Dortmund, Atletico Madrid, Porto, and Benfica qualified from Europe, even if they didn't win the Champions League in those specific years. They earned enough points through consistent strong performances.

- Country Cap: There's a general rule that only two clubs from the same country can participate, with an exception if more than two clubs from the same country win their confederation's top club competition over the four-year period.

On your question about Barcelona and Liverpool. Since Real Madrid (2022, 2024) and Atletico Madrid (through ranking) both qualified from Spain, Barcelona was effectively "capped out" despite their strong performances. Similarly, for England, Manchester City (2023) and Chelsea (2021) qualified as Champions League winners, taking up the two spots. This meant Liverpool, despite their strong European campaigns, couldn't qualify through the ranking system because the country cap was already met by the Champions League winners.

- Host Country Slot: One slot is reserved for a team from the host nation. For the 2025 edition, Inter Miami qualified as the host nation representative.


Why Atletico Madrid and not Barcelona (and similar for Benfica/Porto vs. Liverpool/Napoli/Atalanta) are participating:

- Atletico Madrid qualified through UEFA's four-year club ranking because of their consistent performance in the Champions League during the 2021-2024 period, earning enough points to be among the top non-champion teams.

- Barcelona, while a strong club, likely did not accumulate enough points in the specified four-year period, or were prevented by the two-club-per-country rule since Real Madrid and Atletico qualified.

- Benfica and FC Porto also qualified through UEFA's four-year club ranking. They have been consistently performing well in the Champions League over the past few seasons, earning them sufficient coefficient points.

- Liverpool, Napoli, and Atalanta missed out due to a combination of not winning the Champions League in the qualifying period and not accumulating enough points in the UEFA club ranking, especially with the country cap in place for nations like England and Italy. For instance, with Manchester City and Chelsea from England, Liverpool was automatically excluded even if their ranking was high enough.

In essence, it's a combination of winning the top continental trophy in recent years and consistently performing well in that competition to earn enough ranking points, all while adhering to the country limitations.

It is a shame, what we have reduced Nigeria to.

Isn't this dressing like that of Nigerian cultists?

Which of the cults is Portable exhibiting therein, please?

Sammykidz:
Hey everyone, hope you’re all doing well!

In this post, I’ll walk you through the steps involved in the Dufil Prima Foods Graduate Trainee Program based on my personal experience.

Step 1: Application Form
The process begins with filling out an application form. The company sends out announcements inviting graduates who meet their requirements to apply. To stay updated, you can subscribe to Jobregion email alerts.

Step 2: Online Test
Once your application is successful, you’ll receive an email inviting you to take an online test. The test covers:

*Numerical Analysis

*Verbal Reasoning

*Logical Reasoning


If you would like access to dufil past questions, you can follow the link below:
(https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/mobile/folders/1MlQUEi8-dObad5e-tGk8rzr5pAYj-BcX)

Step 3: Dufil Prima Foods Written Interview
After passing the online test, you will receive an invitation for a "written interview," which is actually another test — not a typical interview. It consists of questions related to:

* The company

* The Nigerian economy

* Some technical questions

I was expecting oral interview questions but was surprised when I saw it was another written test lasting about an hour.
Here are a few questions I remember:

* List and explain the five stages in a Six Sigma project, highlighting key activities at each stage.

* List the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria and mention three states in each.

* What is the current inflation rate in Nigeria?

* You are joining a team that is underperforming and consistently missing weekly targets. How would you assess the situation and work towards improving their efficiency?


Step 4: Oral Interview
If you successfully pass the written test, you’ll be shortlisted for an oral interview. The details (date and location) will be sent to you.
During this stage, typical interview questions include:

Tell us about yourself.

Why did you apply for this Graduate Trainee Program?

Why Dufil Prima Foods?


Be sure to come along with your CV and a passport photograph.

Step 5: Final Interview with the COO
If you make it through the oral interview, you may be invited for a final interview with the Chief Operating Officer (COO). (Note: I'm not sure if this stage is still part of the current process.)

Step 6: Offer of Employment
Finally, if you are successful, you’ll receive a congratulatory email offering you the role.

Just one question: is this what young people go through after NYSC while searching for jobs?

Six Sigma? Where is that taught in the average graduate of a regular Nigerian university - who studied Physics, for example?

With electronic banking where everyone who has a phone can use MTN Momo Microfinance Banking payment options even in remote areas?

Why do we focus on cash so much in this country?

In places as close as Kenya, most payments are virtual. The locals ask for your Pesa or so to transfer money freely. There should be less pressure on paper cash. That's the way to go.

Commercial banks all have various digital payment options. All major businesses have account numbers which can receive digital payments. So what's the craze about POS or ATM?

I am trying to imagine what may happen if a 40 year old man mate this statement about a 28 year old lady.

We must stop the double standards in our society. Men and women are created equal and born equal. What a man can do, a woman can also do.

What men do for women, women should be willing and available to reciprocate for men.

The extent of corruption in our country is of unimaginable proportion - and we the people are too blame.

Gilgil:
So at the Band A price, it means they use 214 Million units a year? That’s 214 Million KiloWatt Hour a year!!!!

That’s roughly 20 million units of electricity a month? 20 Million KWH a month? If an average Nigerian household of 3 bedroom flats runs 3 ACs of 1.5HP each and 2 freezers 24hrs a day for 30 days NIN-stop, they won’t consume 1,000 units. So that roughly means ASO rock uses electricity of 20,000 households on uninterrupted electricity per month (20,000,000 /1,000 =20,000 ) or more like 60,000 average Nigerian households who have 8 hrs of electricity per day every day with no failure!!

Even the highest electricity consumers in electricity being steel plants that use electric arc furnaces for melting steel have not used 1% of that sef in a year

I spit on their corruption!

At this rate, where is the hope for Nigeria? Renewed Hope?
All those Efulefus who come out and say people are speaking I’ll if their country won’t say a word now!

lexy2014:
how does a new whatsapp update equals to advances in communication?

Glitches in the software are fixed, no?

WhatsApp significantly upgrades it's output in updates, allowing users to do more with the app anyway...

You can not transcribe voice notes, for example, after a recent update

lexy2014:
how does a new whatsapp update equals to advances in communication?

Not necessarily, but the fact that older phones do not get software upgrades mean that those people who own such older phones which cannot receive them updates are forced to acquire newer ones.

The software updates in themselves are often advances in communication channels anyway.

It invariably means that no one would be able to use one phone for a very long time, as updates would no longer be available.

It would indicate that mobile phones and similar gadgets are no longer mere status symbols, but advances in communication that require routine software and hardware upgrades.

Acidosis:
Is frowning until you're spoiled with money supposed to be fun? It's really unfortunate how we adopt certain behavioural deficiencies and call it "culture. "

You’ll attend a Nigerian wedding, and everything will feel so dry. It’s mostly just a bunch of clowns trying to cash out: from the alaga iduro (or mc) abusing all privileges to make money from a man who's probably exhausted his life savings, to the thieving caterer or usher trying to loot meat and jollof, to even the couple selling overpriced aso-ebi to co-conspirators from the same WhatsApp group. And you'll wonder why our society reeks of perpetual greed and theft.

This is why people travel to other countries, experience love, and face culture shock, because the money-driven, morally-depraved love they know back home is completely different from what exists in other places.

We all need to do better.

I don't know you in person, but I love your thoughts as expressed here. It is, for me, part of the basics of civic education that we must start teaching our children if we are to successfully re-orient our society from its current path of perdition to one to holistic success.

Regards.

His Dad, Fela, also tried to create and run a political party. He wasn't successful.

Hemanwel:
Why has this man (Tinubu) refused to tow the exemplary path laid by the late sage, Awolowo? Why has he decided to tow the path of totalitarianism, autocratism, and agberoism?
Tinubu has turned himself into an Emperor in a democracy. Or, is this what democrats do?

To think that this is the best a supposedly sophisticated region can push forward as a leader is not only mind-boggling; it's shameful!

W

Hemanwel:
Why has this man (Tinubu) refused to tow the exemplary path laid by the late sage, Awolowo? Why has he decided to tow the path of totalitarianism, autocratism, and agberoism?
Tinubu has turned himself into an Emperor in democracy. Is this what democrats do?

To think that this is the best a supposedly sophisticated region can push forward as a leader is not only mind-boggling; it's shameful!

Papa Awo was no saint when it comes to "totalitarianism" and "autocratism" or even Agberoism either...

You may wish to check the much that AG and their youth/thug arm did in Ibadan which contributed largely to the first coup when Akintola won his case in court and AG/Awo no longer had the opportunity to appeal to the UK Privy Council as Nigeria had become a Republic.

You may want to check how Chief Lekan Salami and Lamidi Adedibu dem[/i] broke the door to the office of the Premier when they attempted to install "Soroye" in the Western Parliament despite losing the case in the Judiciary and exhausting the options for appeal within Nigeria - leading to Tafawa Balewa a d NPC invoking the Doctrine of Necessity at the time and declaring a State of Emergency on Western Nigeria.

These matters brought in Dr. Majekodunmi as sole administrator for 6 months before Akintola returned to his seat. Papa Awo was to win on the streets and the minds of the people however as Balewa/Akintola tag-team comeuppance looked too severe on Awo with that Cooker inquiry and the Treason charges which ultimately saw Chief Awolowo jailed. That was as the final straw.

Akintola was perceived as a quisling who was siding with the North and punishing his boss in jail, and ultimately led to him having to rig the 1965 elections that initiated Operation Wetie[i]

However, not even when UPN came after the war and Gowon and Murtala left did Awo really stop being the "Supreme Controller" of Yoruba politics at the time, especially with Akintola's death and his leadership roles in the country as de-facto Vice President when Gowon managed the country through the war...

This is long. I should stop. I am not speaking for Tinubu who may be ultra-controlling as perceived. I am only said Papa Awo was not so laissez-faire in political style of leadership either.

bong4:
You didn't also read how he led the guys that assassinated Ironsi and Fajuyi?

I know. He led the men that attacked the house of the Governor of the Western State in 1966.

Does that change anything, please?

I was only reading how T.Y Danjuma quashed the Dimka coup of February 1976 from Bonny Camp; how he sent IBB to take over Radio Nigeria where Dimka had captured after killing Murtala...

How he didn't take control of the country in the melee that followed but allowed the No 2 man at the time, the then Lt Gen Olusegun Obasanjọ step into power while Lt. Col Yar'adua was doubly promoted to Brigadier General as Obasanjo's deputy.

TY Danjuma later went on to develop a lifelong relationship with Obasanjo, and was Minister for Defence in Obasanjo's first term.

To imagine that such a celebrated man is faced with so much troubles as he has had to deal with in the farmer-herder clashes and this telecomms business deal apparently shows that power and loyalty can be so transcient...

Gotocourt:
He only kept her as a wife during his life time with no much attachment. She must have been troublesome. Am presently fighting a case after my dad was murdered by his wife (there's evidence). All documents of properties bought in our names have been hiding by the woman. What my father's friends in their 60s/70s told me about the woman . It's high time men should learn to divorce a partner who's useless and damn what the society thinks. Am just in my mid 30s and have learnt a lot. As a man, you need to be guided 💯.
Also, your wife is not your kin (blood). Putting her next of kin is a suicide. I was told by a present judge of court of appeal. Your children first. Look at that will, he's first two wives will enjoy privileges while still remaining in the family till death.
Bianca Ojukwu can't sell what Odumegwu Ojukwu gave her.

No snooze, no lose guard

I agree that divorce should be normalised.

However, every other issue is a little subjective. A wife should and can be a next of kin. Brothers have killed their brothers. Wives aren't the only ones who can kill husbands. Husbands have also been known to kill wives, children killing parents and vice versa.

What Gani did to the mother of his daughter, by throwing her out of her apartment where she lives and raises his child, only because he is dead, is pretentious to the living and unfair in death.

He should have divorced her and gotten her out of the place in his lifetime if he was a man that he was thought to be. For me, that's a bad one by Chief.

I'm worried about how Gani treated the mother of his last child, whom he didn't acknowledge as having his surname.

He's sending her away from the apartment she lives at the second year of his death, or if she marries another man (meaning that he acknowledges his marriage to her) or if she's found to be pregnant elsewhere.

I think that's very unfair to her, and his daughter from that woman is very unlikely to think that her father cared for her mother in the best possible way. That little girl would be scarred by this Will of her father, especially with regards the treatment of her Mum.

Of what use would a solitary one million naira "discharge" and no accommodation whatsoever, even evicting her, despite the man having so much property all over the place, including UK?

Should that little girl, who is not fatherless, live with her mother under some bridge in Lagos? Clearly, even the best of men are men - and nobody is quite perfect.

Gani remains one of my role models, but a role model is a man, who is also fallible - and one doesn't have to be completely modelled by any man.

id911:
Wait, why are we even saying we are a Federal Republic when a state can't appoint its own Judges independent of the NJC? I don't understand. Our constitution is a fraudulent document.

Unfortunately so.

In a Federal Country with supposedly equal Inter-governmental relations o!!!

Paul Alaje.

Happy to see that his work is regularly attracting national attention. He's picked a PhD along that way also.

He was pretty unknown on campus at Ife where ideological groups like the DSM and similar groups produced SUG Presidents until Akinola Saburi rigged Kay Kay is Okay to become SUG President in 2007 or so when the Union was proscribed.

Biodun "Apasco", later Dr Awosusi was to come in the next year or so as Transition Committee President which ran a months-long students management team that screened potential student union leaders to hav a minimum of a second class upper.

Lanky Paul Alaje, PROF, as his epithet was at the time, won the elections from political oblivion and navigated the SUG ship quite nicely before handing it to Davidson "Deviano" Adejuwon - or vice versa.

Happy to see PROF, now Dr Paul Alaje, doing this well now, just like Suraj "Jarus" Oyewale and several other gentlemen I knew in my time on campus.

May Nigeria be great in my lifetime.

Great IFE!

NLandIsHypocrit:
I agree with this one. But I don't know if anybody have ever noticed this.... No matter the potency of the charm on your body, once you cross the door of a police station, military balacks or any bank, the charm stands mute until you're outside it can even work perfectly inside most churches but not the aforementioned places.

I guess we'll need to hear from more people who use it in order to ascertain if this is actually true

Bitoin:
Omo looking at the options just made me realize what I have but I dey use am play. I have a girl that's doting on me, she's intelligent, hard working, not religious but fears God, she's not super beautiful but she's above average, she's very bursty for a slim girl but she no get ass (maybe na why I never reason her 😁), she's even a virgin untop (yes I know and very sure), and she's the supportive type.

E blike I go reason her self as better girls don
dey go into extinction


Op to answer your question, I fit manage the virgin but lazy, but unfortunately non of the option make sense to me

😀😃😁😆😂🤣

If all that you've written is true, then you should WIFE the lady. There's nothing in any ass, trust me.

However, character nko? The character of a woman is the real deal.

Only fate prevented him from becoming Nigeria's President after the demise of Abacha.

Abacha was known to be terminally ill before he did, at least by the top hierarchy, and Jeremiah was the next highest ranking military officer after Diya, who was already on death row, pending Abacha's signature.

Bamaiyi raised the suspicion at the Provisional Ruling Council Officer's meeting following Abacha's death that Useni was indeed the last person who was with Abacha before he died that morning. Others present agreed.

The next person in line, after Useni was the Chief of Defence Staff: Major General Abdulsalami Abubakar who was not particularly in Abacha's good books, and was rumoured to be pencilled for retirement at about the time the Abacha transition to civilian rule was also heating up - just when Abacha died.

The rest, they say, is history. IF Useni hadn't been with his friend Abacha in the early hours of June 8 1998, when Abacha died, that suspicious may not have arisen and he may well have automatically become Head of State when Abacha died, as Lt. Gen Diya was already convicted at the time.

Fate.

Abdulsalami went on to run the shortest transition programme in Nigeria's history and he remains continually respected for that. May Nigeria become great again in my lifetime.

Nadingo:
What would you say about Samia Suluhu Hassan, the Tanzanian President who has 2 co-wives and is still in the marriage? Is she hungry abi na long throat dey do am abi she fall amongst your classification of lazy women? All these NL small girls go just dey open mouth waaaa...

https://africacheck.org/fact-checks/meta-programme-fact-checks/photo-tanzanian-president-samia-suluhu-hassan-co-wives-no-it

I had to fact check. It appears that the claim is untrue.

A coup is never the answer to any societal change. Never.

However, if the current regime came into power via a coup, there can always be uprisings within its armed forces.

Military incursions into democracy and civil governance leaves a metallic taste on that long run, virtually every single time.

Hopefully, someday, starting with LGA Autonomy, we can grow these issue-based leadership orientation in a bottom-up approach from the local to the Federal Government.

It cannot work from top-down in a decentralised democratic system that we try to imitate in Nigeria. What we have currently is a unitary/centralised/decentralised mismatch.

Wahala dey for biro colour?
Nothing wey Naija politicians no go use catch cruise...

When the developed world does digital signatures?
Who remembers the Executive Orders which Donald Trump signed on live TV when he was sworn in the first time?

That was black ink, right?
Whatever does the colour of the pen signify in the final and most realistic terms - beyond unnecessary classism, if not overbearing ego?

In a Federal system of government and inter-governmental relations, how should the Secretary to the Federal Government determine what pen colour to be used by State Governors, for example?

It isn't a unitary, centralised or military government na... We turn many things on the head in Nigeria.