Defending the defendles

Innocent me go still suffer wetin some idiots do

Qwertyuiop1:
Please consider this a layman's question.
Last night before I went to bed, at about 11PM I checked dollar to naira rate and it was #1,151/$. Waking up this morning (in less than 7 hours) I checked again and it has plummeted to #1,075/$.

What exactly happened over the night while I was sleeping? I've got like $5K cash and it's reason I've been monitoring the rate even tho I'm absolutely a layman who has no idea what's happening. I only had the money last year and a colleague advised me to convert to dollar and keep which she claimed to be the safest way to retain my money's worth but as it stands, I'm at loss already. What happened please? Or is google not reliable?

You are not at loss. The value of dollar is stable. It is the naira that is gaining. As long as dollar is above Naira even if it is 100 Naira to a dollar, your dollar is more important than the naira.
When dollars to naira was about 1k, an iPhone x was about 150k. When the difference got close to 2k, that same iPhone is about 400k. If you bought dollar at this time, don't worry. As the naira keeps gaining, the price of imported goods will drop back to the rate. You know why. Nigeria economy is dependent on dollars.
Very soon, the iPhone will drop back again to about 150k maintaining your value. You can also use the dollar in other countries

Obainoman6:
So yahoo is a side hustle abi? Iku pa e

We should call it main hustle

Being a pharmacy student is tasking. When the desire to have some extra cash kicks in, hustling is the only solution. The primary reason being in school campus is your Academy, any other activity is side hustle. Yet, not all side hustles are created equal, especially considering the demanding nature of pharmacy school. It's crucial to choose wisely.

Navigating The Academic Journey

Pharmacy school is a mental and physical challenge, so any side hustle should complement rather than complicate your life. Save those time-consuming and energy-draining activities for holidays.

Ideal Side Hustles for Pharmacy Students

1. Content Creation

Embrace blogging and vlogging, aligning them with your academic pursuits. It's a stress-free way to enhance your writing and communication skills.

2. Writing

Channel your skills into writing seminar and project works for peers or students from other departments. You can combine this with content creation.

3. Tutorial Services

Share your strengths by organizing tutorials for lower-year colleagues, earning both gratitude and payment while honing your public speaking abilities.

4. Coding

Learn coding at your own pace and leverage it to design websites, blogs, or even apps that solve specific problems for yourself and fellow students. You can create a social app design for your class, department, faculty, project group, laboratory group, pharmacy students in Nigeria, etc.

5. Learn A Trade

Acquire skills in hair making, fashion design, electronic repair, or other trades, not just for money but for valuable expertise.

6. Buying And Selling

Start your own buying and selling venture, catering to the needs of your school community with either imported or local products. Consider part-time roles in shops like community pharmacies.

7. Photography

In school environment, many people want to take pictures during special occasion or passport for school work. Demand for photographers never run dry. And you can do it at your leisure.

Side Hustles to Steer Clear Of

These hustle drain you. It may affect your academic activities if done during school days. You can do them during holidays.

1. Okada (Motorcycle Transportation)

While it may bring in quick money, the potential disruption to academic activities and physical strain make it a risky choice.

2. Yahoo (Internet Fraud)

Legally and physically detrimental, engaging in internet fraud is not only unethical but can also negatively impact your overall well-being.

3. Hard Labor

Physical strength might tempt you into hard labor, but the long-term repercussions on your health and academic performance make it an option to avoid entirely.

This list is not endless but cover the basic. Most side hustle can be started without capital. However, few requires some level of financial aid.

Choose a side hustle that complements your academic journey and contributes positively to your personal and professional development. Remember, the goal is not just money but also valuable skills and experiences.

Source: https://emeoyopharm.africamotion.net/t8-side-hustle-suitable-for-pharmacy-students

Hi everyone
Welcome to community pharmacy, Nigeria community. We have different groups for different reasons. Below you will find the purpose of each group and links to join. To join the community on WhatsApp, simply click on the link below
https:///K2IUPCSIyR45iVoBKSox1a
To join in telegram, follow the link below
https:///emeoyo
To join other groups, see the other links.
*Price update group*
This group is open to update community pharmacy on new prices from manufacturers so that old stocks can be updated and not sell at loss. New prices from different wholesalers and suppliers are regularly posted by fellow colleagues. Prices of cost price should be encouraged and information including name of wholesalers and date. Contrary post will be deleted. To join WhatsApp, follow this link
https:///IP7BSMAmUlR4G7lteVM39S
To join telegram, follow this link
https:///+4TqW7dKV6HFkNTBk
*Drug search group*
This group is open to community pharmacy to search for products hard to get especially product suppliers and wholesalers don't have. Only post products search or availability. Better to include all necessary details such as products pictures, location, and price and date if posting availability. Those that have the product will indicate and follow up in DM. As it involves money in most cases, just be careful. You can use the group admin as escrow in complicated cases. But please don't derail the group. Unrelated post will be deleted without notice. You can join WhatsApp group through this link
https:///KetXUrPOVa17Z4pda1k3Gu
You can join telegram group through this link
https:///+ZFsZGgsPLxM0YjRk
*About to expire group*
This group open the floor for community pharmacy to share their products in their shelves with short date and are slow moving with their prices. Interested persons can contact the seller or Admin for escrow. Unrelated post will be deleted without notice or warnings. Pls be flexible with price to enable the product go so that the purpose of this group is not defeated. It is good to add price, location, pictures, name and most especially the date. You can join WhatsApp group using this invite link
https:///JuWxamtnsVTD30NLEkHPCt
You can join the telegram group through this link
https:///+5sFvoom2cJE4YmM8
*Rant! Pharmacist! Rant!*
This is another group that was create to allow pharmacist share their job experience. It is an open and engaging group without barriers. To join the WhatsApp group, follow the link below
https:///Jmi4Mg41RJL5QT9dTnyzBT
To join telegram group, click on the link below
https:///+i44KefQVVd41ZWQ8
*Pharmacy Student, Nigeria group*
This group is open to pharmacy students. This creates and opportunity to meet with fellow students in the field as well as senior colleagues to guide you through. You can join in WhatsApp through this invite link
https:///K2IUPCSIyR45iVoBKSox1a
Or join through telegram through this invite link
https:///pharmacystudentsng
Thanks for all your support in these past months and coming years. Together we will survive and succeed

When nairaland was still beautiful at infancy without toxicity and ethnicity

Quick to remove fuel subsidy and implement others unfriendly policies but slow to implement those that will benefit the masses

Very good thought

You did not do market survey and analysis before investing millions. That should be the first discussion

Chummynoni:
can we discuss privately please? Thats my number on signature or you send me yours on a dead tread, thanks

Your signature no dey show

BBIA:
“Geometric power plant” no be any standard term for engineering.

Abeg where these IPOB the get these ideas to coin funny names to make concept wey
sound absurd?

abi na the new world standard IPOB naming convention?

It means it is not centralised

Dynamicboss:
Are you ready to challenge your brain and put your visual skills to the ultimate test? We bring to you a mind-boggling puzzle that only the highly genius people can solve this accurately.

Copied!

Cc: mynd44

10
I have modified this comment up to 5 times. 10 is the correct answer

Dynamicboss:
Are you ready to challenge your brain and put your visual skills to the ultimate test? We bring to you a mind-boggling puzzle that only the highly genius people can solve this accurately.

Copied!

Cc: mynd44

5

nkemjacob2:
From my own aspect, I don't know if it is sole reason of the economic crisis. I haven't been paid by the end of the month since I started work for over a year. They do pay every 5th of every new month. Now payment has changed gear to 10th of every month.

Are employers taken advantage of employees

Na wa o

I will explain 2 things
1. If it is consistent with pay day, it is still same 30 days circle
2. It is a technique deployed by employers to prevent you from resigning after payment. Some staffs are so wicked that they can resign abruptly without notification immediately they receive their salary. It can destroy an sme

slaawomirr:
Damnnn niggar

We must use sense

Though I also celebrated here with my lexus Es 350 on a fast and Furious mode
But I must tell you I applied sense

If he had survived, he would have claimed sense too

Nigeria take on Angola in the quarter finals of 2023 Africa cup of Nations

A school certificate holder can sell over the counter drugs as a chemist. A pharmacist can sell any registered drug

Intaila will serve your community pharmacy well

Any available record a pharmacist in Nigeria can break

WealthyNigerian:
He found this and was advised to post it on Facebook so that those that knows much about treasure stones and minerals would help him identify it. But unfortunately, non of the comments has ascertained what exact treasure or stone this is.

I know that there are many greatly knowledgeable People on Nairaland that would be able to tell us what this is and it's value. I'm sending this Thread's Link to him immediately now so that he would follow the discussion to know it's value for certain. And so that he would take the necessary security steps in guarding that his Landed Property for the massive natural Wealth which this may indicate is abundantly there.

I'm sure that we shall be able to get our assured confirmation here. So, great Nairalanders, what do you think this is and its value?

Elestial quart crystal. Price depends on the weight and can go from 100 USD and above in amazon

Intaila offers pharmacy inventory management software with a customer app, accessible through modern browsers like Google Chrome and Firefox. The cloud-based solution is connected to all pharmacies using Intaila software, enabling customers to shop, place orders, receive discounts and bonuses, and get invoices.

Intaila App Download For Android And iPhone

Intaila app is connected to all pharmacy using intaila software. It is use to shop for product, place orders, get discount and bonus and also provide invoice to customers.

Intaila App Download

You can download Intaila app for free as a customer. There are few ways of downloading it. Unfortunately, you cannot side load it from external website.

Intaila App Download For Android

There are currently 3 method.

Method 1
1. Open your browser

2. Search for "Intaila."

3. Go to appsfull.com website with Intaila

4. Click on the website link or https://apksfull.com/amp/intaila-pharmacies-and-stores/com.intaila.intaila

5. Select Google Play store or use https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.intaila.intaila

6. Download and proceed with the second method.

Method 2

1. Visit Google Play Store.

2. Search for "Intaila."

3. Download, install, and open the app.

Method 3

1. Search for Intaila app download

2. Select the website apkgk.com with Intaila

3. Click on it or visit https://www.google.com/amp/s/apkgk.com/amp/com.intaila.intaila

4. Follow the instructions to sideload the app

Installation And Registration

1. Enter your phone number (starting with 234, with or without the initial 0).

2. Click on sign in.

3. Wait for OTP sent to the phone.

4. Enter the OTP.

5.. Click on sign in

To make your work easier, I brought the direct link here https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.intaila.intaila

Intaila App Download For iPhone

The Intaila app is currently unavailable for iPhone, but we're actively working on making it available soon.
Source: https://emeoyopharm.africamotion.net/t5-intaila-mobile-app-download-for-android-and-iphone#5

There is a reason I tell my friends Intaila POS is the best inventory management software for pharmacy in Nigeria. The reasons are not far fetched. Before we dig deeper into it, let us look at one very important topic. What are the feature of a good inventory management software for pharmacy?

Features Of Inventory Management Software
1. User friendliness is the key to enjoying an inventory management software. The UI/UX must be good. The words should be clear and bold enough. The colour should be bright. Operation should be fast and key features easy to access.

2. Report is another key feature. The major use of inventory management software is to give a detailed report on the sales and service the business render. That way, you know if your customer base is increasing, at what rate, profit and loss, etc.

3. Users management is very important. A good inventory management software should have level based access for each staff. The CEO will have adminstrative power when sales assistant, cashiers, accountant, etc will each have different access.

4. The point of sale should be flexible and easy to use. Search function using words should include alternative names. POS that accept Barcode scanner will be highly appreciated in this modern world.

5. Saving your datas in your PC has a lot of disadvantages. You can loose them all if the system crash or was stolen. All these burden is off you if your POS offer a secure server hosted by them.

Features Of Inventory Management Software For Pharmacy
1. The search function should take into consideration many products contain the same active and may even come from the same manufacturer. The search should show alternative as close as possible.

2. It should be suitable for chain pharmacy as that is becoming common in Nigeria. One software to manage many retail outlets with ease. Move products from one outlet to another with proper documentation.

3. Report should include fast moving products, profits and loss account, expire date, low stock and out of stock.

4. Modern app to order drugs online. E-commerce solutions are becoming a norm that we all are leveraging on. POS system should have this.

5. Cross device functionality is very important. Restricting an inventory management software to few devices makes it difficult to use around the world especially by the CEO.

6. Online access is now becoming the norm. You can always check your data's on the go. You don't need to take the device home from the shop to access your data.

Best Inventory Management Software For Pharmacy In Nigeria
There are many different types of inventory management software in Nigeria. Some are made in Nigeria. Others are imported. However, majority of them fail in some aspects.

There are 2 types of installation. The first is subscription based or a one time installation fee. Whatever the case, both have there advantage and disadvantage.

A one time installation provide in most cases maximum of a year of support. If it is an app, you will need the installation again if the PC crash or stolen. In some cases, you will need an installer. You may pay another fee to restore your data.

Subscription based installation on the other hand gives you more support. You can always cross your data to a new PC if anything goes wrong with your current PC. You also access it with your PC at home after close of work.

Advantage Of Inventory Management Software For Pharmacy
1. Sales/POS made easy

2. Receipt/invoice

3. Expire date alert

4. Online shop/e-commerce solution

5. Record keeping

Disadvantage Of Inventory Management Software For Pharmacy
1. Cost

2. Require constant electricity

Best Inventory Management Software For Pharmacy
I have use many inventory management software for pharmacy. The have many disadvantages. Some consume lots of data when connected online. Their servers download and upload time is slow. The ones that work offline cannot be use on the go.

None come close to Intaila. The search feature are topnotch with barcode and voice search. Record keeping is advanced with expire date and low stock alert. You can move drugs between one retail outlet to another in a chain. It comes with a mobile app for customers and they can order products reducing customer waiting time in the pharmacy.

Intaila allow integration with suppliers or wholesalers. This integration enables automated ordering and direct communication with suppliers, making the procurement process faster and more accurate.

For more information, visit info.intaila.com or send a message to phcgaius@gmail.com

Source: https://emeoyopharm.africamotion.net/t4-best-inventory-management-software-for-pharmacy-in-nigeria#4

Bullman:


This will fail if he ain't getting regular voltage from the transformer.
Pumping machine works faster when d light is full and consumes less unit.
When d light is hanging between full and low it will take way longer before the tanks get refilled .

That is why I added he should calculate 7 extra to cover for those irregularities

NotoriousBiggyS:
I stays in an apartment that has five 5flat , each flat occupied with 5 different tenants including myself. Before we uses direct electricity which we collectively pays monthly but recently got change to prepaid meter. With each fat with it own prepaid meter. The landlord refuse to bring another prepaid separately for the compound water Pumping Machine.
However the tenants come to dialogue and agreed to tap electricity from my own prepaid meter to the pumping machine in agreement that each tenant will be paying me 1000naira monthly. So I want to know if 5k can be enough to run pumping machine for a month?

If it has already been done, do this. Choose a day the tank is empty. Lock the tank. Switch off all your electricity. Note at the meter reading. Pump the tank full. Read the meter again. Calculate the total amount of unit use.
Estimate the number of times the machine will be use. Multiply it by that amount plus 7 extra. Calculate a unit to naira and estimate total in naira.
There you have it
I got an inventory management software for pharmacy in Nigeria

Blogger and it's hosted sites are all down right now

So many community pharmacy are searching for the best inventory management software for their business. They know the importance of a good one. They make work easy and also provide important information as to the growth of the business.
Most of the software available achieve all these. However, there are many more function some offers. Then comes intalia.
Intalia software is a cloud based pharmacy inventory management software for single and chain pharmacy. It was build to make work easy and grow the business.
*Advantage Of Intalia*
1. The first thing we look out for is the point of sale (pos). The search function is so easy to use that a new person can start from day one. You can search using API, brand name or company name. You can use all three to streamline the search. You don't need to type out the whole word. Just 3 letter and results show. It doesn't matter how it was saved.
For example, you can save chlorpheniramine 4mg tab emzor on intalia. You can type chlo emzor tab, tab emzor chlor, emzor tab chlorphe, etc and still get the same result. The buttom line is that the spelling must be accurate even if it is not complete.
Barcode scanner is also accepted.
2. When you buy new products, you enter them into the software. It is a breeze. If you set the markup, Intalia will automatically calculate the selling price. You don't need to be using calculator to calculate the final price. The advanced features of intalia is that it can round up the selling price to the nearest whole number set by you. Let us use an example. If you are selling using 40 % markup, a product of 260 will sell for 364. But because of change, you may set it to 370. The software will round it up to the nearest 10. You can set this rounding up to any figure you like like 20, 30, 50, etc. If 50, the selling price of our example will be 400.
3. You can also set the markup for different price range. For example, you can decide to use 40 % for products their cost price is below 500 and 30 % for products that are above 1000. And the software will do the calculations automatically.
4. Many at times, you set lowest quantity for each product before getting an alert to restock. How do you feel when a software using your 3 month's sales predict your minimum stock for each product and give out an alert. Will be wonderful I guess. Intaila does just that.
5. Purchasing is easy. Get digital pricelist from your supplier. Filter what you want to buy from your stock or pricelist, set quantity, download and send to your supplier. Your supplier can send in a digital invoice, upload it and the system automatically calculate your selling price with it. Stress free.
More updates coming soon like patient app on Google Play store for ordering
Call or WhatsApp 08081062183 for more info and demo

So many community pharmacy are searching for the best inventory management software for their business. They know the importance of a good one. They make work easy and also provide important information as to the growth of the business.
Most of the software available achieve all these. However, there are many more function some offers. Then comes intalia.
Intalia software is a cloud based pharmacy inventory management software for single and chain pharmacy. It was build to make work easy and grow the business.
*Advantage Of Intalia*
1. The first thing we look out for is the point of sale (pos). The search function is so easy to use that a new person can start from day one. You can search using API, brand name or company name. You can use all three to streamline the search. You don't need to type out the whole word. Just 3 letter and results show. It doesn't matter how it was saved.
For example, you can save chlorpheniramine 4mg tab emzor on intalia. You can type chlo emzor tab, tab emzor chlor, emzor tab chlorphe, etc and still get the same result. The buttom line is that the spelling must be accurate even if it is not complete.
Barcode scanner is also accepted.
2. When you buy new products, you enter them into the software. It is a breeze. If you set the markup, Intalia will automatically calculate the selling price. You don't need to be using calculator to calculate the final price. The advanced features of intalia is that it can round up the selling price to the nearest whole number set by you. Let us use an example. If you are selling using 40 % markup, a product of 260 will sell for 364. But because of change, you may set it to 370. The software will round it up to the nearest 10. You can set this rounding up to any figure you like like 20, 30, 50, etc. If 50, the selling price of our example will be 400.
3. You can also set the markup for different price range. For example, you can decide to use 40 % for products their cost price is below 500 and 30 % for products that are above 1000. And the software will do the calculations automatically.
4. Many at times, you set lowest quantity for each product before getting an alert to restock. How do you feel when a software using your 3 month's sales predict your minimum stock for each product and give out an alert. Will be wonderful I guess. Intaila does just that.
5. Purchasing is easy. Get digital pricelist from your supplier. Filter what you want to buy from your stock or pricelist, set quantity, download and send to your supplier. Your supplier can send in a digital invoice, upload it and the system automatically calculate your selling price with it. Stress free.
More updates coming soon like patient app on Google Play store for ordering
Call or WhatsApp 08081062183 for more info and demo

To become a pharmacist, you must study pharmacy offering different courses. These courses cover the major things you need to know. It range from drug production, health and marketing.

Pharmacy is a profession that deals on drugs and medicines. It entails drug discovery, development, design, and formulation including dispensing to both humans and animals for improving health.
To be a certified pharmacist, it is mandatory to pass through the four walls of an approved pharmacy institution.

The reason why most people prefer pharmacy to other medical courses is that you rarely come across any form of blood. Secondly, the pharmacist is the first point of call when there is a need for the presence of a qualified medical personnel.

Course Description For Pharmacy

To be a certified pharmacist, the basic requirement is to graduate from a certified pharmacy institution. The curriculum must meet with a set standard that should be able to stand the test of time and with international standard.

The first part is made of the curriculum which is divided into theory and laboratory experiment in a space of about six years while the later part focuses on clinical practice. Let us go through the curriculum gradually from year one.

Courses In Year One In School Of Pharmacy

Year one consist of science courses with some few compulsory university courses. The science courses are secondary school topics with a little bit of higher learning. They include:

Mathematics: Calculus, sets, algebra, statistics etc.
Botany: Classification, form and function, genetics and hereditary with some laboratory experiments like plant identification.

Chemistry: Physical, inorganic and organic chemistry with laboratory experiment on volumetric analysis including qualitative assay.

Physics: Optics and modern physics, electricity and magnetism, heat wave, motion and sound, mechanics and properties of matter with laboratory experiment like light, electricity.

Animal and Environmental Biology: Classification, animal biology with some laboratory experiments on animal structures.

General Studies (G.S.T): They include the use of English, Philosophy, conflict resolution, Nigerian people and culture and not forgetting basic French. Most of the names are the explanation of what is inside those GST courses.

To proceed, one has to pass the science courses according to the pass mark set by those departments while GST according to school criteria’s.

Courses In Year Two to Final Year In School Of Pharmacy

Introduction To Pharmacy

Pharmacy is a faculty on its own with six departments each having their own course titles and codes. Each department has a Head of Department (HOD) with certain laws guiding them. The faculty is run and managed by the Dean of the faculty who is answerable to the Vice Chancellor (VC). However, one-course adviser serves one level of students.

The pass mark for almost pharmacy courses is 50/100. This includes medical courses like medical biochemistry, physiology, and anatomy. This is not the case with school and science courses that their pass mark is 45/100. It is important to note that some pharmacy courses use 60 as pass mark though few in number.

At year two, most pharmacy courses will be introduced to the students with some few more school courses like 'computer course' and ‘entrepreneur'. However, because of the nature of pharmacy and to understand how some drugs work, students are exposed to the basics of Anatomy, Physiology, and Medical Biochemistry. They are studied in both two semesters of a level (level two).

Anatomy: This is a branch of biology that deals with the structure of organisms. It is divided into gross (macroscopic) and histology (microscopic). Macroscopic deals with the use of unaided eye to view and study an organ or tissue. While microscopic deals with the use of optical instruments like the microscope to study cells and tissue. This is achieved in the laboratory where dead animals and cadavers (dead humans) are dissected with surgical knives. They study the location, appearance of parts and materials and how they relate to other parts of the body. Some of the courses include gross anatomy of lower and upper limbs and the thorax. It also involves the introduction to the study of cells and tissues using Atlas and microscope. Laboratory experiment includes viewing slides of tissues and cells under a microscope and reading atlas (a coloured book with the pictures of different types of cells and tissues).

Medical Biochemistry: Is involved with chemical processes as it relates to living things. By studying metabolism (anabolism and catabolism) of living things, one can understand how organs, tissues including a whole organism interact. It also looks at life in molecular form, which involves the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as they can be modified to improve life.

In medicine, medical biochemist investigates the causes and cures of diseases. In nutrition, they study how to maintain health including effects of nutritional deficiencies. In agriculture, they investigate soil and fertilizers and try to discover ways to help improve crop cultivation, storage and pest control. Some of the courses include metabolism and chemistry of biomolecules including DNA replication. Laboratory practical’s includes forms of chemicals and their reactions in organs.

Physiology: Is the study of the normal function of the body. It focuses on how organisms, organs, tissues and cells functions within themselves and their environment. Pathology and physiological state are two opposite words as in physiological, functions are normal while the other is the opposite of normal. Courses to do include Physiology of essential organs like liver, heart, and kidney. Laboratory work includes measuring vital signs like the heart rate of a dead rat.

Courses Under The Faculty of Pharmacy

In my previous post about how to be a Pharmacist, I have already explained that the faculty of pharmacy normally has six departments. Each has a role to play in the making of a newly qualified pharmacist. Please, let's take a cup of coffee as we explore what pharmacist do in school for about five to six years.

Pharmacognosy And Traditional Medicine

Simply put, is the study of medicines of natural origin. Natural origin includes plants, animals, and microorganisms. It is not a new thing to know that plants have been used to treat ailments for years but few people know that even microbes are also sources of medicines. The focus of this department is to differentiate between poisonous herbs and medicinal ones. It also encompasses the preparation stage, harvesting, extraction methods, as well as doses of extracts, involves in treating using herbs.

There are many medicines out there today that are gotten from nature. One of the most common ones is caffeine. Others include atropine, ephedrine, taxol etc. These are chemicals that are found in plants, which will be studied in details including how to cultivate the plants from which it was collected. It will also involve how to identify the process, collect, and extract active constituents.

Biosynthesis is a course here that discuss how these chemicals enter the plant. Chemicals found in plants are called metabolites, which may contain one or more of such in medicinal plants. These metabolites in medicinal plants are termed active metabolites. More work is being done here to discover more active potent drugs in the future. Some of the courses include extraction method, biosynthesis and phytochemical of natural products. Laboratory experiment includes microscopic examination of leaf part, separation, and extraction using chromatography.

Pharmaceutical And Medicinal Chemistry

This department is based solely on chemicals that have effects in drug productions and design. It focuses mostly on synthetic products that can be modified including characteristics of those chemicals. They mostly discuss on how to manipulate an already existing drug to enhance its work or reduce its side effects. Also, works on lead drugs while modifying it. How some of these chemicals can be isolated, purified, enhanced and produced in mass quantity are discussed. Products here are quantity (volume of a compound) and quality (purity of a compound). Shelf life for a drug is adjusted according to the chemical degradation. Courses offered include medicinal plants and inorganic chemistry. Laboratory experiments are quantitative analysis like titration and qualitative assay like the melting point.

Pharmacology And Therapeutics

This branch of pharmacy is mainly concerned with how chemicals interact with our body. It involves the mechanism of action, toxicity, etc. It is divided into Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Kinetics involves how compounds (drugs) is absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted from the body while dynamics is how the body handles all that. With this kind of knowledge, understanding how patients react with drugs and vice versa becomes possible and easy. Side and adverse effects of drugs are studied in details as to how humans tolerate chemicals within both the environment and those we take in. Courses include endocrine pharmacology, nervous system pharmacology, and analgesic. Laboratory experiment includes various effects of drugs on laboratory animals like a white albino rat.

Pharmaceutical Microbiology

This branch involves the study of microorganisms as they affect either pharmaceuticals or humans. This involves trying to minimize the number of microbes in a drug by adhering to a set standard during production, distribution, storage, and sales. The shelf life is adjusted according to a number of microbes a chemical compound can take over a period. The study of the effectiveness of antibiotic drugs is assayed here while antibiotics are designed here. Modern microbiologist also involves genetic engineering/manipulation. Courses include sterilization methods, antimicrobial agents, fermentation technology, and quality control. Laboratory experiments include effects of drugs on bacteria’s in a culture plate, production of sterile products like eye drops.

Pharmaceutics And Industrial Pharmacy

Pharmaceutics involves formulating drugs into a standard formulation and dose to achieve high safety and efficacy. It involves formulating a pure drug into a dosage form that will achieve maximum therapeutic effects with less toxic effects. Since medicines normally contain other excipients during the design that will enhance drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. This department focuses on how best to produce any type of drug to achieve the desired outcome. The ability of the drug to survive a long time can be enhanced here. Courses involve here are an introduction to dosage form and formulation, the technology of solid, liquid and semisolid dosage form and sorption (adsorption and absorption of drugs). Laboratory experiment includes drug formulations, measurement of dosage, product expiry date, dosage absorption, and metabolism.

Clinical Pharmacy And Administration

This department focuses on patient care and how they can enjoy better health. It tends to encourage prevention before drugs. They are experts in the therapeutic use of medications, giving advice to patients and other healthcare professionals. In some countries, they prescribe, administer, manage, counsel, and dispense in certain conditions. Patient’s interaction is key in their curriculum. They do not forget that they are also in business, hence, the study of business management. Courses include pharmaceutical care, clinical pharmacy, management and entrepreneur, disease pathology and pharmacy jurisprudence. No laboratory practice but involves a six months Industrial Training (I.T) in a reputable institution of choice.

Although, the first phase ends with an examination after which there will be an internship program for a year. The program is done in an approved licensed establishment with a pharmacist to help coach the student. At the end of the one-year training, a certificate or licence is issued to the individual after which he can start to practice as such capacity.

Note: There may be some difference in course titles and description for different schools.

Source: https://emeoyopharm.africamotion.net/t3-courses-under-pharmacy-in-nigeria#3

There are various options available for pharmacy aspirants to gain admission into pharmacy. Different schools offer different or many options. Aspirants can opt in to the one that is more favorable because they are all legal.

A lot of intending pharmacy students find it difficult getting into the pharmacy profession. This is because the means of getting admission to Study pharmacy is somewhat limited.

A lot of pharmacy students today gain admission into institutions using the most popular means, which is through Joint Admission Matriculation Board (J.A.M.B), Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (U.T.M.E). However, we shall see all the options available to Nigerian students to gain admission to study pharmacy in a Nigerian university.

This is the oldest and most common means of securing admission into tertiary institutions in Nigeria. To gain admission into the pharmacy for a B. Pharm degree of 5 years or Pharm D. of 6 years, an applicant must possess at least five credits passes in Senior School Leaving Certificate Examination (SSCE) of Mathematics, Physics, and use of English Language, Chemistry, and Biology. In most university, it must be one sitting if there are still some universities that accept two sittings. Awaiting result is allowed.

After buying the form, candidates will then sit for the examination that will involve the use of English, biology, physics and chemistry under three hours and forty-five minutes on a scheduled date.

Successful candidates who score high and beat the year’s cut-off mark will then proceed to buy screening form in the university of choice. The University will consider students who meet their conditions. It involve catchment area, UTME score, SSCE grades, etc.

Shortlisted candidates will be provided with further information on how to proceed to start from 100 level. However, due to the difficulty in securing admission through this means, many students are looking for alternatives means. Here they are.

Joint University Preliminary Examination Board (JUPEB) Program

These programs run for a period of ten months. A program that is accepted by most universities in the southern part of Nigeria. It is an Advanced Level Examination (A Level) established and coordinated by the University of Lagos (UNILAG). Successful candidates will be admitted into 200 level of pharmacy. The program has a syllabus which each affiliated university have developed a program to train candidates on each subject relevant to pharmacies such as physics, chemistry and biology.

The program runs two semesters with the affiliated university organising a mock examination for candidates, which will contribute about 30 % to the total score for each subject. The final examination organised by the board takes up the remaining 70 %.  The grading system is in the form of A, B, C, D, E and F where each grade is given a point like;

A = 70 - 100 = 5 points
B = 60 - 69 = 4 points
C = 50 - 59 = 3 points
D = 46 - 49 = 2 points
E = 40 - 45 = 1 points
F = 0 - 39 = 0 point

Result is calculated by point. Each student partake in 3 compulsory subject. That means in a situation whereby a student gets all three subjects A’s; such a student will be awarded;

5 points multiply by 3, which will total 15.

However, in a case of a B, the score will be calculated with 4 points.

The higher the score, the more your chances of getting admission. This is because each university that accepts this program has a different cut-off mark for pharmacy. Candidates will be given a certificate with their score in it. Successful candidates will then proceed to buy JAMB direct entry form. That means candidates must fulfil other JAMB admission requirements for pharmacy pertaining to each school.

The advantage of this program is that why candidates are on it, they can also spread their tentacles not laying all their eggs in one basket by taking UTME during the program choosing other schools. Successful candidates are also given admission into 200 level. In addition, candidates can use the certificate to apply for admission in subsequent years. That is to say, the certificate does not have an expiry date.

Note: All A level examinations are harder than UTME

Interim Joint Matriculation Examination Board (IJMB)

This program is just like JUPEB. Many institutions also recognise it as it is older than JUPEB. It is organised by Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria (ABU).

Pre-Degree (Basic) Program

Most Nigerian universities offer a one year program or there about for students who want to gain admission to study pharmacy. A good example is Delta State University (DELSU) Pre-Degree program.

Candidates are lectured on the five science subjects for a period. It may be divided into two semesters with a mock examination for the first semester. The first examination may take up about 30 % of the total score. The total is accumulated and admission is given into 100 level. Some institutions require candidates to write UTME examination to have a particular score or just to get JAMB registration Number from JAMB.

Since universities use UTME also, the quota of students from their basic programs is not as much as that from UTME. However, this method is good since candidates can use the JAMB to secure admission, as it is always advisable to spread your tentacles. This increases admission possibilities.

Direct Entry

From college to polytechnics to universities, there are some courses one can study and apply for direct entry to study pharmacy. These courses can be for a two year or three year period. However, applicants must possess a good result in their degree before thinking of this option. The course must be related to pharmacy. A good example is a graduate of Pharmacy technicians with National ordinary Diploma Certificate (O.N.D) (although not yet effected). Cumulative Grade Point Average (C.G.P.A) of about 3.5 of 5 points is the average expected of most pharmacy schools. However, I guess some will accept 3.0 of five. So before you proceed, consider the school. Admission is direct into 200 level.

Intending candidates must buy JAMB direct entry form with the other JAMB requirements for a pharmacy for the different schools.

There are numerous legitimate educational institutions and consult across the country having an affiliation with international bodies that operate advanced level programs and examinations. They include Cambridge A’ level, etc. Upon successful completion, candidates can apply for admission into any university to study pharmacy from 200 level. However, candidates must purchase a direct entry form fulfilling all JAMB conditions. The advantage of these is that the result can be used in Nigeria and abroad.

Note: Many pharmacy schools may not accept other A' level programs. However, the one of Cambridge is very common in Nigeria.

Source: https://emeoyopharm.africamotion.net/t2-different-options-to-gain-admission-into-pharmacy-in-nigeria

The process on how to become a pharmacist is similar around the world. It involve obtaining a degree in the profession. However, there are some slight variations from one country to another.

Pharmacy is a professional course that came out from medicine and surgery. It was among learned profession in the middle ages. It has a long and rich history within and outside Nigeria.

It is quite hard to get through it successfully around the world as it entails a lot of hard work and dedication. The process to become a pharmacist normally starts from secondary school where O' level result is obtained.

Pharmacy profession was not a very popular course in Nigeria as very few of us back them even thought of being one when we grow up. The top courses that dominated our young mind then were things like doctor, nurse, lawyer, engineer and a host of others. This could be due to the fact that many pharmacists use to be shy about the course. This has changed over time as the present generations know what they have studied and how to carry themselves.

The profession is saddled with the responsibility of drug discovery, design, and development of safe and efficacious medicine which is dispensed to humans and animals. In other to get this knowledge of drugs, one has to get through a school that offers the course. The school must be approved by both National Universities Commission (NUC) and Pharmacy Council of Nigeria (P.C.N). Without that, a graduate from non-accredited university is as good as a non graduate.

Due to the difficulty in fulfilling the criteria set by the accrediting bodies, so many universities in Nigeria have not been able to meet the criteria to offer the course. This has made the number of universities offering it to be on the low side. Right now, there are a little more than 20 universities that are running the B. Pharm. (Bachelor of Pharmacy) undergraduate degree program with few university running Pharm. D. (Doctor of Pharmacy) program.

Requirements To Gain Admission Into Pharmacy

To obtain a B. Pharm certificate, one has to study the course for five years in an approved university of his/her choice. This is a little bit different from a Pharm. D. program which runs for 6 years of training. The difference is that Pharm. D. has an added advantage of learning more about clinical practice. This is important since the profession is getting more and more patient oriented.

The first step is to get an O' level result with at least five credit passes in English Language, Mathematics, Physics, Biology and Chemistry in not more than 2 sitting. The Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB) Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME) must be taken with a score approved by the institution of your choice. The subjects are Use of English, Chemistry, Physics and Biology. But due to the competitive nature of the course, the cut-off mark is usually very high as there are many students where there are few schools.

Also, some schools accept the Interim Joint Matriculation Board (IJMB) examination with admission into 200 level when student pass the cut off mark.

For direct entry students, there is a different requirement as the student will normally starts from 200 level if admitted. They are expected to obtain 3 credits passes in an A-level examination with Biology/Zoology, Chemistry and Physics/Mathematics plus UTME requirements.

Some schools have a pre-degree program where students are taught basic subjects for a period specified by them (usually about 6 months) and an examination is set for them after which the best among them is chosen.
Wow! congratulations! you have been given admission to study pharmacy.

The Under Graduate Program

The first year could be considered the easiest in the race to become a licensed pharmacist. Most of the courses at this stage are all science subjects from secondary school days with some additions from General Studies and other compulsory university courses. To pass these courses, one must beat the cut-off marks as stated by those departments and not by the faculty of pharmacy which is usually 45 %. The main hurdles start from year two.

Before I proceed, permit me to introduce pharmacy to you. Pharmacy is a faculty comprising of six departments each with different functions. They are:

1. Pharmacognosy and traditional medicine

2. Pharmaceutical chemistry and medicinal pharmacy

3. Pharmacology and therapeutics

4. Clinical pharmacy and administration

5. Pharmaceutical microbiology

6. Pharmaceutics and industrial pharmacy

They all have courses under them which every student must enrol, write and pass. The pass mark for most of them is usually 50 % with some few exceptions that require a score of 60 % and above although very few courses are in this category. Failure to pass them will either lead to a carryover or a receipt examination will be organised for you which is dependent on the school.

After final result, successful candidates will be inducted into the noble profession by PCN at a date specified by them. At this stage, the joy of studying the course set in but it is not the end.
Congratulations! you are now a graduate pharmacist.

After the induction, which is, swearing in or oath taking, with their provisional certificate, candidates are to look for an internship venue to do their internship. This is a compulsory program for all pharmacy students that also require grading. Although, there is no known record of failure in Nigeria except candidate run away, according to some sources, candidates do failed it in some countries. The program must be run in a certified location by PCN. It covers a period of one year after which he/she is called a pharmacist. At the end of it, you will be given your final license to operate within the country. Some countries require some additional study when you visit their country. As for Nigeria, PCN has a program for all foreign pharmacists known as Foreign Pharmacist Graduate Orientation Program (FPGOP).

Hurrah! you are now a certified pharmacist
Well, for those that are eligible for National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), they will spend another one year serving their fatherland. The venue for this is not determined by PCN but by NYSC which most of the time is at the hospital. You will also apply to and write the professional examination organised by PCN known as PEP (pre examination for pharmacist). If you pass, your licence will be available in no time.

In just a post, you have just passed through pharmacy school. But just to let you know that it is not as easy as that. For one to succeed, it requires hard wok, dedication and prayers from all who love you. If you or someone you know wants to or is already studying the course, feel free to comment.

Source: https://emeoyopharm.africamotion.net/t1-how-to-become-a-pharmacist-in-nigeria

My name is Ugbede Gaius. I graduated from Delsu and have been practicing for some years now. There is a forum specifically for pharmacist, pharmacy student and allies that have been building for some time now. It has gotten to the time to unveil it.
In this forum, pharmacy aspirants can ask questions and chat with others. Also, students can interact among themselves and share ideas. Pharmacist are not left out as the forum is meant to broaden knowledge and interact with colleagues.
Feel free to join the community and chat with the admin anytime you want to. The address of the forum is
https://emeoyopharm.africamotion.net/