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Research Materials has been the basic back born of knowledge that is why the demand for research materials for every institution is at a high increase.

Final year student are always in search for quality material that will enable them to contribute their quarter to knowledge before living school.
There are website which is dedicated to providing materials for final year student in order to help achieved their goal.

In this article I would like to introduce you to this site with high quality materials that will help any final year student in any high institution looking for project materials and project topic in different department ([url=eduprojects.ng] eduprojects.ng[/url] ).

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1. ACCOUNTING PROJECT TOPICS
[http://eduprojects.ng/accounting/project-topics.html]

2. ADULT EDUCATION PROJECT TOPICS
[http://eduprojects.ng/adult-education/project-topics.html]

3. AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS PROJECT TOPICS
[http://eduprojects.ng/agricultural-economics/project-topics.html]

4. BANKING AND FINANCE
[http://eduprojects.ng/banking-and-finance/project-topics.html]

5. BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION PROJECT TOPICS
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6. BUSINESS EDUCATION PROJECT TOPICS
[http://eduprojects.ng/business-education-research/project-topics.html]

7. COMPUTER SCIENCE PROJECT TOPICS
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8. ECONOMICS PROJECT TOPICS
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9. EDUCATION PROJECT TOPICS
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13. HEALTH EDUCATION PROJECT TOPICS
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15. LINGUISTICS PROJECT TOPICS
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21. MICROBIOLOGY PROJECT TOPICS
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Since iprojectmaster.com is always in the business of helping students, especially, final year students racking their brains for final year project topics that’ll be eligible to present to their project supervisors and ultimately to get them raving marks in their results; we have become concerned and wish to make an array of final year project topics that are catchy, relevant and has minimal cost of research.

This article is not a final authority in the relevance of these proposed final year project topics but a quasi guide, that should give final year students an idea of what their final year project topic should be and how to go about constructing them.

Having a balanced final year project topic can be a serious challenge, especially, taking into consideration the condition of the present economy; final year students seek for final year project topics with minimal research cost, are relevant to the current situations in the country and catchy, as opposed to lengthy and ‘discombobulated’…just like the parenthesized word.

Over time, we have come across final year project topics that are quite confusing and generally too busy with variables. For example, “The impact of Recession on the Manufacturing Industry and Communications as it Affects Banking Habits”: this topic was an instant headache, but still, we helped.

Without pointing out, one can immediately say that the above final year project topic is not catchy, or has minimal research cost, it might be relevant, but its relevance is lost in the over-crowdedness of variables to test. Variables being “Recession” “Manufacturing Industry” “Communications” and “Banking Habits”; one is left to wonder which of these variables should be tested, what tools to use, and the whole final year project writing experience becomes a burden and a punishment, instead of a learning experience.

Belatedly, but significant to this article, the above final year project topic could have been coined in several, simpler forms, like:-

1. “The Importance of Communications as it affects Customers’ Banking Habits”

2. “The Importance and Impact of Communications in curbing premature Retirement in the Manufacturing Industry”

3. “The Impact of Recession as it affects Customers’ Banking Habits”

4. “Banking Habits and its effect on the Manufacturing Industry”

5. “Recession and its impact on Productivity in the Manufacturing Industry”

And so many other simple and catchy final year project topics that could have been made from just that complicated one; not just simple and catchy but minimal in research cost and general project writing effort.

As promised in the beginning, we will array a sample of simple but effectively adroit final year project topics from some of the popular departments.

EDUCATION

1. HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE TEACHERS PERFORMANCE IN ECONOMICS EDUCATION IN IMO STATE UNIVERSITY

2. THE PERCEPTION OF SOCIAL MEDIA ANTAGONISM ON YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA A CASE STUDY OF ILORIN METROPOLIS

3. PERCIEVED PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECT OF PLAY THERAPY ON PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL WELL BEING OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

1. [url=http://www.iprojectmaster.com/BUSINESS%20ADMINISTRATION/final-year-project-materials/a-survey-of-work-incentives-offered-to-the-employees-ama-breweries-limited-9th-mile-corner-ngwo]A SURVEY OF WORK INCENTIVES OFFERED TO THE EMPLOYEES AMA BREWERIES LIMITED 9TH MILE CORNER NGWO[/url]

2. [url=http://www.iprojectmaster.com/BUSINESS%20ADMINISTRATION/final-year-project-materials/work-life-balance-and-employee-commitment]WORK-LIFE BALANCE AND EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT[/url]

3.[url=http://www.iprojectmaster.com/BUSINESS%20ADMINISTRATION/final-year-project-materials/working-capital-management-practices-of-small-and-medium-scale-enterprises-in-nigeria-a-case-study-of-some-selected-smes-in-uyo] WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA ( A CASE STUDY OF SOME SELECTED SMES IN UYO)[/url]

ACCOUNTING

1. THE SOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACT OF RURAL URBAN MIGRATION ON THE RURAL AREAS

2. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN AUTOMATED HOTEL RESERVATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

3. THE EFFECT OF FLUCTUATING FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATE ON NIGERIA CURRENCY

The list grows extensively, for final year project topics in any department of choice, please visit www.iprojectmaster.com. We hope this article has been of immense help in giving final year students an idea of how their final year project topics should be effectively coined.

Pidgin languages are generally simplified and flexible with a limited vocabulary. Nobody speaks a pidgin language as a first language, but over time that can change. If a pidgin language becomes widely used, its vocabulary may grow and additional grammar rules may develop. Children may begin to grow up speaking it from birth. At that point, it’s considered a creole.

In Nigeria, pidgin is (also known as naija pidgin) it has 50–70 million speakers and growing.

Brief history of pidgin, pidgin takes inspiration from Portuguese the first European language to reach Nigeria’s enduring colonial- era language, as well as Jamaican patois imported by former slaves returning to the continent. Nigeria now has become the most popular country that speak pidgin, which they also report news in pidgin, and have different websites and newspaper that reported news in pidgin; thrill you with proverbs that roll you on the floor with laughter.

However, only 5 million of these are native speakers most Nigerian speak one of 500 + regional languages, and schools tend to teach in English. Nigerian pidgin issued to make communication possible between different tribe and ethnic groups. There is some state where pidgin is commonly found, and these states speak it like one of their native dialect. These states are;

Warri: like they say, “Warri no dey carry last” when it comes to Pidgin English, Warri is the headquarters. The way they speak the pidgin is quite different from others stress swag and the slangs might be hard to comprehend.
Benin: the people in Benin can speak pidgin language as good as those in Warri. It is spoken by the old and young people.
Port Harcourt: it would be surprising for one to grow in Port Harcourt, the capital of River State to find it different on how to speak Pidgin English, even if you take your old mother or granny to river to stay for a while, he or she will be able to communicate without others with pidgin.
Yenagoa: this is another place in the Niger-Delta region where pidgin is very popular. Just like its neighbor, Port Harcourt, the people communicate more in pidgin than English language.
Lagos: the people of Lagos state speak pidgin as their second language, especially in Ajegule and Ojata. I must say that it is because of the popularity of different set of people that causes the Yoruba the make it as their number language for easy communication.
Abuja: pidgin in Abuja is very popular in such a way that even a child can speak due to the upbringing of that child.
Lokaja: It is also known as the best in pidgin in the north central region of Nigeria.
Calabar: The Calabar pidgin is a little different from other because it is been mixed up with English itself and it been adopted by other cities.

Here are some sites that report news in pidgin;

Newsinpidgin.ng: Here they report news in different categories such as

Politics

Foreign Tori

Technology

Gist

Entertainment

2. Thepipusnetwork.com: They also report news in pidgin in different categories

3. Newsexpressngr.com/ews/51–4: This site also reports some of their news in pidgin.

In conclusion, pidgin news in Nigeria is very popular and it is been spoken for easy communication in some cities in Nigeria. Even the news are been reported in pidgin, is to help those who are not well educated and for more clarification.

Before I continue, let me give u a brief history on pidgin and where it was found in African.

West African pidgin known as Guinea coast creole English was the lingua franca, or language of commerce, spoken along the West African coast during the period of Atlantic slave trade. At that point, it became a creole language.

Pidgin was found in Africa (West African Pidgins include Nigerian Pidgin, Cameroonian Pidgin, Sierra Leone Krio), Indonesia (Tok Pisin, spoken in Papua New Guinea), parts of Asia and the Caribbean. English derived Pidgins are inventive, innovative, and often quite literal. For example in Tok Pisin, 'gras bilong het' (or grass belong head) simply means 'hair'.

But here in Nigeria, pidgin is mostly found in the oil rich states where there is much population.

Pidgins are language that grows out of necessity when groups of people that don’t share a common language must interact with each other. Pidgins are a mixture of words from different language, and feature a simpler grammatical structure and smaller vocabulary. With extended use over time, a pidgin language develops and becomes a common mode of communication. Pidgin has been very popular that both local and international sites reported news in pidgin, one of the e.g. one local site that report news in pidgin is Newsinpidgin.ng and international sites that report news in pidgin is (bbc.com/pidgin). Most of the newspaper that reported news in pidgin, e.g. of one it is the daily newspaper.

Here are some sites where you can find news in pidgin.

1. Newsinpidgin.ng: on this site they reported their news in pidgin, it has different categories which are:
• Politic
BUHARI TELL US SAY, MAKE WE WORK FOR NORTHERN NIGERIA ALONE ” – World Bank
https://newsinpidgin.ng/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/IMG_20171013_083742-540x330.jpg
• Gist
DAVIDO DON UPLOAD IM OWN CCTV VIDEO AS IM DEY INNOCENT (Video Inside)
• Entertainment
POLICE DON ARREST DAVIDO FOR MURDER WITH CCTV EVIDENC
https://newsinpidgin.ng/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/IMG_20171012_052728.jpg
• Sport
ZAMBIAN FANS WANT MAKE FIFA ORDER REPLAY OF D MATCH WITH NAIJA
https://newsinpidgin.ng/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/wp-image-245835549.jpg


2. bbc.com/pidgin: they also report in different categories such as news, sport weather, arts etc.

3. thepipusnetwork.com/: it has different categories, e.g. download, plugins, help, about, news and development.

Pidgin is a common language used for interaction; here are top 5 cities where pidgin is well spoken.

1. Warri: in Warri they don’t regard English as one because it is said that Nigerian pidgin was originated in Delta state Warri.
2. Lagos: Lagos state, it is said to be another cities where pidgin is commonly found because of the geto boys and girls.
3. Port Harcourt: if anybody who grows up in river state speaks, there will be a great different because of his /her pronunciation. Everything will end up in pidgin.
4. Benin
5. Abuja
6. Yenagoa
7. Lokaja
8. Calabar

In summary, with the sites and cites listed above will make you know where pidgin is well spoken in Nigeria, and where you can even get international site where news are reported in pidgin.

Complete Undergraduate Project Topics and Materials in Nigeria; project writing and content generation for a final year project or thesis can be very rigorous and seemingly impossible at times.
Are you an undergraduate final year student or an NCE/OND, M.Sc graduating student struggling with your undergraduate project topic research, project research or final year project work and research materials?

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You are in the right place, iProjectMaster Community [http://www.iprojectmaster.com/] where all research, project topics, research materials, final year projects, complete undergraduate projects, graduating students projects and research materials are available and delivered in no time for students in studying in Nigeria and abroad. Take a tour through our rich archive of research materials and Complete Undergraduate Project Topics and Materials repository to find complete projects, research materials and project writing/creation tools to propel your research to completion.

We offer rich project/research content categorized into several departments, below are some readily available research materials and project categories:

1. Accounting Department Complete Undergraduate Project Topics and Materials
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3. Business Administration Department Complete Undergraduate Project Topics and Materials
[http://www.iprojectmaster.com/final-year-projects-materials/BUSINESS%20ADMINISTRATION]
4. Business Education Department Complete Undergraduate Project Topics and Materials
[http://www.iprojectmaster.com/final-year-projects-materials/BUSINESS%20EDUCATION]
5. Computer Science Department Complete Undergraduate Project Topics and Materials
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6. Economics Department Complete Undergraduate Project Topics and Materials
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7. Estate Management Department Complete Undergraduate Project Topics and Materials
[http://www.iprojectmaster.com/final-year-projects-materials/ESTATE%20MANAGEMENT]
8. Education Department Complete Undergraduate Project Topics and Materials
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9. Agricultural Extension Department Complete Undergraduate Project Topics and Materials
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10. English Department Project Complete Undergraduate Project Topics and Materials
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11. Business Education Department Complete Undergraduate Project Topics and Materials
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12. African Languages Department Complete Undergraduate Project Topics and Materials
[http://www.iprojectmaster.com/final-year-projects-materials/AFRICAN%20LANGUAGES]
13. Marketing Department Complete Undergraduate Project Topics and Materials
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14. Public Administration Department Complete Undergraduate Project Topics and Materials
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15. Political Science Department Complete Undergraduate Project Topics and Materials
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16. Entrepreneurship Department Complete Undergraduate Project Topics and Materials
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17. Sociology Department Complete Undergraduate Project Topics and Materials
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18. Statistics Department Complete Undergraduate Project Topics and Materials
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Not many issues bother the Nigerian economy the way oil and gas do; and for reasons beyond control, the entire world grapple with these same issues owing to high or how price of oil products. The oil and gas sector provides large energy on which every economy runs, ranging from the developed industrialized west to the food processing plants in the developing countries such as ours. Oil and gas exerts a level of influence on every economy, irrespective of their level of development.

YOU CAN ALSO READ: THE IMPACT OF OIL SECTOR ON THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY

The oil and gas, no doubt, are not evenly distributed however. This is due to the disparities in the geographical locations within time and space. As a consequence, many countries depend on others for oil and gas supplies. Until recently, Nigeria and other African countries such as Algeria, Libya etc. have been the major oil producing countries in the world.

However, the unequal distribution of oil and gas in Nigeria, particularly, has given rise to politics surrounding the commodity both at the state level, national level and at the international market at large. Inasmuch as the oil and gas sector has been the major source of the national internal revenue, it has also caused a lot economic setbacks through the following ways.

Major Source of Revenue: The oil and gas sector has been the major export commodity of Nigeria for many decades. It has been the wheel on which the Nigerian economy runs. Aside revenue gotten from exporting oil and gas, the oil producing firms pay royalties to the government after oil explorations.

Economic Diversification Default: Often times, people wonder if the availability of oil and gas in the country is actually a blessing or a curse. This is because, since the discovery of oil, the Nigeria government has been hesitant over diversifying the economy. There is too much dependence on oil and gas. As a result, the price of the commodity in the market determines the economic condition. Long term decline in the price of the commodity weakens the economy to the barest minimum.

Job Opportunities: The impact of oil and gas sector on the Nigerian economy as spurred job creation ranging from the highly technical to the least technical. Especially in the Niger Delta region where many of them did not acquire adequate formal education, job opportunities even at lower levels have been provided including driving, cleaning, and other messengerial functions.

Economic Fluctuations: The oil and gas sector has pulled the market structure of demand and supply into great conflict. On the demand side, the oil consumer’s aim at policies that will favor them while the supply end aim at making the most of the profit. This has resulted to the fluctuation in the prices and avail ability of oil and gas within and outside the country. The rise in the price of oil and gas in the international market results to economic boom while the fall in the price of this commodity reduces the national income, the national budget, default in debt obligation and subsequently the fall in the standard of living of the country.

Environmental Degradation: The oil and gas sector of Nigeria has remained at the mercy of multinationals who mostly have their headquarters at their home countries. This is majorly because of the highly sophisticated technological requirements for oil explorations and processing. Meanwhile, the Niger Delta region, the bed rock of the Nigeria’s oil and gas suffer the aftermath of the oil exploration. The oil and gas exploration activities has resulted to condemned farmlands, water pollution and has dislocated many of the rural dwellers from their homelands. Many of them depend on seafood’s as a means of survival, but the activities of miners disable fishes from breathing in water, mostly oil spillage. It subsequently affects the standard of living of these people.

YOU CAN ALSO READ: A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF MONETARY POLICY ON THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY

Conclusively, the oil and gas sector of the Nigeria has impacted both positively and negatively on the economy. It has created many Job opportunities as well as serve as a major source of revenue etc. However, a lot economic challenges have resulted. Some of these challenges vary with environmental degradation, economic fluctuation and others which space would have failed to mention.

Meanwhile, Nigeria stands a chance to develop its oil and gas sector through fight against exploitation and corruption. It can also be managed better through economic diversification.

BUHARI JOINS WORLD LEADERS FOR THE 72ND SESSION OF THE UN OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY HIGH-LEVEL EVENT |NEWS IN PIDGIN

With the company of three state governors of Zamfara, Ebony and Ondo State, President Muhammadu Buhari has arrived New York for the one week 72nd session of the UN general Assembly high level event starting on Tuesday, 19 of September 2017.
Haven been listed as the eight speaker of the 193 head of states expected to address the UN General Assembly, Mr. Buhari will deliver Nigeria’s National statement on Tuesday, the first day of the general debate.
The theme of this year’s debate is “focusing on people: striving for peace and decent life for all on a sustainable planet”.
READ ALSO IN NEWS IN PIDGIN
The major priorities for Nigeria delegation at the 72nd UN General Assembly includes strangling human rights institutions, the rule of law, support for internally displaced persons and flooding effects of climate change.
Nigeria will participate in the African Union (AU) high level event themed “Roadmap on the Demographic Dividend: from commitment to action” and also join the common wealth heads of Government meeting titled ‘prevention of sexual exploitation and abuse: building movement for change’
Mr. Buhari will have a lunch meeting with the U.S president, Donald trump alongside other world leaders.
SOURCE: NEWS IN PIDGIN

TWO NOMINEES FOR SAN UNDER ALLEGATION AS AGAINST THEIR CANDIDACY|NEWS IN PIDGIN

Two nominees out of the 30 lawyers to be sworn in as senior Advocates of Nigeria (SAN), have allegations hovering around their candidacy.
Reports from the Legal Practitioners Privileges Committee, LPPC says, Oluwatoyin Bashorun has a petition containing allegations against her which must be investigated before she could be sworn in.
According to premium times news reports on November 2015, the current vice chancellor of the University of Uyo, Mr. Enefiok Essien, was involved in a sex scandal with a female student and was put on trial by a court of law in 2005.

ALSO READ: NEWS IN PIDGIN

Premium times reports that the university had expelled the female student but was ordered to go ahead with her studies after a court of appeal nullified her expulsion.
Meanwhile, the LPPC has instructed that the cases against the above mentioned SAN nominees should be made public within 18days after it announced the successful candidates; and that such should be published in a recognized media within the stated period.
“Any complaint or petition presented to the honorable chief justice of Nigeria and chairman of the Legal Practitioner’s Privileges Committee must be in written form and filed within 18days after publication of the shortlisted candidates for the confirming of the award of the rank of Senior Advocate of Nigeria”, says the committee as signed by the chief registrar of the Supreme court, Hadiza Mustapha.
SOURCE:NEWS IN PIDGIN

COOKING MOI-MOI IN NYLON IS TOXIC|NEWS IN PIDGIN

Cooking moi-moi in nylon bags is very toxic to human health as it produces dioxins when heated, says Mr. Tehinse.
Moi-moi is a delicacy produced with ground beans, pepper, onions, salt, ginger and other recipes to taste. The resultant delicacy, moi-moi is very popular among Nigerians.
However, the delicacy is ignorantly made detrimental to human health when cooked in nylon bags.
A dietician, Mr. Tehnise, in an Awareness Campaign on food safety organized by the Food Safety Awareness Campaign Initiative says that nylon bags produce dioxins when heated.
ALSO READ: NEWS IN PIDGIN
According to him, dioxins can cause reproductive and developmental problems, damages the immune system, interfere with hormones and can cause cancer.
Moi-Moi is best cooked in green leaves, which does not only retain the hotness of the delicacy but also delivers the originals taste of this wonderful irresistible bean cake.
Moi-moi is also served in silver foils, Cup plates and in diverse other methods that appeals to the maker.
Aside moi-moi, there are several other delicacies made of beans they include akara, beans pourage, gbegiri,a wonderful Yoruba delicacy that goes well with Amala or Tuwo. It is in your interest to quit cooking moi-moi in nylon and stick to the native pattern to enjoy your bean cake while it lasts.
SOURCE: NEWS IN PIDGIN

ATTEMPTS TO CONVERGE BA AND HND CERTIFICATES PROVES ABORTIVE|NEWS IN PIDGIN

Recent attempts by various agencies to remove the point of divergence between Bachelor’s degree and higher national Diploma have proved abortive as many would not implement the resolution.

A lot of biases have surrounded these two academic qualifications, especially in the civil service as degree holders are usually placed on a higher level than their diploma-holding counterparts.

As a result, many students have faced a lot of academic discrimination and limitation in their career over the years. In fact, secondary school leavers disregard admission into other tertiary institutions when they are not offered admission into universities due to career limitations they have sensed.

ALSO READ THIS IN NEWS IN PIDGIN

According to reports from premium times, the resolution from the 39th meeting of the National council on establishment, NCE, disclosed that the “entry point salary grade level 08 for all candidates possessing Higher National Diploma(HND) would henceforth be same as their bachelor degree holding counterparts.

However, many have refused to adopt this resolution. Instead, HND holders aspire to obtain a post graduate degree, PGD, in relevant disciplines and even a master’s degree so as to qualify for employment and subsequently be promoted in the civil service.

This academic divergence has been the motivation for several industrial actions embarked by the academic staff union of polytechnic, ASUP, over the years.

SOURCE: NEWS IN PIDGIN

Someone asked me, is child marriage still being practiced in Nigeria? I gave her a firm yes! And I saw a look of disbelief and disappointment on her face as she was wondering how true it could be. Yes, it is somehow hard to believe that it is still happening at this age and time when development and technology has taken over the world. One would actually think that with the rise in the level of education, that some cultural practices that is against humanity would have stopped, but the reverse is the case.

YOU CAN ALSO: THE EFFECT OF EARLY MARRIAGE ON FEMALE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

According to Girls not Brides, Nigeria ranks 14th among the 20 countries with the highest rate of child marriages, 16 of them being Africans. Research has also shown that in Nigeria, 43% of girls are married off before they turn 18, 17% are married off before they turn 15. Research has also shown that child marriage varies widely from one region to another, with figures as high as 76% in the North western Region and as low as 10% in the South East. So you can see that according to research, child marriage is still being practiced in this country called Nigerian. One needs to know facts about child marriage to be able to end this menace in the society. Child marriage is an act against humanity and the girls involved.

What is Child Marriage? Child marriage is defined by global organizations as a formal marriage or an informal union entered into before the age of 18. Can you see? The legally acceptable age for marriage is 18 and above. Most times, one partner is a child usually the female, so child marriage affects girls the most. It also involves girls being given in marriage to much older partners.

What is Marriage? You need to understand what marriage is before you will understand what child marriage is. Some people get into marriages without understanding the concept of marriage. Marriage is the legally or formally recognized union of two people as partners in a personal relationship, usually between consenting adults, which are a man and a woman. Pause and ask why God created Eve, a woman who was old enough to take responsibility, for Adam. Why didn’t he create a child for him to marry?

YOU CAN ALSO READ: THE EFFECT OF DATING AND PREMARITAL SEX ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF URBAN AND RURAL STUDENTS

Now you have known a bit about what marriage and child marriage is, let’s take a look at the possible causes.

1.Poverty: Poverty is the lack of essential needs like food, clothing and shelter that a family needs for survival. A family is saddled with the responsibility of providing for its members, and when these needs are not met, there is bound to be problems. A family that cannot provide for its members will certainly look for the easiest way to do so. And child marriage is considered and used as an economic strategy. This means one less mouth to feed, one less child to cloth, feed and educate. The bride price gotten from the marriage transaction is used to feed the remaining members of the family. Research has shown that these families, who give their daughters out near the age of puberty, fix a high bride price because they are virgins. Marriage is seen as a means to escape poverty and the poor girls are the victims.

2.Illiteracy: Most of the families practicing child marriages have little or no education. Education plays a very vital role in the development of the mindsets about certain issues. Parent who are educated tend to value the need for their children to be educated. Education is a strong indicator if a child will be married early in life. Research has shown that 82% of women with no education are married before age 18 as opposed to 13% of women who are not educated.

3.Religious and Cultural Practices: In the North Western Nigeria, child marriage is at a high side because of religion and cultural practices. The Muslims tend to marry off their children at the age before puberty. The Quran clearly kicks against child and forced marriage in which a woman is forced to enter or remain in any marriage against her will. In some cultures, if a woman remains unmarried at the age of 18, it shows that the woman is not marriageable and getting older before getting married reduces the potential of being married and also decreases the bride price.

Effects of Child Marriage

To every unwholesome practice, there are consequences and negative effects. The issue is that it affects the child not the perpetrators of the act. The following are the effects of child marriage.

1.Increase in Maternal Mortality Rate: Girls who are married at the age of adolescent are prone to maternal death more than older women because they are not physically matured enough to carry a pregnancy to term and also deliver the baby without complications. Majority of the girls get pregnant during their first year of marriage because the lack knowledge in family planning. There are many risk involved in giving birth as a child, because of a smaller pelvis the labor might be prolonged or even obstructed which can result in obstetric fistula. In the process of giving birth for the first time, complications may arise which can lead to death.

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2.Decrease in the Level of Education: Globally, girl brides and adolescent mothers tend to have less education. This is because at the time of marriage, their education which was probably low will be stopped as they take on their new responsibilities as wives and mothers. There will be no time for education as the new bride will be expected to take care of her new family, that is, the husband, relatives, children that may come from the marriage and herself. So these girls become poorer, less educated and less adequately nourished than mothers who are married at an older age.

3.Domestic Violence: The age differences between the girl bride and the man makes it easier for her to be subjected to physical and emotional abuse which can result in death. Most of the times, the girl is treated like a slave because she lacks the physical and psychological strength to resist. She is often used as a punch bag, a sex tool and the object of verbal abuse.

4.Stillborn Dreams: These girls are plugged of like unripe oranges before they even begin to bud. Their dreams are cut short, their hopes shattered, their destiny destroyed. How would you feel if you as a grown up man is being stopped from discovering your potentials? Promising young girls are forced to drop their dreams and take on the dreams of others. Let’s not forget that a cycle has been developed, the mother was married as a child, the daughter from that marriage will be married of the same way and so it goes.

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To end this unwholesome practice, laws should be put in place to check the practice of child marriage. The Nigerian constitution does not establish a minimum age of marriage. The Child Rights Act of 2003 sets the age of marriage at 18, but research has shown that only 23 states out of the 36 states have taken steps to implement the minimum age of marriage. The government should enact laws to prohibit child marriage and also make laws to sanction those who violet the laws.

Seminars should be conducted to sensitize people on child marriage and also warn them of the dangers of the practice.

According to Oyedele (2015); Treasury Single Account its a unified structure of government bank accounts that gives a consolidated view of government cash resources. He said that it is based on the principle of unity of cash and the unity treasury, that a treasury single account is a bank account or a set of linked accounts through which the government transacts all its receipts and payments. He then said it is necessary to distinguish individual cash transactions for the control and for reporting purposes.

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Section 80 (1) 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (as amended) provides “all revenues or other moneys raised or received by the Federation (not being revenues or other moneys payable under this Constitution or any Act of the National Assembly into any other public fund of the Federation established for a specific purpose) shall be paid into and form one Consolidated Revenue Fund of the Federation.” However successive governments have operated numerous accounts used to collect and spend public funds in flagrant disregard to this provision of the constitution in the Nigerian law.

In 2012 the government ran a pilot scheme for Treasury Single Account using 217 Ministries, Departments and Agencies to test the scheme. Over N450 billion was saved by the scheme and the government was motivated to implement TSA. The Remita e-collection platform was developed for the implementation of the TSA scheme and banks were directed to integrate the software into their core banking systems and train their staff on how to use it. But like everything Nigerian, this was not the case.

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An excerpt from Communique No. 92 issued at the Monetary Policy Committee meeting held on the 18th and 19th of November 2013 reads; “The Federal Government debt has also risen phenomenally along with its deposits at the deposit money banks, showing the Government as a net creditor to the system. This underscores the urgent need for the immediate implementation of the Treasury Single Account. The continued delay in returning government accounts to the Central Bank is adding to the huge cost of government debt due to poor cash flow management.

To my own understanding, treasury single account can be seen as a public accounting system under which all government revenue or income is collected into one single account called the treasury account (Treasury Single Account).

Treasury Single Account can also be said to be an accounting system in which all government revenue (income) and payments (expenses) are done through a single account.

In this article, we will consider only three major factors of the treasury single account on the economy of Nigeria.

Effects of Treasury Single Account on the Economy of Nigeria


1. Allows complete and timely information on government cash resources: In countries with advanced payment and settlement systems and an Integrated Financial Management Information System (IFMIS) with adequate interfaces with the banking system, this information will be available in real time. As a minimum, complete updated balances should be available daily.

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2. Improves appropriation control: The TSA ensures that the full control over budget allocations, and strengthens the authority of the budget appropriation. When separate bank accounts are maintained, the result is often a fragmented system, where funds provided for budgetary appropriations are augmented by additional cash resources that become available through various creative, often extra-budgetary, measures.

3. Improves operational control during budget execution: When the treasury has full information about cash resources, it can plan and implement budget execution in an efficient, transparent, and reliable manner. The existence of uncertainty regarding whether the treasury will have sufficient funds to finance programmed expenditures may lead to sub-optimal behavior by budget entities, such as exaggerating their estimates for cash needs or channeling expenditures through off-budget arrangements.

4. Enables efficient cash management: A TSA facilitates regular monitoring of government cash balances. It also enables higher quality cash out-turn analysis to be undertaken (e.g., identifying causal factors of variances and distinguishing causal factors from random variations in cash balances).

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5. Reduces bank fees and transaction costs: Reducing the number of bank accounts results in lower administrative cost for the government for maintaining these accounts, including the cost associated with bank reconciliation, and reduced banking fees.

6. Facilitates efficient payment mechanisms: A TSA ensures that there is no ambiguity regarding the volume or the location of the government funds, and makes it possible to monitor payment mechanisms precisely. It can result in substantially lower transaction costs because of economies of scale in processing payments. The establishment of a TSA is usually combined with elimination of the “float” in the banking and the payment systems, and the introduction of transparent fee and penalty structures for payment services. Many governments have achieved substantial reductions in their real cost of banking services by introducing a TSA.

7. Improves bank reconciliation and quality of fiscal data: A TSA allows for effective reconciliation between the government accounting systems and cash flow statements from the banking system. This reduces the risk of errors in reconciliation processes, and improves the timeliness and quality of the fiscal accounts.

8. Lowers liquidity reserve needs: A TSA reduces the volatility of cash flows through the treasury, thus allowing it to maintain a lower cash reserve/buffer to meet unexpected fiscal volatility.

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Other benefits include the blocking of leakages that have stunted the growth of the economy, ensuring of accountability of government receipts and expenditure, promotion of transparency, reduction of corruption and diversion of public funds, elimination of idle funds left in numerous accounts in commercial banks usually used to bear interest for corrupt entities and easier reconciliation of revenue collection and payments.

In summary, I think the implementation of this treasury single account system in Nigeria has a great positive effect on the economy of the country as public funds are better managed with alongside low liquidity of reserve funds.

No one ever said being an entrepreneur is easy. Or did someone say so? Then that person must have come from some alien planet where entrepreneurship is children’s play. There will always be challenges, especially when you are starting up. Most entrepreneurs get entangled in some sort of web; and when it happens like this, it’s only the strong that keep going. Being an entrepreneur is risk taking on its own. There are always challenges, ups and downs; some sort of emotional roller coaster. Success in anything never comes easy. It takes persistence and hard work which can only be fueled by motivation. These quotes by some of the world’s greatest minds might just be the fuel you need. Let’s have a look.

1.“As long as you’re going to be thinking anyway, think big.” — Donald Trump

2.“Entrepreneurship is living a few years of your life like most people won’t so you can spend the rest of your life like most people can’t.” — Student (unidentified) of Warren G. Tracy

3.“Whatever the mind can conceive and believe; the mind can achieve.” –Napoleon Hill

4.“I have not failed. I’ve just found 10,000 ways that won’t work.” –Thomas Edison

5.“It’s fine to celebrate success but it is more important to heed the lessons of failure.” — Bill Gates

6.”An entrepreneur is someone who jumps off a cliff and builds a plane on the way down.” — Reid Hoffman

7.”Everyone has ideas. They may be too busy or lack the confidence or technical ability to carry them out. But I want to carry them out. It is a matter of getting up and doing it.” — James Dyson

8.“I’ve missed more than 9,000 shots in my career. I’ve lost almost 300 games. 26 times I’ve been trusted to take the game’s winning shot and missed. I’ve failed over and over and over again in my life and that’s why I succeed.” – Michael Jordan.

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9. “If you’re not a risk taker, you should get the hell out of business.” -Ray Kroc.

10. “Timing, perseverance, and ten years of trying will eventually make you look like an overnight success.” – Biz Stone.

11.“When you cease to dream you cease to live” – Malcolm Forbes.

12. “If you can’t fly then run, if you can’t run then walk, if you can’t walk then crawl, but whatever you do you have to keep moving forward.” – Martin Luther King, Jr.

13 “It doesn’t matter how many times you fail. It doesn’t matter how many times you almost get it right. No one is going to know or care about your failures, and neither should you. All you have to do is learn from them and those around you because all that matters in business is that you get it right once. Then everyone can tell you how lucky you are.” – Mark Cuban.

14. “If you’re not embarrassed by the first version of your product, you’ve launched too late.” – Reid Hoffman.

15. “I’m not afraid of dying, I’m afraid of not trying.” – Jay Z.

16. “A person, who never made a mistake, never tried anything new.” – Albert Einstein.

17. “The entrepreneur always searches for change, responds to it, and exploits it as an opportunity.” – Peter Drucker

18.” Honesty and integrity are by far the most important assets of an entrepreneur.” – Zig Ziglar

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19. “From my very first day as an entrepreneur, I’ve felt the only mission worth pursuing in business is to make people’s lives better.” – Richard Branson

20. A person who sees a problem is a human being; a person who finds a solution is visionary; and the person who goes out and does something about it is an entrepreneur. – Naveen Jain

21. “As an entrepreneur, you never stop learning”. – Daymond John

22.“Have you ever noticed some people are able to stay organized while getting a massive quantity of work accomplished, while others appear to be busy but never actually produce results? Time management is the key to becoming a successful entrepreneur.” – Clay Clark

23. “Entrepreneur ‘just denotes that you recognize that you’re doing things across disciplines and that you’re blazing your own path.” – Pharrell Williams

24. “My passion is music, you know, and music influences culture, influences lifestyle, which leads me to ‘Roc-A-Wear’. I was forced to be an entrepreneur, so that led me to be CEO of ‘Roc-A-Fella’ records, which lead to Def Jam.” – Jay-Z

25. “People ask me all the time, ‘How can I become a successful entrepreneur?’ And I have to be honest: It’s one of my least favorite questions, because if you’re waiting for someone else’s advice to become an entrepreneur; chances are you’re not one.” – Michael Dell

26.”It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop.” – Confucius

27. “It’s almost always harder to raise capital than you thought it would be, and it always takes longer; so plan for that.” – Richard Harroch.

28. “The way to get started is to quit talking and begin doing.” – Walt Disney.

29. “The price of success is hard work, dedication to the job at hand, and the determination that whether we win or lose, we have applied the best of ourselves to the task at hand.” – Vince Lombardi.

30. “When everything seems to be going against you, remember that the airplane takes off against the wind, not with it.” Henry Ford.

Project in general is an individual or collaborative enterprise, possibly involved in research or design work that is carefully planned, usually by a project team to achieve a particular aim.

In this article I will focus on eight major aspects on how to defend a final year project successfully

1.Prepare For Questions: If you are preparing for questions that may be asked during your defense, then your answers will flow smoothly and effectively. This will prove your knowledge on the subject, and strengthening your argument. Ask friends and family, read your work for them to listen to your presentation, and write down questions. You may be lucky the panel will ask you those you have already prepared on.

2. Strong Summary: Summarizing your chapters will help keep your audience focused because it is easy for a mind to drift, so providing summaries will ensure your panel will follow along, even if they lose focus for a brief moment. Visual aides, such as graphs and power-point presentations can be very helpful. If you are going to use these, make sure you will practice your presentation with them.

YOU CAN ALSO READ: TIPS ON HOW TO WRITE AN EXCELLENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR THESIS PROJECT/DISSERTATION

3. Be Confident in Your Project Work: Not knowing your topic inside out will cause you to struggle and ultimately fail with your defense. You need to know the subject from every angle to ensure you are fully prepared for any question that may come your way.

4. Conclusion: Reinforce your findings to conclude your defense. The finale of your presentation should focus on proving the work that has been done. You may need to recap on what has changed and remained unchanged, if is necessary.

5. Listen: Before you get defensive or recite a particular answer, make sure you truly understand the question being asked. Being a good listener is an important quality, because providing an inaccurate or off-topic answer will also weaken the validity of your paper. If you don’t know the answer, reply that you don’t have the information available to provide an accurate answer. It is highly likely that the panel knows the answer to that particular question you were being asked and so they will know that the one you are providing is an incorrect answer. Also you shouldn’t be shy in asking the panel for a question to be repeated if you didn’t get it well, this will build your confidence in the approach to take with your response.

6. Do Adequate Research on Your Topic: Before defending your project, you should source for similar materials on you topic, focus on how the problems were identified and addressed. Identify your keywords, variables, background of the study and also be able to explain in detail your abstract and conclusion off-hand before your defense date.

7. Know Your Motivation For Your Project: Most final year students in Nigeria defending their projects do not perform well because they fail to identify their motives for their study. The motivation for your project is probably the first answer to any questions you may be asked in the defense hall or room. Before a research is undertaken, there is usually a problem to solve. The desire to solve that problem will become your motivation for the study. Do not use money to research without putting in your effort, your passion to solve a problem should be your motivation towards your studies. Motivation for the study is the best to apply in questions like “why undertake this study? Tell us about your work” so if you were using money to write your project, how will you tell the panel about your motivation towards your work?

8. Professional Discussion on Your Project Topic: Make your friends your panel members, and defend in front of them. Tell them to criticize and ask you numerous questions. With this little training you will be tuning your mind set for what a defense hall will look like. You can also seek professional help before defense date.

In summary, it is obvious that a lot of students panic and forget their project topic. Just apply this tip and you will be fine on your defense day.

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Here are some few tips that will help you on your defense day.

Rehearse with friends again and again before entry into the defense hall which we have already considered above.
Develop good self-esteem and confidence.
Comport yourself well and for ladies don’t apply much make up on your faces during your defense, when you are out of the hall you can make up as much as you want.

drop your number pls.

“In 2014, 100 million people were using Facebook each month across Africa, over 80% via mobile. That figure has now jumped to over 120 million,” edition.cnn.com says. And that is just for Facebook. The number of Nigerians online is quite tremendous. It is not surprising that Nigeria ranks number 8 in the World Internet Users ranking with 13,591,174 Nigerians online, as at March 2017. It a safe bet that over 90% of these internet users are one social media. So what does these mean to us as entrepreneurs?

Millions of people are on social media everyday sharing, linking, interacting and sharing information and this can be a grate tool for your business. With social media you can talk to client and prospective client, get involved in conversation, build trust, share contents, reach more people and grow your sphere of influence. Social media can also help you understand your customers better; what they like, how they rate your products or services, and how they see your business in general, which can help your improve your business.

So how do you get on social media and reap all these benefits? Let’s see.

Decide on the Right Social Media Platform: There are various social media platforms on the internet but you don’t just go about joining all of the just because you want to build a strong online presence, if not you would be wasting your time and resources on platforms that add no value to your business. Before joining a particular social media platform, you need to consider how important the platform will be to your business. In deciding on the social media platform to join, it doesn’t really matter how big or small the platform is, what matters is how relevant it is to your business. You need to know what social network your customers or prospective customers are using most and concentrate on those ones. Although you shouldn’t wave off the idea of joining the large social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, as most of your client are likely to be there, there are some industry specific platforms you also need to look out for. For example, you could join sites like TripAdvisor if you run a travel agency or Opentable if you run a restaurant.

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Set Your Social Media Goals: As stated earlier, there are a lot of social media platform on the internet but before you start signing up and posting all over the place, it would be of a great benefit to ask yourself this simple question. What do I hope to achieve with social media? The answer to this question is what would guide your activities on social media. Maybe you are looking to gain new customers, a faster way to respond to customers’ inquiries, sell product or make your business popular. The goals are endless and yours could be more than one.

Setting your social media goal will help you know what to do and how to do it. It will help you map out your social media move.

Let’s say for example your goal is to raise awareness about your business and by so doing, gain more customers. First you will need to have what to say and people to say it to. In getting people to say it to you can connect with your family, friends, and some of your loyal customers. You can share with them and also ask them to share with their Network. Gradually you’ll reach your goal of raising awareness.

Advertise: Many social media platforms offer paid advertising opportunities. The best part in this is that it shows your adverts to people who are your customers and those who are most likely to be your customers. Social media can even help you narrow your audience more. You could chose to target your audience based on location, demographics, interest, behavior, connection or custom etc. This ensures that you are spending your advertising budget wisely. Some social media platform also offers special feature advertising for a price. For example, you may be able to pay to see who else in the network has been looking at you, or you may be able to pay to put the content you are sharing in front of specific group of people in the network.

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You may want to ask; what if I don’t have the money for paid social media advertising? Well, that’s not a problem. You can advertise on social media even without paying. You could write about your new offers or post soft copy of your advert flier on your social media page. The problem with unpaid advertising is that, only people who are already following you will see the advert.

In conclusion, note that building your presence on social media is always a gradual process. Although you can accelerate the process with paid advertising, it is pertinent for you to post interesting and unique contents. Social media is not a one-way platform. Those who follow you also have their own network, so it would be of great benefit to you if you engage in discussion by commenting on other people’s contents and also replying to comments on your content. Engage in networking by sharing contents of people in your business line.

Finally, your tone should vary depending on the type of social media you are using. Some social networks such as Facebook are for personal relationship while some such as LinkedIn are for professional networking. You should use a more casual and friendly tone for personal relationship network and a more professional tone for a professional networking network.