CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Confidence accounting is a new development and radical approach to accounting. Confidence accounting is a probabilistic approach as opposed to the traditional deterministic one. Confidence accounting is gradually evolving based on the promise that I might lead to better financial decisions by enabling decision makers to take an imager term view or an balance the odds as well as the books (Long finance news 2013).

According to Moxley (2013), confidence accounting has the tendency being worked up into a method which might give insight into the accounts of complex organizations. Sharing from this varying view, it can be deduced that the debate on confidence accounting is high and still on going. The sharp argument is premised on the fact that confidence accounting stands to enhance financial reporting majorly in developed countries of the world though the concept is still very vague in developing countries such as Nigeria. Accountants should adopts a more scientific approach to measurement and difficult-to-assess figures according to professor Micheal Mainelli FCCA who makes the case of confidence accounting.

A decade ago, a series of failure embarrassed auditors. Large firms with successful-looking financial statements collapsed. Today, the audit process is under fore once more as questions are asked about why problems at large financial institutions were not spotted earlier, surely, this is a good time to rethink auditing.

People who move from science to accounting are stunned to find that auditors do not practice measurement science. Measurement is about both accuracy and precision. Accuracy – how closely a stated value is to the actual value. Precision – how likely it is that repeated measurements will produce the same results. A measurement system can be accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, neither, or both. Scientists view measurement as a process that produces a range. Scientists express a measurement as X, with a surrounding interval.

There is a big difference between point estimation and interval estimation. Auditors provide point estimates, scientists intervals. For example, physical scientists report X±, social scientists report interval estimates for an election poll and state how confident they are that the actual value resides in the interval. Statistical terms, such as mean, modem, median, deviation, or skew, are common terms to describe a measurement distribution’s look and feel. The key point is that scientists are trying to express characteristics of a distribution, not a single point finance should be no different.

For want of a term that distinguishes the use of distributions from the use of points or discrete values, let’s use confidence accounting. In a world of confidence accounting, the end results of audits would be presentations of distributions for major entries in the profit and loss, balance sheet and cash-flow statements. The value of freehold land in a balance sheet might be stated as an interval, €150.000.000 + 45.000.000, perhaps recognizing a wide range of interesting properties and the illiquidity of property holdings. Next to each vale would be confirmation of the confidence level, e.g. 95% confidence that another audit would have produced a value within that range.

Counter-charges to confidence accounting are complexity and gaining. But audit is complex and the profession needs to worry about members ignorance of scientific measurements. Managers are already using a system that provides too many get-outs based on the unfairness of reporting on single members. Under confidence accounting, difficult single numbers, such as exploration asset of environmental liabilities, become ranges.

A range of potential future valuation better reflects reality than marked-to-the-market prices at a particular valuation date. For users, presentation would be easier to understand, and many footnotes would be redundant. Under confidence accounting, external assessors could evaluate the performance of managers and auditor. If managers provide silly future estimates, the silly estimates remain there for investors to judge. Any audit firm will have a number of client failures over, say, a decade. If failure are within confidence levels, then we have a good, or even too prudent, auditor. If not, perhaps a sloppy, or statistically unusual, auditor. Markets will price the value of higher confidence levels, and quality auditors will be able to value work on better disclosure appropriately.

Sound financial reporting is fundamental to sound business and it is no exaggeration to over that economic prosperity requires it. Thus, confidence accounting involves showing the expected range and distribution of likely values for significant because sheet items. Confidence accounting approach being proposed in an indication of how some organizations are beginning to challenge perceived wisdom, and asking questions of established accounting methodologies. The association of certified chartered accountants, UK how ever is not endorsing this particular approach in that there is the belief that the concept of confidence accounting possesses sufficient merits, it adopt as alternative to financial accounting users confidence could be enhanced in terms of being able to measure some specific items in balance with a view to guiding them for investment purpose and other purposes. Against this back drop, this project or study examines the awareness of confidence accounting among university lecturers in Nigeria.

1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
There is a high debate as regard the adoption of confidence accounting approach as a measurement of values and range among quoted firms in developed countries and developing countries of the World, of which Nigeria is inclusive. The views in the advanced countries of the world as regard confidence accounting is that it reduces accountings disclosure and serve as potential future valuation of firms. However this is unlikely in developing countries of such as Nigeria. There have been scanty or non existent of extent literature on the subject matter. To a greater extent, the concept is not clear to many university dons whose specialization is on accounting. It is on this basis, this project intends to evaluate the awareness of confidence accounting among university lecturers in Nigeria. Thus, the following specific research questions are raised in order to achieve the goal of the study.

1.3 Research Questions
a. Are lecturers aware of confidence accounting in Nigeria universities?

b. Does confidence accounting bring difficult single numbers to better ranges

c. Does confidence accounting enhance external parties to evaluate the performance of managers and auditors?

d. Does confidence accounting provide investors the judgment to take wise investment decision making?

e. Will confidence accounting improve financial reporting among quoted firms in Nigeria?

f. Are there benefits of including confidence accounting into curriculum among university in Nigeria?

g. Does confidence accounting leads to better financial decision making?

h. Will confidence accounting lead to balancing the odds as well as the books?

i. Does confidence accounting adds value to firms financial reports?

1.4 Objectives of Study

The objectives of the study are basically divided into two, general and specific objective. The general objective is to examine the awareness of confidence accounting among university lecturers in Nigeria. However, the specific objectives of the study are as follows:

a. To find out if lecturers are aware of confidence accounting in Nigerian universities.

b. To ascertain if confidence accounting bring difficult single numbers to better ranges.

c. To find out if confidence accounting enhance external parties to evaluate the performance of managers and auditors.

d. To examine if confidence accounting provide investor the judgment to take wise investment decision making.

e. To find out if confidence accounting will improve financial reporting among quoted firms in Nigeria.

f. To find out if there is benefits of including confidence accounting into curriculum among University in Nigeria.

g. To ascertain if confidence accounting leads to better financial decision making.

h. To ascertain if confidence accounting will lead to balancing the odds as well as the books.

i. To find out if confidence accounting adds values to firms financial reports.

1.5 Statement of Research Hypotheses

1. Ho: Confidence accounting does not provide investors the judgment to take wise investment decision making.

2. Ho: Confidence accounting doest not add values to firms financial reports.

3. Ho: Confidence accounting does not bring difficult single numbers to better ranges.



1.6 Scope/Delimitation of the Study

This study examines awareness of confidence accounting among university in Nigeria. The universities in Edo States form the population of the study. From the entire universities, two (2) shall be studied, which include Benson Idahosa University (B.I.U) and the University of Benin all in Benin City. Structured questionnaire shall be employ to elicit the respondents’ response with a view making inferences.

1.7 Significance of the Study

1. The study will be very much relevant to the University lecturer, it will enable them to know the benefits underlying confidence accounting.

2. Another beneficiary of this study will include the institute of character accountant of Nigeria (ICAN) which will find the outcome of the study useful in terms of formulating policies in accounting profession. Similarly, the international accounting standard board stands to benefit immensely in terms of developing further standard on the subject matter being investigated.

3. Future researchers in Nigeria especially with find this study very useful as reference material.

1.8 Limitations Of The Study

The limitation of the study are as follows:

Sample size: The sample size of this study being two Universities in Benin City, all in Edo State are too small to ensure generalization. Low respondent’s response based on the field work is another limitation of study. The respondent resent giving out vital information to aid the achievement of the research.

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study
According to National Population Commission (2012) it is generally believed that Nigeria has a total population of 170 million people, out of this number 67% live in the rural areas while the remaining 34% live in the urban centres. Nigeria is a country in Africa continent located in West of Africa close to the equator extending from latitude 4˚N to14˚ and from longitude 3˚E to 15˚E. Except for the Atlantic ocean to the south, Nigeria is surrounded by French-speaking countries; Niger, Cameroun and Benin Republic. Nigeria is a third world country which means it is a developing country.
However, the fact that most of the population reside in the rural areas indicate that rural areas need more of infrastructural development such as good roads, electricity, good and well equipped schools for the growth and betterment of the people living in the rural areas. But in Nigeria, the reverse is the case. More attention is given to the urban centre for the detriment of the rural areas, as a result of the notion that urban centre are more populated; so they need more basic infrastructure than the rural areas. This perception has caused imbalance between the urban centre and the rural dwellers by creating a wide gap. By this gap the urban centre are growing immensely living the rural areas in a state of stagnation and depreciation which is growing at an alarming rate. In the case of Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State being one of the largest local governments with a population of about 1.6 million people in which 74% of them living in the rural areas lack basic infrastructure for growth and development. Moreover, it is generally agreed that education has impact more substantially in rural area development process in developing nations. Therefore, education has a controlling influence over the development of rural societies, communities, individual or group of individuals and families which leads to the reduction of low income rate, poverty and rural-urban migration.
Although, education has made a significant impact on rural areas in terms of marking personnel maintenance, system of supplying farm production, health care and good governance, but failure of government to tackle rural development and recognition of the importance of rural areas and rural people to the economic development still remains an issue. The major aim of education is learning which is achieved through the teaching and learning process. According to Plato (437-337 BC) “Aesthetic education brings grace to the body and nobility to the mind. Until man in his physical and sensuous mode of being has been accustomed to the laws of beauty, he is not capable of spiritual liberty”. Therefore education would be incomplete without due consideration being given to rural areas. Education holds a significant place in this regard, so far as it forms a very convenient and powerful medium for individuals express themselves in a variety of ways in any situation including his mental skill in relation to overall academic performance. However, it is sad to note that some schools in rural areas have no rooms allocated for teaching even some with class rooms lack furniture; in some schools, teaching is carried on in makeshift classrooms and this can be uninspiring and boring. Inadequate and half-baked teachers in some secondary schools are also an issue of concern in this study (Madeki S.J (2008)). Education impacts social change, by improving individual social position as well as standard of living. Education also increases critical ability of rural people to diagnose their needs, assert their right, taking greater control of decision affecting their lives. Education has the potential to respond to the transformation of rural areas, increase labour force and enhancing security. As the pivot of the educational system, the National policy on Education (FRN, 1981) noted that teachers in all educational institutions including the universities, should be professionally trained because is considered as a tool to be used for the integration of the individuals into the society to achieve self-realization, develop national consciousness, promote unity and strive for social-economic, political, scientific, cultural and technological progress.
Durojaiye (1996) indicates three aspects that are of immediate relevance to education:
1. The learner, his growth and development, his needs and motivation, his individual characteristics and achievement, his nutritional state and the child-rearing approached employed by his parents.
2. The learning situation, the school and wider society, the cultural context and effects on learning.
3. The learning process and the teacher who makes them happen including his method, approaches and personality. Education has brought about phenomenal changes in every aspect of human’s life. Brown (2011) opines that education is a process which brings about changes in the behaviour of the society. It enables every individual to efficiently and effectively participate in societal activities and make a positive contribution to the progress of the society.
Education create awareness in the rural areas regarding their right to education as stipulated in Article 26 of the United Nation Declaration of Human Right (1984) which says that:
1. Everyone has the right to education.
2. Education shall be free at least in elementary and fundamental stages
3. Primary education shall be compulsory
4. Education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all in the basis of merit.
The concentration of education in urban centres rather than rural areas has done more harm than good; it accelerates rural-urban migration, generating youth unemployment. This makes rural areas undergrowth or underdeveloped. Education enhances the capacity of people, expanding the area of competence and changes orientation and attitude which significantly improve the life style of people both in rural areas and urban centers. According to World Bank (2002) Education policy and programme must be carefully designed at both national and local levels.
Impact of education in area of health is indisputable especially in area of mortality rate. However, in other to lower Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and achieve the lowest possible Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in rural areas education has a crucial role to play in girls that dwell in the rural areas, better education of a female child or pass through a process of learning can drastically reduce maternal and infant mortality; it will also bring about positive impact for family health, birth spacing, few children and fertility related issues, better care of children, seeking right services and counsel at the right point in time and the right places, and promote health and survival and life expectancy along with economic productivity for a better standard of living.
Education can initiate social change by transforming the out look and attitude of man; it can also bring about a change in the pattern of social relationship and thereby causing social change. This social change can be good behaviour, respect to elders, obeying one’s culture and all these have been the impact of education in rural development process. Be that as it may, education in Nigeria is now more of a private enterprise, but a huge government venture that has witnessed a progressive evolution of government complete and dynamic intervention and active participation. The federal government of Nigeria has adopted education as an instrument par-excellent for effecting national development.
Statement of the Problem
This study is an attempt to investigate the discrepancies between urban and rural areas in terms of educational rural development process. The gap between urban and rural areas arising from conduciveness of environment, availability of manpower and facilities in the teaching and learning process. Other issue of textbook selection or recommendation is a matter of concern to curriculum planners, the teachers and even the ministries of education.
Research Questions
1. Is there any relationship between education and provision of basic infrastructure in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State?
2. Is there any relationship between education and rural development process in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State?
3. Is there any impact of education in rural areas in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State?
4. Is there any difference between education and social changes in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State?
Hypotheses
This research is based on the following hypotheses.
1. There is no significant relationship between education and provision of basic infrastructure in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State.
2. There is no significant relationship between education and rural development process in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State.
3. There is no significant impact of education in rural areas in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State
4. There is no significant difference between education and social changes in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State.
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this research is to look at the impact of education in rural development process in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State. It is also to investigate whether there is any existing relationship between education and rural development process in Oredo Local Government Area. Also to find out if people in rural area benefit from basic infrastructure in Oredo Local government Area. To determine the impact of education in rural area in Oredo Local Government Area. To investigate if education has improved social changes in rural area of Oredo Local Government Area.
Significant of the Study
This study when completed will be beneficial to the students, tertiary institutions, teachers and ministries of education. In addition, the study will try to provide adequate and enough information for planners of educational policies and curriculum with a particular reference to rural development process. No doubt, the study will help ministries of education to make useful and important recommendations on how to develop rural areas.
The curriculum designers could receive vital information about the problem being suffered in rural areas in teaching and learning and may adopt a system of solving the problems that will eliminate the difference and bridging the wider gap between urban and rural areas.Be that as it may, the study will no doubt enrich the libraries with useful copies of papers as researchers in Oredo Local Government Area in particular and Nigeria at large. It will also provide relevant information to researchers who might be interested in the educational research.
Scope of the Study
This study is designed to show areas to which the research work is carried out; it includes both the male and female staff of Oredo Local Government Council because the research is not affected by sex.
Limitation of the Study
This study is meant to cover all the senior staff of Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State. But due to financial constraint, only 40 senior staff were used for the research. The result from this study will be used to generalize all the senior staff in Oredo Local Government Area, Edo State.
Definition of Terms
Impact: a marked effect or influence.
Imbalance: A lack of proportion or balance.
Stagnate: Showing little activity.
Immensely: To a great extent, extremely.

Pivot: The central point.
Discrepancy: A difference or lack of compatibility between two or more facts that should be similar.


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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Small scale business constitute an important component of the Nigerian industrial sector. The importance of this sector cannot be over emphasized, especially in a typical developing country like ours where the level of youth unemployment is rising beyond control. Hence small scale industries generate employment opportunities per unit of capital investment because they are generally more labour intensive which are more capital in nature. A large scale industry that cost N20million for instance, may employ a mere 70 (seventy) workers or less. Where as a small scale industry that cost just N150,000 (one hundred and fifty thousand naira) may employ about 20-30 workers. Small scale business specialized in the production and marketing of various products and services ranging from food, beverages, drinks/sachet water, cosmetics, spare parts and many others.
Kilby (1969) acknowledge the diversity of terms of the degree of specialization and division of labour and the quantity of raw materials and output and the character of markets being served by small scale businesses. As a result the bulk of Nigerian business falls within the small scale business which account for over 80% of the number of enterprises in the country. (Ekunna 1992 Pg.160)

Several number of small scale business are successful while other fail or are staggering for survival due to poor background management, lack of qualified manpower, poor capital base, lack of marketing research and appropriate technology and credit rating among banks and other lenders. These problems continue to militate against the establishment, survival and growth of small scale business in Nigeria. Although successful government in Nigeria have been emphasizing on the importance of small scale business and have established institutional support agencies to facilitate industrialization.

However, small scale business still operate in uncertainty and are faced with serious obstacles, this raises the questions of whether the federal government is actually up to the responsibility in the promotion of small scale business in Nigeria.

OBJECTIVE OF THE ESSAY

The main objectives of this study is to evaluate the impact of federal government in the promotion of small scale business in Nigeria. This study will specially seek to achieve the following:

To evaluate the marketing challenges facing small scale businesses.

To identify the sources of funds to the activities of the industry.

To find out the extent of government involvement in promoting the activities of the business.

To bring to light the contribution of the industry to the development of national diploma in marketing.

Finally, it is my hope that the students of marketing and others in related discipline will find this study very informative and useful tool in their respective studies.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

As the title of this essay indicates, the study focuses its attention to federal government support to small scale business enterprises in Nigeria, it causes various policy, guidelines, direct and indirect financial assistance and other programs and initiatives designed to promote this vital sector of the country.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ESSAY

The significance of this study lies basically on its contribution to knowledge and its benefits to individual and organization. The current economic crises in Nigeria has deciminated the growth of infant industries and encourages the establishment of similar business venture in both small and large scale proportions.

Although successful governments have vowed to support individuals and group initiatives in the establishment of small scale businesses.
The current state of most small scale business in Nigeria is a far cry particularly when structural adjustment programme (SAP) was introduced, which brought about the problem of devaluation of the naira and the scarcity of foreign exchange of raw materials from abroad which has adversely affected production unit especially under a depressed economy. This study is an attempt to evaluate the role of government in the promotion of small scale business in Nigeria as a country.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms and abbreviations used in the extended essay are defined below

(SSICS) Small Scale Industries Credit Scheme

(SME) Small and Medium Enterprises

(NIDB) Nigerian Industrial Development Bank
(NERFUND) National Economic Reconstruction Fund

(NDE) National Directorate of Employment

Small scale enterprise: Apart from size, it is a type of business that is self initiated, largely self financial, closely self managed and is of relatively small in size when considered as part of the industry.

Management: Is the part of loaning organizing, directing and motivating others so as to enhance productivity with maximum utilization of available resources and achieving the organizational goals or objectives.

Resources: These are the primary inputs that needs to be put together into function before the proper management activities really take place. These activities include; men, materials , money and machines.

Enterprises: This is one of the fundamental principles of management that is concerned with the division of labour and assigning of responsibilities with authority for the well being of business unit.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study
Prices go by many names. It is all around us. The price of a worker is wages, incomes taxes are the price we pay for the privilege of making money. In economic theory, prices policy tends to be relegated to a secondary role and attention is devoted to other dimensions of competitive strategy. It is important to be clear what we mean by price.

According to Ode (2011), the term price simply means the amount of money that you actually pay in order to buy a good or service so that any relation between the buyer and seller is confined to the transaction itself. This definition is inadequate for marketing purposes because it ignores guarantees, after soles services, installation, maintenance, consultancy, delivery, credit, etc. which distinguish one transaction from the next but often “free” or included in the price.

Price in marketing is still broader than the economists conception. It is as much as the total product i.e the amount of money paid to acquire a good or service plus the cost of guarantees, after sales services, maintenance, consultancy, delivery, credit etc.
Price plays a central role in economy as a whole. It balance demand and supply, provide an incentive for new product distributes income between buyer and sellers, professionals consider price from two perspective which are consumer (suppliers or services of the product) and provider (services provided for a fee to product users). An organization that wants to provide a satisfactory marketing mix (product, price, place and promotion). The price of its product must be acceptable to target marketing members. Price has a direct impact on company profit and all other elements of the marketing mix. Thus, the price of a product can be on influence on how consumers perceive it and how prospective seller attempts to optimizing this return. He tries to deal with volume, cost and price but he cannot keep them all in the air at a time. If he increases the price of his product, his volume of sales will fall and if he reduces the price, the volume of sales will increase.

The main purpose of these study is to examine the activities of price and price change on the sales of consumer products in Mr. foods, it would however, highlight the problems and prospect of price changes in other to provide possible solutions that would be beneficial to the management.

Statement of the problem
The issue of pricing decision and the effect of change in price is sensitive to both firms producing homogenous consumer goods and buyers of such products. On the part of the firms, it is only price that brings about revenue, as such a slight change in cost of production lead to price increment while the buyers on the hand, price is among the major determinant of buying or buying a product or services. In spite of the sensitivity of price, business organization tend to commit common mistakes in their pricing decision. This is evident in the way some organization frequently review their prices upwardly while others fixed their prices independently of other marketing mix element as well as their competitors. This has made so many firms in the consumer goods industry to close shop due to their inability to effectively compete. Hence, the effect of price change on the sales of consumer goods has cut the attention of business managers, captains of industries, consultants and scholars. As such the researcher sees the subject matter of this research worthy of investigation.

Objectives of the study

The central objective of the study is to examine the effect of price and price change on the sales of consumer goods.

The specific objectives are:

i. To find out the effects of price policy on sales of consumers goods in Mr. Biggs.
ii. To examine how change in price affect the market share of Mr. Biggs.

iii. To examine the various price of strategies used by the organization in fixing pricing of consumer product of Mr. Biggs.

iv. To find out the effect of change in price on sales of consumer product of Mr. Biggs.

Significance of the study

The study will be beneficial to firms producing consumer products, especially as they utilize the finding of this study as a basis of their pricing policy. The study will equally contribute to knowledge as it will enhance the existing knowledge of the subject matter. The study will also serve as a reference materials to researchers undertaking similar study

Research Questions

The research questions that guided the research are:

i. What are the effects of price policy on sales of consumer goods in Mr. Biggs?

ii. How does change in price affect the market share of Mr. Biggs.

iii. What are the various price strategies used by Mr. Biggs in fixing price of it’s consumer product.

iv. What is the effect of change in price on the sales of consumer goods in Mr. Biggs. Kaduna.

Scope of the study

The study cover the examination of the effect of change in price of the sales of consumer products, as well as it effect on pricing policies of business organization, the study equally covers the examines of pricing strategies available to firm selling consumer products. The study cover the sales activities of Mr. Biggs from 2009 to 2011.

Definition of Terms

Marketing: The performance of business activities that direct the flows of goods and services from the manufacture to the consumer.

Price: Price refers to the monetary values of product.

PLC: Public Limited Company.

Product: Anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a want or need. It includes objects, services, persons places, organization and ideas.

Service: Is any activity or benefit that one party can offer to another that is essentially intangible and does not result in the ownership of any thing. Its production may or may not be tied to a physical product.

Consumer value: Is the different between the values the customer’s gains from owing and using a product and the cost of obtaining the product.

Customer satisfaction: The extent to which a product perceived performance matches a buyer’s expectations. If the product does not perceive performance, the buyer is dissatisfied. If performances match or exceed expectations, the buyer is satisfied or delighted.

Manufacturer: the owner of a factory or company that produced goods or services for sale to consumers.

Distribution: The function of disbursing the goods manufactured or warehouse to the location where they will be consumed or received by consumers.


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Millz404:
This is programming section. If you want a project topic, google.

KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTION OF THE FEDERAL CIVIL SERVANTS TOWARDS HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME

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ABSTRACT
National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) is a system of healthcare financing introduced by
Federal Government of Nigeria to help reduce the risks and minimize the costs of
healthcare. Since its inception, only the Formal Sector Social Health Insurance Programme
(FSSHIP) has comprehensively taken off. This study investigated the knowledge and
perception of Federal Civil Servants in Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC), Federal Capital
Territory (FCT). A sample size of 383 Civil Servants were selected. The instrument for data
collection was a researcher – designed 30 item questionnaire. Data were analysed using
descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation.
Hypotheses were tested using inferential statistics such as student’s t-test and Chi-square.
Findings showed that majority of the civil servants (56.3%) had fair knowledge of NHIS
programme. The civil servants had a positive perception of the NHIS programme (Overall
Mean = 2.81). Majority of the respondents (60%) accessed care under the scheme. Findings
from the study also showed that the civil servants who utilized the scheme had a better
perception of the programme (mean = 2.84) when compared to those who didn’t (P =
0.038). Education was significantly associated with knowledge and positive perception of the
programme. There was no association between grade level and knowledge of NHIS
programme. In addition, their perception of the programme was not dependent on their
gender. The study concluded that intensified campaign on the objectives, benefits and
workings of the scheme should be ensured. This should be facilitated by the nurses and use
of mass media in order to reach a vast majority of the workforce and enhance their

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study
Health system are designed to improve the standard of health care of the population.
Improved funding and management of health systems lead to social stability.
Population’s coverage is a clear indicator of the performance of the health system.
The policy of National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) aims at increasing coverage
of the Nigerian population. Health insurance as a health care financing mechanism
has become a sought-after approach to the problem of financing healthcare all over
the. world. The current concern with financing, and the specific interest in health
insurance is often the result of parallel trend; the recognition of basic healthcare for all
citizens as a fundamental human right on the one hand, and the difficulties faced by
governments in developing and maintaining resources to provide health care through
general taxation revenue on the other (Mgbe & Kelvin, 2014). World Health
Organization (WHO) has been giving tremendous support and cooperation to nations
that pursue their citizen’s welfare through health insurance. They further noted that,
nations equally are channeling large chunk of their budget to the attainment of good
health for their people.
Health insurance can be categorized as social (or government) health insurance and
private health insurance. Where a system is financed by compulsory contributions
mandated by law or taxes and the system provisions as specified by legal status, it is
social (or government) health insurance plan. On the other hand, private health
insurance is usually financed on a group basis but most plans also provide for
individual policies (Adeoye, 2015).
Health Insurance, according to (Adeoye, 2015) is assuming the status of a global
phenomenon. It was first introduced in Germany in 1883 under General Von
Bismark’s old age and disability insurance scheme. Since then, health insurance has
continued to gain prominence in the other industrialized nations like France, United
Kingdom etc. Developing countries too have joined in beaming their health search
light on health insurance. Prominent among them are Costa-Rica, Brazil, Bangladesh,
China, India, Pakistan, Thailand, etc. In Africa it has been introduced in Tanzania,
Kenya, Ghana, South Africa, Zimbabwe etc (Agada-Amade, 2007).
In Nigeria, the rising cost of medical care, coupled with poor funding of the health
care sector by government, in addition to severe down turn in the Nigerian Economy
in the 1980’s and 1990s resulted in the abysmal patronage of the orthodox medical
and other healthcare or health institutions (Afoloyan-Oloye,2008). Most of these
health institutions either down-sized or closed down completely and their health
practitioner’s brain-drained for greener pasture. Majority of the people according to
Afoloyan-Oloye (2008) resorted to patronizing alternative health care practitioners,
such as the herbalists and the spiritualists. Mortality from common diseases became
the order of the day. This resulted in government implementing various intervention
designs which included the Bamako initiative, user-fee and Drug Revolving Fund.
After several committees and commissions, the Federal Government approved the
National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) in 1989 as a viable means of health care
financing for the achievement of easy access to quality health care for the Nigerian
people (Adeoye, 2015). It was formally launched on October 15, 1997 and the decree
was signed into law in May 1999.
National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) is a body established under Act 35 of 1999
by the Federal Government of Nigeria to improve the health of all Nigerians at an
affordable cost (Adeoye, 2015). NHIS according to Mgbe & Kevin (2014), is a social
security system adopted by Nigerian Government to guarantee the provision of
needed health services to persons on the payment of token contribution to the
common pool, at regular intervals. In the context of this study, NHIS is a system of
health care financing introduced by Federal Government of Nigeria to address the
problems of health care delivery which has been affected by challenges. It can be seen
as a typical example of Public Private Partnership [PPP] in health care delivery in
Nigeria. Its main goal is to enhance the health status of the citizens through provision
of financial risk protection and customer satisfaction. The hope of the average
Nigerian to have a reliable and affordable healthcare delivery system has been
brightened with the take-off of the long awaited National Health Insurance Scheme
(Mgbe & Kevin, 2014).

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PERSONALITY TYPES AS CORRELATES OF TEST ANXIETY AMONG UNIVERSITY BASED AND HOSPITAL BASED NURSING STUDENTS

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ABSTRACT

Test anxiety is an unpleasant state characterized by feelings of tension, apprehension, worrisome thoughts and the activation of the autonomic nervous system when an individual faces evaluative achievement-demanding situation. It is the uneasiness felt by students who had fear of failing an examination and/or test taking. This leads to hyper-arousal conditions that result in the physiological, emotional and intellectual changes that prevent the use of previously learned information during test-taking or examination. Test is one of the main methods of assessment in schools at all levels, and it is part of students’ life. Personality type is the psychological classification of different types of individuals which, brings about the differences in people. The purpose of this study was to determine personality types as correlate of test anxiety among university-based and hospital-based nursing students in selected nursing schools in Enugu Urban. Descriptive correlational design was used for the study. Two hundred and eight (208) nursing students participated in the study. One hundred and fifty (150) from the Department of Nursing Sciences, UNEC and fifty eight (58) from School of Nursing University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu. Instrument for data collection were Test Anxiety Inventory, (TAI) and Big Five Personality Inventory (BFPI) Data was collated and analyzed with the aid of the computer statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 19.0 using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) and Chi square (X2) There was no sampling done as all the final year nursing students were used for the study. Results of the research findings revealed that there was no significant relationship between personality types and test anxiety of male nursing students (0.277, P > 0.05) hence the Ho is accepted. Also, there is no significant relationship between Openness, Extraversion and Agreeableness personality types and test anxiety of female nursing students (P>0.05).Therefore, the Ho is accepted too. However, there is significant negative relationship between conscientiousness and test anxiety of female nursing students (r= -0346, P<0.05) which implies that the more conscientious the female nursing students are, the less their test anxiety and higher performance in test taking. Also, there is significant positive relationship between neuroticism and test anxiety of female nursing students (r= 0.359, P<0.05)of university-based and hospital-based nursing students which means that the more neurotic the female nursing students are, the more their test anxiety and low performance in test taking hence the Ho is rejected. It is recommended that coping strategies to reduce test anxiety should be included in nursing programmes/curriculum assist students who show symptoms of test anxiety.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

Test anxiety is an unpleasant state characterized by feelings of tension and apprehension, worrisome thoughts and the activation of the autonomic nervous system when an individual faces evaluative achievement-demanding situations (Tuncay, & Ergene, 2012). It is the hyper-arousal condition that results in physiological, emotional and intellectual changes that prevent the effective use of the previously learned information while taking an examination. Test anxiety is a non-specific trait that refers to the anxiety state and worry conditions experienced during examination (Ndirangu, Muola, Kithuka & Nassiuma, 2009).

Test or examination is an assessment intended to measure a test-taker’s achievement, knowledge, skill, aptitude or physical fitness. It is one of the main methods of assessment in schools at all levels (Woolfolk, 2009). Test taking is part of students’ life. However, it has been observed that some students are so fearful of tests or other forms of examination such that many students develop test anxiety towards examination. The level of test anxiety can fluctuate over time in an individual in response to different types of tests or examination. An individual, in response to both internal and external stimulation exhibit some observable behaviours such as perspiration, excessive movement, and questioning of instructions, sweaty palms and muscle tension during testing situations. Also, there may be disruption or disorganization of effective problem solving and cognitive control of the student including difficulty in thinking clearly (Freidman & Benda -Jacob, 2007).

According to Ohman (2000), test anxiety involves a physiological over arousal, worry and dread about test performance which often interferes with normal learning and lowers test performance. Harris and Coy (2005) stated that test anxiety and other deficits related to test anxiety interfere with academic performance. A study conducted by Cassady and Johnson (2002), on cognitive test anxiety of undergraduate students in Kuwait and United States of America showed that students with high level of anxiety have low academic performance. The students perform poorly not only in the regular class setting but also on achievement and aptitude tests (Fiore, 2003). Test anxiety is believed to be the trait that predisposes students to react negatively to examinations and tests (Keogh and Steven, 2010).

Test anxiety according to Spielberger (1979) and Eubank (1993), consists of two major components: worry and emotionality. Worry is an unpleasant thought or concern about things that might happen or problems that one may have which includes personal thoughts regarding poor test performance, ultimate course or academic failure (Fiore, 2003). Emotionality, on the other hand describes the unpleasant autonomic responses such as fear, panic, tension, increased heart and respiratory rates, muscle tension, sweaty palms, etc (Slade & Francis 2009). Emotionality tends to peak immediately before a test, and falls off rapidly when the test is concluded. Furthermore, emotionality is not related to performance expectancy but worry is related to performance expectancy, and tends to be fairly constant across time (Leibert & Morris, 1967 in Onyeizugbo, 2010).

Worry impairs performance by reducing the amount of working memory available, such that task performance is seriously impaired. While test-anxious individuals must put in more effort to achieve the same satisfactory levels of performance as their non-test anxious counterparts, they have the capability of performing well when their worry is contained. Of the two components of test anxiety, worry has been found to contribute more to test anxiety and poor performance (Keogh et al., 2004). According to Chinta (2005), students with high test anxiety respond to test or examination with intense emotional reactions and negative self-thought that impair performance leading to lower grades and result in high dropout rates of students. On the other hand, students with low levels of anxiety maintain their focus throughout information processing and retrieval; because there is few or no cognitive deficiency and the students persist in doing the task and perform well during examination and achievement test (Onyeizugbo, 2010).

Gender is a range of characteristics distinguishing between male and female, particularly in the cases of men and women, boys and girls; the masculine and feminine attributes assigned to them. It includes the expectations held about the characteristics, aptitudes and likely behaviours of both women and men (femininity and masculinity). Gender roles and expectations are learned. They can change over time and they vary within and between cultures. Systems of social differentiation such as political status, class, ethnicity, physical and mental ability, age and mores, modify gender roles. (Mishel, 2005).

According to Onyeizugbo (2010), gender could possibly predispose to test anxiety and females have repeatedly been found to report higher levels of overall test anxiety than males (Hembree, 1988; Volkmer & Zeidner, 1990; Feather, 1991; Bandalos et al, 1995). However, there has been little agreement among researchers regarding the locus of these gender differences. Three explanations have dominated thinking on this issue. One explanation for the gender differences in test anxiety is that males and females experience similar levels of test worry, but females have higher levels of the emotionality component, producing higher general test anxiety scores (Deffenbacher, 1980; Mueller, 1980). This proposition received limited support from research, revealing that differences between males’ and females’ reported anxiety levels were greatest in the emotionality component. However, females also consistently report higher levels of cognitive test anxiety than males (Hembree, 1988; Zeidner; 1990).

Gender, according to Onyeizugbo could possibly predict differences in levels of test anxiety. Zeidner (1990) and Kesshler et al (1995) reported that girls significantly have higher test anxiety than boys; whereas Mwamwenda (1993) found no significant gender differences in test anxiety among South African sample.

The personality type of an individual such as openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism can predispose to test anxiety hence gender and personality type of an individual in an examination or during test taking will positively or negatively affect test result based on the level of anxiety experienced (Bishop, 2006).

Research has shown that test anxious personalities respond to examination stress with emotional reactions and negative self-centered motivation and concentration (Zeisset, 2006).

Ejemezue (2011), in his study found that students with high test anxiety respond to examination stress with intense emotional reactions and negative self-centered thoughts that impair academic performance, while those low in test anxiety react with increased motivation and concentration.

From the foregoing therefore, an individual’s gender and personality type could pose a possible interaction effect in an individual during test taking which may or may not lead to test anxiety. This has therefore stimulated the researcher’s interest to study gender and personality types as correlates of test anxiety.

Statement of Problem

Test anxiety can be a devastating problem for many College and University students because; it may impair performance and well being in the long run (Dusek, 2009). According to King (2008), moderate levels of test anxiety may enhance a student’s performance, while higher levels tend to interfere with the student’s optimal performance. Findings from several researchers (Schultz; Di Stefano; Benson & Davis, 2004; Brijesh & Yogesh, 2008) have shown that the affective reactions of students to achievement testing as an integral part of educational system are becoming pronounced.

The researcher as a teacher has observed that some students under test conditions are restless, anxious looking, and display some behaviour or bodily reactions such as knocking on their seats with pen, bite the pen, move excessively on their seats, sweat profusely, shiver, go out several times to urinate, giraffe and ask many questions on the test instructions during examination or test taking. These students find it difficult to concentrate on their papers to write, probably because they cannot remember what they have read.

Besides, many students have approached the researcher over the years for advice and counselling concerning their academic performance. From what they confided in me; some said “I studied and prepared very well for this examination, but as soon as I was given the question paper, I could no more remember what I have read”. “I felt funny as soon as examination started as if something is blocking my airway or I am being chocked” while others complained of poor memory during examination but after writing the much they could remember, at the end of the examination, they remember those things they forgot in the examination hall. Others complained of poor muscle coordination while writing and this led to their writing very slowly, because of sluggish hand movement during examination which made them not to attempt all the questions. Furthermore, the complaint of going blank, total confusion resulted in severe nervousness that they could not concentrate and resulted in their writing out of point. All these depict symptoms of test anxiety. The students who make such complaints most often begin by saying “I failed this exam because of the problem I had”. “In fact, I don’t know what is wrong with me? Please I want you to advise me on what to do”.

However, some students do not display any signs of anxiety, restlessness or agitation during examinations. They remain calm and well comported during examination or test taking.

Based on the above observations, the researcher wonders why some students have these problems while some others do not have them. Is it because one is a male or female? Or, is it as a result of the personality type or traits one possesses. This aroused the researcher’s interest to investigate the relationship between gender, personality types and test anxiety. Also, there is a paucity of knowledge in nursing literature on the relationship between gender, personality types and test anxiety among nursing students. The present study will fill this gap.

Purpose of Study

The purpose of study was to investigate personality types as correlate of test anxiety among University-based and hospital-based nursing students in selected nursing schools in Enugu urban.

Objectives of the Study

1. To determine the personality types of nursing students as measured by the Big Five personality Inventory ((BFPI)

(b) To determine personality types according to programme (university-based and hospital-based nursing students)

(c)To determine gender differences in personality types of nursing students (male and female)

2. To determine test anxiety level of nursing students as measured by Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI).

(b) To determine test anxiety level according to programme (university-based and hospital- based)

(c) To determine test anxiety level according to gender (anxiety level = mild, moderate and severe)

3. To determine the relationship between personality types, and test anxiety levels of nursing students.

Research Hypotheses

Ho1 There will be no significant relationship between personality types and test anxiety level of nursing students

Ho2: There will be no significant relationship between personality types and test anxiety level of University-based nursing students.

Ho3: There will be no significant relationship between personality types and test anxiety level of hospital- based nursing students.

Ho4: There will be no significant relationship between personality types and test anxiety level of male nursing students

Ho5: There will be no significant relationship between, personality types and test anxiety level of female nursing students.

Ho6: There will be no significant relationship in test anxiety level between male and female nursing students.

Ho7: There will be no significant relationship in test anxiety level between University-based hospital-based nursing students.

Significance of Study

The present study of personality types and test anxiety will in no doubt make important contributions to area of study.

Findings from this study will reveal the personality types or profile of the nursing students. This finding will help nurse educators and other lecturers to understand student’s behaviour based on the personality traits they exhibit and which enable the nurse educators know how to handle the students to learn maximally, hence reducing test anxiety.

Findings will reveal test anxiety levels of nursing students. This finding will also help nurse educators, clinical instructors, clinical supervisors, mentors and preceptors to review method of teaching/techniques that will help reduce test anxiety and increase high performance in test taking.

Findings will also reveal the relationship between personality types and test anxiety of nursing students. This finding will reveal whether personality types have positive or negative relationship with test anxiety. Depending on the relationship of personality types and test anxiety, appropriate recommendations will be made following data analysis.

Furthermore, findings will show the relationship gender of and test anxiety. This will reveal whether masculinity and femininity have positive or negative relationship with test anxiety and appropriate measures will be recommended based on the result following data analysis.

If the findings and recommendations are put into use, it will help teachers and counsellors develop appropriate counseling packages for effective handling of students with test anxiety with the aim of reducing it to the barest minimum.

Finally, findings will provide basis for further researches.

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DEEPWATER PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION IN THE GULF OF GUINEA


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ABSTRACT

Petroleum Fiscal System (PFS) is a major determinant of investment decision in the exploration and production of oil and gas in any country. It basically describes the profitability relationship between the host government of the producing community and the International Oil Companies (IOCs). The comparative analysis of the performance of the fiscal regimes becomes imperative as it affects the interest of the investor and the production of oil and gas. During the formulation of any fiscal regime a premium is placed on its outcome.

In this study, Petroleum Fiscal System (PFS) deepwater economic model is developed for the Gulf of Guinea. The approach incorporates a dynamic multipurpose input data page that automatically considers fiscal laws, taxation and stochastic analysis. Monte Carlo simulation using @risk software is used to account for risk and uncertainties in decision making.

This study addresses the industry structure, conduct and performance of fiscal regimes of countries in the Gulf of Guinea. Comparison of the effects of production delay, front ended government take, front loading index, and taxation show that the Gulf of Guinea is internationally competitive in all ramifications. A wide range of profitability indicators were used in the economic evaluation decision of this work such as Government Take (GTake), Contractor Take (CTake), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Profitability Index (PI), Savings Index (SI), Return on Investment (ROI), Payout Time (POT), Effective Royalty Rate (ERR), Growth Rate of Return (GRR), Discounted Net Cash Flow (DNCF), Front Loading Index (FLI). This avails investors, governments, petroleum economists, and so on great options of economic performance indicators in decision making. It is also found that as the risk in deepwater investment increases with water depth, return on investment rises significantly too in the Gulf of Guinea.

Analysis of all terms contained in the deep water economic model formulated

(stochastic and deterministic) presents a useful tool to guide in investment decision making in

the Gulf of Guinea. Recommendations on how the variations would give government equal

take on any Petroleum Fiscal System are made. Usually the aim of the host government is to

get as much economic rent as possible.

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1. OVERVIEW

Deepwater offshore exploration as much as it is a breakthrough in Petroleum Exploration and Production as it offers significant benefits over onshore production, still poses challenges to the oil and gas industry. The Gulf of Guinea (GOG) is an attractive place for investment in the oil and gas sector, opportunities abounds for petroleum exploration and production. Exploration and production in deepwater offshore have been proven to produce more oil and gas, add to proven reserves and generate more income for such producing nations. In the long run, production in deep waters will help the growing economies hence the demand for oil and gas globally.

The analysis of fiscal regimes which is one of the determinants of investment decision in the exploration and production of oil and gas is imperative for the Gulf of Guinea as it affects the interest of the investor and the production of crude oil. Several authors such as Temmy D. and Tumbur P. (2002), Costa Lima G.A. et al (2010) due to its significance, analyzed profitability of Fiscal regimes in the Asia Pacific countries and Brazil respectively, however, risk and uncertainties were not accounted for.

The Gulf of Guinea is the arm of the Atlantic Ocean, western Africa, between Cape Palmas, at the south-eastern tip of Liberia, and Cape Lopez, Gabon. Among the many rivers that drain into the Gulf of Guinea are the Niger and the Volta. The coastline on the gulf includes the Bight of Benin and the Bight of Bonny. The Niger River in particular deposited organic sediments out to sea over millions of years which became crude oil. This region is now regarded as one of the world's top oil and gas exploration hotspots and most promising petroleum provinces (Microsoft Encarta, 2009). The countries of the Gulf of Guinea, an area in the West and Central Africa coast are made up of Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Togo, Cameroon, Benin, Ivory Coast, Angola, Congo, Guinea, and the islands of Sao Tome and Principe. Islands in the GOG that are part of Equatorial Guinea are Annobon, Bioko, Corisco, Elobey Grande and Elobey Chico (Wikipedia, 2011). Some countries like Nigeria and Angola are already producing from offshore areas in the GOG, while others are starting to conduct exploration activities. By some estimates, West Africa already has up to 547 major offshore oil and gas structures.

Currently, offshore production accounts for up to 30% of the world's oil and gas production. That percentage is expected to rise in the future. Estimates indicate that the GOG and African countries already supplies about 11% of world’s oil and gas needs and holds about 10% of the world’s proven reserves (PWC, 2010). However, this number is expected to grow, given that exploration is only now commencing in some offshore areas.

1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Several studies have been done on the comparative competitiveness of Petroleum Fiscal Systems (PFS) in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), Brazil, Australia, Malaysia, etc., but none has been done for the GOG. Though Merak Projects PEEP has fiscal models for some GOG countries, they are in isolation for commercial purposes. Therefore, in this study, an integrated PFS of various fiscal regimes in the GOG will be modelled; implemented and proposed PFS in countries in the GOG will be analyzed as well as the uniqueness of each country. The same field data (hypothetical or real) will be used to forecast production and costs.

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DEVELOPMENT OF CONING CORRELATIONS FOR OIL RIM RESERVOIRS USING EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

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ABSTRACT

Proper management of thin oil rim reservoirs is required to maximize recovery and minimizes coning tendencies. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of reservoir and fluid properties on coning tendencies in thin oil rim reservoirs and to develop numerical correlations to predict oil recovery and water break through time for these reservoirs.

Numerical correlations for the prediction of recovery and water breakthrough time using response surface methodology have been developed. The thin oil rim reservoir was represented using a generic simulation box model.

Production rate, horizontal well length, oil viscosity, vertical landing of well from the gas-oil contact (GOC), vertical permeability and anisotropy ratio were varied and their effects on oil recovery, reservoir pressure, water cut and breakthrough time were studied. The results show that an increase in horizontal well length reduces the coning tendencies and improves recovery of oil. Increasing viscosity of oil (reducing oil mobility) increases the coning tendencies whilst reducing the productivity index of a well hence decreasing recovery. An increase in the horizontal well landing position from the gas-oil contact (GOC) results in an increase in water cut. An increase in vertical permeability and vertical anisotropy ratio both increases the coning tendencies in thin oil rim reservoirs.

Correlations for the prediction of cumulative oil recovery and water breakthrough time were developed for reservoir and fluid properties and well configurations within specific ranges which can be used for reliable predictions.

The major contribution of this work to knowledge is it presents a means of using experimental design and response surface methodology to develop reliable equations for generalized prediction of cumulative recovery and water breakthrough time in thin oil rim reservoirs without running simulation models when the required equipment and time is unavailable.

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW

Coning is the result of high pressure gradient around the producing well which causes the oil-water contact to rise and the gas-oil contact to depress near the wellbore. Gravitational forces tend to segregate the fluids according to their densities. However, when gravitational forces are exceeded by the flowing pressures (viscous force), a cone of water and/or gas will be formed which will eventually penetrate the wellbore (Beveridge, 1970). Figure 1.1 is a schematic illustrating the phenomenon of water coning in a producing vertical well. This dynamic force due to wellbore drawdown causes the water at the bottom of the oil layer to rise to a certain point at which the dynamic force is balanced by the height of water beneath that point. As the lateral distance from the wellbore increases, the pressure drawdown and the upward dynamic forces decrease. Thus, the height of the balance point decreases as the distance from the well bore increases. Therefore, the locus of the balanced point is a stable cone shaped water oil interface. At this stable situation, oil flows above the interface while water remains stationary below the interface (Namani, 2007). This also applies to gas coning.

The extent of the cone and it stabilization depends on a lot of reservoir and fluid properties. A lot of correlations have been developed to predict the rate at which coning will occur for any conventional reservoir and the breakthrough time for a particular production rate. However, these correlations have their limitations due to assumptions made during their development which tends towards ideality rather than what is actually obtainable.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Charles Darwin (1959) the history of man from animals wandering in the wilderness which have no fixed home but moved from one tree to another, from on district to another till he attained the states of homo-sapiens like Darwin all historians of early man like Lamarck (1809). Saw man as a wonder. Thus Karl-Marx (1948) began his easy on man in his famous book “ the communist manifesto” which goes thus “in the beginning was man the wonder who went out to gather fruits of the earth, some gather more than they needed thereby making it impossible fro others to gather what will be enough for themselves. Thereby leading to the origin of the famous slogan which is the situation of Haves and have not’s.

Other historian maintained that man has always been a mover. According to Marine (1990) it is increasingly known that man especially in large numbers move from their homes, villages cities, countries of origin to national boundaries often move to return. Many do so in search of economic opportunities not available at their homes of origin. Others primarily to escape oppressions striate or natural disaster. These extensive population flows are not peculiar to the contemporary world. Maboyuje (1970) noted that Migration in the early fifties also involves movement from rapidly growing to relatively stagnant areas of the economy. Throughout recorded history, such movements have national population, the disparities between rich and poor nations, the conflict between ethics and national groups the conflict between rich and poor nations and the impact of national disasters, we expect these flows to continue.

Man being itinerant, according to Rouch (1954) and Harrison (1967), more for various reasons man move from land of security into place of freedom, which is why we have refuges from somalin, sudanm riveands, Burunadi, Mozamabique etc. into area where they will feel safe. Amn also moves around for academic residing in Awgu town will move to study in places of his choice. Some even move to Europe, America or other places oversees. That mobility in man makes him to come back again to his country of origin for employment opportunities. On the other hand, the socio-economic development of Nigeria since the end of the commercial manufacturing and exporting crops development leading to massive migration which was disrupted during the civil was continued unbaked after the war.

It is from the above noted that research work on the incidence of rural-urban drift in Awgu town settlers will be analyzed.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

Rural urban drift is a common phenomenon in Nigeria because the rate of which people drift from rural areas to urban areas is alarmingly high and thereby not encouraging. It posses some problems on the urban area thereby making it difficult for the out migrate to stele down comfortably.

Rural urban drift is a problem especially on the urban settlers because first and foremost, when the urban drift leaves the rural area as a result of the “pull” factors which are mainly seen in the urban area for instance, the attraction of higher wages in the city, good rods and transport system electricity (power supply) according to Forts (1970) labour enterprises and skills are now marketable in their own right anywhere in the country, “good and sound” education and a host of many “pull” factors which attract people to the city.

On the urban drift arrival in the city, the reception is sometime hostile especially where the urban drift does not know anyone in the receiving society he is going to and does not have enough funds on him. On the contrary, the reception time is worn when the urban drift has relatives Kinsmen, he will put up with till he secures in job is able to earn a living.

As the urban drift moves to the urban areas from the rural area. It leads to dividing numbers of villages and poor agricultural production. The urban areas offer a large variety of activities and these are clubs and organization associated with almost every activity from acting and bicycling to rock-hounding and going to amusement parks. Some companies sponsor clubs and sports teams, despite these heart plans, these are those who find themselves in trouble as contingency planning which is appropriate before moving to the urban is not considered (Dough and Vargh 1998).

It is possible that those who drift into Awgu town will encounter problems. According to Ayles Worth and Bloom (1976), they saw an urban drift as having a lower surviving rate as a result of factors, such as the urban drift low socio-economic origin and greater difficulty in procuring financial and which increased the possibility of attention through an interview. The urban drift also reveled/mentioned problems which reflected high level of stress and alienation problems of feeling with the urban area (town) size and impersonality finding other residents who were cultural similar end or friendly.

Many people moving from a rural to urban environment to have title concept of the associated cost and may therefore be in severe financial difficulties within a short time at the arrival. If a realistic budget which is an important aspect of adjusting to an urban life is not considered, Lawrence (1984) so having indentified the effects of rural urban drift on the rural settler.

Over the years calls have been made from consigned quarters varying the government (both the military and civil authorities) to hasten the pace of development in rural areas pointing out the effect of rural-urban drift as a serious threat to national socio-economic development every indication, the clarion call seem to have fallen into deaf ears of our leaders. Thereby forcing the massive surge of the jobless dropouts semi-skilled, able-bodied men and women to abandon the rural area with its poor, unattractive, unprogressive, suppressible environment, roaming the urban areas looking for any menial jobs for mere substance.

The effect of population increases serves also as a clear factor instigating the drift to the urban. One may be motivated therefore to ask has the government been able to contain or decisively address the problems of rural urban drift. With its attendant problem? What are the reasons for the abject neglect of the rural areas? In spite of the huge allocation of fund from the federal coffer for both capital and recurrent expenditure to develop the rural areas, so as to stem down the rural-urban drift, there is no visible impact to justify the colossal sum being ear-marked yearly for the development of the rural areas in this country especially in Awgu LGA. It must be noted that most of people living in Awgu LGA are peasant farmers and petty traders, semi-skilled artisans and dropouts. Who can not afford decent means of livelihood coupled with the land tenure system prevailing in Igbo land. So, youths and able-bodied from the case study area (Awgu town) therefore have no other choice than to leave the rural environment abounding the very elderly ones in search of means of sustenance.

Having established industries in Awgu de-emphasizing rural-urban migration by providing social amenities in the rural areas like good roads, electricity, pipe borne water. Since most of these facilities do not exist in the rural area, it makes the rural dwellers to seek for improved or better, life in the urban cities so as to feel belonged formulation policy measures that might remedy or control the effects of rural urban drift and others. These solution shall be sought and recommended it hoped that such suggested solution should help if followed properly, but if not solved completely. More and more people will continue to migrate to urban conters to avoid feeling of inferiority to their counterparts in the urban centers.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions are formulated to guide the study.

1. To what extent is the incidence of rural urban drift common among the people of Awgu town, Awgu LGA?

2. What factors are responsible for the incidence of rural-urban drift among the people of Awgu town, Awgu LGA?

3. What are the effects of our migration on the economy of Awgu town, Awgu LGA?

4. What are the solutions to the problems of rural-urban drift among the people of Awgu town, Awgu LGA?

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of this study is to

1. To ascertain the extent is the incidence of rural urban drift common among the people of Awgu town, Awgu LGA?

2. To identify the factors are responsible for the incidence of rural-urban drift among the people of Awgu town, Awgu LGA?

3. To find out the effects of our migration on the economy of Awgu town, Awgu LGA?

4. To proffer solutions to the problems of rural-urban drift among the people of Awgu town, Awgu LGA?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study is significant in two ways.

It will add to the existing body of knowledge on rural depopulation.

Practically, the study is significant in that it will create awareness among the people of Awgu town on the evil effects of out-migration.

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Rurality or rural dwellers: Are these people that lives in the village and their main occupation are farming

2. urban dwellers: They are those people that live in the town or city.

3. rural-urban drift: It is the movement of the people from the rural to urban areas in search of greener pasture

4. Urbanism: Denotes the distinct quality of human community which is a special mode of existing or way of life which is characteristics of the city. These shows that there are differences in quality of life between urban and rural life.

5. Urbanisation: Is defined as diffusion of urban centers to a rural hinterland. It involves the process of movement of people into cities and consequent growth of structures in the cities. The urbanization process usually results in the creation and growth of cities.

6. industrialization: Is a process of building of a country’s productive capacity to process raw materials and manufacture goods and service for the consumptions and further production. It also includes the provision of basic infrastructural facilities such as electricity, water and transportation services within a country such that the people will satisfy most of their basic needs, gain full employment and be self reliant.

7. Urban pathology: Is all about the serious health problem faced by urban dwellers resulting from inadequate supply of safe water, poor housing, poor sanitary conditions, pollutions, poverty, poor transportation system etc.


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EFFECTS OF PARTIAL COMPLETION ON PRODUCTIVITY INDEX

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ABSTRACT

A new method for analysing productivity index (PI) on vertical wells is the main objective of this study. Well performance is often measured in terms of the well’s productivity which is dependent on a number of factors such as the reservoir’s configuration, the type of completion, petrophysical and fluid properties, formation damage, etc. The effect of partial completion is the main focus of making the productivity index analysis since almost all vertical wells are partially completed due to the reasons of water coning or gas cap issue, etc. It is also very expensive to fully complete a well especially when the formation thickness is so large.

Pressure behaviour solutions for both closed boundary and constant pressure boundary have been obtained, taking into consideration the effect of partial completion.

Productivity of a well is usually evaluated on the long time performance behaviour, thus the pseudo-steady state (late time) approach has been employed for calculation of the productivity index.

Several key factors have been tested on productivity index such as pseudo skin, shape factors, penetration ratio, reservoir drainage area and etc. The effects of these factors have been analysed on PI. Theoretical data were used in carrying out the analysis with results indicating that, productivity index increases with increasing completion interval and vice versa, whiles pressure drop due to skin as a result of restricted entry to fluid flow increases tremendously with decreasing completion interval.

Shape factors of various well positions in bounded reservoirs were computed and compared with results obtained by Dietz, and Babu and Odeh.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Well productivity is one of the major concerns in oil field development, and provides the means for oil field development strategy. Sometimes, well performance is measured in terms of productivity index. In order to arrive at the economic feasibility of drilling a well, petroleum engineers require proven and reliable methods to estimate the expected productivity of that well. Well productivity is often evaluated using the productivity index, defined as the production rate per unit pressure drawdown. Petroleum engineers often relate the well productivity evaluation to the long-time performance behaviour of a well, that is, the behaviour during pseudo-steady-state or/and steady-state flow of a closed system or/and constant pressure system respectively.

The long-term productivity of oil wells is influenced by many factors. Among these factors are petrophysical properties, fluid properties, degree of formation damage and/or stimulation, well geometry, well completions, number of fluid phases, and flow-velocity type (Darcy, non-Darcy) (Yildiz, 2003).

Depending upon the type of wellbore completion configuration, it is possible to have radial, spherical or hemispherical flow near the wellbore. A well with a limited perforated interval (partial completion) could result in spherical flow in the vicinity of the perforations as depicted in fig. 2.1. A well which only partially penetrates the pay zone, could result in hemispherical flow. These conditions could arise where coning of bottom water or gas cap becomes a serious issue (Ahmed, 2005). Figures 3.1 and 3.2 respectively depict the true picture of radial and spherical flow behaviour in a partially completed vertical well.

Partial completion is the completion of or flow from less than the entire producing interval. This situation causes a near-well flow constriction that result in a positive skin effect in a well-test analysis. The net result of partial completion yields extra pressure drop in the near wellbore region and reduces the well productivity.

The present analytical method of evaluating productivity index in vertical wells with partial completion does not account for the effect of pressure drop due to partial completion.

The purpose of this study is to develop analytical model for evaluating productivity index (P.I) of vertical wells with partial completion, where the effect of pressure drop due to partial completion is taken into account and compare results with conventional methods.

The partial differential equations were solved for both no-flow boundary and constant pressure boundary systems in Laplace and Fourier Transform domains before inversion to real time domain.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of this work are to:

· Develop analytical model for pressure behaviour in closed and constant pressure boundary systems

· Develop an analytical model for evaluating productivity index of vertical wells with partial completion for both closed-boundary and constant pressure boundary systems taking into account the effect of pressure drop due to partial completion

· Calculate shape factors and compare with the existing ones and

· Investigate the factors and parameters that influence or control productivity index.

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MATERIAL BALANCE APPLICATION FOR BROWNFIELD DEVELOPMENT

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ABSTRACT

The need to re-develop one of the Brown fields located in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria was necessitated by the fact that there are still three undeveloped reservoirs in the field.

A total of six stacked reservoirs, A100 to A600 (all oil bearing with associated gas) were penetrated between 8552 ftss and 10652 ftss by APV-1 well. Reservoir blocks A200 and A600 are the largest in the field accounting for 77% of the total field STOIIP. The well was completed with a Two String Multiple (TSM) on the two levels, with the short string producing from the A200 reservoir and the long string producing from the deeper A600 reservoir, A300 behind the sleeve.

The purpose of this research is to identify the best developmental plan to produce the reservoirs, either with a TSM completion or with a Smart well completion based on the economics. There are many single well fields in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria that have not been optimally produced, hence this study seeks to maximize the life of this field.

The reservoirs were simulated and production forecast carried out amounted to 14.55 MMstb for a period of 16 years.

After economic analysis was performed, the Net Present Value for the TSM and the Smart well completion were US $MM 241.9 and 248.88 respectively and an Internal Rate of Return of 155% and 202% respectively, hence the Smart well development plan is recommended.


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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 BACKGROUND

Petroleum reserves are declining, and fewer noteworthy discoveries have been made in recent years (Abdus, 1990). The need to increase recovery from the vast amount of remaining oil and to compete globally require healthier reservoir management practices (Abdus et al, 1994).

However, technological developments in all areas of petroleum exploration and exploitation, along with fast increasing computing power, are providing the tools to better develop and manage reservoirs to maximize economic recovery of hydrocarbons (Abdus, 1990).

A reservoir's life begins with exploration, which leads to discovery; reservoir delineation; field development; production by primary, secondary and tertiary means; and abandonment (Figure. 1.1).

Sound reservoir management is the key to successful operation of the reservoir throughout its entire life. It is a continuous course, unlike how the baton is passed in traditional E&P organizations (Abdus et al, 1994).

Reservoir Management is all about excellence in the Operate phase of an E&P project life cycle. This is the only phase (Operate) that earns income, to provide the return on investment and it is the longest of the four (4) E & P business phases (Exploration, Appraisal, Development and Operate) spanning decades. (Shell WRM Operational Excellence, 2010).

Complete reservoir management requires the use of both human and technological resources for maximizing profits (Abdus et al, 1994). It requires good coordination of geologists, geophysicists, production, and petroleum engineers to advance petroleum exploration, development, and production. Also, technological advances and computer tools can facilitate better reservoir management as well as enhance economic recovery of hydrocarbons. Even a 11 small percent increase in recovery efficiency could amount to significant additional recovery and profit. These incentives and challenges provide the motivation to sound reservoir management. Reservoir simulation is the way by which one uses a numerical model of the geological and petrophysical characteristics of a hydrocarbon reservoir to analyze and predict fluid behavior in the reservoir over time. In its simple form, a reservoir simulation model is made up of three parts: (i) a geological model in the form of a volumetric grid with face properties that describes the given porous rock formation; (ii) a flow model that defines how fluids flow in a porous medium, typically given as a set of partial differential equations expressing conservation of mass or volumes together with suitable closure relations; and (iii) a well model that describes the flow in and out of the reservoir, including a model for flow within the well bore and any coupling to flow control devices or surface facilities (Lie, 1994).

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THE IMPACT OF BIO-DATA OF DRIVERS ON THE LEVEL OF ROAD ACCIDENTS IN NIGERIA



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1.BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The occurrence of fatal road accidents in Nigeria is alarming. Road accidents in Nigeria overtime have witnessed an unprecedented geometric rise. This has been a major concern to both the populace and the government, this is because a lot of properties loved ones and other valuables have been lost as a result of this malady. Road accidents don’t just occur, they are caused. Given the fact that Nigeria has one of the highest road accidents rate as well as the largest number of death per 10,000 vehicles (Bala 2010), one may be prompted to believe that the level of awareness on the major causes of road traffic accidents is very low among Nigerians. On the contrary, however; Okoro (2010) has shown that Nigerians a well informed on the major causes of accidents. Accidents are defined as anything that happens by chance or anything occurring unexpectedly; Odegbami (2011). Road traffic accident is therefore an unexpected phenomenon that occurs as a result of the use of vehicles on highways. Accidents can either be fatal; it is fatal when it leads to death of the victims or minor when victims sustain serious injuries whether physical or mental. The dividing line between fatal and minor is however thin. As it has been defined, accident would scarcely give warning although careless drivers should anticipate the consequences of their recklessness. In total, accidents do not just occur but they are majorly brought about by human carelessness, recklessness or negligence. Even when the immediate cause of a road accident is traced to mechanical factor, carelessness in the form of omission to check and maintain the vehicle at the right time would have scarcely contributed. Constant checking and maintenance of the vehicles could avert and imminent accident. Road accidents also occur as a result of one of the following factors: Human factors; Vehicle factors; Road and environmental factors according to AUSTROADS (1995). Driving faster or slower than the flow of traffic-which may or may not come with the posted speed limit-has majorly been demonstrated to increase the likelihood of crashes, as shown by the Solomon Curve (OOIDA,2003).The factors of traffic accidents are drivers, the highway and motor vehicles (Aaron 1999). Most traffic accidents often involve the three elements. Most road traffic accidents involve motor vehicles (Stutts and Hunter, 1999). A high proportion of road traffic accidents can be apportioned to bad roads and unsafe human acts. The drunken drivers of motor vehicles make the clearest example (Hijar et al., 2000).

1.2.STATEMENT OF THE GENERAL PROBLEM

The rise in the road traffic accidents in Nigeria has overtime been a cause for major concern. A lot has been said about the age grade, gender, marital status and educational qualification of victims of road traffic study, this also has led us in undertaking this research work with a view to knowing if the bio data of drivers has an effect on how they drive which will ultimately rub off on the level of road traffic accidents in Nigeria.

1.3.AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The impact of bio data of drivers on the level of road accidents in Nigeria is centered on the following objectives:
To know if the victims of road traffic accidents is gender related. To know if the victims of road traffic accidents is age related. To know if there is a relationship between marital status of victims and the level of road traffic accidents in Nigeria. To know if there is a relationship between educational qualification of victims and the level of road traffic accidents in Nigeria.

1.4.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of the study is to benefit both the research and readers, for it makes for a very interesting and educational reading, since the study will attempt to make everything in detail which will attract readers and researchers. The research hypotheses and date analysis will also enable organization to determine whether or not bio data of drivers has an impact on how they drive which in turn leads to the level of road traffic accidents.

1.5.SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study is on the impact of bio data of drivers in relation to the level of road traffic accidents in Nigeria.

1.6.LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

A study of this nature will normally entails investigation into a variety of issues to be able to achieve a comprehensive study of the problems, a lot of constraint would be encountered in form of collection of data, lack of adequate information and scarcity of researchers infrastructures. A principal limitation of this survey is the difficulty in getting accurate information on the bio data of victims of road traffic accidents.

1.7.DEFINITION OF TERMS
Accident: an unpleasant event, especially in a vehicle, that happens unexpectedly and causes injury, death or damage. Traffic: the vehicles that are on a road at a particular time. Fatal: causing or ending in death. Malady: a serious problem or an illness. Vehicle: a thing that is used for transporting people or goods from one place to another.

1.8. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

Hypothesis 1

H0: there is no relationship between the age of victims of road traffic accidents and the level of accidents in Nigeria.

H1: there is a relationship between the age of victims of road traffic accidents and the level of accidents in Nigeria.

Hypothesis 2

H0: there is no relationship between the gender of victims of road traffic accidents and the level of accidents in Nigeria.

H1: there is a relationship between the gender of victims of road traffic accidents and the level of accidents in Nigeria.

Hypothesis 3

H0: there is no relationship between the educational qualification of victims of road traffic accidents and the level of accidents in Nigeria.

H1: there is a relationship between the educational qualification of victims of road traffic accidents and the level of accidents in Nigeria.

Hypothesis 4

H0: there is no relationship between the marital status of victims of road traffic accidents and the level of accidents in Nigeria.

H1: there is a relationship between the marital status of victims of road traffic accidents and the level of accidents in Nigeria.

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SUITABLE TECHNIQUES FOR IMPROVING THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF ICT IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS FROM THE OPINIONS OF BUSINESS EDUCATORS

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ABSTRACT

Information and communication technology [ICT] plays a vital role in the development of any nation. It has been an instrument for achieving social, economic, scientific and technological development (Adedeji, 2010). ICT has greatly influenced the education sector, especially on teaching, learning and research. The application of information and communication technology (ICT) is not only emphasized in business organizations and in industrial sector, but is an essential part of education at all levels (Allen, 2011). Information and communication technology, including computers are generally believed to make learning much easier. Information and communication technology (ICT) encompasses the use of equipment and programmes to access, retrieve, convert, store, organize, manipulate and present data and information in a more simpler way [Gray and Blads, 2005). The terminologies Information and communication technology (ICT) and information technology (IT) can be used interchangeably. Information can be seen as an “idea” conceived in the human mind, while communication is the transfer of that information from the original source to the destination where it is needed with the intention of producing a change in behaviour of the receiver. When information and communication drifts away from the orthodox, verbal and print media towards the more recent electronic media, then the concept is known as ICT. This is why Badru (2002) defined “ICT” as the science and activity of processing, storing and sending information by using computers. The author further defined communication technology as the use of hardware and software to enhance communication. In other words, there is an overlap between the function of information technology and communication technology.

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CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF SIMPLE PARENT HOOD

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ABSTRACT

The major purpose of the study was to find outs the causes and consequences of single parenthood in Imezi –Owa in Ezeagu Local Government Area of Enugu State. The population of the study was 3000 that made of men, women and youths that lives in the study area. 3000 respondents were selected from the total population for sampling.

Four research questions was used to construct the questionnaire which was administered to the selected respondents. The main instrument for the study was questionnaire. The data collected from the respondents were analyse by means of chi-square X2 Formular, using the four research questions.

After the analysis, the researcher made some findings and recommendations. The researcher is highly optimistic that single parenthood an its causes and consequences should be eliminated if the recommendation is being implemented.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Of The Study

1.2 Statement Of Problems

1.3 Purpose Of The Study

1.4 Scope /Delimitation Of The Study

1.5 Research Questions

1.6 Significance Of The Study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 The Concept Of Single Parenthood

2.2 The Causes Of Single Parenthood

2.3 The Concepts Of Family

2.4 Family As A Foundation Of Academic Performance Of The Children

2.5 The Effects Of Single Parenthood

2.6 Summary.

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

3.2 Area For The Study

3.3 Population For The Study

3.4 Sample And Sampling Procedure

3.5 Instrument For The Data Collection

3.6 Validity Of The Instrument

3.7 Reliability Of The Instrument

3.8 Method Of Data Collection

3.9 Method Of Data Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

Data Presentation and Results

Summary of Result/Findings.

CHAPTER FIVE

FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Finding

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Implication Of The Research Findings

5.4 Recommendations

5.5 Suggestion For Further Research

5.6 Limitation of the Study.

REFERNCE

APPENDICES


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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUP OF THE STUDY

Single parenthood is a social problem which looks very perplexing, confusing and highly difficult to explain. In this context single parenthood refers to a human status characterized by a set of relationship involving either a father, child/ children or mother – child/children living together within the context of a family or separately. This precarious situation is indeed discomforting granting that the single parenthood (man or woman) affected must in his or her capacity strive to cover within his or her limits the missing link between the child and the non-existent parent. This lies the inherent problem because as the growing child grows, he becomes inquisitive and naturally would always seek to ask this ungoodable question of mommey, where is Daddy or voice versa. Under this inquisitive seal of the child, the parent concerned may psychologically be tempted to resort to child pampering which obviously will not be in the interest of the child later in life. The result of this development according to psychological literature is reflects with examples of the link between parental rejected and the emergence of an affectionless, hostile or psychopathic personality problem in the child.

It is observed that single parenthood is usually an unprepared development. For instance a school girl who accidentally got pregnant or the emergence of an unplanned pregnancy, in which case if the circumstances surrounding the marriage was not properly address, parental rejected of the offspring may manifest overtly or covertly. This will create both psychological and societal problem to the parent that accepted the responsibility of the child’s upbringing and the innocent child suffers all the problems associated with single parenthood.

Again single parenthood could happen as a result of death of one of the married couples, pre-marital sex and unwanted pregnancy including the fear of menopause in ladies and societal permissiveness of sexual relationship between two or more unmarried opposite sexes. The problems associated with single parenthood are expected to be many and multifaced as they affect the child, the parent and of course the society.

In a study on single parenthood.

Ashley (1969) observed that children are the chief casualties and victims of single parenthood. Often times they are prey to a cluster of psychological problems and personality disorder. Single parenthood retards progress and development of a child and the society at large.

Thus, it is believed that a child brought up by single parent by design cannot have the same fulfillment, sound moral, social and psychological development like a child brought up in a family where both parents live together in conjugal union and fidelity.

However, this is the belief in some quarters that a great number of delinquent children come from homes in which a parent died or was absent for other reasons, with the proportion of the delinquents being greatest among the boys who were youngest when the absence began. This group further believes that it is possible that as a result of the material and emotional deprivation consequent on such a loss of one married partner, such juvenile may be let into wandering, stealing and so on.

STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Marriage is the union of a man and a woman from two different families, with the ultimate aim of bearing children. Thus marriage and child bearing is an integral aspect of a human’s desire and few (if any) human being envisage a life without getting married and raising children except in exceptional cases.

According to Okoro (1982) marriage is very important to both man and woman since it brings about settled life, division of labour and raising of children who will bear the parents names and who are the further leaders of the country. The children needs adequate attention from their parents and their training on which his/her life depends is considered to be the pivot of producing good citizens. Any parent (s) who failed to give the children sound training tends to hamper the progress, growth, development f the child and the nation in general.

However, it has been observed that some children do not have the attention of both parent as a result some reasons. Such reasons includes death of one of the parents, divorce by couples or bearing of children out of wedlock. This has given rise to the issue of single parenthood which is becoming a threat to the society, thereby prompting the researcher to find out the causes of single parenthood and it effect on academic performance of children.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study was:

1. To find out the causes of single parenthood and it effect in Igboland.

2. This study intend to identify if there are single parenthood in the area of the study.

3. To examine the cause and implications or the consequences.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The researcher formulated following research questions to guide the study.

1. Are there some cause of single parenthood in Imezi Owa in Ezeagu Local Government Area of Enugu State?

2. Are there some effect of single parent hood in academic performance of children in the study area?

3. Could the problem of single parenthood be solved in your area?

4. In what ways could the government help children of single parents in the society?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This result of this study will have a lot of significance to the students, parents and the society at large. The result of the study will be useful to the students since it will contribute to the existing material in the study area and will educate them on the needs to seek for a peaceful settlement incases of misunderstanding between their parents. It will also form source of material to future researchers on the study topic or related topic of study. Also the result of the study will be beneficial to the parents since it will educate them on the need for them to live together and train their children. It will provide with the problems the children encounter when their parents got divorced. Again the study will provide solutions to the problems of single parenthood with a view of helping to curbs its effect on the society at large.

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THE EFFECT OF MOTIVATION ON WORKERS IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR IN NIGERIA TELECOMMUNICATION

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ABSTRACT

The research on the effects of motivation on workers in the public sector with particular reference to the Nigerian Telecommunication Limited (NITEL) Enugu state was intended to determine motivation in the NITEL, Enugu.

In conducting the research therefore, references were made to source including some related literature.

Furthermore, questionnaire and interview method were extensively employed to gather the necessary data for the study. This was supported with other forms of collecting data such as personal observation. Although getting information through some of these sources was not easy, the research therefore acknowledges that there were some limitations which in one way the other affected the findings of the research.

After the collection of data, table was used to present, analyze and interprets the data. At the end some findings based on the data were made which among other things are that the NITEL, Enugu has insufficient motivational variables such as provision of housing facilities bus services for the staff e.t.c which motivates worker to perform efficiently.

Also observed was that promotion exercising in the organization lives much to be desired. Often times this is done without talking merit criteria into consideration, other consideration such as loyalty and favoritism also more promotion in the organization coup led with this there is inadequate trained men power to help achieve the objectives for which the organization was set up.

Based on the funding, recommendations were drawn including conclusions for important.


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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

EFFECT OF MOTIVATION ON WORKERS IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR ( A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN THE COMMUNICATION LTD NITEL ENUGU

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Motivation of this research is the overall provision of these individual needs that spurred them to any ambition. Such need include the need for higher pay, a perspiration title a name on the office door, the acclaim of colleagues and a host of other things that gives people a reason to perform.

The federal government as well as the money amount of the corporation has introduced a lot of innovation for the effective functioning of the corporation. The former posts and Telecommunication ( P&T) and the Nigerian External Telecommunication (NET) were incorporation into one department on 1st January 1985, and by June 1985 too, the department was split into NITEL and NIPOST ( Nigeria’s postal services). These moves were to make the organizations independents and result oriented.

Again, towards improving Nigeria’s Telecommunications system, the federal government of Nigerian spent huge sums of money in order to achieve this goal in 1989 alone, the federal government allocated the sum of N20 million to the organization for the procurement of communication equipment.

Furthermore, the management in order to bring workers into the realm of policy making has introduced the system of management by objective (MBO) whereby workers could participate in decision making the federal government too, upgraded the workers by placing them on universal salary with the hope of improving their lot thereby encouraging them perform effectively.

Also in order to improve the image of the organization was before the genera, a public relations department was created in 1967 and given night state the head of public relation money (PRM) is a very senior management positions within the Nigerian Telecommunication Limited (NITEL) in it’s zonal headquarters in Enugu.

All those various measures were introduced at the NITEL in order to improve the services in the organization. Research finding indicate that own the lowest employee needs esteem and self actualization although the levels of there needs might not be the same with various individuals.

Motivation of employees in essence increases their morals there by leading to the company’s productivity.

1.2 THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of motivation on workers in the Nigeria Telecommunication Limited (NITEL) Enugu.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The Nigeria Telecommunication limited (NITEL) at Enugu has been facing a lot of problem. In the territorial land zonal headquarters located at Enugu, as lot of things have been missing. The cable of the corporation which were procured at way high cost mostly sought. This incessant missing of cables and some other virtual equipment which included, telephones caused a great confusion to the policy makers in the organization.

There were familiarity relations between the staff and customers the staff and customers at the corporation in such a way that same members of made demands before or after rendering services to there customers.

Many times at the Nigeria Telecommunication Limited (NITEL), Enugu, flies missed and surface later.

There was also problem of misuse of facilities available to the corporation. Some members of staff of the NITEL made free calls to their friends and relatives thereby lowering the profitability of the corporations.

Again, some beneficiaries of promotion exercise obtained it whether they were proved productive or not. Lack of space parts for the corporations machines also has militated against the functioning of NITEL. Other exodus of inexperienced employees, inadequate financial support, managerial incompetence. Some cashiers in the organization render inaccurate accounts to the organization in a bid to defraud the organizations. There are also the problems of indebt or ness to NITEL.

Some subscribers refuse to pay their bills under the pretence of non – receipt of bills. Again E. Mbonu in “sustain that the corporation is constrained by the problems of absenteeism and employee turnover on the part of the workers.

Furthermore, the expensive mature of the corporations equipment’s has added more to the existing problems. Almost all the equipment’s have been imported

Kolade (1989) stated that “it is lack of motivation on the part of management that brings inefficiency and unproductively NITEL’s strive towards meeting subscribers expectations has always been made impossible with the countless damage by those carrying out construction work along routes.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Will the moral of workers in public sector be influenced through occasional financial award?

Is the promotion of workers in public sector a means through which their effort is recognized?

Will free bus service to staff contribute to low absenteeism and early to work/

Has poor remuneration contributed to the low productivity of workers

Has inadequate infrastructural facilities hampered development of the organization?

Could the low productivity recorded in the public sectors be attributed to the lack of motivation in the organization?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The finding of this study would be useful to the managers in the NITEL and the public sector generally as a guide to the formulation of police’s relating to workers welfare.

The study would also be of much significance to the reader. The reader will be able to realize the significance of motivation in an organization and how it help to improve the productivity of workers especially in the public sector.

In case of other organization in the Nigeria a public sector this study would also help them in the formulation of strategies that will improve the welfare of their workers thereby making them more productive.

To the government generally, the study would assist them in formulating and periodically reviewing their various policies and plans especially as they effect workers in the Nigerian public sector.

DEFINITION OF TERMS MOTIVATION

The overall provision of these individual needs that spurred them to enter an organization and work effectively towards the increase of organic rational goal.

WORKER

Those who produce or transform goods and services for their own consumption and for that of others.

TRAINING

Systematic process of attributing the behaviour our employees to increase organizational goals

NEEDS

Circumstances in which something is lacking or requiring some course of action.

MANAGEMENT

The art of using men, money and material resources to achieve organizational goals.

CORPORATION

Groups of person authorized to act as in individuals for business purposes.

STAFF

Group of assistant working together under a manager or head.

TELECOMMUNICATION

Communication by cables, telegraphs, telephones, radio and televisions.

CONTINGENCY

Uncertainly occurrence.

SATISFACTORY

The action of gratifying to the full or by contending by the complete fulfillment of a desire.

DATA

Something known or assured as fact and made the basis of reasoning or it is the raw material through which we get information.

TELEGRAPHY

The art or science of constructing telegraphs.

ESTEEM NEEDS

The need that is based on real capacity, achievement and the of others.

SELF ACTUALIZATION NEED

A need to do what one is best suited for to achieve at the level of one’s hugs potential to become everything one is capable of becoming

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO STUDY

In Nigeria, interest rate policy is among the emerging issue in current economic policy as regard the role of it is expected to play in the deregulated economy in inducing savings which can be channeled to investment and thereby increasing employment, output and efficient financial resources utilization. The administration of low interest rate which was intended to encourage investment was witnessed in the 1950s to mid 1960s.

In the third quarter (3/4) of 1986, Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) was introduced by the then head of state General (Rtd) Ibrahim Gbadamosi Badangida. This programme ushered in an era when fixed low interest rate was gradually replaced by a deregulated interest rate regime where rates were more influenced or determined by market forces. The policy shift de-emphasized direct investment stimulation through the low interest rates. The mobilized fund was intended for investment.

In Nigeria, the pursuit of the two interest rate regime provide a case study for Keynesian interest rate investment relationship and the McKinnon Shaw interest rate saving and investment hypothesis. Several reason have been given as to why people invest and save. Some of these reasons are; the direction of interest rate, the returns that is expected from such an investment, the interest accrues to savers and some other developmental reasons. It is obvious that the higher the rate of interest the lower the level of investment and also the lower the rate of interest, the higher the level investment.

However, this work is also directed toward understanding the kind of relationship that exist between interest rate, savings and investment McKinnon and Shaw conclude that higher interest rate induce savings which can be utilized is investment therefore these two transmission channeled through which interest rate affect investment, the relate to interest rate as a cost of fund (capital).

Also, interest rate encourage financial savings, which can be invested (self-finance) or lent out to borrow as loan (external finance).

1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

The upsurge in real interest rate observed worldwide in the early 1980’s raised a widespread concern about their possible detrimental economic effects. Numerous studies were carried out to measure the impact of high interest rates on key economic variables such as growth of output, investment factor productivity and relative factor returns in response to these concerns. An empirical regularity observed in several cross-country studies e.g. World Bank (1989) and Galbis in 1992 that countries with high real interest rate generally intended to exhibit faster output growth but not higher investment, encourage a more efficient allocation of resources which raises overall productivity such that the nit impact on growth is positive while other studies e.g. (Khatkate 1998) have questioned the empirical robustness of these findings. A basic lesson from this literature skill hold namely higher interest rate on investment and growth mainly depends on what has caused interest rate rise in the first place.

In Nigeria case, in 1986, interest rate was extensively prior to the adoption to SAP. The economic rational behind this extensive control of interest rate and other elements of financial market have been motivated by a variety of factors including the desire to influence the flow of credit to preferred sectors of the economy and the concern that market determined interest rate could result in a serious imperfection in lending rate that would increase the rate cost of capital and thereby discourage investment.

Moreover, such high normal investment rate would also increase the cost of servicing the public debt. Thus, interest rate policy should be used to increase the availability of credit in order to encourage the accumulation of domestic financial assets by offering holders of these asset sufficiently attractive rates. The deregulation of interest rate during the SAP period seems to be justified by this consideration.

The market determined interest rate is meant to mobilize financial savings and for efficient channeling of such savings into productive investment. This deregulation which resulted to concurrent increase in interest rate and savings seem to lay credence to McKinnon and Shaw interest rate, saving and investment hypothesis. What happened to saving mobilized during this period is the key issue, which is the focus of the study. The study will try to find out the following.

i. Whether the savings generated during this period was transformed into real investment.

ii. What is the relationship between interest rate, savings and investment in Nigeria?

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study involves the following:

i. To appraise the performance of interest rate policy in Nigeria in directly stimulating investment on one hand and mobilizing financial solving on the other hand by constructing an analytical model explaining the relationship between interest rate, savings and investment.

ii. To compare the effect of interest rate on savings and investment in an era of strict interest rate administration and that of a liberalized interest rate regime – specially the project will try to evaluate which of the two approaches by the interest rate influences investment is more appropriate to Nigeria

iii. To investigate using econometric analysis (technique) whether there is an autonomous component in the investment pattern in Nigeria.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Following the downtime in Nigeria fortune arising from the collapse of world oil price in the early 80’s, the economy has continued to wallow in uncertainties, manifesting in several macroeconomic dislocation and internal and external disequilibrium.

This include price instability, high rate of unemployment balance of payment problems, debt crisis, political instability capital fight, low capacity utilization, low savings, investment and income, downward trend in economic activities and lately, economic depression. Several solution have been proffered to solve these multifarious problems both by individual(s) and institutions prominent in the later category is the Breton-Wood twice (IMF and World Bank) whose support and influences fed to the adoption of Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) by the administration in 1986. The programme was to effectively after and restructure the consumption and production pattern in Nigeria economy as well as to eliminate price distortions and heavy producers goods. SAP is a programme which combine a nexus of measure to promote economic efficiency and long term growth with stabilization policies designed to restore balance of payment equilibrium and price stability. The overall aim is to totally revering the Nigeria economic (Anyanwu 1983). The fulcrum upon which the two key macroeconomic variable (Savings and Investment rest is interest-rate). Appropriate interest rate is the “sine qua-non” for saving mobilization and transformation of such saving into profitable investment. Thus, this study will be significant to policy makers to make appropriate policy which will go along way toward alleviating investment problems and bring about the desired improvement in the nation’s economy since developing economy like Nigeria which is bedeviled by need to determine the appropriate policy mix to achieve stability.

1.5 STATE OF HYPOTHESIS

In conjunction with the objective state above. The following hypothesis will be tested to determine the veracity of theories involved.

i. Total financial savings has significant and negative relationship with the level of investment.

ii. Total financial saving has significant and direct relationship with normal saving rate.

iii. Total financial saving has a significant and positive relationship with the level of investment.

iv. Savings rates also depends on interest rate in Nigeria

v. Inflation has an inverse relationship to both savings and investment.

1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Efforts will be intensifies toward reading textbook periodicals, seminar paper and some economic journals in order to obtain require facts. Secondary data provide by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and the Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) will be used for regression analysis on the relevant using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method. The main benefit of the above methodology is that bias from personal feeling is much reduced then would be found in primary data collection.

There can be comparism as they are historically analysed based on past experience. Besides those who write the periodicals and paper are authorized in their area of specialization, this, what they say can be considered reliable. In the same vein, simple regression analysis will be used to measure the co-variance between interest-rate, savings and investment the main disadvantage is that not all the required information can be provided by the date available for the other weakness is that some of the data may not be up-to=date, but may be the only available ones at the period of study.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1.7.1 The meaning of interest rate

The rate of interest is the reward of parting with liquidity for a special period. It is the inverse proportion between a sum of money and what can be obtained for parting with control overtime the money in exchange for a dust for a state period of time.

In this sense, it is seen as a measure of the unwillingness of those who passes money to part with their liquid control over it. It is the “prince” which equilibrate the desire to hold wealth in the form of cash with the available quarterly of cash in the price for credit (J.C. Anyanwu 1995).

1. Minimum Discount Rate

This refers to the amount that is charged by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) for lending to banks in the performances of its function of a lender of last resort. Minimum re discount rate also refers to charge by the Central Bank of Nigeria to the discounting bills before maturity.

2. Savings Deposit Rate

This rate is the amount paid by banks for funds with withdrawal after seven day notice. Thus, restriction is however soldomly applied.

3. Fixed Deposit Rate

This is the rate paid when deposits are fixed for a period of time say 90 or 180 days.

4. Prime Lending Rate

This is the interest rate applied to loans made to customers with the higher credit rating for each bank, the rate should also represent the minimum rate.

5. Maximum Lending Rate

This refers to amount charged by banks for lending to customers with low credit rating.

6. Inter Bank Interest Rate

This is the rate that applied to transaction between banks mostly for over-night and short terms funds.

7. Cost of Fund

This refers to net expense incurred in raising borrowed fund including a reasonable profit margin. The expenses include the interest on deposits, reserve requirement and other administrative expenses as a proportion of total funds borrowed

8. Treasury Bill Rate

This is the rate paid to holders to federal government of Nigeria treasury bills issued by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). These bills have a maturity period of 90 days as opposed to treasury certificates, which matures between one to three years.

9. Rate of Return on Investment

This refers to the interest payable to holders of government stocks, industrial stocks and equities (CBN).

1.7.2 What is interest rate policy

We can define interest rate policy as one of the subset of policy measures enshrined in the general set of monetary policy of the Central Bank.

i. Aggregate Savings

It is the net resultant of the savings of all individual units within the community.

ii. Total Financial Savings

This is the sum of saving and time deposit with Commercial, National provident fund Federal Mortgage Banks, Time Deposit with Merchant Banks and premium bonds, savings, certificate, saving stamps (CBN 1992).

iii. Gross National Saving

This shows the amount of domestic and foreign investment financial from output, comprising public and private savings, Gross National/Savings (GSN). It is the residual of what is not consumed from gross domestic income (CBN 1990).

1.7.3 What is Investment

Investment is the addition to the existing stock real capital assets such as the purchase of bonds, equities (stocks) construction of new factories new office building or the acquisition of new capital assets like plants, equipment and machinery and addition to inventions. Investment can also mean the deposit of saving in a bank’s account (Iyoha 1996, Aigbokhn 1995).

i. Gross Fixed Capital Formation

this measures the total changes in value of fixed capital including stocks at current prices.

ii. Security Investment

This refers to investment on securities listed in the stock exchange such as equities, government and industrial stock.

iii. Foreign Private Investment

This provides a pictures of the net inflow or outflow of foreign capital during a given period, change in foreign share, trade and capital trade and capital transfer and liabilities to head office such as capital transfer (CBN 1988 and 1990).


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References

FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS AS A BANK LENDING DECISION

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ABSTRACT

Commercial banks perform numerous functions. One of the most profitable investments of the commercial banks is granting of loans and advances to those customers that need such including business organization as loans are always needed to enhance profitability of such organization and help them execute such projects, which their capital cannot finance. These are factors, which banks do consider before granting such loans.

The research work is geared forward finding out the role which financial accounting information plays in lending decision making of the banks. The objectives amongst others include to know whether the banks do demand for financial statement from their customers while making lending decision, the extent to which they are influenced by such statements, the extent to which adequate use of accounting information has led to reduction an incident of bad debt.

A work of this nature will be of help to different groups including commercial banks, other lending institution credit analysis the government etc.

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CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Every organisation targets the attainment of its desired objectives. The organisation therefore aims towards efficiency and proper effectiveness in conducting its affairs. However, the level of the efficiency and effectiveness of any organisation or the extent to which it is able to achieve its desired goals to a large extent depend on the quality of available information and on how the organisation utilize the available information. The organization always makes use of information in allocating scarce resources to different alternative uses.

For any business to succeed in today’s rapidly changing environment, the management must update itself with every relevant and current information that will be beneficial towards achieving the predetermined objective. It can therefore be seen that management must plan the course of action of the organisation, identifying the medium and long term goals based on detailed analysis of feasibility, bearing in mind the socio-economic and political situation around. Not only will plans be formulated, the actual performance and the end result should be compared with the plans to see whether the goals are being achieved or not. This helps the management to report appropriately as well as improving the entire process of development. A proper look at the planning process will reveal that proper information as well as its utilization is needed for the attainment of the organizational goals.

A great deal of useful information comes from accounting functions as it provides data which when processed, serves as useful information to the management in its planning process. The information provided by the accounting functions serves as important and effective tool in the budgeting or planning as well as operations of the management.

There are three basic types of accounting information which management needs in the information of its policies and plans. They are score-keeping method of information, attention directing information and problem solving information. The score-keeping information involves the accumulation and allocation of data collected for the purpose of performance appraisal and position evaluation. Attention directing information deals with highlighting and investigating the differences between plans and actual for proper corrective action. Lastly the problem solving information focuses on analyzing and recommending the best course of acting among competing alternatives. It is therefore associated with the management decision making process and useful in the implementation stage.

The commercial bank as business organization that need to plan greatly need not just any information but much of relevant, current and useful accounting information for the purpose of operating their business effectively and efficiently towards the attainment of their objectives. Much of the business of the commercial banks revolves round grating of loans and advances to their customers. In fact it should be realized that the most profitable business of banks is lending. The profitability of the banks is therefore a function of how prudent the banks are as well as how effective they utilize the accounting information sourced from accounting data provided by the customers for the purpose of borrowing.

The banks are therefore interested in financial accounting information, which will enable them research initial loan decisions, and also help to monitor progress after advances have been made. The information so needed are those that deal with solvency, liquidity and profitability, the firm’s financial stand and long term viability.

The banks will therefore assure themselves that the customers (companies or firms) are capable of paying interest accruable as well as repaying the loans as and when due. Some other factors are also considered concerning loan application for instance, on the duration of the loan; if it is a short term loan, the banks are interested in estimated net cash inflows over the relevant months, for a long term loan the banker satisfies itself that the company is financially stable. Such that adequate profit will be earned in the foreseeable future. Similarly, the ability of the borrowing firm to repay both the principal and the interest should be the prime consideration of the bank. Where it cannot be guaranteed, the advance should not be granted.

The Nigerian economy received a great blow, which was as a result of the financial distresses in the banking sector. These distresses were as a result of lack of proper use of accounting information by the lending banks.

It can be seen that this research work is timely hence the interest and attention of the researcher have been caught by it. The work therefore assesses extent to which commercial banks in Nigeria do utilize accounting information presented to them by the customers in affecting loans and advances proposal.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

(1) Bank managers allowed their personal interest to conflict with overall objectives of the bank when loans are advanced. They consider personal benefits derivable from customers than protecting the banks interest.

(2) The managers did not emphasis on the collateral rather than on viability of the project for which the loan was being sought as a result defaulters escaped apprehended.

(3) The bank managers failed to consider the reliability of the customers with regards to loan repayment schedule profile evidence.

(4) The profit and loss account as well as balance sheet of the intended borrower was not properly considered by the banks in lending decision.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Banks are very important financial institutions in the economy and in the expansion of investments and credits. Unfortunately defaults in loan repayment attributable to faulty lending decisions by the banks have brought about a defeat in their future lending policies and profit performance. A thorough analysis of the financial statements presented by the clients will improve the situation. The objectives of this research work are therefore:

(1) To determine the extent to which the financial accounting information presented by prospective borrowers influence lending decisions.

(2) To determine whether the banks always demand for financial statements from their customers while making decisions.

(3) To ascertain the extent to which adequate use of accounting information reduce bad debts.

(4) To ascertain the extent to which improve accounting records by borrowers have contributed to non-repayment of loans.

(5) To find out the extent to which poor financial positions of prospective borrowers has led to non-approval of loan.

(6) To make recommendation that will lead to efficiency in bank lending decisions.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Do banks always demand for financial statement from their customers while making lending decision?

2. To what extent do financial accounting information presented by prospective borrowers influence lending decisions?

3. To what extent has adequate use of accounting information reduce incidence of bad debts?

4. To what extent has improper accounting records by borrowers contributed to non-repayment of loans?

5. To what extent has poor financial position of intending borrowers led to non approval of loan application?

1.5 HYPOTHESIS

Hypotheses are intelligent guesses regarding some pertinent variables.

Hypothesis One

H0: Financial statement analysis does not and bank in

making lending decisions.

H1: Financial statement analysis and bank in

making lending decisions.

Hypothesis Three

H0: Inadequate analysis of accounting information does

not bring about an increase in the incidence of bad debts.

H1: Inadequate analysis of accounting information bring about an increase in the incidence of bad debts.

1.5 SCOPE

The aim of this research is to find out the financial statement analysis as a bank lending decision.

A comprehensive study of the topic as it concerns First Bank of Nigeria PLc Okpara Avenue, Enugu will be carried out.

Any other reference is just for a better understanding of the subject topic but not within the scope.

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of the study lies in the benefit that will be derived from it by the under listed sectors of the economy.

Commercial Banks: If the information so contained in this research work is appropriately utilized, it will go a long way to improving the quality of lending decision of the commercial banks. Other lending institutions; the non-bank financial institution like finance houses, insurance companies and even development banks will if properly utilize these information see the need for scrutinizing accounting information from prospective borrowers before making lending decisions. This goes to reduce incidence of loan default and improper credit expansion.

Credit Analysis: The work will be of help to them as they on daily basis analyses the proposals made by prospective borrowers.

Prospective Borrowers: The ignorance on the part of the loan applicants with regards to the requirement of the banks will be removed by the knowledge of the information contained in the work.

Researchers: This work will also become of immense help to students and researchers on the same or similar topics, as it will form a basis for review of related literature.

The Government: The government is always interested in the economy of the nation. This measures to apply in order to curb the high incidents of default in repayment of loan as well as distress in banking section.

Apart from these specifically mentioned above, this research will go to enlighten the generality of the public (as many as will come across it). This will go a long way to causing every hand to be on deck towards the overall improvement of the economy of this nation. If properly used, there will be increase in national output, national income as the high incident of bad debt on the banks be drastically reduced.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

There are some words considered technical which if not defined might be an impediment to an ordinary man’s understanding and appreciation of the research work.

They are:

Banks: Unless otherwise stated, any reference to banks in this study is demand to mean commercial banks.

Customers: For the purpose of this study, this refers to current account holders that have recourse to advances and loans. Some of them include sole proprietors, partnership, joint stock companies, public corporation etc.

Final Accounts: This is often used to mean collectively the trading, profit and loss account. These account are generally presented in conjunction with the balance sheet (through the balance sheet is not an account) but a statement drawn up at the end of each financial peril showing the various assets and liabilities of the business concern as at that date.

Null Hypothesis: This is a hypothesis, which states that “no difference” or “no relationship” exists between two or more variable. It is a hypothesis of “no effect” or “no difference”.

Accounting Information: These are information contained in the published account of the company or firm. These includes, profit and loss accounts items, balance sheet items. The information collected through the daily transactions, sales and purchases daybooks, customer’s advances ledgers are all accounting information

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IMPACT OF STAFF DEVELOPMENT IN EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF GOVERNMENT PARASTATALS

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ABSTRACT

The purpose of the study was to appraise the impact of staff development in effective management of federal government parastals reference to NEPA, Enugu District.

To guides this study, for research questions were formulated. A review of literature was done to expose the researcher to what has already been done to ensure solid conclusion for the study. A structural questionnaire was Development and administered by the researcher to 210(45 senior staff and 165 junior staffs) of NEPA, Enugu.

A likert- type-point scale were used in determining positive ie ( 2.50 and above) and negative-2.49 and below) responses. Mean and standard deviation were used in analyzing research question.

Based on the above, some of the major finding include: inadequate resources, problems of achieving the stated objectives, wrong schedule of work or duties and the serious impact of political will and leadership on staff welfare, and non-relationship of training and the job or return.

As a result, it was recommended that constant supply of resources to ensure the achievement of objectives, proper assignment of job, after training and there should be a very powerful political will provision of staff welfare provision of motivational facilities.
PROPOSAL

I PROJECT TOPIC: The project topic of my research is the impact of staff Development in Effective management of Government parastatals (A case study of NEPA Enugu District).

2. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND OBJECTIVES

The research problem of my topic are based on how

adequate or inadequate the resources human and non- Human a non-human available encourages staff in training in NEPA, Enugu District. More also to investigate the difficulties in understanding the extent NEPA objectives of this project topic lies in identifying the political and leadership style that affects staff training programme in NEPA Enugu District. And again to identify the availability of a trained staff will meet the needs of the staff of NEPA in Enugu District.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of this project topic are based in the following:

(a) The result of this study will help expose the level of resources available for the implementation of staff training scheme. Also it would help the NEPA evaluate the past and if possible make amendment where necessary.

This finding would also create the base that would provide a focus that if staff training decision are based on policy and procedures, NEPA are likely to be made better and more economical.

THE LITERATURE REVIEW:

In literature review of this project topic will embrace on the theoretical framework of the impact of staff development in effective management of government parastatal like NEPA as my case study as propounded by some theorist in business management.

DATA COLLECTION PLANS:

The proposal of this project topic also includes the plans mapped out in carrying collection of materials/ data for which project well surface. The plans could be either personal interview or printing out questionnaires to the public or to the area of study these method will help the researcher in carrying out his investigation successfully

DATA ANALYSIS PLANS:

The proposal also includes analysis of data collected. The data collected has to be analysis to enable the reader understand from the data collected by the researcher.
SUMMARY /CONCLUSION

By the end of this project research one can adequate conclude how the extent of resource available could be adequately encourage the generation of revenue to the NEPA. From the information so far covered from this project research, the researcher saw that both senior and junior staff of NEPA view indicates that leadership style as well as political change affects their organizational effectiveness.

TABLE OF CONTENT

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CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Tuoyo (1982) pointed out the electricity occupies a strategic position in the social and industrial development or any country and in indeed any company n industrial age, .he further affirmed that without electricity, economic and industrial activities might be paralyzed. The National electricity corporation of Nigeria and the Niger Dams Authority development and allocation in Nigeria. NEPA there fore, constitutes for the purpose of developing the vast Nigeria for the purpose of development the vast Nigeria primary electricity resources as consumers.

The demand for electricity supply is rated higher than the supply provided by NEPA. This has led to, the irregular supply of electricity provided by NEPA in Nigeria especially at Enugu district.. The significance of electricity is such better appreciated, when one realizes that all-manufacturing processes on whatever scale requires electric current. In fact, it can it be stated that in most cases, other sectors of the economy rely on the available of the electricity for its existence t and surval. NEPA was therefore, established to operate with a focus on social, economic and political objective which are expected to be met simultaneously. A critical examination of those objectives shows that there are conflicts in their simultaneous fulfillment. For example, resource mobilization ad revenue generation objectives are pure economic goals, which focus focus on equity principle a purely social goal. The combination and pursuance of these goals with spurious harmonization and sometime stifling ministerial comfort especially on pricing investment and administration decision create serious management, operational and organizational problem. These problems have reflected in the poor financial returns to investment in NEPA and also quality of institutional performance in terms of electricity supply distribution network system, irregular meter reading and billing illegal connection, successive production cost irregular equipment, servicing and maintenance.

Management must actively plan now for change and the effect of change (Thomas, 1985). New technology, trends in design, new consumer services, fashions in product, changes in labour market, competition among other must have to be planned for to be able to survive technological change of this information and age (livy, 1988). Peter sheal and weatherman (1982) averred that today, we are replacing the managers as order giver, with the manager as d mobilize, sensitize, and a coach. The order giver, manager have all the answer and tell every one what to do. While the manger, or sensitize know how to draw the answer out of those who know them best or the people doing the job. This is what Naissbitt and abundance (1990). Described as the necessary principles for co-operation. Co-production and cross-fertilization of ideas and exchange of formation and expertise. They Further affirmed that the resultant impact of the above necessary principle include: to stimulate workers to embark on change to discover the potentials inherent in their lives as man and apply those potential to become more althonomous, to encourage workers towards action in form of open expression based on critical view of ideas and interest. Sheal (1992) noted that there are four reasons why staff training has become more important in the growth and development of the present society. These four reasons include:

Completion and market pressure for improvement in the quality of products and services. Rapid change in technology and the job people do.

Changes in the work force composition and expectations.

Immediate long – term skills, shortages. With accelerating changes in technology and system many traditional industrial and clerical jobs have changed, radically or become obsolete. Golds with and Buck (1985) opened that new jobs have been created particular in the service and information based industries. United state labour Department (1987) adduced that an average American entering the work force today will change career at least three time during his working life a similar situation applies to European workers who are now facing the increased Labour mobility and skill demands generated by single market. The further made it clear that in order to cope with these changes, people need portable skills that will keep them employable when their current job change or vanish. When organization recruit workers, they may have the skill and experience to do the job but as work environment and job changes, they need to up data their skills. If employees, don’t have opportunities for training, retraining and development the (they and) their skill can become obsolete. Dore (1976) opportunities for training and updating their industries will become obsolete. Callaway(1984) stressed that technological development have led to a high percentage of skills and knowledge based jobs a greater demand for skilled workers. He also opined that there is problem for countries like Nigeria, unlike France that has 80 percent skilled workers, Haly 78 percent and Germany 67 percent. These figures according to peter sheal (1992) explains why developing countries such as Niger have very high unemployment, this lack of skilled workers has limited business expansion and the use of new technology and production techniques. In the past people expected their education and training to last for time. Now it is only a basic foundation for a persons working life the implication is that need constant education and training today to enable him develop as to able to acquire empowerment necessary as a mean redefining, the motions for adapting to the changing technology in Nigeria, the increasing proportion of managerial, supervisory and professional workers in the work force has led to a greater demand or professional development greater demand or professional development opportunities. This in turn has encouraged a demand from all levels of staffs for increased training and development. Nobody want to be obsolete in his career. Beeker and Tobia (1990) affirmed that increase in recognition that only quality products and services. Many organization are introducing quality management and quality assurance programmes which requires the co-operation involvement and retraining of the work force it they are to be successful staft training and development are recognized as the primary means for achieving the needed better quality products and service required to compete in the world markets.

The idea that managers and supervisors should be responsible for training and developing their staff is still fairly new but rapidly gaining influences. Sheal (1992) presented some reasons for training of staff for improving performances as follows that leadership means influencing the behaviour of other staff positively that is by helping them to improve their knowledge and skills. Problems. In short, poor communication among staff, lack of training or immature attitudes. By ensuring that you staff are trained and helped to develop their skill you can be on the way of success. Many organizations are encouraging their staff to become proactive and less bureaucratic. Decision-making is being pushed down the line, with more emphasis being placed together in teams and assuming greater responsibility. Staff training and development is one as pect of this proactive approach to management and one way of generating more initiative and flexibility in your people. No braining is value free. If the basic values and philosophy of training are not those of the work place and conflict with other employees, feel disappointed and frustrated when they return to their job.

Involving activities related training and development include:

i. Discussing future, work with your employees.

Ii Introducing a new staff to the department

Iii Getting one staff to show another how to do something.

Iv Conducting staff meeting

V Delegating

Vi Coaching one staff and providing guide line

Vi Conducting a performance review meeting Bennett, (1989) and fowler (1990), Bucklay and cable 1990 averred that the greatest problem in developing countries is wrong attitude to work both managers and supervisor who feel they are the Boss (alpha and omega) while others are servers to them. Sheal and Austin (1989) assumed up that staff training and development is face to face leadership that pulls together people with interests, encourage them to step up to responsibility and continued achievement and treats as full scaled partners and contributors. However, it are silt of fraud, moral Laxity, found in Electricity corporation of Nigeria (ECN) and the Niger Dams Authority (NEPA). Also, there has been retrenchment and threats to retrenchment. Despite efforts made in staff training and development in NEPA Enugu has gone. This is because of the nature of the job and demand on the staff at any time. It is to find out the relevant of other people views and personal experience on staff training that motivated the research to take to this study.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The problems of this study include:

How adequate or inadequate the resources human and non-human available encourage staff training in NEPA, Enugu.

Difficulties in understanding the extent NEPA’s objective are achieved.

How the avail able training will meet the needs of the staff of NEPA, Enugu.

How political and leadership style staff training programmes in NEPA.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The problem of this study includes the following:

Ascertaining the adequacy of resource of resource of NEPA.

Determining the extent the object are achieved.

Ascertaining how the training scheme meet the staff needs and the relation ship with the job on return.

Determining how political or leadership style affect staff training programmers in the NEPA.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS

To guide this study four researches were formulates follows:

To what are the extents of resource adequacy for NEPA staff training for improved out put?

What are the extents to which the objectives of staff development in NEPA Enugu are be achieved?

How does the available training meet the needs of the staff with relevance to their Job?

How does political and leadership style affect staff training programmes in NEPA?
SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study is limited to national electric power authority. The main focus of the study borders on resources, objective training needs it relevance to job on return and leadership style impact of their training programme.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1 the result of this study would help exposes the level of resource available for the implementation of staff training scheme.

Also, it would help the NEPA evaluate the past and if possible make amend where necessary.

The result would help the management of NEPA to see the extent their main objectives are being achieved.

This finding would also create the base that would provide a focus that if staff training decisions are based on policy and produce, NEPA are likely to be made better and more economical.

It is hoped that the result of the study would create base that would facilitate the understanding of need for change and plan a head for the effect.

It is also expected that the result would help suggest systems approach to management. This involves planning, organizing staffing controlling and co-ordinating for greater result of workers productivity

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In this contemporary society one major target of a macro economic polices is how to achieve stability in price level. stability here does not mean a situation where price will remain fixed, it means a situation where variation in price over a long period is minimal. Price stability refers to relative stability in price over a given period of time because for some reasons prices rise and fall periodically. Sellers in the commodity market labour market and capital market kept increasing there prices for some economic and other reasons, in the commodity market producer or sellers complain of increasing cost, employees in the labour market form union and fight for increased wages to enable them meet up with the high cost of living and depreciation in the purchasing power of money, while suppliers of land and capital increase there rents and interest with excuse of rising cost of funds.

One ultimate effect is that prices continue to go up from time, if this increase in prices where gradual may be one or two percent per year, people can easily adjust without much complaint. But when prices are rising generally at very fast rate people become very worried and that is when the effect of rising prices becomes of significance to the economy and however lead to a situation known as inflation in view of their devastating effect of inflation in Nigerian economy, this project work will in chapters that follows carry one a “statistical analysis on inflationary trend in Nigeria from the period of 2001 to 2010.

According to oxford advance learners dictionary inflation is a general rise in the prices of goods and services in a particular country resulting in a fall in the value of money Webster new English collage dictionary defines inflation as “an increase in volume of money and credit relative to available goods and services resulting to substantial and continuing rise in general price levels.

Solow (1979) sees inflation as going on when one needs more and more money to buy some representative bundle of goods and services or a sustained fall in purchasing power of money steady persistent rise in prices caused by too much money chasing too few goods. It is a state of conflict and disequilibrium in which a given community is struggling to acquire more goods and services that are available.

From the diagram above it can be observed that N1000 is originally chasing 200 units of goods and services and the price is established at say A on the price line, the supply while goods and services merely increased by four times to 800 units if the community competes for these limited goods and services there will be excess demand over supply at current price A, the result to too much money chasing too few goods it will be that price will steadily rise to B and may continue to rise if left unchecked by the community.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In recent past there has been alarming increase on the rate of inflation imposing on adverse effect on saving and investment, it has also affected the living standard of Nigerians mostly affected the are the public servants whose incomes are relatively fixed, considering utilization where many industries in Nigeria produce below full capacity because of high cost of raw material, machines, distorting our trade relations with other countries across the border and responsible for constant industrial unrest since with persistent increase in prices, unions like labour and trade union continues to agitate for higher wages This however poses a great effect on the performance of various sector of our economy and analysts are not left out in this situation of examining the rate of inflation in our economy in the world.

In view of the difficulties created by inflation in Nigeria, the problem of this research work becomes to investigate the trend of quarterly inflationary rate in Nigeria for the periods in view as well as ascertain whether there is seasonal variation in the inflationary rate for those periods and if the yearly inflationary rate depend on some quarters of the year in focus.

Another problem of these research survey is to examine how inflationary rate in this period are affected by unpredicted external factors as well as cyclical fluctuation in the trend of inflationary rate and also examine the root causes of inflation in the country and the control measures taken by government, whether it has yielded any significant result against this devastating problem of inflation which has eaten deep into our economy

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Based on the increasing problems created by inflation in the Nigerians economy which has led to the devaluation of our money where large amount of money is found chasing few goods, leading to loss of confidence in our money.

The statistical analysis on inflationary rate in Nigeria is aimed at achieving the following objectives

(1.) To ascertain whether there is a quarterly increase in trend of inflationary rate in Nigeria from 2001 – 2010 and make forecast for its future occurrence.

(2.) To investigate if there is any seasonal variation in the quarterly inflation rate in Nigeria for the period in view.

(3.) To estimate the cyclical and irregular variation in inflationary rate in Nigeria for the period in view for effective prediction.

(4.) To determine the undependability or otherwise of inflationary rate in some quarters of the year.

(5.) To identify factors that are responsible for the rate of inflation in Nigeria and if there is any positive effect of inflation in our economy

(6.) To X- ray the corrective measures taken against inflation rate in Nigeria if it has yielded any significant result.

(7.) Finally to make necessary recommendations based on inference drawn from the findings towards fighting the ugly trend of inflation in our society.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

In view of the objectives which this study has set to achieve in the analysis of inflationary rate in Nigeria, it is necessary at this point to reveal the contributions and importance of the study to the federal state and local government and general public at large. Therefore the study will be great significance in the following ways.

(1.) If the inflationary rate in the economy of Nigeria is found to be on increase it will enable the federal government to fight inflation through introducing contractional monetary and fiscal policies.

(2.) Secondly the study will enable the federal government to implement policies and programs like price control measure and rationing of available products in those quarters of the year, where there is more influence of inflation, if it is found out that there will be or there is a strong seasonal variation and if also that the yearly inflationary rate depends on some quarters/period of the year from the analysis carried on the period of the years under review.

(3.) The knowledge of the causes of inflation rate in our economy will go to long way in reducing the problems through applying some corrective measure to stop these causes.

(4.) Generally the study will assist decision makers in the country to realize the importance of keeping data up to date and the usefulness of statistics and statistician in providing analytical devices in various economic planning and national development.

1.5 THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The statistical analysis of inflationary rate in Nigeria economy however covers a wide scope which involves several statistical tools as could be possible, but the researcher has narrowed down the study to cover two statistical tools of time series analysis and chi-square X2 test of independence so as to meet up with the requirement of the study over a period of ten(10) financial year from (2001 – 2010) has been chosen so that the quarters of the years could be properly taken care of , which makes the series of (4 x 10) = 40 quarters which is a researchable scope.

1.6 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESES

Ho: There is no significant increase in the trend of inflation rate of Nigeria from (2001 -2010)

Hi: There is significant increase in the trend of inflation rate of Nigeria from (2001 -2010)

Ho: There is no significant seasonal variation in inflationary rate of Nigeria from 2001- 2010

Hi: There is significant seasonal variation in inflationary rate of Nigeria from 2001 -2010

Ho: Yearly inflationary rate is independent of variation of the quarters of the years from 2001 -2010

Hi: Yearly inflationary rate is not independent of the quarters of the year from 2001 – 2010

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

(1) Macro- economics: this is a branch of economics that is concerned with aggregate economics activities, issues mostly treated in this includes inflation, national output, employment, price levels income levels and distribution as well as balance of payments.

(2) Inflation: this refers to a persistent rise in the general level it is also a state of conflict and disequilibrium in which a given community is struggling to acquire more goods and services than available.

(3) Deflation: this refers to a persistent fall in general price level of most goods and services since price fall the value of money rise during deflation.

(4) Micro economics: this is the branch of studies in economics concerned primarily with economics behavior of small units.

FISCAL POLICY: This involves the use of taxation and government expenditure policies to influence the economy in order to improve the balance of payment situations.

INFLATIONARY: this is connected with a general rise in the price of services and goods.


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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
There have been rapid increase of youths movements from rural area to urban centres, no one is in doubt today of the fact the rate at which people (especially, the youths) move from rural area to urban centres is affecting the lives of the rural dwellers. Nigeria is a developing country; in fact, she is at the threshold of being a developed nation. On this note it is wise to be acquainted with the meaning of the world “migration”.
Migration according to Udo (1980) defined migration as the permanent or semi-permanent change in residence from one administrative unit (district, country, province, state or country) to another. And it is usually considered to be an economic man’s reaction to socio-economic differentials between regions. Migration has become an important factor influencing population dynamics in a geographical area. Fertility and mortality determines the rate of natural population increase in any locality. The overall size of the population such an area depend on the pattern of migration. Population movements are often responsible for observable sudden changes in population size in many locality. It is however, pertinent to note that migration is an instrument to the solution of many social and economic problems.
As a socio-economic act, migration may not be of interest in itself other than in the result of its effect, but it does often gives rise to problems as well as providing solutions.
My people from rural area have been moving to urban centres. Rural urban has attracted many people simply because of white collar jobs, education, change of environment, climate or whether condition etc. the rural urban migration in ora clan can be seen as a spontaneous human effort to achieve balance between population and resources. It is natural phenomenon which produces demographic social and economic interaction that reduces some of the irregularities of nature i.e. people wants to move from a place where there are no socio amenities (rural), to where there are socio amenities (cities). According to Lawai (1983). The implications of this movement is that while most of our urban centres suffers from over population of people and activities, rural areas are often under populated. There are two factors responsible for this movement from rural area to urban centres. These are the “push” and the “pull” factors.Push factors: This factor causes the forwards movement of people from rural to urban centres. While the pull factor, it directed or draw people towards itself e.g. education, white collar job and among others. The most affected people in this rural urban migration are the educated youths who are unable to obtain a suitable job in a rural area.
Rural-urban migration has a dual impact on the individual as well as the community either directly or indirectly. It is through the contribution of successful migrants that most important projects in ora clan have been made possible. This fact can be buttressed by the financial support given to gigantic project like the building of community school and village town hall in ora. It is against this introductory background of the study that the researcher has intended to examine how rural-urban migration has affected the socio-economic development of rural settlement with particular reference to oral clan in Owan West Local Government Area of Edo State.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
Since 1960 there has been massive movement of people from rural areas to urban centres. This project was meant to find out the socio-economic impacts of rural-urban migration. Prothero (1965) recognizes four of rural urban migration which are the daily movement, seasonal migration, short-term or periodic movements, definitive or long term movements.Rural-Urban Migration has become too rampant on the rural areas especially the study area (ora clan), in Owan West Local Government Area of Edo State. And they migrate without considering the socio-economic impact of this movement on their parents and the community in general.
Perhaps this movement may be as a result of lack of social amenities in the rural areas, searching for white collar jobs, for education purposes, climate condition among others. This is what the researcher will find out in this project. But finance and time has been the major constraints to the realization of this research work.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
In view of the above stated problems, the study therefore seeks to:
i. Identify the causes of migration from ora village to urban centres and enumerate the rationale behind such movements.
ii. Examine the negative and positive of socio-economic impacts of rural urban migration.
iii. Suggest possible remedies to check such influx of people from rural areas to urban centres form sound national planning and developmental purpose.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Since research preposition are meant to test the validity of assumption, the following questions are stated for the purpose of this study.
a. Why rural urban migration has greater influence on the life of rural dwellers.
b. Did rural-urban migration occurs because of lack of employment opportunities in the rural areas
c. Why did the rural-urban dwellers migrate to urban centres?
d. What is the socio-economic impact of migrating from rural area to urban centres?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- The study when successfully completed will be of value to the educational planners
.- The study will be of importance to researchers/students working on related topics
.- The study will reveal the reasons why people migrate from rural area to urban centres
.- The study will also be an addition to previous work on the topic. Thus, an addition to knowledge.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Migration: This means the movement of people from one place to another. Teriba (1982) sees migration as the movement of people from one civil division to another. Settlement: This is a place where people live.Emigration: It is the movement of people out of a country.Immigration: This is the movement of people into country.Net migration: The difference between the number of immigration and emigrants.Immigrant: These are people that move into a country.Emigrants: These are people that engage in the movement out of a country.


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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
University campuses offer a unique environment for students either to pursue a traditional courtship style or engage in a courtship style that is driven by pre-marital sexual intercourse. According to Merriam Webster dictionary, courtship is the activities that occur when people are developing a romantic relationship that could lead to marriage or the period of time when such activities occur. Premarital sex is sexual activity practiced by people who are unmarried. Historically, premarital sex was considered a moral issue which was taboo in many cultures and considered a sin by a number of religions, but since about the 1960s, it has become more widely accepted, especially in Western countries. Several studies have been carried out on the perception of students on courtship considering its effect on pre-marital sex (Bogle, 2008). These studies indicate that young men and women are more frequently engaging in casual sex or what is known as ‘campus courtship’ or ‘hooking up’ than the traditional courtship where lovers are not to engage in pre-marital sex. Hooking up carries a level of ambiguity but has been generally defined as a sexual encounter, anything from kissing to having sex, especially between young men and women without implying any marital commitment. The large percentage of divorces each year, non-marital pregnancies and pre-marital sex has all dramatically changed the traditional family structure.
Courtship which was a trend that has been present for decades in Nigeria became popular as a result of western education. Courtship among undergraduates has changed the realm of male and female interaction as it used to be in the traditional African society. Prior to the colonial era, men had to call upon women and be invited to visit the woman’s home under strict supervision from the family. This type of courtship was a form of traditional courtship that had very clearly delineated guidelines that, men and women were expected to follow. However, western education has totally redefined the perception of young men and women about courtship and sex before married. The university environment provides the opportunity for young individuals to go out to places away from the watchful eyes of the family and community members and engage in another kind of campus courtship popularly known as ‘hooking up’ (Hettlinger, 2007). Several factors such as the mass media, the social media, internet, peers, changing family traditions, money, the university environment, among others has influenced how young men and women think and participate in courtship alongside modern social changes. The influence of this perception on courtship has influenced undergraduates’ sexual behavior, particularly in the areas of courtship and its relationship with premarital sex.
1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Literature regarding the undergraduates’ perception on courtship and its influence on pre-marital sex is limited. This research seeks to fill the vacuum by examining the students view on how courtship should be and on if pre-marital sex should be discouraged with special reference to peers, university environment, family background and the social media have any significant effect on undergraduates’ perceptions on courtship and its influence on pre-marital sex.
1.3   OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The following are the objectives of this study:
1.  To examine the undergraduates’ perceptions on courtship and its influence on pre-marital sex.
2.  To ascertain how courtship is being practiced among the undergraduates.
3.  To identify the factors leading pre-marital sex among undergraduates.
1.4   RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.  What is the undergraduates’ perceptions on courtship and its influence on pre-marital sex?
2.  How is courtship being practiced among the undergraduates?
3.  What are the factors leading pre-marital sex among undergraduates?
1.5  RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
H0: The perception of undergraduates’ on courtship and its influence on premarital sex is not gender dependent.
H1:  The perception of undergraduates’ on courtship and its influence on premarital sex is gender dependent.
H0: courtship does not influence premarital sex among undergraduates.
H1: courtship influences premarital sex among undergraduates.
1.6   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The following are the significance of this study:
1.  The outcome of this study will educate the general public and education administrators on what students feel about courtship and its effect on premarital sex as this will form a guide to managing the issues of premarital sex among the students.
2.  This research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if applied will go to an extent to provide new explanation to the topic.
1.7   SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study on the undergraduates’ perceptions on courtship and its influence on pre-marital sex will cover all various types of courtship approaches that exist in the Nigerian universities. Its will also cover the views of the undergraduates about its and its effect on premarital sex.  
LIMITATION OF STUDY
Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.   

REFERENCES
Bogle P.O. (2008): Premarital sex involvement: Developmental investigation of relational correlates. Adolescence. 92, 705-987
Hettlinger, R. (2007). Sex isn’t that simple: The new sexuality on campus. Ney York. The Seabury Press.


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asuustrike1:

Your hypotheses doesn't flow with the research problem. Your introduction doesn't have a research gap and research problem. This work wen u put here get as heh be oh. A reasonable supervisor will not approve this if that is what you have.

Hello @asuustrike1 This is just a preview of the work as we do not post the original content for supervisors to see online... Thank you for all your views so far, we have taken note already. Good day!

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The inter-bank market in foreign exchange is used for trading in foreign currencies – main vehicle for generating autonomous inflow of foreign exchange into the banking system. La licensed banks, development banks and the central bank are active traders the market. These banks intermediate for their corporate and individual customers that engage in international trade and investment. The are always prepared to buy form or sell foreign currencies to their customers in both the spot and forward markets. In addition, authorized dealers open and maintain foreign currency domiciliary accounts for their customers, especially the exporting customers.

Exchange rates ruling in the inter-bank market fluctuate in response to the forces of supply and demand for foreign currencies, subject to a maximum spread of one percent between the buying and selling rates. Al the authorized dealer banks are required by CBN to display their buying and selling rates for spot transactions, but are allowed to negotiate with customers in respect of forward transactions within the one per cent allowable spread or margin. Authorized dealers are expected to make delivery of transactions of foreign currency to customers within three days from the day payment is made. The overall supervision of the market falls to the Central Bank of Nigeria which may, with the approval of the minister of Finance, intervene in the market from time to time to prescribe guidelines and give new directives. The Central Bank of Nigeria intervenes at a biding session in order to minimize any large fluctuations in the niara exchange rates.

For example, in 1986, the Central Bank of Nigeria intervened at the 6th session and at the 12th session.

In practice, the usual sources of foreign exchange to the market include the Central Bank of Nigeria auction, inflow to banks through autonomous sources, non-oil exports via domiciliary foreign currency accounts, invisible trade items and other miscellaneous sources. For example in December 1986, the value of foreign exchange flowing in form these sources were: CBN auction $237.99 million, banks $28.99 and other miscellaneous sources $48.98million.

It is interesting to note that the introduction of the Second-tier Foreign Exchange Market (SFEM) in September 1986, coupled with the dismantling of exchange controls have increased the inflow of foreign exchange from autonomous sources. For exchange, the inflow of foreign exchange from private sources between October 1986 and May 1987 was put at $706 million (or about N2.6 billion).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Apart from the purely technical question of ensuring the steady appreciation of naira, one of the primary functions of determinants of exchange rate (CBN) is to sustain the value of the naira during fluctuation.

There are, however, other major problems falling our currency and it’s management.

The persistent geometric progression in depreciation and arithmetic progression in appreciation of naira have discouraged foreign investors due to they cannot make it. There appears to be no evidence more convincing about the need to central foreign exchange rate fluctuation, than the ever public outcry at the rate our money in falling and rising at the foreign market.

Many citizens going out of the country and public debts increasing.

Of utmost concern is the fact that as years roll by, the problem of the economy appears to be insurmountable.

The problem of creating awareness to dealers on the impact of exchange rate fluctuation on their investment profits that the profit seeks to address.

The general public have little knowledge of financial implications associated with the unsteady exchange rate. Furthermore, there is the problem of dealers and citizen, not being aware of the impact or effect of the fluctuation of foreign exchange rate on naira’s value.

Finally, the problem of knowing how possible it is for the determinants (both CBN and others) to control the issue to a considerable rate after the exercise.

1.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY

There have been a lot of thought about the N.70: N138, appreciation and depreciation respectively to $1.00, in the foreign exchange market. The research wants to carryout a research on what the government through the exchange rate determinants were doing and find out if the adept any exchange control measure in the currency management. The researcher also wants to have an empirical base either to support all the poor impression people have o the naira exchange rate with dollar and to advice on how to improve the value by adopting exchange rate control measures.

Therefore, the need for the study includes:

- To brought to light the effects of the fluctuation of foreign exchange rate on naira.

- To advice the nation on the necessity to check it.

1.3 PURPOSE OF STUDY

From all that has been written above, it is the aim of this study to take a segment of the Central Bank of Nigeria, and study the approach of the bank towards the exchange rate fluctuation.

- Whether or not the CBN apply exchange controls as a bases for putting it to a considerable rate.

- If the measures introduced had done any thing over it and

- To formulate strategies and make recommendations that would be more effective in the foreign management.

1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY

The scope of the study is very wide if it has to be carried out in all the branches of CBN, including the headquarter. The study is limited, based on the facts that there is no time and material resources to see tot he whole systems. This study is limited to (Enugu State) and the findings may not reflect the situation in the whole country.

These findings may not be valid for the whole branches of CBN, but by and large, what happens in Enugu branch can be said to apply to other breaches.

1.5 RESEARCH PROPORTION

It is the objective of this study to know if:

1. The determinants of exchange rate mounts mish pressure on its fluctuation effects on naira.

2. CBN apply the foreign exchange rate control measures, it put the fluctuation to a considerable rate.

3.People have said reasonable things concerning it.

4. What had been done before yield any good results.

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms used in this study should be taken to mean following.

1.6.1 FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET

This is an arrangement which exists to assist buyers and sellers of foreign exchange to enter into contract of buying and selling.

1.6.2 FOREIGN EXCHANGE

This is a means of international payments.

It includes currencies of other countries that are freely acceptable in effecting international transactions.

1.6.3 EXCHANGE RATE

This is the price of one currency in terms of other.

1.6.4 TRADE WEIGHTED EXCHANGE RATE

This is the value of a domestic currency expressed in terms of a weighted basket of currencies of the major trading partners.

The weighted assigned to each currency reflects the volume of trade with the country of domicile. The weights are reviewed regularly to take accounts of changing patterns of trade.

1.6.5 DUTCH AUCTION SYSTEM (DAS)

This is a method of exchange rate determination through auction where the bidders pay according to their bid rates. The ruling rate is arrived at with the last bid rate that clears the market.

1.6.6 DUAL EXCHANGE RATES REGIME

This situation exists when two exchange rates are in existence in an economy. This was the situation in Nigeria between September 1986 and July 1987 when two rates, the first and second-tier rates were in place. Again in January 1995, a dual exchange rate system made up of the pegged, official exchange rate and floating, autonomous exchange rate, was introduced.

1.6.7 AVERAGE PRICING METHOD

This is a method of exchange rate determination where the average of bid rates is applied as the ruling exchange rate.

1.6.8 MARGINAL PRICING METHOD

This is the method in which bid rates are arranged in a descending order of magnitude and the rate at which available foreign exchange is exhausted is the marginal rate.

1.6.9 MODAL AVERAGE METHOD

This is the method of determining the exchange rate by averaging the rates tending towards the mode.

1.6.10 ELIGIBLE TRANSACTIONS

The authorized dealers in foreign exchange which comprise all licensed banks, that is to say, commercial and merchant banks and belatedly development banks and bureau de change.

1.6.11 CURRENCY CONVERTIBILITY

Simply, convertibility may be defined as the ability to exchange one country’s currency for another’s, without any hindrance or restriction from the monetary authorities of either country.

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