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Advance Your Academic Success! In Episode 6, we’re back with an even more extensive selection of free project topics and research materials. Whether you’re a student in science, technology, engineering, business, arts, or any other discipline, this episode provides the resources you need to excel in your academic journey.


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🔹 What You'll Discover in Episode 6:

Fresh Project Topics: Introducing a new collection of topics every few minutes, covering a wide range of disciplines, including:
Computer Science & IT
Engineering & Technology
Business & Management
Arts & Humanities
Social Sciences
Health & Life Sciences
Comprehensive Insights: For each project topic, we’ll cover:
Title: The specific project title to guide your research.
Abstract: A brief summary of the project’s objectives.
Table of Contents: An overview of the project’s structure.
Introduction: Background information and the significance of the topic.
Chapters One to Five: A summary of the content in each chapter.
References: A list of scholarly sources used in the research.

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Achieve Academic Excellence: Access well-researched, ready-to-use topics that save you time and ensure high-quality work.
Exclusive Content: Episode 6 brings you new, unique topics to expand your research options.
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Join Us Live! In this special live broadcast of Episode 5, we’re diving into an even broader selection of free project topics and research materials across various academic departments. Whether you’re a student in science, engineering, arts, business, or any other field, this episode is your chance to interact, ask questions, and discover high-quality research topics in real-time!


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XwD8dussTlo
🔹 What You'll Experience in Episode 5:

Live Exploration of Diverse Project Topics: We’ll be unveiling new topics every few minutes, covering a vast array of disciplines, including:
Science & Technology
Engineering
Business & Economics
Arts & Humanities
Social Sciences
Health Sciences
Real-Time Breakdown: For each topic, we’ll provide:
Title: The exact title to guide your research.
Abstract: A quick overview of the project’s key objectives.
Table of Contents: A glimpse into the project structure.
Introduction: The background and importance of the topic.
Chapters One to Five: An overview of each chapter’s content.
References: A list of academic sources used.

🚀 Why You Should Tune In:

Interactive Learning: Engage with us live, ask questions, and get immediate answers.
Tailored Content: Episode 5 offers department-specific topics, ensuring there’s something valuable for everyone.
Instant Access: All topics discussed will be available for download during and after the broadcast

Get ready to revolutionize your final year project, thesis, or dissertation! We've got some thrilling news to share that will make your academic journey more enjoyable and productive!
Introducing our game-changing live broadcast series, 60-Second Project Topics Live! This exclusive series is designed specifically for students and researchers like you, providing a constant stream of innovative ideas to spark your creativity.
Every 60 seconds, we'll unveil a brand-new project topic, giving you bite-sized, actionable insights into the most exciting concepts. Say goodbye to research roadblocks and hello to a smoother, more inspiring academic experience!
Watch Episode 6 now and discover how 60-Second Project Topics Live can transform your project

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2gUDggt6fA

Are you gearing up for your final year project, thesis, or dissertation? We have some exciting news that will make your academic journey smoother and more inspiring! We’re thrilled to announce the launch of our groundbreaking live broadcast series, designed exclusively for students and researchers like you.
Introducing: 60-Second Project Topics Live!

In this innovative series, we’ll bring you a fresh project topic every 60 seconds—giving you rapid, concise insights into top ideas.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxzPtRRCpjk

Perfect for final-year students, postgraduates, and anyone working on a thesis or dissertation, this ongoing series delivers quick, 60-second overviews of top project topics and research materials. Each episode focuses on a different field—ranging from computer science to engineering, education, and more—helping you discover the perfect topic for your academic journey.

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With hours of content across multiple seasons, this marathon is your ultimate resource for finding high-quality, research-ready topics.
Subscribe now to stay ahead in your studies and make informed decisions for your final year project or thesis!

Are you searching for the perfect project topic? We've got you covered! Join our live broadcast where we’re showcasing top project topics across various departments – all in one place

Whether you're in Engineering, Business, Sciences, or any other field, we have something for you! Plus, we’re offering exclusive links to preview and download these topics directly. Don't miss out on this golden opportunity to get ahead in your academic journey.

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Final year students, the search for the perfect project topic just got easier! Join our live broadcast where we present a comprehensive list of project topics from different universities.

Our curated selection is not only recent and well-researched but also comes with complete materials, including chapters 1-5 with references. Whether you're looking for inspiration or ready-made content, this live session has everything you need.

Don’t miss this opportunity to find the ideal topic and learn where you can download the full materials to start your project with confidence


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I need this project pls. How do i get it?

click on the link below

https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/991/design-and-implementation

AN ASSESSMENT OF BUDGET AND BUDGETARY CONTROL IN NIGERIA COMMERCIAL BANKS (A CASE STUDY OF UNION BANK OF NIGERIA PLC, KADUNA)


ABSTRACT

The defectiveness of an organization depends on the effectiveness of the management body. An organization that wishes to develop and grow must be involved in budget preparation, so as to make long term plans. Whether or not the capacity of building made and prepared by management in their annual corners stone of this study. This project present some findings on the contributions of budgeting through interview, questionnaire and personal observation and analysis of the data shown in chapter four (4) despite that the budget system and budgetary control an effective towards decision making of management without forecasting, the business may suffer in future, deficiency of cash which may in turn resistant curtailment of their operation thereby forcing management to engage in borrowing at substantial interests rate with precise reference to the findings of the project work. The contribution of budgeting and budgetary control to management making budgeting and budgetary to other decision making techniques finally, a skillfully prepared budgeting program should be properly implemented to ensure effective budgeting via control.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Arrangement of the Study

This research work on the assessment of budget and budgetary control in Nigeria commercial banks with particular reference to Union bank of Nigeria Plc, Kaduna, the study is organized in five chapters, the first chapter deals on the arrangement of the study, Background of the study, statement of problem, purpose of the study, Research question, Research hypothesis, scope of the study, limitation of the study etc while related literature on the subject mater was reviewed in the second chapter. The third chapter of this project work deals on the research design and methodology, in this chapter data will be sourced through primary and secondary means. The data sourced was analyzed in chapter four and also the hypotheses formulated in chapter were also tested in this part of the research work. The findings, conclusion and recommendations were stated in chapter five.



1.1 Background of the study

The term budget refers to a plan quantified in monetary terms, prepared and approved by appropriate authorities prior to a defined period of time, usually showing planned income to be generated and or expenditure to be incurred during that period and the capital to be employed to attain a given objective.

Abogun (2012) defined a budget as a plan of dominant individuals in an organization expressed in monetary terms and subject to the constraints imposed by the participants and the environments, indicating how the available resource may be utilized to achieve whatever the dominant individuals agreed to be the organization priorities.

Pandey (2003) in his formal definition defines budget as “a qualitative statement for a defined period of time which may include planned revenue, expenses, asset, liabilities and cash flows”.

Institute of cost and management accountants (ICMA) (as cited by Eze 2001), defined budget as “ a financial and or qualitative statement prepared prior to a defined period of time, of policy to the pursued during that period for the purpose of attaining a given objective”.

Lucey (2003) in his recent definition of budget defines it as a qualitative expression of a plan of action prepared for the business as a whole for departments, for functions such as sales and production or for financial resource item such as cash, capital, expenditure, manpower purchase, e.t.c

Morgan (19970 opines that the budget had grown beyond a financial tool. It is above all managerial tool, in essence, it is the best tool for making sure that key resources, especially performance resources are assigned to priorities and to results. It is a tool that enables the manager to know when to review and revise plans, either because results are different from expectation or due to environment economics conditions, market conditions or technologies charge which no longer correspond to the assumption of the budget.

Welsh (2003) opines that budgeting is the only comprehensive approach to managing so far developed that, if utilized with sophistication and good judgment fully recognizes the dominant role of the manager and provide a framework for implementing side fundamental aspects of scientific management.

Budgeting at both management level and operation level looks at the future and lays down what has to be achieved, control checks whether the plans are being realized and put into corrective measures, where deviation or shortfall is occurring. According to Egam (1997) emphasized that without effective controls, an enterprise will be at the mercy of internal and external forces that can disrupt its efficiency and be unaware, when a budgeting and control system is in use, budgets are established which set out in financial terms, the responsibility of the managers in relation to the requirement of the overall policy of the company.

Financial, a budget provides a focus for the organization, aids the coordination activities and facilities control where as control is flexible budgets.



1.2 Statement of problem

Budgetary control problems as a result of poor budget preparation. These arise such that; Problems in budgetary control may reflect a poorly formulated budget for example lack of credibility/realism. And lack of a comprehensive budget may complicate implementation for example separate timetable and rules for capital budget, extra-budgetary funds. And, also, where spending ministries have not been fully involved in their budget formulation so that they understand and own their budget. Also implementation problems can be reflected in lack of correct prediction of economic, social and political scenario or circumstances and the outbreak of situations like war, famine, natural disaster etc can hamper budget implementation. In Nigeria, the emergence of the civil war in May, 1976 really hinders the effective implementation of that fiscal year budget.

Some of the problems includes:

Lack of civil society involvement in budgetary control process in Nigeria Preparation. Delayed publication of financial statements. Lack of transparency and accountability. Lack of expert inclusion in the budget preparation to effectively forecast economic variables. The importance of implementation underscore the basic functions of budgeting and implementation in Nigeria since, much time is spent by the Nigerian government (often with World Bank, IMF assistance or encouragement) preparing elaborate poverty reduction focused budgets. A budget guides the government on a developmental plan that most times needs to be consolidated to achieve a meaningful aim. Budgetary control is importance because it assesses government performance over time, that is, it measures government score card and effective comparison can be made. An effectively implemented budget improves and strengthens the various macro-economic various suck as poverty, unemployment, inflation, and the financial systems. In total, an efficient and implemented budget encourages fiscal discipline; Assurance that budget aggregates are sustainable over the medium-term and promote economic stability effective allocation; Assurance that public money is spent in accord with national priorities and on programs that are effective in achieving public objectives and effective distribution of wealth efficient public service; Assurance that public services are delivered in an efficient, fair and courteous manner, and are accessible to citizens.

1.1 Objective of the study

In this project, the researcher intends to identify and highlighting the effectiveness and some problem involved in the preparation and application of budgeting and budgetary control in the bank industry with special references to union bank of Nigeria plc. With a view to suggesting ways and means of improving the operations and effectiveness of the system.



There is strong belief that good operating of budgeting and budgetary control is of great value to money deposit bank planning and control are indispensible in the money deposit banking industry.



The objectives of the study are the following:

1. To know the type of budgets and budgetary control in operation

2. To ascertain the efficiency and effectiveness of the system of budgeting and budgetary control

3. To determine whether the system of budgeting and budgetary control has led to improvement in money deposit banking system

4. To determine it budget and budgetary control are worth while.

5. To highlight the problem of budgeting and budgetary control and ways of improving on them.

1.3 Research Questions

2 What are the types of budgets and budgetary control in operation in the institution?

3 What is the efficiency and effectiveness of the system of budgeting and budgetary control?

4 Does the system of budgeting and budgetary control contributed to improvement in money deposit banking system.

1.5 Research hypothesis

In order to realistically assess the contribution of budgeting and budgetary control to managerial decision making, some hypothesis have been postulated

H0: budgeting and budgetary control are useful established better financial control

HI: budgeting and budgetary control are not useful established better financial control



1.6 Significant of the study

The significance of this study is to enhancing proper budgeting and budgetary control in money deposit bank system.



Many companies or organization have folded up because of incompetency of the management body and also poor implementation of the policies of the organization. This is usually due to the fact that most organization find it reluctant to engage in proper budget planning this has led to lack of predictions and eventually unforeseen circumstance override the policies of the organization; this is why written up is provided.



When this write up is eventually complex. Many organization will realize that budgeting and budgetary control are priority for the successfully achievement of the organization objective.



1.7 Scope of the study

The union bank of Nigeria plc has been chosen as a case study for the purpose of this research.



A look at budgetary control shows that it encompasses the process of planning. The preparation of budgeting based on this plan, recording and comparing actual performance with that budgeting.

1.8 Limitation of the Study

In research of this nature, it is pertinent that one will be faced with certain slimming factors, thus, study the contribution of budgeting and budgetary control to management decision making which is restricted to a bank, union bank of Nigeria plc.



The first to mention is finance. Due to the present state of the economy, the researcher is faced with financial constraints. For travelling to some place like Kaduna which is the area office of the case study i.e. union bank of Nigeria plc to collect the data involve high transportation cost due to fuel scarcity and also disturbance in Kaduna at the time the research was conducted.



Another factor that needs to be mentioned is the academic work pressure n the researcher due to the academic program which limits the extends of the research study. The semester system required a lot of hard work on the part of the researcher and hence has some adverse effect.



However, these factors not withstanding, the research was conducted diligently and affectively in accordance with the desired objective of the study.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Budget: A comprehensive and co-ordinated plan expressed in financial terms for the operation and resources of an enterprise for some specific period in the future expressed in quantitative and financial terms. This is to say that budgeting is a process of budget formulation.

Budgeting control: A system of controlling cost which includes the preparation of budgets co-ordinating the department and establishing, comparing actual performance and acting upon result to achieve maximum profitability.

Flexible budge: It is a budget, which recognized the difference between fixed and variable cost in relation to fluctuation in output or turnover. Its designed to charge appropriately with fluctuations.



1.10 SUMMARY OF THE CHAPTER

This chapter is organized under nine different subheads which are arrangement of the study, Background of the study, statement of problem, purpose of the study, Research question, Research hypothesis, scope of the study, limitation of the study etc. in this chapter, some problems were raised, after which four objectives were formulated based on the objectives questions were asked and hypotheses were equally developed.



1.10Historical background of the case study

Union bank is a large money deposit bank, serving individuals, small and medium sized companies as well as large corporations and organizations. In July 2009, it was raked the 556th largest bank in the world and the 14th largest bank in African as of June 2012, the bank’s asses base was estimated at US$6.784 billion (Nown 1.049 trillion): The shareholder equity at that time was estimated at U$$ 1.22 billion (NGN. 188.4 billion) the bank has several subsidiary companies and non-subsidiary affiliations.



Subsidiary

- Union Homes savings and loans plc

- Union Trustees Limited

- Union Assurance company limited

- Banque international due Benin contonon

Affiliated company

- Considerate discounts limited

- HFC Bank Ghana Limited

- Unique venture capital management company.

The history of union bank of Nigeria plc with the opening of the colonial bank official in Lagos, Jos and Port-harcourt in 1917. In 1925, the bank acquired by backlogs bank and its name was change to Barclays bank DCO (Dominion colonial and overseas).

The bank developed and grew rapidly over the years by 1954 branches had been opened in almost all parts of the country. For instance, Kano, Zaria, Ibadan and Ebute meta branches were opened in 1918. Aba branch opened in 1926. Ijebu-odu in 1931 Bida in 1953, Katsina in 1955 Sepels or 1958.



As a result of the Nigeria enterprises promotion degrees of 1972 and 1947, the federal government of Nigeria acquired 52% the banks shares leaving 40% of Barclays bank international limited (new Barclays bank plc) while the remaining 8% was taken up by the Nigeria public.

Barclays bank plc sold 50% of its shares to Nigeria in 1979, thus reducing the quality holding to 20% following this development. The bank name was changed to union bank of Nigeria ltd. To replaced than new ownership structure i.e.

Federal government of Nigeria 55%

Private Nigeria invest 28%

Barclay bank plc 20%

With the new name the bank is now an indigenous bank and no longer or subsidiary of Barclays bank plc, although Barclays bank plc still continued to offer technical and correspondent services as in the past.

Today the bank has over 225 branches spread all over the country and a branch in the city of London and Johannesburg the bank also have a staff of over 11,300 employees out of which only five (5) are expatriate and in specialized field. The bank is indeed the largest employee of labour in the banking industry in Nigeria and with five training centre (7,000 in Lagos Yaba and Ijora one each in Jos, Zaira and Port-Harcourt.



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/403/an-assessment-of-budget-and

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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ELECTRONIC PATIENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM . (A CASE STUDY OF SHONAHAN HOSPITAL, NSUKKA ENUGU).


ABSTRACT
This project title is written to help hospitals especially SHONAHAN HOSPITAL, NSUKKA, Enugu in the areas they encounter problems in keeping their attendance scheme for patient and the solution given to tackle problem such as transforming the existing manual attendance scheme for patients system in which the existing problems involved at the time was laziness of the Doctors to work, misplacement of files, excessive loitering around of patient for their files and loitering of paper in the office.
This software reports on our pilot evaluation of AN ELECTRONIC PATIENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM and their Doctors. The aim is to improve the quality of care to patient and the information about them, as indicated by an improvement in the effectiveness and efficiency of care and in an increase in patient’s satisfaction.
This study makes clear that a thorough exploration of users needs before building the system, using qualitative research methods may be crucial because it can prevent data mismatch and maximize the chance that the eventual management system meets its most important aim: to enhance patient’s empowerment and improve the quality of care services.
In order to handle this, I decided to introduce a new an electronic patient management system for patients. The project dwells more on Computer duty schedule. This is implemented with Visual Basic programming 6.0 language and Microsoft Access for effective information keeping.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AUTOMATIC HAND DRYER WITH TEMPERATURE DISPLAY

ABSTRACT

This project work deals on the design and implementation of an automatic hand-dryer with display capable of drying up a wet hand inserted under its vent and goes off automatically as soon as the ands are removed. The system also incorporates a decimal counting unit that displays the temperature of the blown out air in 0C. This system is configured using an optp-coupler realized with cadmium-sulphide photocell (c.d.s) at the input. The output of the sensor is conditioned by quad-2-input schmit trigger NAND gate (74132) which serves as the control logic used to trigger a one-shot delay that biases a transistor switch. The transistor commutes a TRIAC (solid state relay) that switches on/off the blower connected to it. When a wet hand is inserted under the vent and blocks the line-of-sight of the sensor, the blower starts to blow automatically as long as the hands are still blocking the c.d.s, else it will stop. The seven-segment display displays the temperature of the blown out air in 0C and resets simultaneously with the switching off of the dryer.


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Engineering is concerned with goal-oriented projects. Projects that can eliminate problems like time lapse, strem and energy spent, cost and environmental dangers/hazards. This project work on the design and implementation of an automatic hand-dryer with temperature display is built to eliminate the dangers and problems associated with the manual process of hand-dryer and to display the temperature of the air used in drying the object. This project is realized with passive and active components. And it is pure hardwired in that it does not use micro-program control.



1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

This project design and implementation of automatic hand-dryer with temperature display is achieved in several blocks all combined to form one functional unit. The first block in the opto-coupler realized with laser diode and LDR whose output is conditioned by 74LS132 that generates control logic. This control logic is used to bias a transistor switch that energizes the electromagnetic relay which switches the dryer. The control logic is also used to trigger/power the temperature display circuit. This section is realized with IC linear temperature sensor (LM35) whose output is fed to a quad-comparator with Hysteresis. This comparator output reset a frequency generator which is counted by a 2-digit decimal counting unit that displays the temperature of the blowers air in degree calcius. The system dries the hand and displays the temperature using seven segment display.



1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The major objective of this project is to design and implement automatic hand-dryer with temperature display. The project is also aimed at familiarizing the graduates of Computer Engineering in electronic system designs involving digital systems and random logic. The project is aimed at acquainting the young graduate on the ethics of Engineering, technical and scientific writing which forms the nucleus of Engineering professional practice. It is also aimed at testing/accessing the young Engineers ability to realize engineering project within a specified time.



1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This project design and implementation of automatic hand-dryer with temperature display signifies a lot in automation and control. It means a lot in CEE, EEE and Physics and Electronic. This project is a marketable product for homes and restaurants. A project of this type if properly modified, can function as a temperature control system for server room, kiln and ovens.


1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

This project work focuses on the design and implementation of automatic hand-dryer with temperature display. It covers the following; IC Liner Temperature Sensor (LM 35), Opto-coupler using LDR and laser diodes, decimal counting unit and Quad-comparator (LM 339). It covers other passive and active components used in the design. The project also x-rays the mode of calculation of the basic circuit parameters used in the design. This report does not cover the design of the motor used in hand-dryer.


1.5 PROJECT REPORT ORGANIZATION

This project report is presented in five chapters to appropriately illustrate the steps involved in its implementation. Chapter one covers the introduction and objectives of the system while chapter two is basically the literature review and theories relevant to the project. Chapter three focuses on the system design and analysis while chapter four x-rays the system implementation, testing and result. The fifth and last chapter covers the summary and conclusion.



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/695/design-and-construction-of-automatic

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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AUTOMATIC CHANGEOVER SWITCH WITH INDICATOR


ABSTRACT

This project work deals on the design and construction of an automatic power changeover that will change/transfer control from MAINS to Gen set and can switch ON/OFF the Gen automatically. The system integrates phase selector in MAINS and changeover to Gen. It is designed in several blocks all combined to from one functional unit. A +5v regulated DC power supply unit forms the first block whose output is fed to priority encoder and decoder block. The output of the BCD – Decimal decoder is used to select the phase in priority through a transistor driver stage and electromagnetic relay that activates contactors. The least prioritized phase is the Gen set which contains a circuitry that automatically starts and stops the Gen set. The system is realized with TTL chips market. LEDs and AC panel lamps are used to indicate the status of the system while a manual switch is used to demonstrate the mode of operation of the system.


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Industrial automation and control has contributed immensely to the high rate of the world’s technological growth. Power control and automation is a part of this field which is applied in virtually anywhere electrical power is used, generated or transmitted. Manual power change-over switches have been in existence and in different forms and shapes. 1959, the advent of microelectronics has paved way to modify the manually operated change-over switches. This project deals with the design and construction of automatic change-over switch with indicator. It eliminates the time and energy spent in operating the manual change – over and starting of Gen. Set. It is fully automated. It can be used in residential houses, offices and most importantly, in factories that required constant power supply. It has so many advantages over the existing ones/types.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This project work is embarked upon to eliminate nearly every shortcomings associated with the manually operated type to ensuring that it is fully automated.

This system is realized in several functional blocks all combined to form one functional system. The first block is a 3-phase MAINS regulated dc power supply unit that powers the overall circuit and acts as the input. The output of thin block is fed into a priority encoder (74147) which selects the most prioritized phase at a time. The third block is a BCD – to – DECIMAL Decoder (7442) used to decode the prioritized phase.

The fourth is the driver stage which comprises of NPN transistor that energizes the electromagnetic relay which switches the phase in priority. The Gen set switching section is achieved using the least prioritized phase. This section switches ON the Gen set when all the NEPA phases are low, OFF or faulty. Once the Gen set phase is selected, a switching transistor fires an SCR which conducts large battering current to the ignition coil of the Gen set. Panel indicators are used to show the status of the system.



1.2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The aims and objectives of this project is to:

Design and construct an automatic change-over switch with indicator that will switch load from the mains power supply (PHCN) power supply (Generator) with simplicity.

To introduce a circuitry that will sense power outage and at the same time sense fluctuationin the power supplied to the load at any point time.



SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

This project eliminates the stress, time delay and other drawbacks in manually operated types. The project is modified to display the phase in use at a particular time using a single seven segment Display and its appropriate circuitry.



SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This project work was carried out primarily with the aim of solving the problem of manual change-over switch when there is need for changing to generator due to power failure from public power supply.

Also, the essence of this project work is to design and construct a 90A, 220V, 50Hz automatic change-over switch which will serve as a standby switch to generator when there is power outage.



LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT

Due to the principal operation of the device, it cannot switch two voltage supply once, during operation. So the power switching of the supplies depends on the state in which the device is, that means it can only be in an on or off state, so as to avoid voltage clashing which will lead to fire outbreak.

Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/694/design-and-construction-of-automatic

For More Electrical/Electronic Engineering Project Topics Visit https://topics.com.ng/project/electrical-electronic-engineering


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E
ARRESTING THE MENACE OF EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The menace of examination mal practice in our schools is highly increasing. There is indication that the menace of examination malpractice in our primary schools exists as one of the prevalent hazards that threaten the society. Therefore arresting the menace of examination Mal-practice using Community of Inquiry Philosophy for Children (COIP4C) system of education will of necessity be very authentic, inter-subjected in the promotion of quality standard of education in primary schools in Udi Local government Area. So Using Community of Inquiry Philosophy for Children (COIP4C) system of education to arrest all examination Mal practice has become a major source of concern to the validity and reliability of our educational system. This is because success in every human endeavor entails time spent in preparations and in effective teaching and learning which helps in eradicating the menace of examination malpractice.

Therefore the issue of low academic performances and the increasing prevalence of examination malpractice over the years is becoming a serious concern to all stakeholders within the educational sector, that is the main reason why Community of Inquiry Philosophy for Children (COIP4C) system of education should be introduce in our primary schools this is because Community of Inquiry Philosophy for Children (COIP4C) system of education accept the ecumenical principle of collaboration, co-operation and concelebration in an educative process which helps in bombing all sort of examination Mal practice in our primary schools.



1.2 POINT OF INQUIRY

Eminent philosophers have proved beyond reasonable doubt that of all academic menace besetting learners at different levels of our educational system is lack of Community of Inquiry Philosophy for Children (COIP4C) system of education in schools which gives rise to poor performances of pupils that constitutes low standard of education, examination Malpractice, violence, disorderliness and occultism which are the major headache on our academic success. Therefore there is need for Community of Inquiry Philosophy for Children (COIP4C) system of education in our primary schools because the new system is to emerge-benevolence, love, trust, intelligent, sympathy, compassion and tolerance; Instead of examination Malpractice and all forms of “expo” in the school system, both staff and pupils will develop the wonderful academic tools of empathy, consistency, comprehensiveness giving and demanding reasons which helps to arrest examination Mal practice or any sort of expo in our primary schools.



1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

According to Adolescent Psychology in focus, examination is one of most important evaluative instrument being used in determining the learner’s rate of achievement in terms of the desired goal or set objectives.

Therefore examination Malpractice is any action that contravenes the rules and regulation of examination ethics it is an illegal attempt or action of an individuals or group of students to benefits self or others through evil means while violating the regulations governing the conduct of examination Based on this insight; Using COPI4C system of education to arrest the menace of examination Mal practices is very holistic, global, universal, dialogic and cooperative in both theory and practice this is because the system (COPI4C) reduce the problems of schooling without thinking on the pupils performance.

According to ATCOICOE; students are taught to develop as independents thinkers when they are given set of values and made to understand through the community of Inquiry approach that all experiences and points of view are respected. Anything different from this becomes indoctrination. Therefore the ability to read well at any age is very crucial for academic success; this will help to have good and reflective thinking that have so many combinations, such as critical creative, affective dimensions of thinking which will arrest all sorts of examination menace in our schools. The sickness of our educative process is that good thinking is not truly oriented; this is because most of our academically certificated people never had a good opportunity to do good thinking. They purse academic shadow instead of the consistent rigorous method of critically analysis situations to arrive at complex and creative solutions to arrest out all examination menace in schools.

No wonder Dewey regarded good thinking as the fundamentals aim of lack of creative and critical thinking in our schools gives rise to the very dangerous situation of having people pass through our schools systems and yet are very uneducated. The new trend (COPI4C) arrests examination malpractice by giving the pupils the opportunities to participate in grappling with the big questions and task of thinking before action. Pupils are led to reflects figure out things, understand cause and effect and to feel that they are part of the society that will make them to stand freely from examination Mal practice in the schools. This is done by allowing them to ask questions and provide answers to the questions by themselves without looking side by side during the examinations.

Moreso, in the new trend the pupils gradually develop the spirit of critical and creative Inquiry as they participate in the classroom community with the whole set of higher thinking and the appearances of wonderful change from static classroom to a dynamic one.

According to Authentic Education, Community of Inquiry Philosophy for Children (COIP4C) system presents each person as an authentic centre of originality, who does not manipulate or dominate the other persons but complements each other; help each other to be fully alive and fully human.

Thus Community of Inquiry Philosophy for Children (COIP4C) system of education enables pupils to be liberated and equipped with life-saving tacts and skills instead of being intellectually manipulated and colonized. Instead of examination malpractice and all forms of “expo” the school system, both staff and students will develop the wonderful academic tools of empathy, consistency, comprehensiveness, giving and demanding reasons. Practical reasoning and communal deliberation give rise qualitative academic judgment.



1.4 SCOPE

The major intendment of Community of Inquiry Philosophy for Children (COIP4C) system of education is not upon the acquisition of information but rather the development of critical and creative spirit reaching out to higher order thinking. Therefore the researcher based her research work in Udi L.G.A and be delimited to twenty teachers and few pupils in five primary schools

The delimited primary schools are



Southwest primary schools Amokwe

Community primary school Nsude

Central school Nachi

Central school Abia

Premier primary school Udi



1.5 ASSUMPTION

There is need for a very consistent and corrective educational value made available to the young children so that they may learn to think critically creatively and ethically.

Therefore as a result of lack of Community of Inquiry Philosophy for Children (COIP4C) system of education in our primary schools. The researcher assumed that the government should introduce (COIP4C) system of education in our primary schools.

In arresting examinations Mal practice in primary schools, the researcher assumed that it is high time the populace stop striving for paper qualification for their children.

Moreso, it is better for parents to engage the services of teachers, is better than giving bribe to teachers for the purpose of examinations Malpractice. Also the researcher assumed that intensive campaign should be mounted in schools on the ills and evils of examination Malpractice.

The schools and the community can think of exciting ways of rewarding pupils and teachers who are hard-working and dedicated.

Lastly, parents should avoid forcing their wishes on their children. It is the assumption of the researcher that if children could be exposed to classroom Community of Inquiry on a regular basis from Infancy, much would be accomplished in the search to overcome selfishness, clannish thuggery, and blue day armed robbery in the school system.



DEFINITIONS OF BASIC TERMS

- ATCOICOE African thinkers community of Inquiry college of Education

- ATCOI African thinkers community of Inquiry

- COI Community of Inquiry

- P4C Philosophy for children

- IAPC Institute for the advancement of Philosophy for children

- COIP4C Community of Inquiry Philosophy for children



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THE EFFECTS OF TWO TEACHING METHODS ON SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS PERFORMANCE IN BIOLOGY IN ENUGU EDUCATION ZONE (A CASE STUDY)


ABSTRACT

“The Effect Of Two Teaching Methods On Secondary School Students Performance In Biology In Enugu Educational Zone” is a very vital factor in school decision since it influences their returns, affect their values in educational sector. The research was carried out to ascertain and test the application and relevance of two teaching method, of some School in Enugu State, factor affecting the two teaching method, the effect of the application and relevance of two teaching method, and its impact on the selected organization. The study came out the following.

a) The teachers are not using the appropriate method in teaching biology.

b) The facilities are not available in teaching process. The researchers therefore concluded that two teaching method are not preplanned from the research study and should be enhanced upon to make a good head way and clear future.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page - - - - - - - - i

Approval page - - - - - - - ii

Certification - - - - - - - - iii

Dedication - - - - - - - - iv

Acknowledgement - - - - - - - v

Abstract - - - - - - - - - vi

Table of Contents - - - - - - - vii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study - - - - - 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem - - - - - 5

1.3 Purpose of the Study - - - - - 6

1.4 Significance of the Study - - - - - 6

1.5 Scope of the study - - - - - - 7

1.6 Research Question - - - - - - 8

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Discussion method in Teaching - - - - 9

2.2 The Principles for effective Discussion Teaching 13

2.3 Values of Discussion in Teaching - - - 15

2.4 The Demonstration Method in Teaching - - 18

2.5 Teaching Material for Biology - - - - 21



CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Design of the study - - - - - - 24

3.2 Area of the Study - - - - - - 24

3.3 Population of the Study - - - - - 25

3.4 Sample and Sampling Technique - - - - 27

3.5 Method of Data Collection - - - - - 28

3.6 Method of Data Analysis - - - - - 28

CHAPTER FOUR: REPORT ON THE QUASI-EXPERIMENT USED IN THIS STUDY



Quasi Experiment and Data Analysis - - - - 29



CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, FINDINGS, IMPLICATIONS,

RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUMMARY



References

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study:

There has been a consistent poor achievement in Biology as shown by the West African Examination Council (WAEC) annual reports of (1990-1995). Many scholars have therefore tried to find the ways and means of improving students achievements in Biology. They have, therefore, looked at many factors and carried out some emperical studies on the effect of these factors on performance of students.

The factor considered in the present study is the effects of two teaching methods on secondary school students performances in Biology. The methods being considered are the discussion and the demonstration methods. These two methods encourages co-operative learning between the teacher and the learners. Johnson and Johnson (1997) were of the opinion that co-operative learning experiences promoted higher achievement among the students. Although most studies have stressed on students’ participation and interaction as being very important factors of achievement, there may, however, be other alternative contributing factors and teacher’s method of teaching is definitely one of them.

Jonassen DH(2006) states that pedagogy is a different way by which a teacher can teach. Teaching method therefore, is the act or science of being a teacher, generally referring to strategies of instruction or style of instruction. Science is an activity oriented subject. The way it is thought is important in helping the students acquire basic scientific knowledge, skills and attitude to solving different problem in life. Biology being a science subject, therefore involve the teacher using methods that will give the students opportunity to be actively involved.

It is a well-known fact that no skilled teacher ever uses just one method of teaching Shield (2002) pointed out that good teachers follow no one method, instead he/she uses whatever methods and materials that seems to be best for the particular combination of individual situations.

This research work is focused mainly on discussion and demonstration methods of teaching. Discussion method involves the discussion of a biology topic, issue or concept by groups of students or the entire classroom.

Trusted (1997) asserts that the discussion method could be teacher centered, task centered or student centered. The teacher opens the discussion by asking one of the prepared questions and the students go on to discuss while he moderates.

Walker (2003) says that in discussion method, students are given chance to react while the teacher who has the answer in mind allows the students to think about the question.

According to Wirschner (2006), discussion method is a teaching method that includes questioning which is similar to testing. A teacher may ask a series of question to collect information of what students have learned and what needs to be taught. Testing is another application of questioning. A teacher tests the student on what was previously taught in order to identify if a student has learned in order to identify if a student has learned in the material.

According to Mayer (2004), demonstration are done to provide an opportunity to learn new exploration and visual learning tasks from a different perspective. A teacher may use experimentation to demonstrate ideas in a science class. Demonstration may be used in the circumstance of proving conclusively a fact, as by reasoning or showing evidence.

Over the past years, these have been an unsteady progress rate in biology for secondary school students as regards internal and external examinations. Measuring academic performance can occur at multiple levels and serves multiple purposes.

For instance, the classroom teachers after conduct formative and summative tests, to evaluate students mastering of course content and provide grades for students and parents. This relative achievement of secondary school students is an example that has internal and external impact depending on the method adopted by the teacher. It is in the light of the above that the need to examine the effect of two teaching methods on secondary school student performance in biology in Enugu Education Zone can not be over emphasized.



1.2 Statement of the Problem.



The popular opinion in Nigeria today is that the standard of Education has fallen short of what it should be. This fall in the standard of education is perceived by many as the inability of the teachers to impact knowledge to the learners, the way they will understand and write well in examinations. Reports by examination councils in Nigeria have disclosed the recurrent and endemic failure of students in both internal and external examinations especially in Biology (WAEC) annual reports; (1990-1995). Agbo (2010) says that teachers no more show commitment as they see themselves as most “measure up”. Also Layi (2004) found out that teacher’s lateness to work, absenteeism and poor attitude to work encourage indolence and contribute to poor performance among students. The problem of this study is therefore to investigate the effect of two teaching methods- Discussion and demonstration, on secondary school students performance in Biology.





1.2. Purpose of the Study:

The main purpose of this study is to investigate into the effects of two teaching methods on secondary school students performance in Biology in Enugu Education Zone.

Specifically, the study will examine:-

1) Whether teachers posses the skills of using the two methods in teaching.

2) If there is any significance difference in students performance in using the two teaching methods in biology.

3) Whether the facilities are available for the two teaching methods.



1.3. Significance of the Study

The finding of this study will be of benefit to the teachers, students and curriculum planners. The study critically discusses extensively the effect of two teaching methods on secondary school students in biology, the consideration of academic performance of students in biology.

This findings will help the students who have lost hope in doing well in biology that all hope is not lost as they can still understand the subject by improvement in teaching methods used by their teachers.

The teachers will benefit since the study will help them to understand the appropriate methods of teaching to be employed in carrying out their duties. The curriculum planners will get used information that will enable them improve in their planning of curriculum.

The overall significance is that when all the stake holders in this study benefit from the findings, the learning of biology will be very enjoyable and the students will perform better in both internal and external examinations.



1.4 Scope of the Study:

The study will concern itself with the effect of two teaching methods on secondary school students performance in biology which will be carried out in Enugu Education zone of Enugu state. Biology teachers in the public secondary schools in the zone will be used for the study. A multiplicity of variables come under the topic, but the researchers have decided to focus on the following variables:- These includes, the use of demonstration and discussion methods in teaching biology. The skills involved in the use of the two teaching methods, the facilities available for the two teaching methods.



1.5 Research questions:

The following research questions have been formulated to guide this study:-

1) What are the skills involved in the use of discussion and demonstration methods in teaching biology?

2) Is there any significance difference in students performance in using the two teaching methods in biology?

3) Are the facilities available for the two teaching methods?





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PROBLEMS OF TEACHING PRACTICAL BIOLOGY IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN IGBO ETITI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA ENUGU STATE. (A CASE STUDY OF SS III STUDENTS)


ABSTRACT

This project was carried out to find out the problems in teaching Biology practicals in senior secondary schools in Igbo Etiti Local Government Area in Enugu State.

Opoh (2008) and Onah (2002), observed that Biology practical is the scientific study of the life and structure of plants and animals and their relative environments in real or experimental set up. Furthermore, the present researchers findings made it evident that there are many or methods to make practical Biology more effective and efficiency in educational system.

Chapter one and two is the background of the study and the review of related literature respectively. In chapter three, the research method and overall design of the study was presented. Chapter four, dealt with data presentation and analysis of data. The educational findings of the study, recommendation and summary were contained in chapter 5. references and appendices were inclusive.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGES

TITLE PAGE ii

CERTIFICATION iii

APPROVAL PAGE iv

DEDICATION v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi

ABSTRACT vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS viii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

1.2 Statement of the Problem

1.3 Purpose of the Study

1.4 Significance of the Study

1.5 Scope of the Study’

1.6 Research Questions

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

2.1 Biology practicals

2.2 Biology practicals and Effective Teaching

2.3 Biology Practicals and Effective Learning

2.4 Problems Encountering in Teaching

Practical Biology

2.5 Biology practicals and Academic performance

2.6 Biology practicals and Gender

2.7 Effect of Environment on Biology students

2.8 Summary

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHOD

3.0 Introduction

3.1 Design of the Study

3.2 Area of the Study

3.3 Population of the Study 31

3.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques. 32

3.5 Instrument for Data Collection 32

3.6 Validity of Instrument 33

3.7 Reliability of the Instrument

3.8 Administration of the Instrument

3.9 Method of Data Analysis

3.10 Decision Rule

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.0 Introduction

4.1 Research Question 1 34

4.2 Research Question 2 38

4.3 Research Question 3 42

4.4 Research Question 4

4.5 Research Question 5

CHAPTER FIVE: FINDINGS, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Discussion of the Findings 46

5.2 Discussion on Summary

5.3 Discussion on Conclusion

5.4 Recommendations

References

Appendices

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

According to Oxford Advanced Learner Dictionary (2000) defined “problems” as a thing that is difficult to deal with or to understand effectively. According to the Oxford advanced learner dictionary (2000) defined practical as an ideal, on method or a course of action, right or sensible, likely to be successful.



Practical work is very essential to the effective teaching of body in school. Every body citizen will be able to participate more effectively in any life situation, he can speak out on questions that involve both biology principles and human welfare, such knowledge will out come from were bookwork, but from practical application of the materials learnt to real life situation.



Science is the study of the natural things around us. Biology being a branch of science involved the study of living and non living things. (Sanjini, 2001). Similarly, World Book Encyclopedia (2000), defined Biology as the scientific study of living thing. Traditionally, biology is divided into two branches Viz; Botany and study of plants and Zoology the study of animals. Some of the usefulness of biology were cited by Sarojiet (2001), as follows: it helps;

(1) Scientific research and development of new tools and techniques which in variable improve the quality of our lives,

(ii) Finding applications in medicine, dentistry, vetenary, science, agriculture and horticulture,

(iii) Biotechnology which include fields like genetic engineering and hybridoma technology.

(iv) Dealing with ecological problems such as over population, food storage, erosion, pollution, and diseases etc.



Practical biology is the scientific study of the life and structure of plants and animals and their relative environment in real or experimental set-up rather than dwelling in the theory and ideals (Opuh, Eze and Ezeagu (2008). On its preamble to the international senior secondary school certificate Examination syllabus, West African Examination council WAEC (1998: 2003), buttresses the used for biology practical in teaching and learning of biology in the secondary schools. The syllabus was designed to asses candidates in;

(i) Understanding of the structure and function of living organism as well as appreciation of nature.

(ii) Acquisition of adequate laboratory and fields skills in order to carry out and evaluate experiments and projects in biology.

(iii) Acquisition of scientific sill example observing, classifying and interpreting biology data etc, to its previous edition WAEC Syllabus (2001), stated that great importance should be attended to experimental work and we control experiments, it was recommended that, whenever possible throughout the whole course candidates should be award of practical application of what is being studied.

From the foregoing, we can understand that biology practical lesson is most essential for effective teaching and leaning of biology in secondary schools. Whereas, Akinpelu in Aguokogbuo (2002), defined teaching as a deliberate effort by a matured or experienced person to impact information, knowledge, skills and so on to immature or less experienced person. Consequently, national teachers institution NTI (2000) course book on education, defined learning as the acquisition of new knowledge, ideas, skills, values and experience which enable the individual to modify or alter his action. It also involves the utilization of newly acquired knowledge or experience as well. It further stated that leaning brings about permanents change to the learners.



The nation policy or education (2004), defined secondary education, as the education children received after primary educational level and before the tertiary state. According to post primary school management Board PPSMB statistical rewards PRs (200), there are six secondary schools in Igbo Etiti local government Area.

Igbo Etiti Local Government Area, is in Enugu (Nsukka) The area is predominantly are urban settlement with a few rural communities some of the secondary schools in Igbo etiti local government includes, community High School Ekwegbe, Community secondary school Ukop Ekwegbe, Community secondary school, Umuna, Community secondary school Umunko and special science secondary school Ukehe.



1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Biology as a science subject requires trained technicians and the laboratory attendant employed. In few schools

laboratory attendant are school dropouts no basic knowledge of how to prepare specious for biology practical. In most cases, these laboratory attendants lack technical know how to operate, maintain repair or service the few available equipment whom they broken down. According to Nwamonu (2003), students perform poorly in biology practical leading to their failure in biology examiners. Similarly, WAEC chief Examiners (1993), reported that performance of candidate in biology fell bellow expectation. The report discussed the candidates weaknesses under the following sub headings;

(i) Poor spelling (ii) Poor observation

(iii) Poor mathematical skills (iv) Poor deductive reasoning,

(v) Mis-interpretation of question and

(vi) Poor knowledge of biology. The examiner lamented that “there were many candidates who could not answer correctly a single question in section A. in most cases, they have wild guesses and quite unrelated answer that were sometime unbilogical.



Based on the poor academic (1999) stated that the objectives of practical biology are not being realized to a satisfactory extent. He pointed out that the power academic performance in biology practical are caused by, lack of well equipped laboratory, inadequate qualified biology teachers, limited time table hours, poor observation, poor drawing and labeling and poor comparism of specimens, etc. these begin stated of affair is disturbing . The also emphasis on the West Africa School Certificate to Benin city of Nigeria also observed that the biology laboratory were inadequate. As a result the students were not adequately involved only practical lessons. The students only watched teacher’s demonstration exercise



This study therefore intends to examine the effect of Biology practical ineffective academic performance of students in Enguu Igbo Etiti local government area of Enugu state. Specially, one would like to ask;

(i) Does female students like biology than male?

(ii) Which gender (i.e) male and female performance better in the biology practical?

(iii) Are biology laboratory well equipped with necessary apparatus.

(iv) Urban senior secondary school does the performance better than the rural schools.



PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

Based on the background and problems of this study, the main purpose underlying the project is to investigate the problem at teaching biology practical in senior secondary schools (SSIII) In Igbo Etiti local government area in Enugu state. The study specifically seeks to determine the problems of teaching practical biology in senior secondary in Igbo Etiti local government area, of Enugu state. We believe that the result of the research will be of significance with the current reforms in biology education.





SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The practical activities in biology are designed to help students acquired basic scientific skills and improve the performance and achievement as well. The study tends to uncover the benefits of practical biology to the students, parents, teachers, government and the entire society.



If the result of this research is properly initialized, it will;

(i) Promote the ideals that science is both a product and process in students by arousing their interest in practical biology work.

(ii) Motivate the parents to provide the basic requirements to practical lesson for heir children.

(iii) Convince the biology teachers that practical lessonare mostly essential for effective teaching and learning of biology.

(iv) Make the government, through of the ministry of education to realize the need for provision of science equipment to schools and posting of qualified biology teachers to secondary schools, it is not the issue of jack of all trades master of none. Teaching has attained professionalism and specialization

(vi) Help the Nigeria society in their quest for improved technology and industrialization.



SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study of the research work was specifically based on the, senior secondary schools in Igbo Etiti Local government area of Enguu state. The scope of the study is also limited to on the problems of teaching practical biology in senior secondary school students SSIII in the area.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS.

The following questions was formulated to guide the study;

(i) What effect has biology practical on academic performance of senior secondary school biology students?

(ii) Does female students like biology practical than male students?

(iii) Which gender (i.e) male or female performance better in the biology practical.?

(iv) Are Biology laboratory well equipped with necessary apparatus.

(v) Urban senior secondary schools do the performed better than the rural schools?

(vi) What effective has biology practical on effective learning?



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EXAMINATION MISCONDUCTS IN SECONDARY SCHOOL IN ENUGU STATE COURSES TYPES PROBLEM AND SOLUTIONS (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA.


ABSTRACT

This study is centered on the causes and effects of examination misconduct in secondary schools in Enugu North Local Government Area of Enugu State. In coming out the research, five research questions bordering on the causes of and effect examination misconduct where formulated. The researchers used random sample size of 150 respondents. Questionnaire was used in collecting data for the study. The data collected was analyzed using four points likert-type rating scale from the study analyzed it was found that teacher lack of commitment to duties. Emphasis on paper qualification. Lacks of teaching facilities are the main causes of examination misconduct. It was also found that examination misconduct gives false assessment of students and encourages laziness amongst students . Recommendation tampared examination misconduct and suggestion further research work on the topic where made.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page= = = = = = = = = = I

Approval Page = = = = = = = = = ii

Dedication = = = = = = = = = iii

Acknowledgement = = = = = = = = v

Table of contents = = = = = = = = vi

Abstract = = = = = = = = = = vii


CHAPTER ONE
Introduction

Background of the study

The purpose of the problem

Significance of the study

Scope of the study

Research Questions




CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review

Origin of examination Misconduct

Meaning of examination misconduct

Forms of Examination misconduct

Causes of Examination misconduct

Effects of Examination misconduct
CHAPTER THREE

Research Design

Area of study

Population for the study

Sample and sampling technique

Instruments for data collection

Validation of instrument

Method of data collection

Method of data analysis
CHAPTER FOUR

Data Presentation and analysis
CHAPTER FIVE

Findings

Discussion of the findings

Conclusion

Educational Implication

Recommendations

Limitations

Suggestion for further Research

References

Appendix: Letter of introduction

Appendix 11: Questionnaire




CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Inside the school hall in a typical Nigeria examination center, young men and women are seated with rest attention as they listen to a middle aged, well built man, clutching folder containing some sheets of papers. He is surrounded by other ladies and gentlemen who apparently are waiting for the man to give the go ahead to start the distribution of examination question papers and answer booklets. He clears his throat and pointing his fingers to nobody in particular as if sounding a warning to a recalcitrant child who refused to heed to his mother’s scolding “if you like go ahead and cheat in this examination misconduct will face twenty one years imprisonment”

This is the kind of ceremony that usually precedes examination examinations. Examination officials, invigilators school authorities as the case may be warn the candidates against examination misconduct.

Examination misconduct in Nigeria has attained a frightening proportion. It is sophisticated and institutionalized. Efforts by government administration and state-holders in the education sector to curtail the ugly trend have not yielded any fruit.

One of the peremial and most devastating problems militating against the educational system in Nigeria today is examination misconduct.

This phenomenon has been described in Denga and Denga (1998:3) as one of the cardinal forms of educational misconduct. The authors further termed it as an ugly canker and octopus that is rapidly assuming the status of a social, moral and educational epidemic in Nigeria.

According to them examination misconduct has become so internalized and legitimized among students that most of them regards it as a normal process of passing examination, without regards to its associated consequences on the nation’s development.

It is saddening by examination to note that examination bodies government functionaries; school authorities, invigilators, parents and students all participate in an unfair examination. The intractable nature of examination misconduct has resulted in high turn over of half-baked graduates by institution of higher learning, Eromosele (2005) since they cannot meet up with the requirement of the society by passing the aptitude test given to them in any inter-view.

Examination misconduct has long graduated from the normal grafting at neighbor’s work, using key points notes or textbooks or coping on sheets of paper referred to a micro-chips or coping on desk also known as desktop publishing etc to a more advanced and more organized system of buying question from examination bodies for the easy flow misconduct.

The miracle centers enjoy the patronage of corrupt school administrators and examination officials. It is incontrovertible that examination misconduct thrives in a corrupt society, which indicates that it is the reflection of the society. It is in the psyche of the people therefore it can only be tackled in the mind of the people.

Misconduct has now become widespread in most secondary school in Enugu north L.G.A. As a result of the ugly development in the educational sector behind the administration of the examination tends to be undermined.

Furthermore, examination misconduct has degraded our certificates. Those who are not suppose to posses the certificate are holders of such certificates. The resultant effect of confidently meet up with the rigors involved in the job s they were employed to do.

The overall consequent of this abnormally in our education sector brings about the fall in standard of education as it is witnessed today. In turn it leads to other levels of corruption in the society and the effect is out right reduction in National product. The government, school administration and general public are worried about menace. No wonder, why it becomes important to engage in detail study of examination.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Academic performance has continually been on the decline in Nigeria over the years. This situation of learning at all levels has been deteriorating at such an alarming rate that many critics describe the standard of education as having fallen. Over the years, teachers in institutions of learning at all levels in Nigeria have noticed the negative trend in our academic system and have also expressed dismay over the increasing rate of their students’ poor performances in academics. Further evidence of poor, academic performance has been found through research result from WAEC, NECO, as well as JAMB. 2005.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The main purpose of this study is to specifically, find out the causes of examination misconduct. Find out the type of examination misconduct, among secondary school student in Enugu North Local government Area.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

(a) The result of this study will be beneficial to students’ teachers and school authorities, parents and the government.

(b) It will serve as a useful instruments to examination misconduct will effectively cover the loopholes in their own part, knowing that misconduct raises question marks on the integrity of the certificates they award.

(c) It will also help the government policy makers to implement such policies that will be able to eradicate examination misconduct.

(d) Also serves as useful materials to future researchers in the field or related fields.





SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study is secondary schools in Enugu North Local Government Area of Enugu state, Nigeria. The secondary schools in Enugu north L.G.A

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions were formulated to guide the study.

1. To what extent does lack of commitment by the teachers causes examination misconduct.

2. To what extent does emphasis on paper qualification causes examination misconduct.

3. Does lack of studying facilities causes examination misconduct.

4. Does examination misconduct gives a false assessment of a candidates academic potentials laziness amongst students



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THE EXTENT OF USE OF AUDIO–VISUAL MATERIALS IN THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ENUGU EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, ENUGU STATE


ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to find out the extent to which audio-visual materials are used in teaching the English Language in Junior Secondary Schools in Enugu East Local Government Areas of Enugu State. The work will be divided into five chapters. Chapter one is the introduction; chapter two reviews the literative; chapter three is the methodology; chapter four is the analyses while chapter five is the summary, conclusion, recommendation and implication of the study. The study will be guided by four research questions. Survey design will be used. A portion of the entire population will serve as the sample size. The instrument of the study will be adopted to get the sample size. The instrument of the study will be questionnaire. It will be face validated. A reliability exercise will be carried out whereby the questionnaire will be given to ten teachers from another local government Area for the first time; after two weeks they will be given the same questionnaire items to respond to. Their responses in the first and second times will be analyzed using Pearson product moment correlation co-efficient. Any result from 0.50 and above that is realized shows that the instrument is reliable. The research questions will be answered using mean scores. The analyses will be presented in tables and statements of inter-presentation will be made after each of the tables. Findings will be made. There will be recommendation and implications for the study. Finally, suggestions for further studies will be equally made.

LIST OF TABLE

Table 1: Mean Score of English Language Teachers in the Use of

Audio-Visual Aids in JSS 26

Table 2: The Extent Audio-Visual Prove Effective in Teaching and

Learning of English Language in Junior Secondary School in

Enugu East Local Area of Enugu State. 27

Table 3: Mean Score of the Difference between Male and Female

English Language Teachers on the Use of Audio-Visual Aids in

Teaching English Language in Junior Secondary Schools. 28

Table 4: The Extent of Difference between Male and Female English

Language Teachers in Manipulating the Audio-Visual Aids in

Teaching English Language in Junior Secondary Schools. 29

Table 5: Mean Score on the English Language Teachers as Regards

their Qualifications. 30

Table 6: The Extent of Difference between Qualified and Unqualified

English Language Teachers in Junior Secondary Schools in

Enugu East Local Government Area. 31

Table 7: The t-test Result of Differences between the Mean Score of Male

and Female Teachers on the Extent of Use of Audio-Visual Aids in

Teaching and Learning of English Language in Junior Secondary

School in Enugu East Local Government Area of Enugu State. 32

Table 8: The t-test Result of Differences between the Mean Score of

Trained and Untrained English Teachers on the Extent of Use

of Audio-Visual Aids in Junior Secondary School in Enugu East

Local Government Area of Enugu State. 32


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Approval Page ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Certification v

List of Tables vi

Table of Contents vii

Abstract Ix

CHAPTER ONE: Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem 3

1.3 Purpose of the Study 5

1.4 Significance of the Study 5

1.5 The Scope of Study 6

1.6 Research Questions 6

1.7 Research Hypotheses 7

CHAPTER TWO:Literature Review 9

Theoretical Perspective 9

2.1 The Nature of English Language 9

2.2 The Concept of Audio-visual materials 12

2.3 The Importance and Functions of Audio-Visual Materials 14

2.4 The Place of English Language in Junior Secondary

Schools in Nigeria. 11

The Empirical Studies 18

2.5 The Extent of Differences of Teachers in the Use of

Audio-Visual Aids. 18

Summary of Related Literature 20


CHAPTER THREE: Research Methodology 22

3.1 Research Design 22

3.2 Area of Study 22

3.3 Population of the Study 22

3.4 Sample and Sampling Technique 23

3.5 Instrument for Data 23

3.6 Validation of the Instrument 24

3.7 Reliability of the Instrument 24

3.8 Method for Data Collection 24

3.9 Method of Data Analysis 25

CHAPTER FOUR: Data Analysis and Result 26

4.1 Result Research Analysis 26

4.2 The t-test Analysis for Hypothesis 32

4.3 Summary of Findings 33

CHAPTER FIVE: Discussion, Conclusion, Implication and

Recommendation 34

5.1 Discussion of the Finding 34

5.2 Conclusion 36

5.3 Implications 37

5.4 Recommendation 37

5.5 Suggestions for Further Research 38

Bibliography 40

Appendices 42


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study:

English is a language of the people of England. It originates from the Jute, Angles and Saxon, who are the early settlers in Britain. It is part of the Germanic branch of the Indo European language family. At the initial state, English was confined to Britain alone. Later, it grew wide within the British Empire as a Prestigious Core Language among all other European languages in the upper classes of London, Oxford, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, Cambridge and England. It further developed and got to other people of the world. It spread to Asia, Germany, Africa and other continents as a Native Language, Second Language or Foreign Language. Progressively, English Language has spread virtually all over the world.

English, throughout the world, is a significant everyday language. It is a global language and widely distributed medium of instruction and communication. It has a prestigious official status and has acquired a constitutionally endorsed legal right. It has gained explicit recognition, which has established it as a medium of administration, education, international relations, commerce and law. Throughout the world, English language is very important (Mac Arthur, 1996).

In Nigeria, English language is a second language and a lingua franca. This means that it is the language for unit, communication economy, national pride, law, press, trade and instruction. As a language of instruction, it is an essential prerequisite for an advancement and career succession in the country. It means a lot in the life and progress of a child as it is a key subject with profound influence on all the school subjects.

The English Language is used in the Junior Secondary Schools as core school subject. It is a solid foundational course. The key elements of the course are designed to cover the basic four language skills, which are listening, reading, speaking and writing. It is expected that after learning these skills in Junior Secondary School, the students who choose to work can use the language fluently while those who wish to go further can be very proficient in the language. According to Harold (1995), the teachers are to integrate the key elements of the language experiences at school. English at this stage tends to receive more critical attention. He posits that the professional English language teacher is one who has been trained or has trained himself to do a competent work. He should at least possess a college major in English or a strong minor. He must have deep interest in literature and a solid knowledge of the language skills. Moreover, he has to acquire strong skill in the handling of the instructional materials and educational problems. The emphasis here lies on training and qualification of the teachers.

The importance of instructional materials in teaching the English Language in Junior Secondary School cannot be under-estimated. It makes whatever amount of work being done at Junior Secondary School easy and fast. It promotes greater acquisition and high retention of actual knowledge. They provide increased interest and integrated experience (Eya and Ofoefuna, 1999)

Vikoo (2003) observes that the most suitable instructional materials for the effective teaching and learning of the English Language at this information age are audio – visual materials. He describes the audio – visual materials as the instructional system which uses the operations of the scientific and technological equipment combining both visual projections and sound productions to provide tangible experiences to learners. Some of such materials are computer assisted instruction, video – taped instruction and film shows. Baldeh (1990) states that audio – visual aids have been introduced, tested and tried in the school system and found effective.

In spite of the importance of the English Language and the effectiveness of the audio – visual aids in teaching English Language in Nigeria, the students’ performances are found low in the Junior Secondary Examination in Chief Examiner’s report (2006), it is stated that the students attainments in English Language have been dwindling every year while the enrolments of the candidates are astronomically increasing. Rowtree (1994) still, describes audio – visual aids as the most fitted materials to aid the teachers to inculcate the language competence in students. It uses electric method to enhance learning. Yet, the results of the students are found low.



Statement of the Problem:

English Language emerged from a common origin of the Germanic branch of indo European language family, and has far–reaching spread and uses in Nigeria, it is her lingua franca and a second language. It is the official language, which has gained it’s endorsed statutory legal position. It is the language of education and all other transactions in Nigeria. In effect, it is of paramount importance for all users of the language in the country; in education, all students of Junior Secondary School should gain competence in it.

In order to gain the required competence, audio – visual materials are specifically used in instructional activities to mitigate the instruction problems and improve knowledge of both teachers and students in relatively short time. Incidentally, the failure rate of the students is disturbing.

This poor performance may imply that the students have not grasped the basic language skills. Secondly, it suggests that the teachers may use it on a minimal level or may have ignored the use of the materials in their classroom practices. Thirdly, the training of the teachers may contribute to its success or failure in the students’ performances.

Again, there is controversy on gender differences. It is not certain whether female and male teachers react differently in the extent of use of audio – visual aids. The question here is, to what extent does the teachers use audio – visual materials in learning English Language in Junior Secondary Schools in Enugu East Local Government Area? Finding an answer to this question is the major concern of this study.



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ASSESSING THE STUDENTS PERFORMANCE IN CHEMISTRY IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION IN ENUGU URBAN, ENUGU STATE FROM 2000-2004


ABSTRACT

The study was designed to assess the students performance in senior secondary school certificate examination in chemistry in Enugu urban, Enugu state science, technology, and Chemistry were defined with their benefits to human life by different Authors, identify students’ performance in science subjects, identify the factors influencing the students performance in chemistry. Data for the study was obtained through documentation in which five (5) secondary schools in Enugu urban were sampled out of twenty-seven (27) secondary school and the population of the students involved were two thousand, three hundred and seventy-seven (2377) and it was only 50% students that performed creditably well. The data obtained were analyzed using percentage and bar charts. The findings of the study revealed that the over-all performance of Nigerian secondary school students in their senior certificate examination in chemistry over the years has not being encouraging. Consequently, the performances of students of senior secondary school certificate examination in chemistry in Enugu –urban, Enugu state were very poor as it was only in the year 2003 that their results attained the pass mark of 50% while other four (4) years: 2000; 2001; 2002; 2004 could not attain the decision rule taken by the researchers.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In accordance with Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary the 5th Edition 1995, science can be defined as the study of the structure and behaviour of natural world and society especially through observation and experiment. Also Encyclopedia Americana (1982 vol. 24,page 385) defined it as the systematized, positive knowledge, or what has been taken as positive at different ages and in different places. In view of the above, science could be seen as the ascertained knowledge by observation and experiment, critically tested, systematized and brought under general principle. According to Ugwu and Eze (2005), the term science is derived from Latin world “SCIRE” meaning to find out. It is a systematic study of nature with the aim of understanding better what the world is Baja and Okebukola (1984) Opined that science is a systematic study of nature through hypothesis, experiment, observations, careful reasoning’ making of valid conclusion and inference on the bases of analysis. This understanding of nature is vital to the technologist who uses this knowledge to solve the human problems.

The relevance of science as a requirement for technological advancement of any nation into developed, developing and under developed could only be measured accurately by the numbers of scientists that nation can boast off. In fact, science has profound impart in our daily lives. It covers the broad knowledge that deals with observable facts and the relationship among these facts. Science has numerous influences in our lives. It provides basis for modern technology as listed below;

1. It provides basis for modern technological inventions that have transformed human life, such as tools, materials, techniques and service of power that makes our lives and work easier.

2. It creates meaningful and relevant knowledge in science subjects.

3. It applies scientifically knowledge to everyday life in matters of personal community health and agriculture.

4. Modern science and technology have changed our lives in many ways like manufacture of aeroplane, cars, communication satellites, computers, plastics and television invention.

5. It is also one of the strongest factors that shapes man’s belief, his attitude towards his immediate environment, life and universe. Ogunniyi (1984)

This science consists of pure and social science. Examples of pure science subject are the Biology, Chemistry, and physics and the social science are consists of Economics, Agriculture and Geography.

Chemistry as one of the branches of pure science, is most commonly regarded as the “ central science” or the mother of all science” (Ahiakwo 2000). Okeke and Ezekannagba (2000) defined chemistry as a branch of science that deals with composition, structure, properties and uses of matter.

FOOD: Fertilizers andinsecticides have helped to increase food production greatly. Chemical processes are designed especially to preserve and stores food for long periods, so that it can be exported to distant counties and is available to more people. To fight malnutrition, many foods are now enriched by the addition of essential nutrients.

CLOTHING: Man- made textile fibres, produced as a result of intensive chemical research, have made available a wide rang of clothing materials, which can be bought cheaply.

HOUSING: Many high rise building are being constructed to overcome the present needs for housing, especially in cities. Such buildings need materials like cement, concrete, steel, bricks and tiles which are produced by chemical industries. The mechanical properties of these materials are as a result of chemical research.

MEDICINE: the healthy life that many of us enjoy is due to the variety of medicines that are available as a result of chemical research and technology financed by big pharmaceutical firms, research to find out new and better drugs is going on all the time.


TRANSPORTATION: Modern transportation is an essential feature of today’s of world. This rapid development from carts pulled by animals to the latest aircraft was made possible from fuels and structural materials like alloys which are light, strong and heat-resistant (Ababio, 2001, p.g 2-4)

As a matter of fact, many jobs opportunities are available for students with knowledge of chemist, such opportunities or careers are teaching services, food processes, petroleum and petrol-chemical industries, manufacturing industries, e.t.c. But all these job opportunities to the chemistry students depend on the student that perfumes creditably well. Thus, the researchers wish that chemistry should be made mandatory to the students from SSI by the Ministry of Education like other science subjects such as Biology.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

This study intends to asses the students’ performance in Chemistry in Senior Secondary School Certificate Examination in WAEC, specifically to ascertain the students’ performance from year 2000 to 2004 in Enugu Urban, Enugu State.


PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose of this study is to asses the chemistry students’ performance in senior secondary certificate examination (WAEC). This research aimed at the following specifically;

To:

1. ascertain the performance of chemistry students in senior secondary certificate examination (WAEC) in 2000.

2. determine the performance of chemistry students in WAEC in 2001.

3. asses the performance of chemistry students in WAEC, 2002.

4. determine the performance of chemistry student in WAEC 2003.

5. assess the student’s performance in chemistry in WAEC in 2004

6. carry out a comparative analysis of the data obtained in 2000 and 2004 results.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study analyzed the performance of chemistry students in Senior Secondary Certificate Examination WAEC in Enugu Urban, Enugu state from 2000 -2004. An urban area itself is a place or city that is characterized by higher population density and vast human feature in comparison to area surrounding it. It is also an area in which majority of people are directly dependent on natural resources based on occupations (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia).

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

With this study, there was a belief that the result of the assessment will be useful to the following in the following ways:

a. The government

b. The teachers, and.

c. The students

If:

The result is creditably well, the government will have self-reliance on the chemists produced, but if the result gotten is poor, government will be challenged and motivated to find out the causes of such ugly results in order to attain the high standard of living like white man.



The teachers also will be appreciated and rewarded by the government when their students’ results are creditably well, for that shows that they are industrious and also applied good method of teaching, but if contrariwise, the will be challenged and upset on having such kind of students.



The researchers also strongly believed that even the students also will be benefited, if their performances are creditably well. As government had made availability of job opportunities to the hardworking chemistry students like petroleum and petrol-chemical industries, manufacturing industries. Etc. (Ababio 2001), New School Chemistry 3rd Edition page 5. This means that, if their performances are poor, the target of government to reward them handsomely will always be appraised, thereby causing delay in their ambition.



RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. To what extent do students perform creditably well in WAEC chemistry in 2000?

2. What are the percentages of the students that passed creditably in WAEC chemistry in 2001?

3. What are the numbers of the students that performed well in WAEC Chemistry in 2002?

4. To what extent do students perform creditably in WAEC chemistry 2003?

5. What are the percentages of the students that passed creditably well in senior secondary certificate examination (WAEC) Chemistry in 2004?

6. What is the comparison between the data obtained from 2000 and 2004 results analysis?


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EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS OF ACCOUNTING EDUCATION STUDENTS IN ENUGU METROPOLIS


Abstract

The study is based on employment prospect of accounting education students in Enugu metropolis. The objective of the study was to identify possible employment prospect of accounting education students. Questionnaires was designed and used to collect data from sample of 150 accounting education students, sample from the light institution in Enugu metropolis. In addition, the questionnaire also asked for information related to skill possessed by student of accounting education programme to the job market needs. In the light of the findings of this study, the researchers came to inclusion that student of accounting education have a versatile area for in which their course of the study prepared them to fit in. The researchers also ascertain whether the skills processed by accounting education students are relevant to effective performance on the job. The findings lead to a conclusion that the employment prospect exist in both account and other office related jobs and even in government agencies.


CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

I.I Background of the Study

Accounting education is a very interesting course and accountants are well placed in the society. However there is a lot of understanding of this study. It is very necessary for us to start this study by defining what accounting is:


Definition of Accounting

Accounting has been defined as the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgement and decision by use of information. Accounting education as a profession has a background or history just like every other professional which prepare the zeal of individual group of individual to pursuit the profession. And most of the higher institution in Nigeria offer degree courses in accountancy and number of accounting books published in the profession increase.

All these contributed to the zeal of individual to embrace the professional that is a self employed after graduation.

Accounting Education

In accounting education before there was a few qualified teachers in secondary schools that teach accounting and these lead to poor output in the field of accounting education. The formulation of new policy on education (NPE) when the critical types of education was emphasized was technical colleges, commercial schools and colleges of technology, polytechnics and some comprehensive schools that interest in technical course as account.

But in the new national policy on education (1998) vocational subjects to which accounting bellows are designed cater for difference in talents to create opportunity and roles to students equip students to live effectively in our modern age of science and be self employed both in schools and in later life. The prospect of accounting course and more reasons why people do it is that an individual who did this course can find him/her self job in many firms and organization. There are so many areas wheel accounting education students can find jobs and they are equal employed prospect with every other department under faculty of management of science such as accountancy, public administration, business administration, marketing and barking and finance etc. but accounting education student have an edge over the student of the above mentioned because they are more exposed in all the subject.

The problem of accounting education are the emphasized and neglect of the course content of accounting education and lack of on recognize by the members of the public. It is a big problem that accounting education students suffers, because they are only seen as less intelligent people. Unemployment in the labour market today also contributed to the problem of employment prospect of accounting education student and inability of government to provide employment prospects for student after graduation.

The problem facing accounting education students is that society have a negative attitude towards the course some people seen as only the course involved teaching and no vacancy available for the students of accounting education and some accounting education student have directed their attention to other fields just because they think that there is no employment prospect after graduation. That is the reason that motivated me to study this topic, because we hope the findings will provide awareness for the students of accounting education. There are so many places where the employment prospects are available for the accounting education students.

Accounting education student have equal employment prospect with students of other department under faculty of management science. Accounting education students have chances to work as civil servant, private sector and ministry of finance or ministry of education and in all the financial institution in Enugu. They can also teach in primary, secondary and polytechnics.


1.2 Statement of the Problem

The emphasis and neglect of the course content of accounting education contributed to the problem of employment prospect of accounting education students. The increases in unemployment in the labour market have reduced the hope of prospective accounting education students. This is due to inability of government to use available resources to build industries for the development of the country to encourage job creation some of accounting education students have directed their attention to other fields, just because they think there is no employment prospects after graduation. Therefore, there is need to analyzed the employment prospects of the accounting education students in Enugu metropolis.

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is to examine employment prospects of accounting education student in Enugu metropolis. Specifically the purposes include:

i. To determine areas of job prospects for accounting education student in Enugu metropolis.

ii. To determine the extent to which the skills possessed by accounting education are relevant to effective performance in the job.

iii. To determine the employment problems of accounting education students.

iv. To make valid recommendation based on the findings

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STAFF MOTIVATIONAL STRATEGIES AS A TOOL TO IMPROVE QUALITATIVE EDUCATION (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION (TECHNICAL) ENUGU

Abstracts
Motivational strategies are ways by which management of an organization exploits to arouse their workers behaviour. The things that are responsible for variation in performance are firstly, the ability or skill of the individual to perform the job and secondly his drive or motivation to use this ability or skill in actual performance of the job. Hence a person with the ability to perform would increase if there are motivational packages at his/her disposal. People join organizations so that they can ultimately achieve their individual objectives (needs) by helping the organization achieve their own objectives. However, the study was restricted to Enugu State College of Education (Technical) Enugu. Both primary and secondary data were used in the study. To collect the data, a set of questionnaire was designed and administered to a sample of respondents which the whole copies were completed and returned, representing 100 percent response rate.


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The sole aim of every organization is the achievement of high productivity. To get at this according to Atuemyi (2001:24) depends very much on the performance of the workers, performance being a function of motivational ability, tools, moral and integrity that motivation according to O’ Donnel (1999:81) is a means of including people to work in a desired meaner. It is the process that causes, channels, and sustains people’s behaviour. Human beings are the neck that holds the head of an organization; they are the most precious capital resources of the industrial society that we cannot afford to overlook their inner state of mind towards performance in the organization.

It is believed that motivation is an internal state that causes a person to direct his energies towards a specific goal or set of goals. Motivation cannot be seen taking place in any human being but its effect can be seen. For a person to be motivated, a need has to be activated. This need activation is known as a motive. People are motivated by their various individual needs. For instance, one who is hungry has the need to obtain food to eat, and this need motivates him to take necessary steps to get food. Motives are the impulses within a person that causes certain behaviour.

According to Obayi (2009:52) motivation is imperative in promoting productivity. One of the greatest tasks confronting the educational sector is that of motivating his workers to greater performance. To succeed in getting his subordinates to achieve the organization goals and objectives, the manager should understand the fundamentals of motivation.

By and large, the motivation process begins with a need and a motivational need is a felt want; these needs can be physiological based or psychologically based. People join organization so that they can ultimately achieve their individual objectives (needs) by helping the organization to achieve their own objectives. In other words, a person joins an organization to satisfy his needs and therefore would be motivated to work willingly and enthusiastically if he sees his organization as helping him to satisfy his needs.

However, human needs are complex and varying and so are the processes of motivating them. Thus, motivation has faced a lot of thought as to how it operates in an organization. Many proposals or theories thereupon made overtime have ranged from the work of Fredrick Taylor to human relative movement, to Abraham Maslow, to Fredrick Herzberg, to Expectancy theory and to Douglas McGregor’s theory X and Y. an appropriate mix of these motivational theories coupled with an understanding of employees needs will help to solve the motivational problems in Enugu State College of Education Technical.

A manager or management should realize that every action he takes in the organization stimulates a reaction in employees (staffs). He should realize as well that a person comes to work to get both the intrinsic and self fulfillment, and intrinsic rewards like promotions, pay and other conditions of service. All these are some of the motivational strategies that would be borne in mind to stimulate employees to action. Increasing the pay package alone would not be enough to stimulate employees.

Consequently, the importance of motivation cannot be neglected. The research conducted by William James in the late 1800s indicated this; He found that hourly employees could keep their jobs by using approximately 20 to 30 percent of their ability. James also found that highly motivated employees work at approximately 80 to 90 percent of their ability.

In other words, highly motivated employees can bring about substantial decrease in problems such as absenteeism, turnover, tiredness, strikes and grievances.

This research work therefore, wants to use this study to explore the staff motivational strategies in Enugu State College of Education (Technical) Enugu and hence see what the staff in this organization from their jobs and how best their expectations can be met with a view to motivating them to higher performance bearing in mind that their organization is service oriented.

Statement of Problem

What motivates a worker has since ages posed some problems. Why is it, for instance, that the self employed Nigerian is highly motivated to produce while the public sector employee is not? Why does the university student read round the clock for his examination but joins the rank of time watched and “not on seat” as soon as he gets employed after graduation? Consequently, to help answer these questions, psychologists and other social scientists postulated various theories on motivation. Maslow’s theory of needs, Hertzberg’s motivator.

Hygiene factors, theory X and Y and the expectancy model discussed in this paper attempted to explain what motivates workers.

Unfortunately many Nigerian managers and employees have a shallow view of the problems of motivation. For them the paralyzing analysis of arm-chair motivation theorists are dummy variables not worthy of any consideration in the practical problems of motivating workers to increase their productivity.

This research, therefore, intends to explore some of the ways or methods that are in sue on Enugu State College of Education (Technical) to make staff work harder towards achieving the goals of the organization. Infact, as we stated earlier, there are many ways in which employees could be made to work harder but this research specifically looks into the pay of the staff and the provision of some fringe benefits such as transport and housing allowances, medical and canteen services and their impact in motivating employees. Moreover, the researcher would want to find out whether there are opportunities for promotion and training their effect in making the employees work harder to improve the quality of teaching and learning processes.





Purpose of the Study

The purpose of carrying out this research includes the following:

1. To find out whether Enugu State College of Education (Technical) Enugu uses increase pay, promotion, training and fringe benefits to make their staff work harder.

2. To ascertain the employee’s perception of the effect of those measures in making them increase their efforts.

3. To assess the effectiveness of these measures in motivating the staff.

4. To establish a relative order to the implicit of those measures on employees motivation and its effects in qualitative education.

Significance of the Study

This study would help the management of Enugu State College of Education (Technical) Enugu and other organization to identity the effects of high salary and promotion on their employees. This research in question will make a good contribution to the development of our economy in general and prosperity of individuals who deems it right to be employee. So we maintain that every part of this research project is important in all ramifications. The study makes a lot of contributions towards economic development and human development through staff motivation.

Research Questions

The following are some of the research question raised.

1. What strategies does the management of Enugu State College of Education (Technical) Enugu employ in motivating their staff.

2. What is the effect of high salary on workers performance?

3. Does an employee get promoted in the college base don the person’s skill and hard work?

4. is the college helping their employee in achieving their personal need?


Definition of Terms

Motivation: The word motivator motivating mean the reason why somebody does something or behaves in a particular way.

Behaviour: Simply means a way of behaving.

Productivity: The efficiency with which things are produced.

Organization: An organized group with a particular purposes.

Employees: A person engaged to work and to receive pay for the job done.

Management: The act of managing or the management of an organization

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INTERNAL CONTROL IN AN EXAMINING BODY- A CASE STUDY OF WEST AFRICAN EXAMINATION COUNCIL ENUGU ZONAL OFFICE


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study:

Internal control was defined by the Auditing standards and guideline as a whole system of control both financial and otherwise, established by management in order to carry on the business of on enterprise in an orderly and efficient manner, ensure adherence to management polices, safeguard the asset and secure as far as possible the completeness and accuracy of records.

In reality, internal control form the bedrock of auditing both from the point of view of management and the auditor, its objectives being the prevention or early detection of fraud and errors. It may include internal auditing which qualifies as part of the system of internal control and it is designed for the following reasons:

(a) To enforce financial and other control:

(b) Ensure adherence to management policy

(c) Help to safeguard the assets (cash)

(d) To ensure the accuracy and reliability of the records

(e) Help to ensure orderliness in the business and

(f) Help in the prevention and early detection of fraud and errors.

An artificial review of the change in the Accounting practice will depict the essence of internal control system in an organization especially in an examining body.

The earliest known form of accounting, which is stewardship, Accounting started as far back as 450 B.C. This form of accounting involves the orderly recorded of business transaction by person appointed by the landlord to serve as a stewards for them. This was later changed as the recording remained primitive stewardship accounting pave may to financial accounting during the nineteenth century which marketed the era of industrial revolution”. This indeed led to the advent of joint stock companies- a situation where by group of individuals contributed capital in exchange for shares in the asset and profits of the company sea bubble of 1720, had earlier on instilled fear and suspicion in the mind the public that they doubt the ability of the directors to carry out this type of trade honestly.

Management accounting however, is not left but for it is another aspect of accounting that got it authority and ground from the historical recording and analyzing role of accounting to emphasizing detailed information for internal planning, control and decision making.

Currently most business are operated by limited liability companies which are owned by their share holders, but managed by the directors appointed by them.

In the same vein, the public corporation and establishment, and even examining bodies are owned by the public but under the management of appointees.

The appraisal of the work of these appointees are carried out by an independent person referred to as an auditor, who is charge with the responsibility of evaluating and examining the accounts of the management and report on his finding to the owners (share holder) of the company or corporations. It is pertinent to note that one of the tools or mechanism adopted by an auditor in appraising the work of the management is the internal control system with this system of control, the share holder are convinced or self assured on efficient and effective management of their assets and resources.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:

In an attempt to overcome envisaged problem in the presentation of accounting information and the system internal control, the government made a leading statement and regulations which serve as a yardsticks by which an accounting system could be measured. Also accounting and Auditing professional bodies laid town some guidelines, which will guide their member, and all practicing Accountants and Auditor in the performance of their professional duties.

It is pertinent to note that several cases of frauds, misappropriation of public funds, looting of public properties, and other irregularities in connection with public funds have been reported in different establishment in our country which West African Examination Council is not exceptional.

Therefore, it is the aim of the research to use this study entitled “internal control an examining body” to ascertain the effectiveness of control system employed in government owned establishment by using the laid down rules and regulations as parameters.

1.3 Purpose if the Study:

The mission statement of the study is to find out the effort made by government institution including the bodies towards ensuring compliance with the set out police, guidelines and procedures as laid down by Auditing standards and guidelines and the financial Regulations.

Internal Audit function however, need to be reviewed in order to find out the extent it is performing its duties as the internal control system watchdog. Also there is need to ascertain the objectives of internal control the basis for its development and factors militating against it smooth running. Questions on whether the control measures employed by the examining bodies are adequate relevant and reliable as to ensure the safety of assets, completeness and accuracy of record should be ensured.

Finding, recommendations on how to improve on the arrears of weaknesses (if any) will be given.

1.4 Scope and Limitations:

Due to the versatility of internal control, it is not possible to deal with it exhaustively going by limitations in time and resources.

In the first place, the time limit is applicable in that the researcher has to handle this as well other courses that will hardness the successful completion of the programme.

Another limiting factor boils down to finance. This has made the research not be detailed because of the hard economic situation in the country and its consequences.

Consequence to the above limitation, the scope of thee research work has been reduced to a manageable level. The study will be restricted to examining bodies with particular reference to the Nationals Examination Council (WAEC) Enugu zonal office and will further be narrowed to four (4) main divisions of internal control viz

1. Fixed asset control

2. Cash control

3. Stock maintenance

4. General financial



1.5 Significance of the Study:

Fraud of all kind and misappropriation of funds and properties are invoked in most government establishment of which the examining bodies are part of the posterity. In order to achieve the corporate objective and the needed fulfillment of the individual employees, there is need for the system of control to be adequate in design, effective and efficient in operations.

Government who is the main provider of funds and resources for these organizations will benefit from this study; as the maternal control system is to conserve funds and resource.

Other who will benefit from this study are the employees of these examining bodies who are dependent upon these organizations for their livelihood. Also future researcher and students may find the study very relevant and beneficial.

Finally, the attendant increase in the examining bodies, this study entitled “internal control in an examining bodies will be of immense interest to the prospective candidates.

1.6 Research Questions

The following research questions were formulated by the researcher:

1. What are the impacts of internal control system in West African Examination Council?

2. How effective is the internal control system in West African Examination Council?

3. What are the problems encountered by the internal control unit of the organization?

4. How adequate is the control measures employed by the examination body?

5. How can the problems be solved?





1.7 Statement of Hypothesis:

Below was the hypothesis-formulated test the effectiveness of internal control system in an examining bodies using West African Examination (WAEC) as a paradigm:

The internal control system in the West African Examination is ineffective.



1.8 Definition of Terms:

For clarity and common understanding misinterpretations the following specialized terms are hereby defined:

Internal Audit

This is an independent appraisal function with an organization for the review of system of control and the quality of performance as a service to the organization. Their objective examines, evaluates and reports adequacy of internal control as a contribution to the proper economic, efficient use of resources.

Internal Check

Continuously as part of the routine system, whereby the work of one person is proved independent or is complementary to the work of another. The rationale behind this is for prevention or early detection of errors and delegation and fraud. It includes matters. Such as delegation and allocation of authority and the division of work, the method of recording transactions, and the use of independently ascertained total against which a large number of individual items can be proved.

Vouching Audit

This is a method of auditing which involved a consideration of each entry in the book and vouching the available evidence to support each entry, the evidence usually consist of document and papers and should satisfy the auditor that.

(a) the transaction was authorized by the management.

(b) The transaction was correctly and adequately described by the entry in the book.

(c) The entry is correctly incorporated in the final accounts.

(d) The transaction came within the aims and objectives of the organization.

Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/656/internal-control-in-an-examining

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TEACHERS AND STUDENTS PERCEPTIONS OF PROBLEMS OF EFFECTIVE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND COMPUTER SCIENCE IN JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL, ENUGU EDUCATIONAL ZONE, ENUGU STATE.


Abstract

The purpose of this study is to find out the teachers and students perception of problems of effective teaching and learning English language and computer science in junior secondary school in Enugu educational zone. The population for this study comprised all the English language and computer science teachers and student in junior secondary in Enugu Educational zone.

The sample was drawn from the population. The sample consisted all the teachers teaching English language and computer science in junior secondary school. The instruments used were questionnaire and data were collected analysis by use of percentage.

The major findings of the study are as follows:

1. It was found that they lack concentration in English language because of mother tongue interference.

2. Also the lack qualified teachers

3. They also lack teaching aids like books.

4. They lack fund and equipment for computer laboratory so it affect teaching and learning the subject matter

5. We found out that short time of teaching leads to lack of understanding of the subject.

6. We found out that lack of communication affect teaching and learning effective.


CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

English language is the second language. It is a second language because there are other native languages before it like Igbo, Hausa, and Yoruba etc. English language is nationally considered as a measure for literacy and outstanding status.

According to Anibueze (2007), English language is the major language for instruction, social services, business communication and occupational purposes. In the school curriculum, English language occupies a more important position than any of the vernaculars. At the university, secondary and primary schools, English is a very important subject. Therefore, no effective teaching and learning in Nigeria would be made without the knowledge of English language.

Oga and Udemba (2007) state that: English language is one of the major languages out of about 5000 estimated languages spoken in the world. It is also one of the most influential and fast growing languages spoken across the globe. This is the more reason why children are exposed to English right from their primary education. To make sure that English s well taught in the schools, Ozohili (2007) observes that the best techniques for teaching English language is by providing a useful knowledge of target language. This is because, that can only be developed by the direct use of the target language in the class rather than forcing learners to accumulate abstract knowledge about rules of grammer.

Kamler (2001) pointed out that the very poor performance of students in West African school certificate in English language is as a result of unqualified teaches and poor background knowledge of English. In most cases, teachers teaching this subject are not trained enough in the filed of English and therefore, have no knowledge of it. He further pointed out that over population in the classroom is one of the factors affecting the effective teaching and learning of English language and computer science. This is because when there are over population of students in a classroom, half of the students will be hearing what the teacher is saying while the remaining once will not be following in what the teacher is saying.

Teaching and learning of English language and computer science is also affected by inadequate of instructional material and small allocation of time for teaching of both subjects. These things can lead to the problems of effective teaching and learning because when there are no materials like text books and computers for the teaching and learning of both subjects, the lessons on those courses will not be effective. In the other hand, when the time allotted for the teaching of both subject is not enough the lesson will not be well understood by the students.

However, computer science is very important in our educational system therefore, we should be taken time to teach it with complete computer equipments. That is the reason why is being taught in our secondary schools very well as a way of increasing students knowledge in learning. Okolo (2006) states that: computer has changed the way we learn, communicate and work. He further stated that this days, organization throughout the world do business with computers.

Kulik (2002) argues that one of the greatest achievement we have gotten from computer is the global communication of individuals and organizations with one another over a network of computer called the internet. To succeed in computer science, students must master a variety of abilities which ranges from general study to specific skills, such as logic, problem solving algorithmic thinking and programming.

Penuel (2001) in his own view indicates that the poor performance of students in computer science is as a result of inadequate provision of computer equipments in so many schools. Even when there are sufficient equipments in schools, students find it difficult to operate on the computer which is the main thing as regards to learning computer science in schools.

Standard language is defined as a language universally accepted as the appropriate educational target in teaching English, computer and other subjects. Hiep (2001) states that the use of English language plays an important part in both one’s desire to communicate with the world and one’s will to preserve one’s identity. Standard language is also an official language which was introduced to help the existing indigenous languages.

In the other hand, modern language laboratory is a place for teaching and practicing language with equipments like tapes and video instead of reading books for the course.

According to Ozohili [2007], teachers now enhances faster learning of language by making use of classroom language laboratory where portable tape-recorder and film-strip projector are used in teaching listening skills. Video clip is also used with the sound off to ask students to make predictions about what dialogue is taking place. Widdowson (2003), also states that: standard and modern language is the language used internationally across communities as a means of global communication.

Language teaching is defined as the language that has been introduced so that the people of varied language will have purposes to relate together mutually. Through language teaching, students would become more familiar with grammar of their native language which would also help them to speak and write their native language better .

Clemente (2001) pointed out that teachers commitment to their work helps a lot in students understanding of what is being taught in the classroom, and will also help to bring out positive academic out comes. He proceed by saying that the development from the study of this language has brought about the rise of phonetics and phonology as a new linguistic discipline with the creation of the international phonetics alphabets.

Lindgren and Sullivan (2002) observe that it is necessary to look into the method of teaching language which provides the students with an opportunity to look into their writing composition processes. And it is only by confronting the complexity in teaching language that we can identify the good and right things to do in any given set of circumstances, that is, to know the rightway to teach language.

Language learning is the process of learning a native or second language. All human beings are genetically endowed with the ability to learn language.

However, people rarely become as fluent in a secondly language as in their native tongue.

Little (2003) stated that practice of learning a language requires insight, a capacity for reflection and a readiness in interact with others. In this sense, learners can decide what to learn, when and how to learn it by taking responsibility for their learning.

Hamer (2003) also points out that the social context in which learning takes place is of vital importance to the success of the educational endeavor. The method for learning a second language also involve some systematic approach to the analysis and comprehension of grammar as well as to the memorization of vocabulary. This is the reason why Usuki (2002) pays more attention on teachers attitudes and commitment towards their lesson in the classroom which plays a very important role to the learners of a particular language.



1.2 Statement of the problems.

The researchers found out that there are many problems that affect effective teaching and learning of English language and computer science in junior secondary schools in Enugu Educational zone. They found out that students lack of interest in English language and computer science was due to inappropriate method of teaching and teachers ineffectiveness.

The teachers of English language and computer science do not acknowledge the importance of both subjects, because of this, they do not guide their students in secondary schools on how to learn and understand English language and computer science. And as a result of this, it causes the problem of effective teaching and learning of these subjects.

1.3 Purpose of the study

The purpose of the study is to find out the reasons why there is problems of effective teaching learning of English language and computer science in junior secondary schools, and these reasons are:

1. Lack of qualified teachers of English language and computer science in schools.

2. Over population of students in a class.

3. Inadequate provision of instructional material for teaching of English and computer science.

4. The time allotted for teaching and learning of these subjects is not enough.

1.4 Research questions

In order to carryout this work efficiently, where are the following questions should be answered.

1. Do schools lack qualified teachers of English language and computer science?

2. Does population of the students in classes affect the teaching and learning of English language and computer science?

3. Do schools lack adequate instructional material for teaching English language and computer science?

4. Does time allotted to for teaching of both subjects enough?

1.5 Scope of the study

The researchers have limited themselves to Enugu urban. The research will be carried out in Idaw-River girls secondary schools, urban girls, uwani girls uwani boys secondary schools in Enugu urban. The researchers will make use of all secondary school teachers of English language and computer science in Enugu urban.

1.6 Significance of the study

It is disturbing to read from examiners reports in 2005 on the public examination where faults like weak handling of sentence structures, inability to control sentences, inability to identify mouse and keyboard, frequent misuse of tenses, errors of agreement, wrong spellings in writing English and computer science and other easily isolated problems. As the examiners comment are true, they prove that many school certificate holders have simply not mastered the basic English sentence structure, and how to type in data into the computer. In view of this, it is in the interest of the students in school, teachers, professional teachers, educational administrators and humanity as a whole that researcher undertake this study. The study will help those who are interested in conducting further research on those topics.



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/567/teachers-and-students-perceptions-of

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VALUE ADDITION AS A BASIS FOR ENHANCING PRODUCTIVITY IN RICE PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING IN ADANI IN UZO-UWANI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ENUGU STATE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The struggles of Nigeria farmers in finding ways to increase farm income, interest in “adding value” to raw agricultural products has grown tremendously. The value of farm products can be increased in endless ways: by cleaning and cooling, packaging, processing, distributing, cooking, combining, churning, culturing, grinding, hulling, extracting, drying, smoking, handcrafting, spinning, weaving, labeling, or packaging. According to (Kaplinsky, 2010) value addition means adding value to a raw product by taking it to at least the next stage of production. This can be as simple as retaining ownership of your calves and wintering them on wheat pasture or placing them in a feedlot. Value can be added through membership in a cooperative that processes your products, such
as a cooperative cotton gin. Or, adding value may be as elaborate as going all the way to the consumer with a “case-ready” food product. Hence rice farmers have keen interest in adding value to their rice production and processing so as to enhance the product.

Rice is an important staple food in Nigeria. Many Nigerians have developed tastes for polished and size-sorted medium to long-grained rice. Local production of rice has been increasing over the years. Besides offering a higher return, value addition on rice production and processing can open new markets, create recognition for a farm, expand the market season, and make a positive contribution to the community like in the case of Adani in Uzo-Uwani Local Government Area of Enugu state of Nigeria. Though, value addition will enhance productivity in rice production and processing in the area but it is a long-term approach, not a “quick fix.” It requires the willingness and ability to take on risk, as well as adequate capital, management skills, and personal skills such as the ability to interact with the public to succeed (; Kaplinsky and Morris, 2000).

Production is the process of transforming certain goods and services known as inputs into other goods and services known as products (Akubiloet al., 2007). It implies a series of processes, techniques, activities or procedures involved in combining resources of land, labour, capitals, water and management to generate useful effect or products. Value on the other hand implies worth, Benefits
price or measure of importance. It is a factor of utility. Value can also be seen as the monetary term in which the utility of a product or an item can be explained.

Therefore, value addition in the production and processing of rice implies all the activities, processes or strategies and distribution of rice which in one way or the other contribute to benefit/utility maximization (Owoh, 2008). It
seeks a careful exploration into all the activities, processes or strategies of operation carried out in the production, processing, packaging and
distribution of rice which contribute to the maximization of profit or utility derived from rice.

1.2 Problem Statement

Neglect of agricultural activities has been a very serious problem affecting both producers and marketers of agricultural produce in the country.

This situation appears to be aggravated by government and policy makers who have not considered production and marketing of food crops as serious problems to the economic development of the nation. Nigeria has great potential to greatly enhance productivity in rice production and processing. Nigeria is one of the largest rice producing country in Africa. Though the rice locally produced and processed do not compare the foreign rice product in the market and this has made Nigeria the second world largest importer of rice. This is as a result of poor production and processing of locally produced rice. The application of value addition to rice production and processing will enhance the product. Therefore, the basis for value addition is a necessity for enhancing productivity of rice production and processing.



1.3 Objectives of the Study

The broad objective of this study is to study value addition as a basis for enhancing productivity in rice production and processing in Adani, Uzo-Uwani Local Government Area of Enugu state of Nigeria.

The specific objectives are as follow;

1. identify the socio-economic factors that affect the respondents in the production and processing of rice.

2. determine the available technology that affects value addition in rice business.

3. determine the cost and returns involved in rice processing

4. examine the various value chains in the production and processing of rice in the area.

5. identify the factors that encourage value addition.

1.4 Significance of the study

From all indication the rate of rice importation is high due to insufficient production and lack of value addition to enhance the productivity of the rice production and processing. The result of this study will enable researcher, government and policy makers to know the problems and constraints that have hindered adequate local rice production, as this will help them to make policies that will tackle this problem.

Also the result of this study will educate farmers on the importance of value addition on rice production and processing in order to improve productivity.

Furthermore, this study will serve as a useful tool in guiding policy makers and to students who intend to carryout a research on related topic..

1.5 Limitation of Study

This project is centered on value addition as a basis for enhancing productivity in rice production and processing. However, the scope will be limited to Adani, Uzo-Uwani Local Government Area of Enugu state.



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/555/value-addition-as-a-basis

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THE NEED FOR AUDITING AND INVESTIGATION IN SMALL SCALE BUSINESS ORGANISATION (A CASE STUDY OF EASTERN SHOP OGUI ROAD ENUGU).

ABSTRACT

The researcher embarked upon this study to help small-scale business organization in pin-pointing some of the need for auditing and investigating. Kicking against the effective of small-scale business so recommendation can be made to offset the situation. Base on this finding, the researcher believes if those growth of small scale business will be a reality. In the process of carrying involved in this are money, time, information gathering etc. This research project is composed of five chapters. Chapter one is about the background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, the scope of the study and the significance of the study. Chapter two is review of related literature. Chapter three is about research design and methodology. Chapter four is findings. Chapter five is about the discussion of result, recommendation and limitation of the study.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The work of an auditor in any organization cannot be looked beyond or over emphasized. This is because in earlier years when there was no auditor to take proper care of the organizational financial statement, many organizations like small scale business organization, manufacturing companies and even private companies suffered frauds and errors in their business.

The enterprises that existed at the time were mostly joint ventures with a limited life. In such cases, the ascertainment of profit was simple. It was equal to the surplus of cash in hand at the end of the venture. One should also remember that where audits were conducted at this time, it was not because of any statutory provisions, and that responsibilities and duties of an auditor had not been clearly defined. Most of fraud is being committed by the staff of those organizations especially small-scale business organization because of this, there is need for auditing and investigation in small scale business organization.

Small scale business is a business that has little fund and materials. It is very crucial to employ the service of an auditor. The auditor is concern merely to ascertain the correctness of sums of money received and disbursed, checking the accuracy of individual entries in a cash record and verifying the balance of cash in hand at a particular point in time. In so doing, frauds, and errors can be easily detected and prevented.

An auditor is the only person authorized by law to conduct auditing and investigate on any financial matter concern organization (including small scale business).

It is the examination and verification of a company’s financial and accounting records and supporting document by a professional, such as certifies public accountant.

An auditor: In the person whose function is to prepare a formal documentary summary of his conclusion. Investigation is a special inquiry into the financial affairs of a business. An auditor needs proper investigation to help him carryout his auditing duties.

Finally, the major important need for auditing and investigation in small scale business organization is to make sure that the business grow with its little financial back up coupled with total minimum of frauds encountering. We had to assume that the task of the auditor would not be able to reply in any way on the explanations and information given to him by management. He was likely to be also and the audit process would become both costly Ural.



1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. In spite of the smallest of Eastern shop Ogui road Enugu. It is still saddled with the problem of bad image arising mostly fraud practices both management and some staff of the shop.

2. There is weakness in internal control system of the eastern shop.

3. They do not consider policy on fraud cases as strategies in its decision taking.

4. Eastern shop has not met with auditing and investigating of their shop as a small scale business since it was established.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:

These are objective of the study as follows:

a. To find out the extent of substantial documentation of the accounting financial management function by one person affect the organization’s internal control system.

b. To ascertain the extent of limitation on the effectiveness of internal control owing to the small number of employees.

c. To find if the auditors made proper auditing and investigation by all information and explanations obtained to the best of their knowledge and brief were necessary for the purpose of their audit.

d. To determine to audit extent the organization suffer from inadequate accounting records.

e. To ascertain the extent of inadequate management support for internal auditing.



1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

1. To what extent are Auditing and investigation in small – scale business organization help in running of the business to achieve its corporate objectives.

2. To what extent would you agree that Auditing and investigation of small scale contributes to poor and ineffective lukewarm in internal control system in the Eastern shop Ogui Enugu.

3. What factor do you think has contributed to high level of Auditing and investigation in small scale business.

4. What extent are the laid down policies adequate in eastern shop Ogui Road Enugu.



1.5 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The relevance of the study cannot be over emphasized as a successful completion of this study.

The need for auditing and investigation in small scale business organization help the organization to employed a qualified auditor to enable the management staff of the organization to keep adequate accounting record. So that the financial statements prepared by the management can only be accurate and reasonable. If the organization employed a qualified auditors it will help the organization to detect and prevent errors and frauds easily.

Finally, the need for auditing and investigation will help for survival and substantial growth of the organization.

1.6 THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Considering the circumstance and predicaments of business, it is apparently obvious that there is no business that can survive without encountering one kind of problem especially in small-scale business organization.

According to James Baches, all firms’ faces risk but they are proportionally greater in the small firm. The failure of a production batch in small firms may spell disaster while a similar failure or problem in a large organization.

Causes of frauds and errors by the management staff are one of the major problems that the organization is encountering.

Financial problem is a major problem for small-scale business organization in Nigeria sources of fund for this category of business. Inability to borrow is difficult because of the small amount of asset they have.

The organization is also seriously suffering from marketing problems due to lack of experience in the field, poor human relations, unable to meet customer’s demand.

Since the organization is operating with small amount of fund and asset they are suffering from production problem due to lack of production facilities, insufficient of raw materials for production, poor product planning, lack of purchasing policy and sources of supply and also lack of ware housing.

The organization is seriously suffering from research problems such as illiteracy and human behaviour. Major weaknesses in the system of internal control is minor errors which is caused by the management staff of the organization by not keeping the appropriate financial statement due to false manner of entering accounting transaction.

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Inadequate fund due to the manager finance of the researcher, formed one of the most factors limitating this research work.

Times was the most serious constraints in that the researcher intermittently was shop work on the research.



The definition of terms are:

These are those things that helps or enable the realer to understanding terms.

It can be as follows:-

Auditing is not only special professional work performed by a certified or chareretal account or Auditor.

It will also be method of examination or verification nearly used every one at various terms consciously take instance. When a current or saving account holder need a statement or one examiners the cash register, type produced at the check out current of a super market.

Investigation can be defined as an special kind of examination of accounts or records council on by an investigator with a pre-defined purpose according to the necessity of the situation.



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/545/the-need-for-auditing-and

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THE IMPLICATION OF NIGERIA VALUE ADDED TAX (VAT) ON THE PAYERS.


ABSTRACT

A research into the implications of Nigerian value Added Tax [VAT] on the payers [A case study of Enugu State] cannot be over emphasized. In pursuance of this investigation, the research used both primary source of data collection, like oral interview as well as secondary sources such as textbooks, Journals, Magazines and professional bodies. The data collection were analyzed using simple percentage. Effect was made in this research work to investigate on the constraints encountered in the imposition of VAT and also in the recommendation were given the way of overcoming them .The project is divided into five chapters in which the first chapter deals with the introductory part , statement of the problem, purpose of the study, significance of the study, research hypotheses, scope and limitations and definition of terms. Chapter two deals with review of related literature. Chapter three deals with research design and methodology used, primary, secondary, sources of data analysis, population and sampling procedures. In chapter four (4) the researcher discussed the presentation and analysis of results. Chapter five finally deal on findings, conclusion and recommendation.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Taxes in modern economics are the most important source of government revenue. They are compulsory levies that are regularly imposed, and as a rule, not designated for a special purpose they are regarded as a contribution to the general revenue pool from which most government expenditure are financed.

Taxation occupies a principal position in the Nigerian economy as in other countries. Value – Added –Tax (VAT) was introduced in Nigeria currently to replace the old sales tax. The old sales tax, has been in operation under the federal government legislated decree No 7 of 1986, but it is operated on the basis of residence.

However, the newly introduced value added tax (VAT) is operated under the federal government legislated decree No 102 of July 1993. Value Added Tax (VAT) is a form of indirect tax whose burden is shifted from the manufacturers through the distribution channels to the final consumer who then bears the final burden. Value Added Tax (VAT) came into effect on 1st January 1994 the tax is a tax on consumption. Value Added Tax (VAT) is a multi stage tax which is impose on goods and services as they pass through the various stages in the business chain. From manufacturing, importation through wholesalers to retailers The payment is borne by the final consumers because it is included in the selling price ,it’s administration involves a credit mechanism system whereby a taxable person who is charged tax on the supplies to his entitled to set off that tax against the tax charged by him is supply to other persons , this makes him only accountable for the excess of the tax on the supplies from him over the tax on the supplies to him.

The tax paid or payable by a taxable person on the importation of a business carried on by him is known as his ‘input tax’ while the tax paid on the supplies made by him is known as his ‘output tax’. The Value Added Tax (VAT) payable in essence is the output tax, less input tax.

The tax on the supply of goods or services is chargeable only where:-

n The supply is a taxable supply and

n The goods and services are supplied by a taxable person in the course of a business carried on by him and is payable by the person supplying the goods and services.

Value Added Tax (VAT) in Nigeria is computed at a flat rate of 5% of the price of the goods and services. This is affected on behalf of the government by business and organization that have registered for Value Added Tax (VAT) purpose. Value Added Tax (VAT) is operated by over ,sixty countries including some countries on the west of Africa. In Nigeria, two agencies of the muted nations organization the international monetary fund [IMF] and the world bank which are closely identified with the establishment and monitoring of the structural Adjustment programme [SAP] had since 1987 been advising that the Nigeria tax system need to be reformed so that the government will be less dependent on the petroleum revenue generation. In an attempt to effect this reformation of tax system, the federal government set up two tax study groups in 1991. The federal ministry of finance and economies development set up one study group to study and make recommendation on the reforms needed in direct taxes in Nigeria . The federal ministry of budget and planning set up another study group which is more relevant to our study on indirect taxes and inaugurated on 26th April in 1991 with the objectives of among other to:

-Shift taxation towards consumption rather than saving.

- Improve the administration of indirect taxes.

- Provide incentives for export production.

- Maintain a fairly ever tax incidence.

- Reduce dependence on oil revenue.

The general guideline for the establishment of Value Added Tax (VAT) in Nigeria was given by this committee. Value Added Tax (VAT) was introduced into Nigeria economy tax system in January 1st, 1994, following the elegant provision of decree No .102 of July, 1993 but it has been in operation in other countries before it was introduced in Nigeria. In the Nigeria context, it is a consumption tax of five percent [5%] imposed on every Value Added Tax (VAT) or vatable goods and services of Value Added Tax (VAT) are taxed and this is contributed to sales tax where the producers or sellers of goods and services pay the tax.

The final consumers of these vatable goods and services bear the burden of the tax. AS a result the project topic which form the center of the study. The implications of Value Added Tax (VAT) on the payers.



1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Much as it is known that Value Added Tax (VAT) will increase the revenue base of Nigeria, it cannot be free from some problem. In view of the compulsory nature of and strong aversion of tax payment effects must be constitute made to make any tax system as attractive and as conveniently as possible.

This can be achieved by regularly evaluating the tax system with a known set of criteria modified to suit the pervading circumstance of time.

The Question which this research work aims at answering could be summarized into the following problem statement:

Given the percent economic situation and industry condition, how are individual / companies dealing on goods and services which are subject to Value Added Tax (VAT), going to be affected by this tax system.

1. Corporate performance could be improved upon under the value added tax. How realistic is this assumption.

2. With the apparent difficulty encountered by firms in holding down costs, and give the incentives in Value Added Tax (VAT) accruing to firm operating at minimal costs, have a company’s pricing policy most likely to be affected.

3. Industrialists, manufacturers, distributors, individuals and organization have not accepted Value Added Tax (VAT), they are the opinion that Value Added Tax (VAT) is not good for a developing country like Nigeria.

4. The problems of enforceability has to be tackle by employing honest and truthful personnel who will enforce the payment of Value Added Tax (VAT) so levied severe penalties has to be adopted so as to enforce payment by Value Added Tax (VAT) defaulters.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The aim of this research work is to examine the implication of Nigeria value added tax (VAT) on the payer. The major purpose of the study includes the following:

1. To find out the extent to which the tax incentives will be applied to the tax payers in Enugu state.

2. To investigate the implication which value added tax will have on the tax payers , that is the relationship between the tax and those paying it in the Nigerian context of tax system.

3. To Examine the various ways of tax collection in the state.

4. To evaluate the problems faced by the tax administrators. And

5. To proffer possible solutions to the problems identified.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

The following research questions were formulated by the researcher:



1. To what extent does are tax incentives applied to the tax payers in Enugu state?

2. What are the implications of value added tax on the tax payers in Enugu state?

3. What are the various ways of tax collection in the state?

4. What are the problems faced by the tax administrators in Enugu state?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This work is of academic significance in the sense that it will contribute to the understanding of the Value Added Tax (VAT) and it’s implication on tax payers. The practical significance lies on the fact that the work would highlight the extent to which tax payers could take advantage of the opportunities in the tax system to improve their standard of living even of greater importance is the potential of this study in throwing more light on the unintended adverse effects of the tax on some industries.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This project work focuses on the implication of Nigeria value added tax (VAT) on the payers with particular reference to the tax payers in Enugu state.

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The researcher in carrying out this study encountered numerous problems, which includes:

I. FINANCIAL PROBLEM.

II. TIME AND SEVERAL OTHER CONSTRAINTS.

FINANCIAL PROBLEM– This included lack of enough fund to move around and visit the various areas in the state, and also lack of money to buy enough research material which constitutes on impediment of to researchers high cost of transportation in the city due to long distance also imposed its own limitation on the researcher.

TIME:– Time is also another constraints to the researcher. This is because the researcher is combining school activities and at the same time this made him unable to cover a lot of interesting areas but therefore limited his research work only at Enugu metropolis.

From the above points the researcher tried his best to bring out in details study on the implication of Nigeria value added tax (VAT) on the payers. But the above



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/544/the-implication-of-nigeria-value

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THE ROLE OF MEDIA AND COMMUNICATION IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The role that the media is playing in the various aspects of life is becoming increasingly greater each day, especially in spheres like social interaction, and cultural and educational aspects of our life. As archaeological monuments can articulate the traditions, customs and heritage of the past, the media can in its turn clarify today's values and civilizations of the different countries and hence attempt to correct any widespread erroneous information. Both the media and archaeological monuments have messages and missions with various dimensions. The media contributes greatly in activating tourist attractions.

Before discussing the role of the media as an instrument in tourism policy, it should be noted that, broadly speaking, the relationship between tourism and the media is one of inclusion. When speaking of tourism policy that focuses on specific areas of tourism, the media become a mediator between tourism and society, meaning that they mediate in a process of conveying tourism products from the producers to the consumers.

Media communications technologies are imperative for frontline investments for sustainable globalised tourism development indicators. The powerful effects of media communications can bring sweeping changes of attitudes and behaviour among the key actors in local, national and global tourism for peace, security and sustainable development. The social, cultural, economic, political and environmental benefits of tourism would usher in monumental and historic changes in the country. As the verdict goes, the media has a social responsibility to enhance the blending of local, national and international cultural values for enriched politics, society and economy. Public communications strategy based on access to quality information and knowledge will drive the new global tourism through partnership initiatives such as: peace and security, conflict resolutions for eco tourism, quality tourism, Joint ventures, technology transfer, etc.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Most hospitality industries have been implementing media and communication for the development of the tourism industry. Development in communication is one of the best ways to go in developing tourism. This strategy involves the planned communication component of programmes designed to change the attitudes and behaviour of specific groups of people in specific ways through person to person communication, mass media, traditional media or community communication. It is aims at the delivery of services and the interface between service deliverers and beneficiaries where people are empowered to by informed choice, education, motivation and facilitation effecting the expected changes. This can be done by media advocacy targeting all key stakeholders involved in the tourism industry.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main purpose for the study is to explore the role of media and communication in tourism and development in Nigeria. Therefore, the objectives for the research are;

1. To determine the role of media and communication in tourism development

2. To examine the impact the impact so far

3. To examine the economic benefit of media and communication in tourism development

4. To determine ways of improving the use of media and communication in the tourism development

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What is the role of media and communication in tourism development?

2. What is the impact so far?

3. What are the economic benefit of media and communication in tourism development?

4. What are the ways of improving the use of media and communication in the tourism development?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Effective use of communication techniques can barriers and promote better uses participatory message design which combines both traditional and modern media. Like: The internet granted the freedom enjoyed by print media and common carriers such as letters, mails, and cable to the public media. Through audio streaming it is possible to enhance the reach of radio signals to any part of the world. The internet’s vast capacity enables each media house to exhaustively investigate and publish in depth analyses. Internet radio is not limited to audio as pictures, images, digital files and graphics are accessible to the users. Advertisers and their audiences can easily interact via the internet broadcasts.

The media have a crucial role to play in putting emerging destinations. The relationship between tourism and the media is vital and complex. Tourism is highly dependant on media reporting because the vast majority of travel decisions are made by people who have never seen the destination first hand for themselves. When there is bad news or a crisis the impact on tourism can be devastating. Tourists are scared away from destinations caught in the glare of round-the-clock disaster coverage, causing communities dependent on tourism to lose their source of livelihood.



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