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BUSINESS EDUCATION TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS REGARDING THE STRUCTURE OF JSC BUSINESS STUDIES EXAMINATION IN ENUGU URBAN



ABSTRACT

The study was aimed at ascertaining Business Education teacher’s perceptions regarding the structure of JSC examination in Enugu State with particular reference to Enugu Urban.The target population of the study comprised all the practicing business education teachers within all the selected secondary schools in Enugu Urban. The data generated were precisely analysed by the use of statistical frequency tables and percentage.Review of related literature was discussed in chapter two, issues of research procedure and methodology were covered in chapter three while chapter four presented and analysed the data generated for the study, chapter five discussed the findings, drew conclusions and some recommendations made the most weighty finding of the study was that business education teachers held opinion that the structure of JSC examination in Enugu Urban is not to be regarded as good.

One of the major recommendation was that government should make its presence felt by providing motivational incentives in the form of instructional materials such as erecting typing pool, machines, adequate right calibre of teachers that will make it feasible to overhaul the current structure of JSC examination.




CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Education as defined by the National Policy on Education revised (2004) is a dynamic instrument per excellence for effecting National development and a potent means for ensuring the welfare of the people and the equalization of life chances. In the same vein a renowned Nigerian Educationalist, Fafunwa (2004) defined Education as “an aggregate of all the processes by means of which a person develops abilities, attitudes and other forms of behaviour of positive value in the society in which he lives.

Business Education which is an integral part of general Education grew in Nigeria as a Private Business Schools. The earliest type of business Education was the apprenticeship training of book keepers. In later part of the 19th century, private business schools i.e. commercial schools as they are popularly called had a virtual monopoly, in training the skilled employee needed by all types of business organizations and government offices. Indeed, many of the successful business executives of the early 1900s were graduates of private business schools. When the government took over schools in 1971, most of the business schools were merged with secondary and grammar schools. There was an emergent shift in emphasis and orientation towards a more functional approach to secondary education that better fulfils the socio-economic needs of the nation1 (Igboke 2008).

With the introduction of the 6-3-3-4 system of education in Nigeria, greater emphasis has been placed on Business Education known as Business studies in the junior secondary and the vocational business subjects such as shorthand, typewriting, Accounting, Office Practice and Commerce, in Senior Secondary Schools. (Igboke, 2008).

The new National Policy on education (6-3-3-4 system) requires a child to spend six years in primary, three years in Junior secondary school, another three years in Senior Secondary School before proceeding for a 4-year university education.

At the end of the three years in junior secondary school, the students are examined on a number of subjects including Business studies for the award of Junior Secondary School Certificate.

According to Everiet (2002), Business studies is an inter-disciplinary integrated subject which draws its contents from other five distinct subjects namely:-

i. Office Practice

ii. Commerce

iii. Book Keeping

iv. Type writing, and

v. Shorthand.

During Junior Secondary school certificate examination, Business studies questions are set from all the five subjects listed above. And to ensure that all the subject areas are done, the normal rubrics given the students in the examination, requires them to attempt all the questions in the five subject areas of the paper without any subject options. This has been the practice in some states like Imo, Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi and Enugu where business studies is offered in J.S.S. Examination.

However, it is observed that students do avoid answering questions in typing and shorthand which affect their cumulative result in Business studies JSS Examination.

Osuala (2004) observed that this has contributed to a significant decrease in the production of secretaries and typists at this level to work in our private and public offices as their services are seriously needed in our growing economy. For instance, to support the case being made for typewriting and shorthand, investigations conducted by the researcher at the JSC Examination marking centres at Enugu, Nsukka, and Abakaliki education zones in 2006, 2007 and 2008, revealed student’s subject choice pattern in the JSS Business studies examination to be in favour of office practice, commerce and book-keeping.

This choice of three subject areas in the examination, draws together all the problems arising from the examination structure might be that government either avoid obligation or does not see the justification to build workshops, provision of fund, instructional materials and equipment, qualified manpower and incentives to both teachers and students since students do not offer typewriting and shorthand. While Ministry of Education ironically gives certificate to students in Business studies in typewriting and shorthand for passing office practice, commerce, and Book –Keeping even when, in fact, the questions are not enough to cover the subject areas.

If this situation is allowed to continue, the future of Business studies in general and typewriting and shorthand in particular, will continue to be bleak unless urgent remedial action is taken to reverse the trend.

It is against this backdrop that this study is strongly being pursued.


1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The present structure of JSSC Business studies examination in Enugu state secondary school system manifest some inadequacies.

It does not allow all the integrated subject components of Business studies to be evaluated adequately as students always avoid some subjects mostly typewriting and shorthand in the JSC Examinations.

In the words of Osuala (2004), almost all the schools usually attempt questions from office practice, commerce, and Book-keeping, leaving typewriting and shorthand which are the pre-vocational subjects. This is opposed to the objectives of the National Policy on Education with respect to Business Studies.

Other problems are that most students lack the foundation knowledge of and are not prepared to pursue shorthand and typewriting at the senior secondary school level including university possibly, because the examination structure is too skeletal and does not cover Business studies syllabus. For example, typewriting theory is taken without the corresponding practical much the same way shorthand theory is taken without dictation.

Above all, because these two areas of business studies are neglected which is mainly encouraged by the structure of JSC examination, construction of typing pool for the teaching of typewriting and shorthand, provision of employment, as well as employment and motivation of Business Education teacher in schools by government hitherto continued to be elusive.

Since the structure of JSC Business studies examination affects the evaluation of the subject, and since typewriting and shorthand are very important field of study, there is need for us therefore to inquire through Business Education teachers to find out why the state government adopted the examination policy in which students tends to concentrate on doing office practice, commerce, and Book-keeping neglecting Typewriting and shorthand with regard to the present structure of JSS Business studies examination in Enugu State.

The central focus of the study therefore is to probe Business Education teachers perceptions regarding the structure of JSC Business studies examination in Enugu urban.


1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study is

a. To ascertain how the current structure of JSC examination has help in attaining the objectives of Teaching Business studies at the Junior Secondary school in Enugu urban.

b. To find out Business Education Teachers perceptions regarding the structure of JSC Business studies examination in Enugu Urban and whether it contributes to hugh level of enrollment in the area of study.

c. To determine whether the current structure of JSC examination has reduced attention to practical work.



d. To determine whether the present structure of JSC examination, affects the number of teachers employed in the area of study.



e. To find out whether Business Education teachers regards the construct structure of JSC examination as good.



1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study is very significant to us in the following ways.

The study will help us to improve the structure of JSC Business studies examination and to ensure that Business studies curriculum is well implemented, as well as providing all the necessary resource facilities and motivational incentives by all concerned in the running of Enugu State Secondary School System.


1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION

The following research questions will be addressed:

1. How far does the current structure of JSC examination help in attaining the objective of teaching Business studies at the Junior School?

2. Do business education teachers perceive the present structure of JSC examination as having contributed to the high level of enrollment in this area of study?

3. Does the current structure of JSC examination reduce attention to practical work.

4. Do teachers think the present structure of JSC examination affect the number of teachers employed in this area of study?

5. Do business education teachers regard the construct structure of JSC examination as good?

1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The following hypothesis guided the study:

Ho: There will be no significant difference between the result of students who took all the five courses in business studies and students who took only three courses in their JSC Business studies Examination.



H1: There will be significant difference between the result of students who took all the five courses in business studies and students who took only three courses in their JSC Business studies examination.

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study has been confined to a particular geographical location in the state. The criteria for the choice of location of school to be sampled and the sample size were based on the time at the disposal of the researcher, the ease of accessibility of the school location and financial resources of the researcher at the time of the study.

Therefore the study was confined to Enugu Urban.


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/535/business-education-teachers-rsquo-perceptions-regarding

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SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF UNIVERSAL BASIC EDUCATION (UBE) PROGRAMME SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF UNIVERSAL BASIC EDUCATION (UBE) PROGRAMME SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES E


ABSTRACT.
Universal basic Education programme is programme instituted by Federal Government under the auspices of Federal ministry of Education aimed at reducing illiteracy and create job for Nigerian citizen by being self reliant.
But so far, the programme had encountered some problem.
Therefore the research’s major objective as regards this work is to identification of there problems hindering effective implementation of the programme using some selected schools in Enugu Educational Zone as case study and finding or providing suggestions that will give lasting solutions to the problems .
The research determines the factors that hinders its effective implementation using three research questions which forms (16) sixteen item questionnaire which was distributed to 150 respondents at various schools selected.
At the end, the questionnaire was collected and analyzed using number of score, tally total scores and mean (frequency distribution) as employ 4 lickert scales (SA, A, D, SD).
On analysis, the mean of scores, less than 2.5 was taken to be disagree with the item while above 2.5 was regarded as agree. From the findings (decision) recommendation were made base on the literature and results of the findings. Finally, conclusion were also made.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Universal Basic Education was born out of many programmes which had tried to uplift Educational system in Nigeria like pre compulsory primary school education of six year which later collapsed due to long period of military regime in Nigeria (N.P.E. 2004, 4th edition).

As a result during the implementation phase of the Universal Basic Education Programme (UBEP) in year 2000, it was realized that some efforts was needed to improve the quality of basic education to ensure that a solid foundation was laid at that level of education. This was predicted on the fact that solid basic education would make learning at higher level easier and more meaningful.

Consequently, steps were taken to increase access to basic education, ensure the provision of equal opportunity for all learners and improve quality of education (UBEC Journal 2004). These steps included:-

(i) Construction of additional infrastructure in existing school.

(ii) Rehabilitation of dilapidated infrastructure.

(iii) Creation of new schools in areas that needed their.

(iv) Supply of supplementary reading materials.

(v) Training of more teachers through the Pivotal Teacher Training Programme (PTTO).

Through these steps, the targeted improvement in the learning environment were taken a need was felt to focus attention on the teachers factors, not necessarily the quantitative aspect which had been addressed by the Pivotal Teachers Training Programme and other initiatives but the quality aspect which hitherto had remained unattended to Teachers all over the world are recognized as a critical factor in delivery of quality education. Therefore level of teachers quality has to be made in order to ensure successful basic education in Nigeria.

Following the backdrop in implementation of this programme, Universal Basic Education commission was established during the Administration of Olusegun Obasanjo by an act 2004 by Act of National Assembly the compulsory free, Universal Basic Education Act 2004 to includes six years of primary school and three additional years of Junior Secondary School.

According to the act, it provides compulsory, free universal basic education for all children of primary school and junior secondary school age in Federal Republic of Nigeria.

It also stipulates penalties for any parent who fails to comply with the provisions.

But with all these stipulations and act embarking this programme much had not be achieved in providing this basic education for all citizenly (UBEC Journal, 2004).

Therefore as a result of that I was prompted to pick this as a research topic so that I will contribute in solving the problems facing universal basic Education in Nigeria by bring a lasting solution to it.

“Sustaniable strategies for effective implementation of Universal Basic Education Programme in Nigeria.

To achieve these, Universal Basic Education Programme and its objectives must be critical at the foundation so that good foundation will be laid for life-long learning process.

The Universal Basic Education programme and its lofty objectives would of course be sabotaged if left in the hands of under-qualified, badly trained, ill equipped and unmotivated teachers.

As a result, this research work will concentrates of finding out the major problem which endangers proper implementation of Universal Basic Education which includes how inadequate infrastructure and facilities/finding, curriculum content and development and inadequate manpower effect its full implementation and finding a lasting solutions to it.

1.1 (i) Inadequacy of infrastructure and poor funding; this has been one among many factor which hinders proper implementation of this programme since we know that teaching and learning process cannot take place where there is no infrastructural material like structures (building) where the actual learning process takes places, and instructional materials. Therefore in this case teacher cannot use them head or sit under mango trees to teach therefore effort will be made through this work to enlighten public and all stakeholders to support in providing these material which are lacking in our schools.

1.1 (ii) Curriculum content of the basic education

Curriculum should be made in a way that it will reflect the purposed/aim and target of the programme so that adequate skills will taught to student during this nine (9) years uninterrupted basic education which will give them adequate skill needed.

1.1 (iii) Inadequate in area of manpower, in this area, teachers factors contributes a lot in full implementation of the programme.

This is because we cannot give what we don’t have, therefore it is of great benefits if we ensure that the teachers who are involve in this programme will be highly educated and acquits themselves in all methods of teaching, they should have in their hand all about lesson plan which includes introduction, general sequence/orderliness of presentation, questioning, pupils’ participation, use of chalkboard, time, allocation, evaluation of learning outcomes, including lesson summary and home work/assignment. Another factor in manpower is issue of teachers remuneration because even when the teacher knows all it takes to teach but he or she receives almost nothing at the end of the month, he or she cannot give all his best which will create inadequacy in manpower therefore the issue reward should be encouraged for devoted work.

When all these factors are achieved after nine years of continuous education, every child that passes through the programme should acquire appropriate levels of literacy, innumeracy, common manipulative and life skill and employable, useful to himself and the society.


1.2 Statement of Study

In the past decades, Nigeria has been trying to formulate one programme or the other through National Policy on Education in order to achieve equal education for all citizen at least 9 (nine years of Basic Education which will be equal opportunity for all citizen will to achieve national goal (N.P.E. 2004) which is to live in unity and harmony as indivisible, indissoluble and democratic society backed up by self reliance.

Universal Basic Education was introduced by Federal Government in order to remove distortion and inconsistencies in basic education delivery and reinforce the implementation of National policy on Education as well as provide access to and ensure quality of basic education throughout Nigeria in consistent with National Policy on Education.

It is important to observer that without sustainable strategies for the implementation of the Universal Basic Education programme which National Policy on Education plans to achieved which targeted at National unity and integration with entire citizenly being self reliance. The researcher is worried about strategies for implementations of Universal Basic Education Programme. Hence, the sustainable strategies for effective implementation of Universal Basic Education programme in primary junior secondary school. Therefore there is need for sustainable strategy for implementation of Basic Education using Enugu Educational Zone as a case study.



1.3 Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is to find out the major sustainable strategies for effective implementation of universal basic education.

It is also important to carryout this study to draw the attention of the public to full participation in implementation of better strategies so as to enhance the Universal Basic education programme in order to:-

(a) Ensuring an uninterrupted access to nine (9) years of formal education by providing free and compulsory Universal Basic Education for every child of school age.

(b) Reducing school drop-out and improving relevance, quality and efficiency and

(c) Acquisition of literacy, innumeracy life skills and values for life long education and useful living.



1.4 Significance of the Study

Although, there had been a lot of publications on researches carried out for proper implementation of universal basic education in Nigeria.

But it is hoped that this work will provide an insight into problems facing proper implementation of universal basic education programme and serves as a guide post to this programme in Nigeria.

Moreover, the study or research will provide empirical evidence useful for full achievement of policies on to policy makers in educational sector in Nigeria especially in universal basic education, programme. This will go along way to help achieve the target “education for all Nigeria in nearest future.

Therefore, this study will be of great interest and relevance to all governmental agencies who are the stakeholders in educational sector or the agencies involves in making and formulating policy to enhance educational background of entire citizens.

To the schools, this study will help provide needed infrastructure that will show that it is real school setting or an environment that donates a learning atmosphere and environments. In area of manpower, that is giver of knowledge themselves “Teacher” the research will provide an atmosphere where the teacher will enhance and update his knowledge in continuous teacher education without continuous teacher education, teacher cannot give education per excellence, which is quality education to our children.

Above all, when all this had been put on ground for learning purposes, students will benefits more because adequate environment had been provided in area of infrastructure, teacher education then students themselves will now put their heads on ground and learn. While doing this there will conducive atmosphere for learning and cordial relationship between the student and the teacher and the teacher which is the major factor that enhance teaching and learning in schools.

Finally, to the society in general, the significance of the this study will give room for a society where everyone in the society can be self dependent since the programme is aimed at producing citizens that acquire functional literacy, innumeracy and life skills for the children starting from their school age which will help them in later days of life.

It will equally create more awareness and interest in the problem of children of school age dropping out from school and sustainable ways of handling the problem so the entire nation will be devoid of youth restiveness which is caused by lack of job and skills in our youth.

In carrying out in depth investigations in educational sector and entire society, it will guide economic planner and educational planner how plan our children’s education so as to suit our present economy will save our educational value and socio-economic value and sustain-one’s self reliance.



1.5 Scope of Study

1. Universal Basic Education Programmes initiates programmes and initiative for the acquisition of functional literacy, innumeracy and life skills for the school age children.

2. Programme and initiatives for early childhood education and development.

3. The formal school system from the beginning of primary education to the end of the junior secondary school.

4. Formulating a special education for nomadic population through National commission for normadic Education (NCNE).


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/533/sustainable-strategies-for-effective-implementation

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THE EXTRACTION AND PRODUCTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM CASHEW NUTS


ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to extract essential oils from cashew shell and its kernel and to characterize the oils; with the view to ascertain their suitability for consumption and other uses. Soxhlet apparatus was used for the extraction using hexane as solvent. The physical and chemical properties of the extracted oil were analyzed. The percentage oil extracted from the shell of the cashew was found to be 25.5% while that extracted from the kernel was 11.8% oil. The results of the physical analysis showed that the cashew kernel oil (CKO) is light yellow while the Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) is dark brown. The boiling points for shell and kernel oil were 920c and 950c respectively. The cashew kernel oil is non-toxic and the properties of CNSL conformed, to a greater extent, to that exhibited by linseed oil. This suggests its application in the processing and manufacturing industries. The kernel oil conformed both in its physical and chemical properties to those of groundnut and melon oil and thus could be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Essential oils are volatile oils, which occur in some trees. They occur in the leaves, blossoms, fruits, trunks, stems and/or roots of the bearing trees. However, very few of the great number of essential oil bearing species are being used for commercial production of the oils.

Though they are called oils, they are quite distinct from the traditional vegetable oils, because they are very light, non- greasy, absorbed quickly into the skin and above all, very volatile [ 1]. A number of essential oils are exploited by chemical and allied industries as a source of specific compounds for subsequent transformation to a wide range of synthetic products such as aroma chemicals, flavours, vitamins and pesticides. They are also valuable in the manufacture of essential balms, medicated ointments, soaps, perfumes, shampoos and other cosmetics. Various methods exist for the recovery of essential oils, which include mechanical expression, effleurage, maceration, steam distillation, water distillation, water and steam distillation and supercritical fluid extraction. Most essential oils currently in use by cosmetic, food, perfumery and pharmaceutical industries in Nigeria are imported. Perhaps, this is due to the fact that there are virtually little or no local manufacturers of these all-important industrial intermediates in Nigeria.

Therefore, for the aforementioned numerous uses of essential oils coupled with the high cost of their importation, significant increase in demand by chemical and allied industries and availability of abundant raw materials in Nigeria, there is the need to develop appropriate technology for local production of essential oils. This can assist in reducing the large amount of money being spent on the importation of these oils and if scaled-up to industrial level, it will also provide a base for essential oils exportation which could in turn make Nigeria improve its foreign exchange savings and earnings.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The most important product of the cashew tree is the nut, which is used as confectionery. Cashew shell nut liquid (CNSL), which is of great industrial importance is obtained from the seed pericarp by steam distillation or extraction. When unprocessed or improperly roasted, the cashew nut is very astringent (Abitogun and Borokini, 2009); the complete roasting makes all the allergens inactive. Cashew nut is a high value edible nut which yields two “Oils” one of these found, between the seed coat or pericarp and the nuts.

Hence, this work intends to solve the problems of extraction and production of essential oil from cashew nuts.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aim of this research is to investigate the extraction and production of essential oil from cashew nuts. Therefore, the specific objectives are as follows;

1. To examine the features of essential oil

2. To extract essential oil from cashew nuts

3. To determine the physical properties of the essential oil produced

4. To determine the chemical properties of the essential oil produced


1.4 SIGNIFICANCE of the study

The significance of this research cannot be overemphasized. This is because the research will reveal methods of extraction and production of essential oil from cashew nuts.

It will also benefit student of science Laboratory Technology because it serves as a secondary material for students who will be interested in similar topic.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Almost no significant advancements have been made for the utilization of the cashew nut. There is hardly any literature available, particularly with regard to the extraction and production of essential oil. The present research is to develop a new low-cost and effective extraction and production of the essential oil. The scope of the present investigation is as follows:

1. The features of essential oil

2. Extraction of essential oil from cashew nuts

3. The physical properties of the essential oil produced

4. The chemical properties of the essential oil produced

Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/524/the-extraction-and-production-of

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THE EFFECTIVENESS AND CHALLENGES OF THE CBN CASHLESS POLICY ON RURAL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT (A CASE STUDY OF ZENITH BANK PLC)


CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The financial system of any economy is responsible for mobilizing savings for productive investments and ensuring efficient resource allocation. Banks have traditionally played an active role in this regard. A large volume of literatures such as those of Ajayi (2006), Adegbaju and Olokoyo (2008), and Babalola (2008) have documented the contribution of banks to socioeconomic development of nations. In recognition of this, various financial policy reforms targeting the banking sector have been pursued in Nigeria. The recent of such policies within the last decade are: the recapitalization of banks initiated by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in July, 2004 and concluded in December 31, 2005, formalisation of adoption of electronic banking, and transition from cash based to cash-less financial arrangement.



One of the prerequisite for the development of national economy according to Ajayi and Ojo (2006) is to encourage a payment system that is secure, convenient, and affordable. In this regard, developed countries of the world, to a large extent, are moving away from paper payment instruments toward electronic ones, especially payment cards (Humphrey, D. B. 2004). In these countries, for instance, it is possible to pay for a vending machine snack by simply dialing a number on one‘s phone bill. In recent times, the mobile phone is increasingly used to purchase digital contents (e.g. ringtones, music or games, tickets, parking fees and transport fees) just by flashing the mobile phone in front of the scanner at either ‗manned‘ or unmanned point of sales (POS). In Nigeria, as it is in many developing countries, cash is the main mode of payment and a large percentage of the populations are unbanked (Ajayi and Ojo (2006). This makes the country to be heavily cash-based economy.

Argument in favour of cash-based transactions abounds in the literature. A study conducted in UK in march 2010 (the future of cash in UK) argued that cash differs from other payment instruments in the following regards; it circulates, it is always valuable, it provides full and final settlement of a transaction, it allows for anonymity, once issued, the circulation of cash is uncontrolled, it is regarded as public good by its users. However, the cost of cash to Nigeria financial system is high and increasing; the cost was very close to fifty billion naira in 2008 (CBN, 2012). Recently, it has been revealed by the CBN that the direct cost of cash is estimated to reach a staggering sum of one hundred and ninety two billion naira in 2012. Other challenges resulting from high-cash usage among others include; robberies and cash-related crime, revenue leakage arising from too much of cash handling, inefficient treasury management due to nature of cash processing, high subsidy, high informal sector etc. Against these backdrops, the CBN introduced the cashless policy in April 2011 with the objective of promoting the use of electronic payment channels instead of cash . Presently, the CBN is conducting a pilot scheme of the cashless policy in Lagos, which commenced in January 1st 2012. So far, implementation of the policy in Lagos has not gained expected traction. Hence a rollout across the country has been substituted with phased implementation in Port Harcourt, Kano, Aba and the Federal capital territory (CBN 2012). This study therefore aims at two major objectives, first to look into the prospects of cashless policy in Nigeria and second its challenges. The study proceeds as follows. Section 2 offers an overview of cashless policy and some stylized facts on non-cash payment in Nigeria. In sections 3, a brief review of literature is undertaken. The study expatiated on the effectiveness and challenges of the CBN cashless policy on rural business development using Zenith bank as a point of reference.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Cashless economy is an economy where transaction can be done without necessarily carrying physical cash as a means of exchange of transaction but rather with the use of credit or debit card payment for goods and services. One of the prerequisite for the development of national economy according to Ajayi and Ojo (2011) is to encourage a payment system that is secure, convenient, and affordable. In this regard, developed countries of the world, to a large extent, are moving away from paper payment instruments toward electronic ones, especially payment cards (Humphrey, 2013). In these countries, for instance, it is possible to pay for a vending machine snack by simply dialing a number on one’s phone bill. In Nigeria, as it is in many developing countries, cash is the main mode of payment and a large percentage of the populations are unbanked.

1.3 Objectives of the study

1. To examine the features of cashless policy of CBN

2. To determine the effectiveness of cashless policy of CBN

3. To find out the challenges of cashless policy of CBN to rural business development.

4. To proffer a better way of implementing the cashless policy



1.4 Research Question

1. What are the features of cashless policy of CBN?

2. Is cashless policy of CBN effective? of cashless policy of CBN?

3. What are the challenges of cashless policy of CBN to rural business development?

4. What are the better ways of implementing the cashless policy?

1.5 Scope of the Study

The project is focused on the effectiveness and challenges of the CBN cashless policy on rural business development. the scope is limited to Zenith Bank Enugu.



Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/523/the-effectiveness-and-challenges-of

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THE EFFECT OF USING E-PAYMENT AS A METHOD OF PAYMENT IN THE FAST FOOD INDUSTRY


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In spite of corporate efforts over the past few years to wring inefficiencies out of back-office processes, invoice-to-cash processing remains a costly proposition for most organizations. The challenge is especially tough in the fast food industry, where companies must deal with high volumes of multi-page paper invoices with a requirement to attach backup documents such as receipts. again the fast food industry also face a dizzying number of customer inquiries, a lot of partial and short paid invoices that require research and resolution, and many disputed invoices. Against this backdrop, it's not surprising that the industry is plagued by high Days Sales Outstanding (DSO), overdue invoices, and manual payment posting and cash application (Jackson, 2010).

For the fast food industry, an answer to reducing DSO and accelerating cash flow as well as improving overall efficiency is electronic payment. A fast food restaurant, also known as a quick service restaurant (QSR) within the industry, is a specific type of restaurant characterized both by its fast food cuisine and by minimal table service. Food served in fast food restaurants typically caters to a "meat-sweet diet" and is offered from a limited menu; is cooked in bulk in advance and kept hot; is finished and packaged to order; and is usually available ready to take away, though seating may be provided. Fast food restaurants are typically part of a restaurant chain or franchiseoperation, which provisions standardized ingredients and/or partially prepared foods and supplies to each restaurant through controlled supply channels. Hence, the effect of e-payment as a method of payment in fast food restaurant help to improve service and productive (Levitin, 2011).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Genesis fast food Enugu uses e-payment as one of the payment option (POS) in their transactions. However, the fast food have not be able to explore other options which may have more effectiveness in business transaction than the POS machine. Therefore, this work seeks to solve the problem of ignorance on e-payment by fast food industry using Genesis as referent point.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The broad objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of using e-payment as a method of payment in the fast food industry with Genesis fast food Enugu as referent point.

Therefore, the specific objectives are as follows;

1. To investigate whether Genesis fast food Enugu uses e-payment for transaction

2. To examine different types of e-payment current present in the fast food industry

3. To determine the effect of e-payment on the services of Genesis fast food Enugu

4. To suggest ways for improving e-payment methods in Genesis fast food Enugu

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Does Genesis fast food Enugu uses e-payment for transaction?

2. What are the different types of e-payment current present in the fast food industry?

3. What are the effects of e-payment in as a method of payment in Genesis fast food restaurant?

4. What are the ways for improving e-payment methods in Genesis fast food Enugu?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The benefits of this research cannot be overemphasized. This is because this work revealed the benefits derived from e-payment as a method of payment in the fast food industry.

Also, the study examines different possible ways for e-payment and reveals ways for improving e-payment methods.

Finally, this work would serve as research material for students who intend to carryout similar research work.

1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The limitations of this study include;

1. Time constraint: The availability of time for carrying out this research work was limited. The short duration of time is not enough for a study of this kind.

2. Attitude of the respondents was another major challenge. Some refused to collect the questionnaires while others did not answer some of the questions. Many of them have to be convinced that the questionnaire will be used for purely academic purpose before they cooperate

Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/522/the-effect-of-using-e

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MOTIVATIONAL IMPERATIVES IN-SERVICE INDUSTRY (A CASE STUDY OF POWER HOLDING COMPANY OF NIGERIA).


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The National Electric Power Authority was established by the NEPA Act of 1972. The Act authorized the merger of the activities of the Niger Dam Authority and the Electricity Corporation of Nigeria. The operative object clause is among other things: “to develop and maintain an efficient, coordinated and economical system of electricity supply to all parts of the federation or as the Authority may direct, and for this purpose:

· Generate or acquire supply of electricity,

· Provide bulk supply of electricity for distribution within or outside Nigeria, and

· Provide supply of electricity for consumers in Nigeria from time to time as may be authorized by the authority”.

A close scrutiny of NEPA performance over the years reveals that the above provisions of the Decree are not efficiently observed. It was estimated, according to a World Bank Report, that inefficiency in power sector alone created losses of over US$800 million annually in Nigeria (World Bank 1994).

Today, investment costing stands flawed without imputing the cost of self-provision of electricity whilst the affluent make provisions for private electricity generators for domestic use.

Bedeviled with gross inefficiency and inappropriate investment strategy, NEPA record transmission loss of 15% - 20% owing to inadequate distribution expectant. Between 15%-20% of its output is not metered and hence no revenue is earned on it. This means between 30% - 40% of NEPA output does not yield revenue. The expected loss by international standard is 5% - 10%. It is a common knowledge that due to poor operational practices and inadequate management tools and skills, sharp practices are very rampant in the system. (World Bank 1995).

Managerial success to a great extent entails working with and through people to achieve organizational objective. When management has the unrealistic and narrow outlook that labour is primarily an adjunct to the machine and is to be bought at the cheapest market, its organization will be inefficient, human resources will be wasted and the workers will consider the organization undesirable to work. This leads to industrial strikes and places the organization at a great disadvantage in its drive to recruit and retain the right caliber of personnel necessary for its operations. Human resources are the most important assets an organization has, and any attempt to sideline the human resources in development purpose will spell doom to the organization.

A human oriented management recognizes that fact that individuals join organization with varied drives and motives both economical and psychological. Such management therefore designs and maintains an organization in which employees meet their wants and needs by contributing to the overall interest and aims of the organization at the same time. While meeting his personal needs, he also needs organization’s objectives.

In the light of this, one sees motivation as those drives which enable an employee to have increased morale and psychological stability, required for increased productivity. The study therefore, centers on NEPA, in order to determine the extent, to which the company appreciates the overriding benefits outlines from employee motivation because all these benefits have appendages (positive or negative) towards organizational output.

Apart from political instability, a major setback for improving the economic fortunes and development of the West African sub-region is the state of the power industry in the sub-region. Typical West African countries like Nigeria, Benin, Gambia, Mali and Togo have power consumption per capita of less than 150Kilo-watt hour.

Energy consumption in selected African countries vs Industrialized Nations.

Countries


Energy Consumed in KWH

Ghana


420

Nigeria


85

Cote D’ Ivoire


180

Industrialized Nations


1900-6000

Source: NEPA (1991)

This is appreciably low if compared with an average of 1900-kilowatt hour and 6000 kilowatt hour for industrial nations.

The low pace of development of the West African Power sector is due to the form of ownership and control of the institution that produces and distributes electricity in this region. Generally, electricity industry within the sub-region in under State Control with utility boards or agencies given full monopoly for generation, transmission and distribution of electricity.

Because of this from of control and monopoly status, the operating environment does not encourage any form of competition and foreign capital investment. The resultant effect is decline, not only in the power sector, but industrial development.

Specifically, a nation like Nigeria whose chief source of foreign exchange in crude oil exploration and exportation and which remains the largest oil producer in the whole of Africa with about 1.88 million barrel per day and whose estimated 124 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of proven gas reserves and huge Hydro power reserves, its potential for becoming an industrial giant and main exporter of electricity to the West African sub-region is great. However, due to long years of uneconomic planning, regulation and control of the power sector by government, requisite attention has not been paid to these important levers of the economy.

MOTIVATION

Historically, motivation developed in 3 main streams:

1. Traditional Model

This model rests on the assumption that people come to work only because of money. The task of management therefore is to clearly define the job and develop system of wage and punishment in order to get best from workers.

2. Human Relations Model

This is based on the assumption that people come to work because of social interaction. The role of management therefore is to design the job in order that employees achieve an optimum level of social interaction. This is expected to create social harmony and by extension, optimum performance from workers.

3. Human Resources or Behavioural Model

This is based on the assumption that people come to work in order to fulfill higher level need such as responsibility, achievement, work content etc. this school of thought believes that a manager that focuses on the areas of job enrichment and enlargement world create an enabling environment for superb performance.

Having said all this, motivation could be explained as a process of stimulating people to action to achieve desired goals or to accomplish given tasks. It is within a person to achieve a goal or objective, everything being equal. Motivation could also be regarded as the function which managers perform in organizational goals. It is one of the most enigmatic aspects of management. It refers to the way in which urges, desires, needs, aspirations which are basically tension symptoms occurring within individuals are harnessed and channeled towards smooth, constructive and co-operative behaviour towards the achievement of organizational goals. All human behaviour is motivated in that it is directed towards the satisfaction of physical, emotional, social conditioned or psychic needs. In the jargons of the theoretical and experimental psychologist, a stimulus acts upon the organism to produce behaviour response. Making use of the concept of homeostatic, this means that when a need is felt or perceived, a tension is crated in the individual, which leads to activities intended to reduce the tension created.

Motives induce that will to act and so result in behaviour. Motivation generally refers to the factors that influence people to act. It is viewed as the process of action.

During the past few decades, the quest for better ways of motivating people at work has caused some researchers to concentrate more on the psychological factors that stimulate workers than the development of incentives of financial reward because of its significance. It is known that people possess certain needs to be satisfied. When their satisfaction is frustrated or blocked in one way or the other people react against this in various ways according to circumstances.

If you want to motivate people for greater productivity, you must find out what their needs or wants are their desires and aspirations, why do people seek employment and what would they actually expect from their work environment. The physiological needs which s innate in human being must be satisfied, otherwise employees are not motivated for better productivity. Some elements of a job give people a chance to satisfy their higher level needs, which are called motivators, this should not be overlooked. Although, individuals and group vary to some extent in the particular job element that they find satisfying or motivating, but generally they refer to the content of the job. Therefore, if motivation is to be effective, workers should be provided with opportunity to be happy and do interesting job enthusiastically.

It is not the interest of the organization for management to have the unrealistic motion that labour is primarily an adjunct to the machine and that the employee-employer relationship is purely contractual, suggesting the right to command and the right to obey because the workers are there to satisfy their economic needs. This type of attitude is demotivational and very much dis-functional and will have on alienating effect on the workers and consequent immensely reflect on their productivity. Productivity measures the fruitfulness of human labour under varying circumstance, it is also a measure of the efficiency or resources as a whole including manpower employees in production. To achieve effective motivation for greater productivity, there should be proper blending of the corporate needs with the individual needs.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In the recent times, the Nigerian economy has witnessed a steady and rapid decrease in productivity in almost all the areas of the economy, the energy sector inclusive. The industrial sector probably the worst hit by this intractable ugly trend of event. The preliminary investigations carried out by this researcher has shown that NEPA also experience similar problems of the study and rapid decrease in productivity was due to lack or inadequate motivation following from this, the researcher has decided to find out whether the problem arose because of lack of motivation, if so, what could be done to ensure efficiency and enhance productivity. In doing this, an attempt will be made to expose the motivational technique already being employed by the management of NEPA. The reactions of the workers to these techniques and whether they were understood as expected.

PRIVATIZATION

Privatization is associated with sale of public sector Assets usually held by Governments to private investors. It is distinct from commercialization which could mean Government still retains its holding and controls while ensuring that the utility is run efficiently and on a commercial basis and with a view towards making profit.


HOW DID PUBLIC SECTOR INVESTMENTS BECOME SO HUGE?

According to a survey by the defunct TCPC in 1991, Nigeria has about 1,500 Public enterprises-600 owned by the Federal Government, and the rest States and Local Government.

Estimates of Vision 2010 Committee indicate that Federal Government Investments in public enterprises stood at over U$$100Billion in 1996. Reliable Government sources also claim that Public Enterprises consume about N200Billion of national resources annually by way of grants, subsidies, import duty waivers, tax exemptions, etc.


DEVELOPING WORLD (NIGERIA)

In addition, a strong public sector was considered an indispensable vehicle for propelling economic development in Nigeria, as was the case in other developing countries. In the African content, moreover, and in relation to the post colonial era, state control of enterprises through nationalization was a politically expedient process of gaining some degree of macroeconomics independence as well as protecting their economics from continuing to be completely controlled by foreigners.

Succinctly put successive Nigeria Government Invested huge sums of money in the economy to amongst other things:

· Correct market failure in infrastructure and utilities sectors

· Control the “commanding heights” economy

· Supplement what was perceived to be a weak private sector

· Complement the need for capital, which was deemed to be in short supply.




THE NEED TO PRIVATIZE WORLD

The Tory Government of Margaret Thatcher popularized the privatization concept. Besides, Information technology turned the world into a global village with attendant cutthroat competition, which made it, imperative for firms to be efficient or perish.


IN NIGERIA

As a result of the collapse of the world oil market in the 1980s, the expenditure level of public service became incompatible with available resources. The only solution in the circumstances was to cut public expenditure through various ways. Therefore while the conditions which led to the wide engagement of the government in entrepreneurial functions were understandable, the imperatives of the changing circumstances called for a redefinition of that role in the direction of greater selectivity and efficiency in its engagement in such operations.

Privatization was therefore seen as one of the means of reducing public expenditure in view of the fact that most public enterprises had constituted an unnecessarily high burden on government resources. They had grown too large and unwieldy highly politicized and operating generally at a loss with a consequent heavy reliance on government subventions and subsidies. It was generally viewed that government created a situation whereby financial indiscipline was rampant in public enterprises. The position was that since public enterprises acquired their capital either directly from government budgetary allocations or from the capital market under government guarantee, they were immune to bankruptcy and were not confronted with the possibility or takeovers. This made for indiscipline and the inability of public enterprises to pay back the capital invested in them as the government that set them up itself, was in dire need of funds.

In comparing the performance of public and private enterprises, there also exists a general understanding that public enterprises, in both developed and developing countries have performed below expectation. It has been argued that excessive political interference and bureaucratic failure are responsible mainly for the inefficiency associated with the public sector Privatization has thus become a vital element of the liberation process. Liberation has become imperative in response to global competitive pressure and the intense drive limited local and internal capital.

Furthermore, foreign donors and creditors expect that the country’s scare resources would be directed to attacking poverty, through investments in health, education and rural development-social programs that will benefit the teaming masses.

Privatization was thus seen as means for correcting:

· Abuse of monopoly powers

· Defective capital structures resulting in heavy dependence on the treasury for funding

· Bureaucratic bottlenecks

· Mismanagement

· Corruption

· Nepotism

· Fiscal deficits imbalance

· Underdevelopment of the capital market and private sector

· In-efficient economic growth.


1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to examine the root causes of worker negative attitude at work, especially in relation to motivation. The workers reactions to motivation and motivational techniques employed by the management to enlist the cooperation and support of the workers. The study also intends to look into the punitive or regard system or both and their applicability, because, it is the belief of the researcher that most times, the problem with a given techniques depends to a large extent on the applicability.

For this reason, some of the areas this study intends to accomplish are as follows:

1. To show the motivational factors employed by the management of NEPA aimed at inducing overt actions for the enhancement for the workers productivity.

2. Probe and find out what may be the likely management problems with motivation in NEPA.

3. Show the effects motivation has on the productivity of the workers.

4. Proffer solutions to identified management deficiencies in the management of motivation.

5. Finally, document the findings for interested researcher in the future.


1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

1. To what extent do you think motivation determines employee output of work?

2. Does bureaucratic process prevent a company from formulating and implementing effective staff motivation techniques?

3. How do you think an employee can be properly motivated?

4. How can you establish a relationship

5. How can you establish a relationship between you and your boss?

6. How will your salary commensurate to the services you offer to the organization between you and your boss?

7. How will your salary commensurate to the services you offer to the organization.

1.5 HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION

The study of the impact of motivation towards organization productivity the case of NEPA Enugu will seek to test the following hypothesis.

(1) Ho Promotion as a way of motivating workers at NEPA is not a factor of educational, qualification and hard work.

Hi Promotion as a way of motivating workers at NEPA is a factor of educational qualification and handwork.

(2) Ho The worker-boss relationship does not affect the overall productivity of the organization.

Hi The worker-boss relationship affects the overall productivity of the organization.

(3) Ho Bureaucratic processes does not prevent a company from formulating and implementing effective staff motivation techniques.

Hi Bureaucratic process prevents a company from formulating and implementing effective staff motivation techniques.


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/839/motivational-imperatives-in-service-industry

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INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT


ABSTRACT

The major purpose of this study is to determine the impact of interpersonal communication in conflict and community development with a particular reference to Ivo Local Government Area. Data collection was based on questionnaire and oral interview and the data was analyzed with percentage, finally the hypothesis was tested using correlation method. It was discovered that interpersonal communication plays a vital role towards conflict resolution and community development. The study also narrates how interpersonal communication serves as a medium of communication used in conflict resolution and initiation of development policy. It was on the basis of the above findings, that it was recommended among other things to the opinion leaders peace committee and community leaders to gather with community developers, that interpersonal communication is the best approach of communication because of its face to face and immediate feedback during interaction . However this medium of communication should be used in dialoguing policies in conflict resolution and community development.


CHAPTER ONE

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Communication is the life wire of every living organism. To live is to communicate what a cell does in every living organism is exactly what communication does to human being and it entire environment. Communication is the eye through which people sees other peoples mind and know their intention and adapt to it and restore ecological harmony which will enhance development within them.

For the cause of this research work, I will rest my study to a branch of communication known as interpersonal communication. Because of its authenticity and accuracy in generating information as a result of face to face interaction and immediate feedback in nature.

The importance of interpersonal communication in conflict resolution and community development” cannot be over emphasized in Nigeria and the entire world. Interpersonal communication have played a vital role in conflict resolution and community development. Interpersonal communication is very vital necessary in community development, because of the function it performed in establishing unity within the communities that made up the Ivo Local government Area in Ebonyi State.

The functions interpersonal communication can perform will be enumerated as follows settlement of land dispute, rural conflict intertribal crisis and other controversies among the communities. Interpersonal communication will be very-very vital in all endevour because it will enhance development in the community through dialogue because through communication there will be peace it is certain to have progress with development in our various communities.

According to Chibuzor Asomugha and Anwuli Chukwukaelo (2014:32) Communication which is used in everyday life from greeting process of sending and receiving message that enables human to share knowledge ideas thought, information feelings emotion and attitudes. According to Nweneme (2009:21) interpersonal communication is the type of communication which occurs between two persons in face to face communication encounter.

He added that during interpersonal communication contact, it made between personal, one act as a sender or source the other act as a receiver or decoder. According to Agbo and Ezinwa (2008: 68) interpersonal communication cannot exist in a vacuum, they must be some form of human interaction or contact, persons must be involved. Finally Okunna (1999:16) said that it is a type of communication that take place between or among persons predominantly in a face to face situation, she added that interpersonal communication include public speech panel discussion,board meeting and social conversation. She also stated that this type of communication can as a well take place in a small micro group gathering such as village meeting round table discussion or meeting of academic and non academic staff on the other way community development can be defined according to Eberinwa (2011:109) as a movement designed to promote living for the whole community with the active participation and if possible on the initiative of the community but if this is not forth coming spontaneously by the use of techniques for arousing and stimulating it in order to secure its active and enthusiastic response to the movement. According to Onwuka (2008:13) he see community development as a process by which effort of the people themselves are united with that government authority to improve the economic, social and political/cultural condition of the people to enable them contribute fully to the national progress. He added that community development makes it possible for the participation of people. Themselves in effort to improve their level of living standard with much reliance on their own initiative and priority as possible on the provision of technical and other services in a way that will encourage efficiency and effectiveness in development of the communities. However the term conflict means misunderstanding, controversy and situation that is so un-conducive to people and their programmes. Why resolution is a process that involves discussion or dialogue to bring to an end of any conflict and restore harmony in our organization finally to identify the evolution of my case of study “Ivo Local Government area in Ebonyi State was created out from old Ohazara in formal Imo State and located in Ebonyi south. It is made up of two communities which are Isiagu and Akaeze

Interpersonal communication has helped immensely in resolving of conflicts and as well encourage development in Ivo Local government Area entirely such conflicts resolved and development achieved can be list as follows settlement of political crisis, interperty crisis that erupted in Akaze in the year 2003 and other communal conflict and land dispute between the two communities. On the other hand development achieved can be enumerated as follows; building of maternity home, hospital, school, pipe borne water, market etc which promote the standard of living of the people within the local government

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The researcher wants to look at problems conflict and controversies which exist in Ivo Local government area how it have hinder development. The problems will be stated as follows;

1. The political crisis that exist between the two communities that made up the local government in struggle of who will emerge as he local government chairman.

2. The land dispute which erupted within the two communities in 1991 and other communal crisis.

3. Problem of bad road bad water electricity etc.

4. The problem of identifying felt need.


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/4174/interpersonal-communication-and-conflict-resolution

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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AWARENESS OF JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS (A CASE STUDY OF SCHOOLS IN ENUGU SOUTH L. G. A. OF ENUGU STATE)



ABSTRACT

Environment of man is so crucial to his living conditions and defines how man organizes his activities and how he is influenced by what are around him. Man cannot do without his environment. Man’s relationship with his environment is a long aged symbiotic relationship. Man gives to the environment what he is able to waste in his activities as environment gives man the affordable and favourable conditions to carry out his activities. Man cannot do without wastes which may be from both man’s domestic, commercial and industrial activities which have taken various forms and are deposited at various places. Improper dispositions of these wastes to the environment have led to its pollutions. Pollution of the environment has come to be a problem facing man.

This research work sought to find the level of awareness of or literacy of environmental pollution by Junior Secondary School Students in Enugu South L.G.A, Enugu State. Research questions were raised and questionnaire was used to elicit responses from the students. The information so obtained were subject to analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results of the statistical analysis showed that these students are sufficiently aware of what constitutes environmental pollution and even their hazardous effects. Such encouraging results suggest that, as a subject in secondary school should be done. Topics for further research and recommendations were also made.


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Man cannot exist without his environment. The essence of his existence is to the extent of the availability and dependency of his environment. Based on this, in recent times every effort its made to alleviate the poor environmental conditions of man as to protect man (Schandorf, et al, 2003). Man is engulfed in his environment that he cannot do without environment. According to Chambers 21st Century Dictionary environment is defined as the surroundings or conditions within which something or someone exists. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary on its own part defines environment as the conditions that affect the behaviour and development of somebody or something, the physical conditions that somebody or something exists. Environment can refer to cultural and socio-economic environment. In the context of this research, it is more of physical environment which according to Uchegbu (2002) is a kind of system within which organisms interact with the physical environment, comprising of air, water and land.

The dynamics of man’s existence in creativity purposes in life, his industrial revolution involvement, commercial networks, hi-tech global networking systems, and scientific researches to demystify the environment and subject it under man’s existential control have committed man in constant production of wastes – these wastes through pollution have degraded the environment that it calls for a great concern (Schandorf et al, 2003). As an act of man, Chambers 21st Century Dictionary defines pollution as the adverse effect on the natural environment, including human, animal or plant life, of a harmful substance that does not occur naturally. In other words the introduction to the environment by man made things have adverse effect to man and environment (Arnold, 1974).

Enugu South Local Government Area is no exempt to activities that cause pollution of environment. Activities within and around the Local Government Area produce pollutants that pollute the environment. Students in the various secondary schools within the locality engage in some domestic, commercial and school curriculum activities that generate wastes that lead to pollution. However, the crux of the matter is, do the Junior Secondary School students in the concerned local government area aware of what causes environmental pollution? Are they aware of what are pollutants, classifications of pollutants, activities that can cause pollution of the environment, indeed the dangers of environmental degradation through pollution, or in a nutshell what is pollution of the environment and its hazardous effects on man and his environment? The trial on these highlights will bring to a focus the fact to acknowledge how many and how far do the junior students of the school in Enugu South LGA are aware of what is environmental pollution and what will be the likely steps to be taken for them to be conscious of the environmental pollution.

Earth environment in its various forms or spheres on land, marine and air have throughout the existence of earth been of greater values to the actual existence of the earth, living and non-living objects in it. There has been much co-existence of the three spheres of earth’s environment, which has enhanced the growth and development of stable ecological phenomenon of the earth (Schandorf et al, 2003).

The sustenance of the earth’s environment both to man and other living objects on earth must be a phenomena of co-existence in a symbiotic relationship, which if not sustained may lead to degradation and hazardous effect. In exploring the earth environment utilising its resources for man’s scientific discoveries, technology improvement, industrial development, man has not only distorted the ecological system of the earth environment but also has been able to pollute the earth’s environment. Thus, environmental problems become so obvious with man, around man and for man; so turns to be natural problem even in Nigeria (Ofomata, 2003).

Pollution on air has been able to distort recent times the ozone layer, which has created direct effect of sunrays on earth and changes in the atmospheric conditions of the earth’s planet, through other means like the automobiles as experienced in Thailand, Mexico, China, United States of American and Europe (De Souza, 1999). Pollution of the aquatic regions of the earth has distorted the ecological system of the marine sphere of the earth’s environment. Oil spillages, domestic, industrial and commercial wastes that find their ways into the aquatic region have not only killed the aquatic forages but also have distorted the ecological system of the marine environment. Equally, mining activities in some communities and textile industries have their wastes channelled down the stream such contaminate the water (Schandorf et al, 2003). Land pollution is not left out. The greater improvement in home domestic uses of chemical reagents, plastics, rubber, battery components in our domestic electronic gazettes, also chemical application in our agricultural farming systems have resulted in production of chemically polluted land environment and both surface and under surface water resources around man.

Meanwhile, all these environmental polluted wastes are around man and causing both health and environmental hazardous consequences to man and the climatic condition of the earth planet; hence, everywhere environment experiences pollution and its consequences, whereby that affected victims may not be considered or turned to be passive compensated by the concerned authority just for a while (Adinna, 2003).

Oftentimes man has not done much to tackle the menace of this environmental pollution (Adinna, 2003). Hence, not having proper solution to its management has led to its continuous hazardous effects on man and the environment itself. So it calls for proper orientation of the concerned authorities to build up strategies to guide against environmental degradation.

Fundamentally to the solution is the proper environmental management orientation of the students in our secondary school among other solutions. Here in Enugu, environmental pollution is everyday natural phenomenon and its improper management and consequent effects are observable facts around people that live in this metropolis. Even students are often times involved in causing pollution and generation of environmental pollutants. Besides, students in secondary schools at Enugu South Local Government Area are not exempts to this phenomenon.

Therefore, the urgent and intensified efforts to teach them, create an awareness strategies for them to realise the global effects of pollution and what pollution is all about will help bring down to its minimal level the pollution effect of the environment within and around the area of study. Or if need be for any legal regulations, the students will be aware of them and implications of hat and their importance (Ofomata, 2003).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Human wastes find their ways if improperly disposed in various surface and underground waters resources in our metropolis. According to Uyanga (2003), all wastes affect man and his environment in one form or the other if not properly managed. Human industrial development in our metropolis also finds their wastes in our surface and underground waters. Even our commercial activities in our various market areas generate wastes both biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials, which are seen, scattered in various shopping areas and market places (Uyanga, 2003). Also in various market abattoirs animal faeces or wastes are washed in our surface waters. Also our clinical wastes from our health centres and hospitals are seen flushed down the streams and underground waters. In various undeveloped site, people use such areas for defecation and wastes disposition areas. Also various street hawkers help to deposit and generate wastes within and around the metropolis. All these form both in remotely and proximately pollutants and pollution process that degrade the environment.

Refuse disposal in Enugu metropolis has indeed defiled possible solution, because of inconsistent and superficial managerial approach towards solving it. Consequently, citizens of the area devise disposing their generated wastes inside the streams or underground waters, which are available sources for both domestic and some industrial activities. Based on this, the Enugu South Local Government Area and its environs have experience a lot of environmental health hazards and outbreak of diseases in recent past serious diseases like cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery and malaria are in the increase as are also the stressed views of Ofomata pinpointing the hazardous consequences of such action (Ofomata, 2003).

In rainy season, when it rains the easy flowing water drainage are blocked by deposited wastes in them because of improper wastes management in the area of study. Thus, effects of erosions are experience in the over flooding of the area with human wastes that have led to some hazardous health effect and degradation of the environment and aesthetic value of the area of study.

In dry season, the area of our study not only experience pollution of its environment by dirt and human generated wastes, with stinking odour which causes the water to be unsafe and unpleasant environment for human activities. Even some deposited chemical and industrial non-biogradable waste materials are washed into the surrounding surface and underground waters in the area as properly articulated by Dorayi (1982) as causes of environmental unhealthy conditions.

Our secondary school environments are not left out from human generated wastes and pollution by students which has not only degraded the environment but worse still distort the aesthetic value of our environment even often leading to hazardous health effects.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

This research project aims at verifying the extent of awareness of environmental pollution among students of Junior Secondary School in Enugu South Local Government Area. In order to achieve this purpose, these following specific objectives are addressed. They include:

1. To identify the understanding of what is environment by the students.

2. To examine the types and classes of pollutants in the study area.

3. To take random samples of students as case study to understand what they understand by environmental pollution.

4. To identify the hazardous effects of environmental pollution in the study area.

5. To explore the possible policy measures to be adopted as to sustain the created awareness within and around the scope of study.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of this project, which focus on, the environmental pollution awareness will be of great importance not only to the researcher, but also to entire concerned students and school of the Enugu South Local Government Area, its environs and Enugu State in general.

Again, it will go a long way in revealing the needed information to address the problem of environmental pollution, which has been a sensitive issue within and around the study area due to its health and diversing environmental hazard. Hence, it will be a very sensitive information for the school authorities, the government and environmental management agencies as to have workable measures to identify various pollutants, sources of pollution, and how to minimize wastes generation and maximize wastes recycling techniques that could be of greater help to concerned schools, local government and state authorities and the populace in controlling wastes disposal and embark on waste recycling techniques. In order to assist identify these sources of human activities in urban environment Riggs (1968) was able to identify four aspects of urban pollutions which include:

1. Urban Infection: Due to the countless contacts, which each individual makes during the day.

2. Urban Intoxication: Intoxication here means poisoning by the atmosphere. This has been particularly noticeable near factories and industries that are chemical in nature.

3. Urban Deficiency: This is due both to ultra violet and other sunrays and also to lack of food and unbalanced diets in certain areas.

4. Overwork: This may be academic, muscular, or intellectual or the result of insomnia. Effective management is nothing more than a little knowledge, awareness, and practice of a high level of sanitation.

Also, the findings from this research project will be of educational value to the entire students of the studied local government area to be aware of the need to identify environmental pollution processes, how environmental pollution is generated and its hazardous effect on human beings and the environment.

Furthermore, with deep research on environment and man and various techniques of environmental management the findings will create environmental consciousness on the students to develop a grass root personal hygiene, environmental cleanness and how to reduce environmental pollution activities and maximize the recycling of the various generated environmental wastes.

Recommendation of this project will equally be an educative phenomenon, and reference agenda to the concerned authorities in future to help in stopping the environmental mismanagement tendencies among the youths and secondary school students. When they are led in the proper management of their environment it will help greatly in the global awareness campaign to create and live in a greener environment.

It will equally be proper grass root environmental management orientation awareness for young students to study and know their environment as to improve on its ecological sustenance. This is also the view of Adinna (2003) in stressing the valuable importance of highlighting the awareness of pollution as to encourage environmental education of the people.

Finally, the form of the data and research information that will be provided by this research will be of great importance to various environmental agencies and planners in the studied local government area and the state in general. This will guide them in the grass root campaign on environmental management control among the youths especially students who are future hope of maintaining a sustainable environment. Also it will help to be included in the school curriculum for students of junior secondary students and others to be part of their academic school programme. In so doing, issue of environmental pollution control will be self imposed duty on individual students, to everyone in general as assistance to help tackle similar problem affecting the environment as to have a proper environmental wastes management and global consciousness to safeguard the environment and sustain the global ecosystem for ourselves now and future generations to come (Oforji, 2007).

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

In view to actualise a considerable success in carrying out this as to liken with the purposes of this study, these basic following research important questions have to be stated as a guide to the researcher. They include:

1. What do the students understand by environment?

2. What do the students understand by classification of environmental pollution?

3. What do the students understand by environmental pollution?

4. What the student identify as hazardous effects of environmental pollution?

5. What are the possible recommendations or solutions to these problems of environmental pollution?

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This research mainly focused on finding out from Junior Secondary Schools in Enugu South Local Government Area. As a local government area is made up of urban and semi-urban areas. Among the urban areas include Awkunanaw, Uwani (the local government headquarters), Idaw-River, Maryland, while the semi-urban areas include; Obeagu Awkunanaw, Ugwuaji, Ndiagu Amechi and Akwuke. The local government has much influence of urbanization because of its closeness to the Enugu metropolis, the capital of the state. So it is still a gradual developing local government area to its sub-urban areas.

Meanwhile each of these areas that make up the local government area has both government and private owned Junior and Senior Secondary Schools. However, because of the limitations of this research, it centred more on the government owned Junior Secondary Schools. This is well detailed in the data presentation table below.


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/174/environmental-pollution-awareness-of-junior

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RELATIVE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND INTEGRATED SCIENCE FROM 2004 – 2008 (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ENUGU STATE)


ABSTRACT

This study was on “Relative Academic performance of Junior Secondary School Students in Computer Science and Integrated Science from 2004 – 2008 (A case study of Enugu North Local Government Area of Enugu State).
Three (3) research questions were answered and the population of this study is two hundred (200), which was made up of computer and integrated science classroom teachers, principals, head teachers, assistance head teachers, and students. Data were presented in table and were analyzed using the mean. The sampling technique used for this study is the simple random sampling and total sample size in sixty. Form the selected junior secondary schools in Enugu State; it was found out by the researchers that relative significances differences exist between the academic performances of students in junior secondary school, within the years under review. Besides, the problem of domain specification, under utilization of leaning resources and lack of experience among teachers affect students performance in computer and integrated science subjects at the junior secondary school level. It was concluded that among other things that teachers need to take assessment from the students to know or ascertain the extent and depth knowledge acquired after a course of study or programme of teaching.

The researchers recommended among others that many participative methods should be employed by the teachers in the teaching and learning of computer and integrated science delivery and excellent academic performance of students.


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The academic performance in junior secondary schools in the country has been of great concern to parents, scholars, educators and the government at large. A number of seminars, conferences, symposia and workshop have been organized to look into the academic performance in sciences in the junior secondary as a take off into determining the relative academic performance of students in science subject.

Some people are of the opinion that students performance in science subjects is on the decline. Conforming this view, Esezobar (1986) lament, only about No percent of Nigerian candidates who sat for the West Africa School Certificate Examination in the pervious years passed science subjects with credits. The impression from the forgoing citation is that the percentage of failure in science subject is on the increase. The fact that the problems of education has reached on alarming stage should not be over emphasized. There is the belief that the standard of education has fallen.

Many Nigerians and Newspaper columnist have written and aired there view on this on this issue. Akinpelu (1984) while working on the standard/quality in Nigeria education assets that the standard of Nigerian education has fallen. In recent years, it is a conventional claim which nobody in the right mind dares dispute.

In view of this, the researches are motivated to investigate the relative academic performance of the junior secondary in two science subjects (integrated Science and computer science) from the year 2004 to 2008 in Enugu North Local Government Area.

These two science subject are selected to be the tae off into determining the relative academic performance of junior secondary students in science subjects.

This is because these two science subject occupy a curriculum. They represent the foundation stone for subsequent instruction in science in later life, for pupils who may wish to pursue a science related career in life and an introduction to science for others who may wish to pursue either humanities based on vocational inclined studies.

Integrated Science for instance is the study of all the branches of science which includes Biology, Chemistry and Physics under one Umbrella in order to avoid repetition of subject matter from various sciences. It is the root of all the science subject. Apan (1983) looking at integrated science said that “it is a natural response to the shifting views of science that the environment and all its natural phenomena can best be understand in the context of a unified scientific approach”. Also Khabele, (1975 said that ‘it is only an integrated approach in the study of science at early stage that will prepare a scientist for a proper tae off into the existing world of science later in his school career”.

STATEMENT OF THE STUDY

The increase decline of students performance in science subjects is the concern of all. The ultimate aim of education is to provide knowledge of the world. In an effort to do this, knowledge has been divided into a system of studies called subjects with science as one of the elements of the system.

Integrated science therefore, attempts a unified view of the world thus some of these problems arose as a result of giving birth to integrated science and computer science in junior secondary school curriculum of our school system.

Some of these problems are:-

The academic performance of the junior secondary school on integrated science and computer science.

The competence of teachers teaching integrated science and computer science in our schools.

The interest of students in learning both subjects (integrated and computer science).

The availability of materials for teaching integrated science and computer science.

The availability of integrated and computer science laboratories.

Availability of a stand by generator income of proven failure.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

the major purpose of this study is to determine the relative academic performance of junior secondary students in integrated science and computer science from 2004 – 2008 in Enugu North Local Government Area.

Determine whether the students academic performance in integrated science computer science from 2004 – 2008 is:-

Excellent

Very good

Good

Fair

Poor

If excellent , what can be done to maintain the excellent level?

If poor, what can be done to revive the ugly condition?

factors that contributed to the excellent or poor performance of the students in integrated science and computer science from 2004 – 2008.

determining what can be done to retrieve academic excellent in integrated and computer science among junior secondary student.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The society at large, government, policy makers, schools, teachers, guidance counselors, parents, students, educators will benefit from this research.

This study will help them to understand and appreciate relative academic performance of the junior secondary school in integrated science and computer science from 2004 – 2008. The researchers believed that the knowledge which would be uncovered in the study would assist integrated and computer science teachers and student teachers in the formulation of methods, programmes designed to maintain or retrieve excellent academic performance among junior secondary school students in both integrated and computer science. It will equally serve as an effective tool for reference purpose to both students, scholars of education, teachers as well as the general pupils.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study is limited to determine the relative academic performance of the junior secondary school students in integrated and computer science from 2004 – 2008 in Enugu North Local Government Area

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

what are the major roles of teachers in the teaching and learning of computer and integrated science in schools?

What are the problems confronting teachers in the teaching and learning of computer and Integrated science subjects in junior secondary school?

What are the workable strategies for improving teachers and learners performances in the teraching and learning of computer and Integrated science subjects in school?


Source: https://topics.com.ng/project-topics/574/relative-academic-performance-of-junior

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