₦airaland Forum

ESTIMATING AND BUDGETING A MEDIUM SCALE BUILDING PROJECT (A CASE STUDY OF A PROPOSED DEPARTMENT OF QUANTITY SURVEYING AT KWARA STATE)




This project is based on proposed multi-purpose studio hall off Oke Ose community central mosques Ilorin.
Kwara state is one of the 36 states in Nigeria, in which Ilorin is the Capital; in Kwara state we have several higher institutions which include university of Ilorin, Kwara State Polytechnic, Federal Polytechnic Offa, College of Education Oro, Kwara State University Ilorin and also College of Education Ilorin.
TELEVISION STUDIO
A television studio is an installation in which video production take place, either for the recording of live television to video tape, or for the acquisition of raw footage for post production.


STUDIO FLOOR
A studio floor is the actual stage on which the actions that will be recorded take place. Studio floor has the following characteristics and installations:-
- Decoration or sets
- Professional video camera (sometimes one usually several) on pedestals.
- Microphones
- Stage lightning rigs and the associated controlling equipment.
- Several video monitors for visual feedback from the production control room (PCR).
- A small public address system for communication
- A glass window between PCR and studio floor for direct visual contract is usually desired, but not always possible while a production is in progress, people composing a television crew work studio floor.
PRODUCTION CONTROL ROOM
The studio control room (SCR) is the place in a television studio in which the compositions of the outgoing program take place. The production control room is occasionally also called a studio room.
MASTER CONTROL ROOM
The mater control room, house equipment that is too noisy or runs too hot for the production control room (PCR). It also makes sure that coax cable and other wire lengths and installation requirement keep within manageable lengths since most high-quality wiring runs only between devices in this room.
OTHER FACILITIES
A television studio usually has other rooms with no technical requirement beyond broadcast reference monitors and studio monitors for audio. Among them are:-
- One or more make-up and changing rooms.
- A reception area for crew, toilet and visitors, commonly called the green room.
The design term on consultancy, services headed by the Architects, civil engineers, who carry out the design, this process are a planned office works into the requirement of the client. The production of a building in a more economical, quick and orderly manner, other professional function along side with the architect for the cost implication and preparation of bill of quantities (BOQ). The expected professional needed at the stage is the quantity surveyor. His concern is the economics of all resources such as labor, plant materials and financial aspect in order to produce building in the quick and economical manner because many building today have not been completed.


1.1 DESCRIPTION OF WORKS
These projects consist of construction and erection of the proposed Multi-Purpose studio Hall situated at Oke-Ose community at University of Ilorin teaching hospital Ilorin Kwara State, Nigeria.
The studio development and take off project will be constructed on loamy soil of about 28,410 in length and 13,820 widths.
The construction is formed on plain over site concrete floor is of reinforce concrete slab (150mm thick). The walls are 230mm tick concrete block. The roofing used in long san aluminum roofing sheet fixed a roofing structure, plumbing installation, electrical installation complete etc.



1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The major aim of the study is to estimate and budget for proposed Multi studio hall at Oke Ose community, Ilorin.
OBJECTIVES
- To understand bill operation of taking off process, abstraction bill drafting and pricing.
- To understand the process of site feasibility report.
- To understand the process of given pre-construction cost of any proposed project.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The scope of the project is to prepare a draft bill of quantities for a proposed multipurpose studio hall.
However, the limitation may not be accurate as a result of:
- Inability of conduct proper site investigation.
- Inability of conduct the architect that designs the project



EDITOR SOURCE: Estimating And Budgeting A Medium Scale Building Project

EFFECT OF QUALITY CULTURE ON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF KWARA STATE)






Construction impacts the quality of life for building facilities and plays a major role in a nation's economy and development. Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act (2005) Section 17(4) basically sets out that construction work is an activity on structure that includes building work, civil engineering or engineering construction work. Furthermore, the end-products of construction works had been in the centre of economic development of a nation. According to Farooqui. Mashood and Aziz (2008) construction sector is globally considered to be a basic industry on which the development of the country depends. To a great extent, the growth of a country and its development status is generally determined by the quality of its infrastructures and construction projects.
Construction project development involves numerous parties, various processes, different phases and stages of work and a great deal of input from both the public and private sectors, with the major aim being to bring the project to a successful conclusion (Takim and Akintoye, 2002). Hence, the success of any construction project can be expressed in terms of performance. Blismas, Slier and Thorpe (1999) reckon that project performance is the act of fulfilling the project goals at the inception by the client and the project team in terms of the budget, duration, and quality and client satisfaction. According to Egemen and Mohamed (2006), performance evaluation in construction generally focuses on a limited number of performance elements related to the product, which are completing the project on time, within budget and with the required quality.
According to Jackson (2004), quality is contained in the tripod of construction management; it does not only impact appearance and durability but also the performance of a project. In today's construction climate, public sector owners are finding themselves under increasing pressure to improve project performance, complete projects faster, and reduce the cost of administering their
construction programs.
However, Abdul-Rahman, Wang and Yap (2010) mentioned that clients and customers, both from the public and private sectors, nowadays place more emphasis on the quality of products rather than the cost and time which was the major concern in the past. In terms of quality in construction, Arditi and Gunaydin (1997) opined that 'high quality building project depends a great deal on factors such as the design being easily understandable and applicable, conformity of design with specifications, economics of construction, ease of operation ,ease of maintenance and energy efficiency.
1.2 RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study is to assess the quality culture on building construction works in Kwara State, Nigeria. To accomplish this aim, a number of research objectives have been established:

These include:
1. To assess the perception of quality in construction industry in Nigeria
2. To evaluate the factors affecting the implementation of quality culture in construction works in Nigeria
3. To examine the factors affecting the maintenance of quality culture in construction works in Nigeria
4. To evaluate the constraints encountered in the implementation of quality culture in construction works in Nigeria.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What is the perception of quality on building construction industry in Nigeria?
2. What are the factors affecting the implementation of quality culture on building construction works in Nigeria?
3. What are the factors affecting the maintenance of quality culture on building construction works in Nigeria?
4. What are the constraints encountered in the implementation of quality culture on building construction works in Nigeria?
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
This study intends to test the hypothesis that:
1. There is no significant difference between the level of quality culture in public and private organizations in Nigeria.
2. There is no significant difference between the perception of quality in public and private organizations in Nigeria.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
There has been little research into quality culture. The intention of this study is to provide information on quality culture in construction industries in Kwara state, Nigeria. The findings of this study amongst other things will highlight the level of quality culture in construction industries in Kwara state. It is the conviction of the researcher that this study will complement existing works and add to the growing literature on the subject matter of quality culture. It is also hoped that the study would provide a springboard on which further studies could be conducted.
1.6 DELIMITATION AND SCOPE OF STUDY
In pursuing this research the focus of attention is on the level of quality culture in construction and the construction project itself. The construction project is thus the unit of analysis. Works and the research covers small, medium and large scale contracting, client and consulting organizations involved in civil engineering and building projects, as well as the different types of facilities (e.g. commercial or educational). The targeted respondents in these organizations include the project manager, construction manager, architect, engineers, quantity surveyors and other people who have a stake in or can influence the construction project.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Quality: In the construction industry, quality can be defined as meeting the requirements of the designer, constructor and regulatory agencies as well as the owner (Arditi and Gunaydin, 1997).
Quality culture: (International practical seminar Quality Culture Development, 2010) defines quality culture as an organizational value system that results in an environment that is conducive to the establishment and continual improvement of quality.
Project performance: Project performance is a measure of the outcome of a project that is the level to which desired project objectives are achieved (Idoro, 2008).
Total Quality Management: Is a management philosophy, a paradigm, a continuous improvement approach to doing business through a new management model (PHCC, 1996).



EDITOR SOURCE: Effect Of Quality Culture On Building Construction Project In Nigeria

EFFECT OF COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES ON POVERTY ALLEVIATION AMONG RURAL FARM HOUSEHOLDS IN YEWA DIVISION OF OGUN STATE



Nigeria as a land filled with milk and honey suffers from the menace of poverty. Different questions have been asked to how poverty which is affecting the economy can be reduced to minimum. Several Government bodies have been setup to find a lasting solution to the problem striking the masses. However,it will be expedient to know what poverty is all about and to know the meaning of cooperative according to different scholars and join the two together to have a clearer understanding of the purpose of the study.
According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, Poverty is a state of being poor. It is the inability of a household to generate adequate income for the maintenance of the household.
Poverty has become a pervasive National and Global issue resulting from a state of short or long term deprivation and insecurity in basic human needs (Chambers, 1996; Mullen, 1996;Obadan, 2002). Poverty has also become a feature of the living conditions and life situation of the vast majority of Nigerians. The incidence of poverty in Nigeria was put at 28.8% in 1980, 46.3% in 1985, 42.7% in 1992 and 65.6% in 1996. In 2008, estimates from the National Bureau of Statistics put incidence of poverty at 54.4% (Fakoya, Banmeke, Ashimolowo, Fapojuwo2010). Several evidences have suggested that majority of the world’s poor live and work in the rural area and that they would continue to do so in 2025 (IFAD, 2001).
(Oseni, 2007) defined poverty as a state of involuntarily deprivation to which a person, household, community or nation can be subjected topoverty is a condition in which one cannot generate sufficient incomerequired to secure a minimum standard of living in a sustainable pattern. Poverty in Nigeria is caused by lack of employment, high rate of illiteracy among the citizenry, poor infrastructure, inadequate access to micro credit facilities, mismanagement of public funds, bad governance, instability of the governments and its policies. Poverty gives rise to many other serious social problems, some of which, not only impose enormous economic and social costs upon the non- poor and society in general, but also threaten the survival and stability of the society. In these regards, the Federal Government of Nigeria had designed several programmes aimed at alleviating poverty and improving the living conditions of its people which include Operation Feed the Nation (OFN), Green Revolution, Structural Adjustment Programme, Better Life Programme and Family Support Programme, National Directorate of Employment (NDE), Directorate of Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI), National PovertyEradication Programme (NAPEP) and National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS). These programmes bythe various governments of Nigeria were designed by policy makers and targeted at poverty alleviation in Nigeria. Unfortunately, the quality of life of majority of Nigerians had remained unenviable and embarrassingly low, despite the huge budgetary allocations by these governments to these poverty alleviation programmes (Orji, 2005). There is a need to identify other means of addressing the serious damage caused by poverty to the Nigerian society, attention should therefore be shifted to the use of self-help using Cooperative organizations formed and administered by the people.
Cooperativeshave been dedicated to conducting business in a way now being recommended as the most effective route to transformational development: putting people in charge of their own destinies and helping them bring services to their communities; increasing decision making, trust and accountability through democratic participation; providing a profitable connection to the private sector; building and protecting assets at the community level; limiting the role of government; and working together to resolve problems.
A co-operative is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, as well as cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise (COPAC, 1999). A Co-operative is a group-based and members-owned business that can be formed for economic and social development in any sector (Ohio Co-operative Development Centres (OCDC) 2007). According to DFID (2005), co- operatives have four main characteristics: first, they are formed by groups of people, who have a specified need or problem. Secondly, the organization is formed freely by members after contributing to its assets. Thirdly, the organization formed, is governed democratically in order to achieve desired objectives on equitable norms, and fourthly, it is an independent enterprise promoted, owned and controlled by people to meet their needs. Cooperatives provide self-employment through millions of worker-owners of production and service cooperatives; financial cooperatives mobilize capital for productive investment and provide people with secure institutions for the deposit of savings; consumer cooperatives provide households with affordable goods and services reducing the proportion of income usedfor basic living costs, and similarly user-owned cooperatives such as housing, utility, health and social care cooperatives provide affordable access to basic services.
Cooperative as socio-economic institutions through their activities could be a potent tool for poverty alleviation particularly in fighting poverty and unemployment. This could be in the area of agriculture, provision of infrastructural facilities and education.
Therefore, in Yewa Division where the research wascarried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the impact of cooperative societies in alleviating poverty among rural households.
1.2. Problem Statement
Poverty is seriously severe in rural areas where social services and infrastructures are limited or not in existence. The greater number of those who live in rural areas depends solely on agriculture for food and income, and a high proportion of rural people suffer from malnutrition and other diseases related to poor nutrition.
Rural poverty tends to be evenly distributed in the country rather than concentrated in specific geographical area. Rural infrastructure across has been long neglected why investment in health, Education and Water supply have largely been focused obn the cities. As a result, the rural household has extremely limited access to services such as schools, health centers and about half of the rural household population lacks access to save drinking water, limited education opportunities and poor health perpetuate the poverty circle. The poor tends to live in isolated villages that can become virtually inaccessible during rainy season.
Therefore, the situation is aggravated by the fact that many rural household are stark illiterates, and also lack inadequate capital to start a business of their own.
On the other hand,cooperatives in Nigeria are still known to be bedevilled with problems including,lack of capital, lack of access to credit facilities, poor management,misappropriation of funds, etc. While efforts are being made by stakeholders ofcooperative in Nigeria to remove and/or reduce these problems, there is anapparent consensus that the need for adequate and sufficient knowledge of the roleof cooperatives in poverty alleviation still exists. For example there is a need toidentify and analyse in sufficient details those cooperative activities and functionsthat bear directly on the economic empowerment of members, as well asidentifying factors that could promote and enhance cooperative efforts in povertyreduction. Unless these issues are known and appreciated, the emphasis oncooperative as a poverty alleviating platform may continue to be unrealistic.
The questions of interest in this study are;
i. What are the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents in the study area?
ii. What is the incidence, depth and severity of poverty among the respondents?
iii. What are the determinants of poverty among the rural households?
iv. What are the influences of cooperative membership on poverty status of rural households?
v. What are the constraint affecting cooperative societies in alleviating poverty?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The broad objective of the study is to access the importance of cooperative societies in alleviating poverty among rural household.
The specific objectives are to;
i. examinethe socio-economic characteristics of the respondents in the study area.
ii. assessthe incidence, depth and severity of poverty among the respondents.
iii. examine the determinants of poverty among the rural households
iv. examinethe influence of cooperative membership on poverty status of rural households.
v. constraint affecting cooperative society in alleviating poverty.
1.4 Justification of the Study
From time past, Nigerian government and the international agencies have introduced measures in alleviating poverty, such programmes ranges from Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in early 1980s; Directorate for Food Road and Rural Infrastructure (DEFRRI). Therefore the study is aimed at the following
1) To reveal how cooperative will further increase its role in poverty reduction and also to convince policy makers that it is time to develop a national poverty reduction policy through cooperative society.
2) To the poor, to know how cooperative society works, which will go a long way in assisting them to reduce poverty, by establishing Cooperative Societies.
3) To the Federal Government, they can use this work as a standard in measuring the effectiveness of cooperative societies. Hence, Government can through this work know the appropriate steps to take in funding cooperative societies.
1.5 Plan of the Study
This research was divided into five chapters, Chapter one consist of introduction, research problem; objective and justification. While chapter two consist of literature review and conceptual framework, chapter three consist of research methodology, sampling techniques, method of data collection and method of data analysis. On the other hand, chapter four consists of result and discussion and chapter five is the summary, conclusion and recommendation.

EDITOR SOURCE: Effect Of Cooperative Societies On Poverty Alleviation Among Rural Farm Households

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ELECTRONIC INVOICING SYSTEM



The internet, without doubt, has played an important role in digitalizing business processes across companies and organizations of all sizes. It has introduced multiple new channels through which businesses can interact with their customers [1]. A report by Gartner, an Information Technology (IT) research institution, reveals that 70% of all customer interactions will move towards digital, more interactive settings and would be experienced on demand through mediums such as web, mobile and social media platforms by 2017. The generation of today understands technology more than ever and require services delivered as quickly as possible, whenever and wherever they desire [2].

To achieve all these, companies do not have to make huge capital investments by purchasing and maintaining software licenses for applications like Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Inventory Management System (IMS) and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems and installing them on individual hardware on the business premises [3]. They can instead contain costs, deploy solutions quicker and minimize risk by using this Electronic Invoicing System hosted by a third party and delivered over the internet , Its purpose is to bring an inexpensive and easy solution to the business operation needs of customers especially the Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). The system allows businesses to create and send computerized invoices to their customers [4].
o STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
During the analysis and data collection of this project, it was discovered that there existed a manual form of collecting and storing customers’ invoices in other for them to be attended to, and for future purpose [5].
That is to say that the process of daily task and activities are done manually which is quite unfortunate; manual procedural execution produced delays in writing down all the customer bought, at some instances the business owner can’t keep a proper record of the goods and services sold out in a particular day, week or Month, which reduces result in businesses.
Manual invoicing record keeping has resulted in many setbacks to the expected standard. The setback encountered includes:
• Time wastage in writing down everything bought by some customers.
• Partial or total loss of invoice by both business and customers.
• Under recording of invoice analysis.
• Inefficiency of some members of staff due to laziness in searching of the invoice.
As a result of these problems, the manual system of invoice record information storage, input and retrieval is very clumsy: inefficient and unbelievable.
o PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
To develop a computerized Electronic Invoicing software to carryout tedious work and activities performed by human beings, in which they end up misplacing and discarding some important files and costumers records. But if this (computerized Invoicing software) is implemented and installed it will render remedy to this case.
o AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The main aims and objectives of the system are:
• To design a web based invoicing system to replace some extent of human role in cases of unavailability of job.
• To provide quick retrieval of customer’s invoice records on site or case of loss of original invoice.
Also, the purpose of this software is to model a computerized invoice system to enable proper invoice generating for customers and control this records.

o SCOPE
The researcher is concerned with an electronic invoice system. It cover all the operations of companies and businesses in issuing receipts to customers which is the case study. It deals with the digitalizing business processes of issuing of receipts to customers for the services rendered or bought.

o ORGANIZATION OF STUDY
Chapter Two reviews the related literature under the following sub-headings: Invoicing System, the review of the site, electronic invoicing system, Implementation of the new mode of receipts, etc.
Chapter Three handles the System Methodology Analysis and Design as follows: Introduction, the User Interface, Hardware and Software requirements, user documentation, system backup, system maintenance, etc.
Chapter four is concerned with the system implementation and programming.
Chapter Five comprises of summary, conclusion and recommendation.
o LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
There are some limitations or constraints confronting this study, they are as follows
• TIME: I have a very little time to carry out this research this was the fact that I combine the research work with my academic studies. You can agree with me that time constraints is one of the limitations I experience while carry out this research work.
• FINANCE: however, finance is another constraint I experience while carry out this research. The lack of funds to carry out this research slow down the research work. Despite the limitations every effort was geared towards accomplishing this project.
o DEFINITION OF TERMS
Transaction:
Agreement, contract, exchange, understanding or transfer of cash or property that occurs between two or more parties.
Database:
A collection of different files in a specialized way for easy retrieval and update.
Invoice:
A nonnegotiable commercial instrument issued by a seller to a buyer. It identifies both the trading parties and list describes and quantifies the items sold, show the date of the shipment and mode of transport, prices and discounts (if any) and delivery and payment terms.

Inventory:
An itemized catalog or list of tangible goods or property, or the intangible attributes or qualities.
Computerized:
Convert (information) to a form which is stored or processed by computer.
Customer:
A person who buys goods or services from a shop or business.
Electronic:
Controlled by or connected to a computer and as an activity or service which is "available on or performed using the Internet or other computer network”.
Record:
Document that memorializes and provide objectives of activities performed, resulted achieved, or statement made.



EDITOR SOURCE: Design And Implementation Of An Electronic Invoicing System

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A WEBSITE FOR A SMALL SCALE COMPUTER SCHOOL



People are surfing the web and relying on web sites more than ever to research companies, compare offerings and form opinions about brands and companies. Living in the digital world, a website is now a necessity for a business, big or small. If you have a business and don’t have a website, you are probably losing a number of great opportunities for your business. A website itself can be used to accomplish many different marketing strategies to help your business grow. The web has a far wider reach than any other form of advertising. Increasing visibility is one major factor that makes having a website important. Even if people have heard about your company, they may want to carry out research online first, before entertaining the idea of leaving the comfort of their own home. Websites usually provide a map and directions to company`s shops or offices, for visitors to less likely have trouble finding your location. Another important reason why having a website to represent your business is to give you credibility. A website will not only give you credibility but it will also help to give the impression that your company is bigger and more successful than it may actually be.
Websites are also available and accessible 24 hours a day, every day of the year. Because of this, your customers and potential customers can visit your site for support or information about new and upcoming products and services whenever it is convenient for them. Your website will act as an invaluable and always-available resource for information which would otherwise only be accessible during your company`s business hours.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Most computer school currently operates a manual way of issuing out information about their services. This system is usually cumbersome for a prestigious company with a large customer base. Customers sometimes queue in lines to make enquiries and make findings about the services rendered, thereby wasting precious and productive time for both the computer school and the customer.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objective of this study is to develop a Website for a computer school to increase -
1. Visibility- Increasing visibility is one major factor that makes having a website important. Even if people have heard about your company, they may want to carry out research online first, before leaving the house. Provide a map and directions to your company's shops or offices on your website so that visitors are less likely to have trouble finding the place.
2. Accessibility- A website is online and accessible 24 hours a day, every day of the year. Because of this, your customers and potential customers can visit your site for support or information about new and upcoming products and services whenever it is convenient for them. Your website will act as an invaluable and always-available resource for information which would otherwise only be accessible during your company's business hours.
3. Sales- Your website can sell products at any time. Potential customers are not restricted to business hours. Instead, they can go online and purchase products whenever they want. A website with an online shop can provide a dramatic boost in sales.


1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Designing and implementing a website is a broad study, however, all the areas cannot be covered at once, and this work is therefore limited in the automation of the process of computer enthusiasts checking the services and availability of services about a computer school.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
A website for any business is a significant tool, it will enable people from any point, to search and read about your computer school and get their data easily without any prior experience queuing at the counter.
Below is some of the significance of this research work:
1. Customers can check availability of all the services offered by this company, call to make enquiries online.
2. To ease off stress of queuing at the counter.
3. Easily locate the business with the aid of Google map integrated on the website.
1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Many factors have limited this study, some of these factors are:
TIME – The time allocated to research work for this study was greatly constrained due to intense academic activities involving the researcher.
FINANCE – The major constraints for this study occurred in the form of inadequate funds. The present high cost of material, access to a personal computer unit for running and debugging of the website, transportation expenses to and fro the site of a computer school etc. militated against the smooth and easy advancement of the work.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
During the course of writing this research work, some words that need explanation are as follows:
 Computer School - refers to resources, companies and services dedicated to helping educate users on computer-related topics.
 Websites - A website is a collection of related web pages, including multimedia content, typically identified with a common domain name, and published on at least one web server.
 HTML - Hypertext Markup Language is the standard markup language for creating web pages and web applications.
 CSS- Cascading Style Sheets is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in a markup language.
 CUSTOMER - a person who buys goods or services from a shop or business.
 ONLINE - controlled by or connected to a computer. (Of an activity or service) available on or performed using the Internet or other computer network.


EDITOR SOURCE: Design And Implementation Of A Website For A Small Scale Computer School

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A WEB-BASED STUDENT COMPLAINT SYSTEM



ABSTRACT

As the complexity and degree of complains among students on campuses grow, a well-structured software with a good database will have to be utilized to aid lecturers and school authorities fight this trend, a computerized complaint system will offer a solution on this issue. This software is set up in order to meet the complaints submitted by students, which is handled by the appropriate body. The software is divided into three different sections: Student Login, Student Register, and The Administrator Session.
The Complaint record gives information on any complain submitted by the user (the student) which can be viewed by the Administrator which takes the complains to the appropriate school authority. The Student Login requires the student to log into the software to be able to lay a complaint; The Student Register is a form to collect the students’ information before he or she can use the system; The Administrator is the one in charge of the system to access all the submitted Complaints. The aim of designing this software is to model a computerized complaint system to enable students submit complains or any wrong doing on the campus, to be handled by a professional administrator who will send the complaints to the appropriate body.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The computer has become widely accepted as an assistant that is exceptionally competent and well defined.
Now researchers have developed an entirely new kind of tool of computer that serves as an assistant whose skills include finding reasonable solution to problem for which there may be no hard and fast “right” answers.
It should come as no surprise, then, that almost all the task that could be solved manually, can now be solved with just a click of the computer keyboard. At this point one can say that a complain system is a software that uses modern day web tools to collect students’ complaints and store it in the same way a human expert will save a complain about no light at the hostel or how a lecturer plans to extort money from them to pass a course. This software will be designed in such a way that it can listen to students’ medical problems.
A computerized complaint system can generally collect complaints, store them and these records are collected by the appropriate authority and then decide on the next step to be taken in solving the issues.
Traditionally, computer software uses an algorithmic or procedural approach to problem solving; in other words’ it uses a rigid step-by-step approach. Thus, its system has been developed with the best tools to be able to hold the students’ data and this said data can be retrieved anytime.

1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
During the analysis and data collection of this project, it was discovered that there existed a manual form of collecting and storing students complains in other for them to be attended to, and for future purpose by the Students Affairs Department of the University of Uyo.
That is to say that the process of daily task and activities are done manually which is quite unfortunate; manual procedural for complains execution delays and reduces result output quality.
Manual complain record keeping has resulted in many setbacks to the expected standard. The setback encountered includes:
• Time wastage and long quarries.
• Partial or total loss of file or documents.
• Under recording of criminal analysis.
• Exposures of confidential matters.
• Inefficiency of some members of staff due to laziness in searching of the files.
As a result of these problems, the manual system of complains record information storage, input and retrieval is very clumsy: inefficient and unbelievable.

1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
To develop computerized complaint software to carryout tedious work and activities performed by human beings, in which they end up misplacing and discarding some important files and students records. But if this (computerized complain system) is installed it will render remedy to this case.

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The main aims and objectives of the system are:
• To design a web based complaint system record and information system to replace some extent of human role in cases of unavailability of job.
• To provide quick responds to students complains on campus.
Also, the purpose of this software is to model a computerized complain system to enable proper complain submitting and control.

1.4 SCOPE
The scope of this project is limited to the Students Affairs Department of University of Uyo. These complains include: hike in school fees and other changes, Lecturer’s harassment, fire-outbreak, murder, stealing, armed robbery, and other ones you will find in the project as time goes on.

1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS
To fully understand what the study is all about, important and dispensable terms have been chosen and due definition given to them.
- Computer: This is an electronic device operated under the control of instruction stored in its memory unit which can accept and store data for future use as well as produce output from the processing.
- Manually: Done, Operated, Worked, e.t.c by the hand or hands rather than by an electronic or electrical device.
- Complaints: an expression of discontent, regret, pain, censure, resentment, or grief; lament, faultfinding a cause of discontent, pain, grief e.t.c.
- Computerized: To control, perform, or store (a system operation or information) by means of an electronic Computer.
- Complain Record: Complain record and complaint proceedings are concerned with expression of discontent, regret, pain, censure, resentment, or grief; lament, faultfinding a cause of discontent for which guilty individuals report to appropriate authorities for proper results. Therefore the objective of complaint proceedings are to determine the cause and solutions of the reported issues, if the issue is found to be a wrong doing, the wrongdoer must be punished and protect the school community, and rehabilitate the offender.
- INEFFICIENCY: the state of not achieving maximum productivity; failure to make the best use of time or resources.
- INFORMATION STORAGE: Information storage is an act of a system that keeps data accessible to the information processors; the information storage unit is either a hard drive or a server that usually contains a database.
- RETRIEVAL: the action of obtaining or consulting material stored in a computer system.
- ALGORITHMIC: A finite set of unambiguous instructions performed in a prescribed sequence to achieve a goal, especially a mathematical rule or procedure used to compute a desired result. Algorithms are the basic for most computer programming.



EDITOR SOURCE: Design And Implementation Of A Web-Based Student Complaint System

THE IMPACT OF INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ON MARKETING ORGANIZATION


An understanding of the marketing environment is a prequisite for efficient marketers. This is primary because every marketing units affected by their immediate environment.
In essence, marketing environment can be seen as the sum of the inter-relationship business and between the marketers and the society in management. The word environment does not necessary mean physical environment but it is used to describe all those influence that bears upon the individual organization. In this case organization must be mindful of those environment factors that can militate against their growth and development.
The Nigeria marketing firms is not static it is dynamic in nature i.e. it changes everyday and with this knowledge organization must be able to sense any changes that occurs so as to adopt and a formulate strategy that would enable them to function well in various environment. This project work will be restricted only to those internal environment factors that can have any influence over the operations and the existence of any organization may companies have failed in the past just because of this negligence to recognize the impact those internal endowment accords on their company.
This project work is design in such a way that will enlighten the company and the marketing on how to handle any problem faced by their relationship with there internal environment.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS OF THE STUDY
The survival of business organization depends on how people of market patronize a buy of products. Any organization, either profit oriented or non-profit oriented must be able to identify the need of its target and provide product or service to satisfy the need.
Basically, most non-profit organization falls to identify the needs and this leads to the untimely death of such organization mostly government and individual programmes are not people oriented due to this, peop1 decided not to buy profit. The reason may be that the organization lack marketing concepts idea and believe that the organization can produce anything’s are to be saved by this study.
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of this research works include the following:
a. Making the company arid marketing managers to understand the various factors of business internal environment.
b. To create awareness about the impact of internal environment factors on the project
c. Another impact objectives of this research project is to enable us to understand what constitute the company internal environment why is it so, it’s also important to know this internal environment factors, what function do they play in the activities of the organization, what would likely happen if company fail to understand this factors.
d. To make organization understand how to access a firm Strength and Weakness in there relationship with their internal environment to successful exploits the opportunities and avoids that in an industry.
e. Failure research: This study will be great importance to future researcher on the subject (impact of internal environment on marketing) because of its growing importance in the growth development organization.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study on the impact of internal environment on marketing organization will specially be of great importance.
Its world service as a secondary data to aid them in their research, it will also be of use to people who would like to be better findings of this research as they can correct the sort coming of this work developed upon the findings and make meaningful recommendation.
1. Marketing and Strategic Managers: this study will be of a use to other group like marketing and strategic manager in their various decisions making. And whether to incorporate it into their strategic planning program, they would serve as an aid of creating distinctive advantages.
2. The researcher: beside the already motional significant, the study expend knowledge of the researcher on a aspect internal environment in addition, the study prepares the researcher for investigative research of higher class or for writing test in future.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study will be treated with close attention to the industry and its internal environment. This study will also identify if there is any relationship between company and their various internal environment and if any the impact of this internal environment factor on marketing.
Not withstanding, this project not go beyond it areas of interest. Any issue which out the scope stated above will not be addressed as part of this project work. It is directed and restricted to only its ma topic as the main research problem and it’s restricted towards researching for the answer of that problem only.
1.6 LIMITATION AND CONSTRAINT TO THE STUDY
The research work has been contain as to time, lack of resent and adequate material, unwillingness of the respondent and the case study to give true replies, lack of cooperation of the case study. However, effort has been made to ensure that the above limitation did not hinder effective competition and quality of research work.

ABSTRACT
The research works seek to indentify the impact of internal environment on marketing organization. (A case study of Shoprite) the main purpose of this research topic is take caution on the relevant to the marketing organization. In essence, marketing environment can be seen as the sum of the inter relationship business an between the marketers and the society management. The survival of business organization depends on how people of market patronize a buy of products. Any organizations either profit oriented and provide product or service to satisfy the need. Business environment is divided into two; internal and external environment. The internal environment is all factor with the organization which an organization have control over it, while the external environment is all the factor outside the organization which an organization have little no control over it.0The purpose of this study is an attempt to find out the impact of all the factors outside the organization, which provide opportunities or pose threats to the organization.


EDITOR SOURCE: The Impact Of Internal Environment On Marketing Organization (A Case Study Of Shoprite Ilorin)

ADVERTISING, ITS ROLE AND IMPORTANCE IN THE MARKETING OF CONSUMER PRODUCT




In an attempt to achieve the set goals of an organization, the organization must effectively communicate to the potential consumers and create awareness as to the existence of the product and the benefits to be derived from its usage. All these are of vital importance.
The concept of marketing is gaining more attention from various firms and companies, institutions, nations and from various exchange institutions.
Basically, marketing focuses its attention upon certain variables that serve as a tool of function in which advertising as a means of communication happen to be one of them and it can best described as a leading role of an organization project. It is said that consumers have every right to be adequately informed about any product of their choice.
Therefore, effective communication to consumers, increase their awareness as to product existence and benefit derived from their usage which is paramount to various marketing oriented companies.
Advertising is a process of getting an idea about a brand into consumer’s head, (i.e an idea which will move him or her towards purchase). A basic fact of life about marketing is that a product cannot sell itself: even a product that is designed perfectly to meet buyer’s desires and offered in affordable information about its availability and benefits are provided. For this to occur, we must understand both the brand and the consumer. The extent in which audiences receives and interpret advertisement determines the effectiveness of advertising.
Advertising must be received before it can be acted upon. Advertising is a major tool that firms adopt in reaching their customers. Firms use advert to alter or change their attitude and behaviors of their customers. Organization use advertising to persuade customers to buy what they do not really need.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
Despite all the benefits derivable from advertising and the need to keep up with stiff competition in market places, many organizations especially, in developing countries stiff fails to accept advertising as a marketing tool to be reckoned with. Rather, advertising budgets has been regarded as a waste and drain on their profits. Besides, critics of the marketing tools sees it as an evil that has eroded all rational thinking of the consumers’ reaction to purchase and increase sales.
1.3 OBJECTIVE/SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The research will be carried out to find out the adverting philosophy in our industries.
The study is specifically undertaken to know the role and importance of global advertisement on consumers attitudes and preference in the firms products and also to know the reasons for recent increase in the advertisement both by the manufacturing and services of the company.
To study consumers reactions towards the product and as well to study consumers reaction the company advertisement.
The study will help to know the image that the company commands, generally in the market and the image it creates in consumers concerning certain products of the organization. The marketing activities are becoming complex as a result of increasing stiff competition from various manufacturers to support their existence in the market places.
A lot of product are now struggling for the few earned by consumer naira. One must focus more attention on the importance of advertising, which is to inform and persuade consumer towards products and attribute benefits.
Manufacturing organization are making serious effort to motivate people towards purchasing their products and at the same time protect goods image of the organization. While focusing attention on advertising it must be equally, borne in mind that consumers are often irrational, unpredictable and erratic in their behaviours.
Therefore, there is need to understand the behaviour of consumers. However another significance of this research work includes:
1. It creates mass markets that encourage economic of scale in production.
2. It reduce distribution costs by pre-selling goods
3. It contributes to the maintenance of high quality standard by making the public aware of the identify of the manufacturer.
4. It also provides information about old and new product.



1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This project research will be restricted to advertising as a promotional tool, and it is going to deal precisely with the contribution of advertising in the development of manufacturing industry in Nigeria.
However, the following areas are going to be covered.
Advertising planning in global industry, concept of advertising, the meaning of company performance in relation to the sales performance and image of advertising product.
The study will involve one Global Soaps products. And again the study will also emphasis whether advertising is necessary or not during the period of recession.
That is, when the sellers, market prevails. The study will embody the concept of promotion in general and different techniques of advertising use in promoting Global products and suggest, if necessary, at the end of the study, the possibility of improving the present advertising programme to make it more effective.
One important problem encountered during the undertaking of this research study is financial constraint, which deprived the research work and the ability to visit many places and meet widely dispersed consumers of global product to gather enough information or data needed.
The general attitudes of the respondents given questionnaire and those interviewed personally also constitute another constraint to the project.
1.5 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS
VARIABLE: This variable means different tools or method use in carrying out advertisement.
BRAND: Brand represents the various types of products talking about the size, the colour, the packing e.t.c.
PHILOSOPHY: This implies the ways and manner by which advertising activities are been carryout to inform, to aware, and to persuade consumers.
STIFF COMPETITION: This implies a situation where we have very strong competitors producing the same or similar products at a very high rate.
MOTIVATION: This means, encouraging the potential customers to buy their products in other to safeguard the organization products.
PROFIT: This implies all the gains and reward from all capital invested.
PRODUCT: Product means the total good & services produce.
VALUE: This means the amount or worth or capital invested to produce goods & services
SOPHISTICATED: this implies a very good ways of persuading both the potential and immediate customers to retain their loyalty towards the product.
POTENTIAL BUYER: This implies old and long term customer that as been loyal to the product.
COMMUNICATION: the means the process of desminating or processing of passing useful information about the product.
SAMPLE: A small part or quality intended to show what the whole is like.


EDITOR SOURCE: Advertising, Its Role And Importance In The Marketing Of Consumer Product (A Case Study Of Global Soap & Detergent Industry Limited Ilorin)

THE IMPACT OF INTERNET ADVERTISEMENT ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR



The advent of the internet has been one of the most exciting events in the second half of the 20th century. The ancient dream of “a scholar knows all things happening in the world without venturing outdoors” has finally become a reality. Since 1993 when the internet broke into the communication world. At present, the internet has spread to more than 180 countries and regions, connecting more than 6000,000 domestic new networks of various types, hooking up more than 120 million computers available to million users [2% of the entire population] within the interest are the information treasure shared by all human civilizations.
The reason why the internet seems all-powerful is because it has two characteristics beyond the reach of other mechanisms via: The internet contains the biggest resources of information in the entire world; second, it enables people to obtain an interactive mechanism to instantly communicate with one another.
Once connected within the internet, everyone can enjoy the unparalleled richness of global information resources including but not harmful to textual, audio and graphic information.
The information on the internet is so rich that no one can tell what is really out there because, the internet information resources are constantly expanding at a great speed, one can only imagine. The types of information on the internet are also wide ranging from scientific research, education, public policy, legal regulations to commerce, arts, entertainment, e.t.c. It provides unlimited access for those connected with the internet to reach anybody, anywhere in the world so much that the entire world has became global village.
The internet not only has an inexhaustible amount of information as vast as the ocean, but also has the interactive mechanism, net-to-net; net-to-people and people-to-people communications that makes the internet seems able to take on any task: entertainment, inter-personal exchange
s, education, health and medicine, information gathering, securities and investment, trade and settlement of commercial goods, even online voting e.t.c.
All these seemed so remote and unrealistic only yesterday. The exchange and sharing of information among all people has unshared in an omnipotent status in internet application. As long as people develop certain desires, the information to satisfy such desires will quickly and continuously appear on the internet. Such information will gradually satisfy people’s desires for their materials as well as spiritual demands.
With the knowledge economy gradually ascend to a dominant status and the gradual formation of an information society and that of the characterization of the internet as seemingly “omnipotent” may not be an overstatement. In the past last four year, our country has seized the tare opportunity of developing computer networks. By the middle of “July 1998:”, our country has 570,000 computer connected with the internet, with a total of 1.175million users. In order to speed up the application of information’s technology in operations, command and communication, our military has also established computer networks, some of which are connected with the internet, making use of what was originally designed to serve the u.s military and u.s scientific research organization.
However due to its innate transactional, decentralized, open and unregulated nature, the internet as a free, open and anarchy device has brought various countries to great risks as well as opportunities. While it provides enormous convenience that stimulates economy growth, the internet also brought negative impact that cannot be ignored.
We live in a global village where information now travels in a moment. The barriers of time and spaces have been effectively eradicated through the interplay of science and technology. New communication technology (NCTS) has ultimately revolutionized the ways of doing things. The advent of these NCTS particularly the internet or information super highway as it often called is fast changing the face of mass communication, journalism and advertisement.
The metaphor “Information super Highway” which connotes an international network of computer has been coined to describe the communication revolution characterized by speed and sophisticated with which information travel around the world through incredible-powerful new information communication technologies which enfolds the world into a global village.
The entire faces of mass communication, its definitions, audience composition and message delivery patterns together with the advertising strategies and methods have been altered by this information revolution.
The internet with its associated resources had opened up opportunities for advertisers to place their products before their targeted audience all year round, its usage had been adjudged as not only cost effective but highly successful as the world has gone “cyber crazy” it is estimated that over 160million people around the globe uses the internet on a daily basis, of these number, over 100million engage in shopping and other commercial activities.
Equiped with this knowledge, it is pertinent to determine the influence of internet advertisement on consumer behavior what are the merits and demerits of cyber space advertising and how advertisers have been able to harness these internet resources to the promotion of advertisement practices in the country.
The resources of this study is to Clive into the contemporary hype on the internet. Synonymously referred to as electronic advertising (E-advertisement), cyber space advertising or on-line advertisement.
The internet actually began in the early 1960’s as a twinkle in the eyes of the u.s.a department of defense, which saw it as a means of super computer communication for researchers and military facilities across the country. Until its commercial explosion in the 90’s, the internet remained a relative obscure network of linked computer used mostly by academics, military researchers and scientists around the world to send and receive electronic mail, transfer files and find or retrieve information from data bases.
These economic benefits of the information super high ways are quite enormous to technologically starved African.
In the words Abati (1997:4) it has been tagged as a technology that will create wealth, reduce military coup plotting, indirectly reduced famine, war and alleviate the poverty level.
The internet has also helped in improving effectiveness, efficiency and productivity in the work place.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The information age has resulted in greater number of the world’s population adopting a cyber-culture where computer and the internet play a major role. This research study seeks to establish the impact of internet advertisement on consumer behavior.
It will look at the various internet resources being utilized in electric advertisement and seek to establish the extent and scope of Nigeria’s involvement in internet advertisement. In other words, the study seeks to determine the impact and attitude of Nigerians to internet advertisement, the gratifications they derive from it and determine the direction of impact on internet advertisement on their buying behavior.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The overall objectives of this study are to vigorously examine the impact of internet advertisement on consumers.
This study is designed to attempt achieving the following objectives:
• To elicit the expectations of consumers about internet advertisement.
• To access the impact of internet advertisement among consumer in Kwara state polytechnic
• To determine the attitude of consumer towards internet advertisement.
• To determine the trend of impact of internet advertisement on consumer in Kwara state polytechnic.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The research will address the following questions:
1. What is the impact of internet advertisement on consumers in Kwara poly Ilorin?
2. What is the attitude of consumer in Kwara poly Ilorin towards internet advertisement?
3. What is the gratification derived by consumer in Kwara poly Ilorin from internet advertisement?
4. What is the trend of influence of internet advertisement on consumer in Kwara State Polytechnic Ilorin?

1.5 RATIONALE OF THE STUDY
As predicted by Marshall McLuhan the word is now embracing a global culture. The increase in information communication technology [ICT] as necessitated to an increase in communication between countries thereby breaking geographical language and other barriers. To this extent the internet paved way for the interaction and exchange of ideas/message across national boundaries. It [internet] has greatly affected the way things are done, in which the field of advertising is not an exception.
Therefore, this research is stimulated by the increase and prevalence of internet advert and how it affects consumer behavior.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study was embarked upon as a result of the fast growing popularity of the internet in the contemporary world particularly the advertisement.
The study will be of immense vise of advertisement practitioners in determining the effectiveness of internet advertisement. This will also help them in strategizing and packaging such adverts to enhance positive consumer behavior. The study will also be of benefit to scholars and students of mass communication, in understanding internet advertisement and business tycoons stands to benefit in the area of assessing consumer response to internet advertisement.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this study will be limited to resident of Kwara State Polytechnic Ilorin. This is designed to get a representative sample of the entire population. As such other states and cities are suitable for sampling but will not be sampled due to inadequate manpower, finance and time limitations.

LIMITATIONS
This study is limit to radio advertising via the medium of radio. Airtime is purchasing from a station or network in exchange for airing the commercials. While radio has the limitations of being restricted to sound, proponent of radio advertising often cite this as an advantage.

1.8 DEFINATION OF TERMS
IMPART: A cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what an action behavior, or way of thinking.
INTERNET ADVERTISEMENT: Any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and services by an identified sponsor which is placed on a network formed by co-operative inter-connection of networks.
CONSUMER BAHAVIOUR: The response of consumer having been exposed to internet advertisement, in terms of taken on whether or not the act on the content of the message.
OMNIPOTENT: Having virtually unlimited authority or influence [power].
INEXCHAUSTIBLE: [An amount or supply of something] unable to be used up because existing in abundance.
DECENTRALIZATION: The process of redistributing or dispersing functions, powers, people or things.


EDITOR SOURCE: The Impact Of Internet Advertisement On Consumer Behavior. (Ilorin, Kwara State As A Case Study)

THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC RELATIONS ON THE INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP OF THE MANAGEMENT AND STAFF



Universities in Nigeria are among the tertiary institutions of learning charged with the responsibility of training individuals to become professionals indifferent field for them to earn their first degree, second degree as well as PhD.
Universities or any tertiary institution of their likes have three categories of staff, which are the principal officers or hither-to referred to as management staff, the academic staff and the non-academic staff.
Peaceful co-existence of these categories of staff is of paramount importance to the achievement of the objectives for which the university was established. That is, the interpersonal relationship between these categories of staff must be positive and cordial.
Research study reveals that, the impact of public relations in the university or any higher institution of learning cannot be over emphasized because it contributes greatly to the achievement of the positive interpersonal relationship between the management and the staff.
Public relations according to the British Institute of Public Relations are “a deliberate planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organization and its publics”.
Osuji Chuks (1999), contends that:
“public relations is the process of creating favourable public opinion for an individual, firm, institution, organization and even for an intangible thing such as name so that any person who has something to do with that tangible or intangible thing, may perceive it in a good way”.

Dany Moss (2002), defines public relations as “reputation management that is enhancing reputation, reinforcing reputation and combating damages done to reputation”.
Public relations is all about building good image and good will for one’s self or for his organization.
From the above definitions of public relations, one can see the place of public relations in terms of maintaining mutual interpersonal understanding between the management and staff of the university.
For the purpose of this study a university is an organization where academic and non-academic staff are grouped together to form the publics or internal publics to be specific.
Public relation is the arbitrator to establish and maintain mutual interpersonal understanding between the organization and its external and internal publics.
The purpose of the study is to prove whether or not the establishment of public relations units or departments as the case may be has meaningfully contributed to the mutual interpersonal relationship existing among the various categories of staff of the University of Ilorin

1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN
South.
The University of Ilorin is located in the ancient city of Ilorin, about 500 kilometres from Abuja, the Federal capital. Ilorin, the Capital of Kwara State, is strategically located at the geographical and cultural confluence of the North and South.

University of Ilorin was one of the seven institutions of higher learning established by a decree of the Federal Military Government in August, 1975. This step, taken to implement one of the educational directives of the country’s Third National Development Plan, was aimed at providing more opportunities for Nigerians aspiring to acquire university education and to generate high level man-power, so vital for the rapidly expanding economy.
The then University College of Ilorin was initially affiliated to the University of Ibadan. Dr. T.N. Tamuno, Professor and Head of History Department at the University of Ibadan, was appointed the first Principal of the College in September, 1975. Shortly after Professor Tamuno’s appointment as Principal of the College, he was appointed the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Ibadan. It therefore, became necessary to appoint another Principal in the person of Professor O.O. Akinkugbe, former Dean of the then Faculty of Medicine, University of Ibadan, in December, 1975.
The then new Principal, Professor O.O. Akinkugbe, made several visits to the second Military Governor of Kwara State, the late Colonel Ibrahim Taiwo in connection with the new institution, such that by March 1976, he had established residence at Ilorin. The support given to the fledgling Institution by Governor Taiwo continued even more vigorously under the third Military Governor of the State, Brigadier George A. Innih, who ceded a portion of the temporary site of the Kwara State College of Technology to the University. The site, up till now, serves as the mini campus of the University.

Academic/Physical-Development
Following an entrance examination, 200 foundation students were admitted into residence on Saturday, October 23rd, 1976, and academic activities commenced on Monday, October 25th , 1976, after the Principal’s maiden address at about 10.00am in the Africa Hall. The University College had three foundation Faculties namely: Arts, Science and Education. The Institution began to develop its programmes in a way that not less than 60% of its effort was directed towards science-oriented programmes.
In October 1977, the Institution attained full autonomous status and has since then developed by leaps and bounds. The student population of 200 in 1976 has increased to 20,084 by the 2005/2006 session, while the total staff strength of the university stood at approximately 3,040 as at March 1, 2007. Up till January 1982, the university carried out its academic programmes, involving the Faculties of Arts, Science, Education, Engineering & Technology, Business and Social Sciences, and the Pre-Clinical aspect of the Health Sciences on the Mini-Campus. The completion of the Faculty blocks for Natural Sciences and Engineering as well as 8 blocks of student hotels by December 1981, made it possible, on the 2nd of January 1982, for the actual movement of over 1,000 science-oriented students to the Main-Campus to pursue their various academic programmes. The law degree programme was initially established in 1983/84 session as a department in the Faculty of Business and Social Sciences. Though cancelled in 1986/87, it was resuscitated in 1993/94 as a full fledged Faculty.
The Main Campus currently houses the Faculties of Science, Engineering & Technology, Agriculture, Education, Law, Arts, Business and Social Sciences, (following the completion of the new seven-storey Senate Complex), the Unilorin Sugar Research Institute, Postgraduate School, the Main University Library, Computer Services and Information Technology (COMSIT), Works Yard, Conference Centre, Unilorin Resources Development and Management Board (URDMB), Student Canteens, the newly completed 2,000 seat multipurpose Auditorium and the Alumni/ Endowment Office. The Mini-Campus presently houses the College of Health Sciences, a mini Library, Canteens and Shopping Complex, the Institute of Education, some of the Revenue-yielding projects which are under the URDMB such as the Unilorin Computer Centre (Training Wing), Unilorin Bookshop, the Bakery, the Printing Press, and the Guest Houses. Each Campus has a Health Centre, a Post Office and Banking facilities.
Aside from two lecture theatres commissioned in 1997, there is an upsurge, from 2002 to date, in the physical development of the Main Campus. Five new Hostels were completed in 2002. Other projects were the Faculty of Education blocks and Lecture theatre; Lecture rooms, Offices and Lecture Theatre for the Faculty of Business and Social Sciences; Faculty of Science Chemistry block; Department of Agricultural Engineering block; offices for the Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education; COMSIT building (PhaseI)among others.
A water Dam and Treatment Plant to provide uninterrupted water supply to the main campus has just been completed. The University will soon construct a rail-line to boost transportation between the University Main Campus and the township.
Apart from the renovation of buildings, a systematic upgrading of teaching and research facilities is being undertaken by the University within its lean resources. This includes provision of computers, laboratory equipment, etc.

Growth of Faculties
From three faculties in 1976, today there are ten faculties: Arts (1976), Science (1976) Education (1976), Engineering & Technology (1978), Business & Social Sciences (1981), Agriculture (1982), Law (1993, after an initial start-up in 1983), Basic Medical Sciences (2004), Clinical Sciences (2004) and Communication and Information Sciences(2008).
Altogether, there are 60 academic departments in the existing ten faculties. Undergraduate degree programmes run for 3,4,5, or 6 years, depending on entry qualifications and discipline. The University started with the traditional British “Three Term System” but later changed into a modified form of the American “Two Semester System” called Harmattan and Rain semesters with effect from 1979/80 session.
Each semester comprises one half of an academic year as determined by Senate. Also instruction in the various Faculties with the exception of the Health Sciences is by the course system. These courses are quantified into credits. The University has teaching support units which include the Computer Centre, Central Workshop and Stores, Biological Garden, Community Based Experience and Services (COBES), Medical Educational Resources Unit, General Studies (Use of English/National Awareness) Division, and Teaching & Research Farm.
There are also the Public Units which are the University School, the University Secondary School, Institute of Education and Educational Technology Centre. Although an academic unit, the Library is actively involved in rendering service to the university and the public. In addition, there is a Sugar Research Institute which is mainly a research unit served by academic mainly from Science and Agriculture Faculties.
Public relations in Nigeria have come a long way. Just as the development of public relations practice was linked with world wars I and II in the USA, its beginning in Nigeria has also been linked with World War II.
As presented by NIPR’s (1988) anniversary publication “25 years of Public Relations in Nigeria”, the colonial government before World War II was concerned with collection of taxes and the running of a police force to maintain law and order in three protectorates amalgamated into Nigeria in 1914. If there was any public relations practice before the Second World War, it was merely maintenance of relationship with the traditional rulers to get in touch with the people. During the Second World War, however, the need arose for the colonial government to set up an information office which was later known as the public relations office of the government.
Sam Black (1990) has described June 1, 1990 as a memorable day for the public relations Profession in Nigeria. This is because on that day, the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria signed Decree No. 16 “Nigerian Institute of Public Relations Practitioners 1990”. The then NIPR President also described the event as the “Finest hour of public relations”. He stated that, by this recognition all members of the Institute deserve to be congratulated on being part of the movement that has made Professionalism and excellence the hallmark of the Institute.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Public relations have a cardinal objective of establishing and sustaining mutual understanding among the management and its various publics.
The underlying belief and basic concepts of public relations is that every organization, has an environment or a climate in which it is operating. This climate or environment, public relations also believe, should be conducive and peaceful to ensure continued and happy survival of that organization and the consistent achievement of its objectives. This translates to harmony between an organization and its publics.
This is why all definitions of Public Relations which are the notions, ideas and thoughts of what Public Relations are, from the point of view of its pioneers, have always centered on some constituents of the Public spirit, that is, opinion goodwill, acceptability, cooperation, understanding and others. All these are attributes of the public spirit which guarantee a good working and operational environment for any corporate body.
The problem statement is how the public relations function in University of Ilorin intends to actualize its Professionalism to achieve the good interpersonal relationship among the management and the staff. In other words, what are the contents of its armory in the achievement of its basic aims?
Public relations unit of the University will have to articulate management behaviour or mode of relationship between the management and the staff.
Public relations will communicate using all communication media. Public relations have to liaise with and be sensitive to the yarning and aspirations of the staff and act positively to satisfy them.
Having discussed what public relations is out to achieve within an organizational set up like University of Ilorin, I will like to discuss what an organization is.
An organization is a stable system of individuals who work together to achieve, through hierarchy of ranks and division of labour, common goals.
This buttresses the fact that an organization consists of people that interact with one another on regular basis for a productive venture.
For an organization to be vibrant and be in good terms with its employees, there is need for a good communication strategy and these are not always available at all times. This should not be so; therefore, the college has to do more publicity to enable its staff members to enjoy its good will and confidence.
With the existence of public relations experts in the college, the research is poised to critically evaluate its (public relations) activities in connection with the relationship existing between the management and workers in the University.
How has public relations unit tried to mediate between the two bodies as expected? Or does it only disseminate information?
How does information reach the members of staff who required such information?
Do employees have the opportunity to talk back to the management inform feedback?
How can one explain the incessant breakdown of communication within the campus?
This is what the study will like to research into in order to contribute to educational development and bring to light the significance of public relations in non-commercial organizations like a higher institution of learning.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The study is aimed at providing answers to the following questions:
i. Do public relations activities adequately enhance employees’ communication in University of Ilorin?
ii. Would employees of the University be better informed about the institutions policies, goals and programmes if there are no public relations in the University?
iii. Do public relations efforts enhance employee’s productivity at the University?
iv. To what extent are the public relations practitioners involved in the prevention of industrial unrest such as strike actions, ensuring harmony and better working conditions?
v. How have the services of public relations promoted the image of the institution within and outside the institution?
vi. Is the positive interpersonal relationship enjoyed in the university presently among the management and staff as a result of public relations unit’s efforts?

1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
It is erroneously believed in some quarters that public relations are only relevant in commercial organizations because it is aimed at improving the level of profit of the organization in the long run.
But this study’s aim and objective is to prove whether or not public relations is equally relevant in a non-commercial organizations where profit-making means nothing to their survival but rather peaceful governance for governments, achievement of the welfare of the people through the propaganda of an idea for voluntary organizations e.g. UNICEF, planned parenthood and others.
The result of the study is aimed at adding to the body of knowledge in the field of public relations.
It will also serve as a reference source and provide a research base for further researches in this area of public relations practice in higher institutions of learning and other related disciplines.
I also have the aim of making the study an educating and interesting project for reading by all and sundry especially the public relations students and practitioners.
The study is also aimed at meeting part of the requirement for the award of post graduate Diploma of Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study will cover a section of the university internal publics, which are the employees. These employees consist of the academic and non-academic staff.
The study will also focus a little attention on efforts of the principal officers commonly referred to in academic circle as management staff with regards to assisting the public relations department to achieve its set objectives i.e. improving the interpersonal relationship between the management and staff.
The scope of the study will be between the management and staff of University of Ilorin.

1.7 CLARIFICATION OF TERMS USED
This study has tried as much as possible to use familiar and common terms which people are mostly accustomed to.
However, I shall try to simplify some of the key terms that were mostly mentioned times without number.
Organization: as used in the study referred to the University of Ilorin and as well called corporate body a times.
Internal publics: are used to mean the employees, that is, staff or workers.
Academic staff: are those workers in the college that have their primary functions as teaching the students while non-academic staff referrs to workers in the administrative and technical offices.


EDITOR SOURCE: The Impact Of Public Relations On The Interpersonal Relationship Of The Management And Staff (The University Of Ilorin As A Case Study)

THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP STYLES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE


The performance of any enterprise or the life spans of an organization, whether large or small is directly proportional to the finality of its leadership. In the light of fact, an organization or community will only succeed, towards the achievement of a group goal, only if the reign of a leader exists. Thus; a leader is someone who has the ability to inspire, motivate and use power effectively and in a responsible manner towards the achievement of a goal considering this, leadership can simply be define as the act or process of influencing people, so that they will strive willingly and enthusiastically towards the achievement of a group goals.
Yusuf (2001) argues that the ability of any organization to achieve its desire goals and objectives depends on the nature of its leadership. However empirical evidence has tends to show that leadership plays very significant roles in effective and efficiency of any organization. Ogunsan 91985) and Ochia (1987) admitted in their study that leadership skill were very effective in enhancing performance. Hence, leadership has a significant managerial factors and ingredients in the success of any organization.
Ingredient of Leadership
A. The ability to use power effectively and in a responsible manner.
B. The ability to inspire
C. The ability to comprehend that human being has different motivational forces at different time and in different situation.
D. The ability to act in a manner that will develop a climate conducive to responding to and arousing motivation.
Thus, the move a leader understand what motivate their subordinate and how these motivation operate the better the actualization of a group goal, David Mann (1985) sees styles of leadership as some of the basic requirement for achieving good management, administration and good leadership. Leadership styles may be defined as a designing pattern of behaviour used in integrating both the organization and personal interest in achieving the organization aim and objectives. Furthermore, these styles of leadership are many but three are commonly in used in most establishment; free vein leadership style, autocratic leadership style and democratic leadership style. It is generally believed that good leadership style will increase organizational performance, lower unit cost, high morale sustain and improve management- labour relationship (Nwachukwu 1988).
1.2 Statement to the Study
Over the year, scholar have extensively research on the effective leadership styles in an organization. Prominent among then are Stodgill, Fieldler Likert, Blade and Monton, Tennenbaum and so forth.
Leadership have been seen involving a variety of styles, ranging from one that is highly boos-centered to that is highly subordinate with suggestion that no one style is always right and another is not always wrong in the context of business and services industries to achieve goals. More so, for manager or leader at appropriate leadership styles in an establishment, some situational factors need to be considered. These include position power, task structure and leader member relations.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study\
The aim of this research is to examine critically the impact of leadership style on organizational performance.
The objectives of this study are as follows:
1. To explain what is meant by leadership style
2. To describe various types of leadership style
3. To examine how leadership styles can improve organizational performance and create good leader member relations.
4. To make recommendations as to how leadership style can exercise positive impact on organizational performance.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The importance of the research study is:
1. It helps to identify leadership style to be put forth by the manager in the organization, to ensure high moral and high performance among the staff of PHCN Plc Ilorin.
2. The study identifies the advantages and disadvantages associated with different leadership styles under particular condition.
3. Finally, it point out how motivational forces affects the performance of staff.
1.5 Research Questions
It is unlikely that a leadership style that worked yesterday would be successful in today’s administration. Considering this 3 major questions’ what, where & how are being asked.
1. What is the current situation of the organization? What leadership style is in use? What changes are expected by adopting a new leadership style?
2. Where are we taking the organization? How much growth do we need? What is the targeted goal? What are the social objectives of the organization?
3. How can we get there from here? This is the important part of question, as it proffer the leadership style to be adopted which in turn give solution to the above other question asked.
4. Task structure – how does a task structure affect the subordinate performance?
5. What are the impact of highly based – centered and their subordinate?
6. The effect of the degree of freedom granted to subordinate by their leader.
The following research questions are set out purpose of this study.
1.6 Scope of the Study
This research examines the impact of leadership style on organizational performance of power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) formally NEPA, Ilorin between the period of 1999 to 2007 with strict emphasis on administration, marking and distribution section of the organization, as they are the major focus on the achievement of the organization goals.
1.7 Limitation of the Study
There are certain limitations encountered in the course of carrying out this research they include.
1. Lukewarm attitude of the officials of PHCN in responding to the questionnaire.
2. Fears of espionage as all vital information are classified as “TOP SECRET” because of government protocol.
3. Improper filling of questionnaire by the respondents
4. Long delays in getting back the filled questionnaire from the respondent as a result of busy schedule at work.
It should be noted, however that the limitations outlined above does not in anyway in validate this research as sufficient data was obtained through insider friend and good human relation, therefore the research is still valid.
1.7 Study Plan
This research project is divided into five chapters. Chapter one is the introduction, which consists of the background, research problems, aim and objectives, significance, research questions, scope, limitations, study plan and definition of terms.
Chapter two is the literature review, which comprised of definitions of leadership and leadership styles, leadership theories and leadership styles and behaviours.
1.8 Key Terms
1. Autocratic: A leader who has complete power and expecting complete obedience.
2. Amalgamation: To combine or join together
3. Benevolent: Doing good or being kindliness
4. Boss: A manager or leader in Chief
5. Consultative: A state of meeting with someone to exchange idea and opinions (Discussion)
6. Decentralized: The process of moving power/decision making away from a single large group to other small local group.
7. Democratic: Ruling or leading people through decision by
their group or people.
8. Dogmatic: Act of being stubborn and forcing opinion on others.
9. Enterprise: A business
10. Exploitative: To make use of something selfishly.
11. Goal: Anything aimed a t or wished for
12. Impoverished: To make something poor or lesion in quality
13. Leader: One who shows way on direct or guide or persuade
14. Leadership: Ability to lead
15. Manager: Someone in charge of a business
16. Motivation: To cause someone to act in a certain way
17. Non Coercive: To cause someone to act in a certain way
18. Organization: A group of people working together for a purpose.
19. Participative: To have a share or take part.
20. Style: Manner of acting
21. Subordinate: Someone lowers in rank


EDITOR SOURCE: The Impact Of Leadership Styles On Organizational Performance (A Case Study Of Power Holding Company Nigeria Phcn)

IMPACT OF PROMOTIONAL STRATEGY IN THE HOTEL INDUSTRY




INTRODUCTION
1.0 This chapter is intended to discuss certain vital element in marketing known as the “marketing communication mix”. The purpose of the study will be discussed. Attempts will be made to identify problems of the organization (i.e. Kwara Hotel), upon which hypothesis will be formulated to be analyzed in later chapters. The aims, objectives and significance of the study will also be discussed, and a brief historical background of the organization.
Promotion is marketing involves the designa dn communication of information about the existence, the nature and the usefulness of a business organization and or its product or service to a given market audience or the society at large. Through promotional activities an organization seeks to inform its existing and potential customers of the desirable elements or special attraction of its product. Since the large of the selling organization is intricately interwoven with its products, additionally, a business organization through promotion creates for itself the desirable impression in the minds of its customers and its community. Buyers patronize products or services because of their believes in the qualities of the product as well as, having confidence in the ability or the firm to make reliable and functional product or services.
As an economy shifted from of the relative scarcity to one comparative abundance as both the number of consumer and the number of producers grew, moreso, completion for consumer’s money intensified, a need emerged for planned, controlled marketing communications.
Over the years, the transmission of information about products to potential buyers in a manner designed to prompt positive action has grown increasingly sophisticated. We (marketers) have developed good ways to communicate. We have learned to identify and segment market. We have made intensive studies of motivation and buyers psychology or consumers behaviour. We have home to rely increasingly on marketing research as opposed to hunches. And we have come to depend on planned communications to arouse attention, stimulate interest, generate desire and motivate action. Most firm on longer operates on the principles that all you need is a “good product” sell itself. Modern marketing therefore,e calls for more than developing a good product, pricing it attractively and making it available to target customers.
Organization or marketing organization manages a complex marketing communication system. The organization communicates with its middle men, customers and public. To communicate well, organization wires advertising agencies to develop effective, sales promotions specialist to design sales incentive programmes, and public relation firm to develop their corporate image. They train their sales people to friendly helpful and persuasive. For many organizations, the question is not whether to communicate, but know how much to spend on communication and in what ways.
The goals of specific communication and in what ways may include selling more of products to existing customers, selling the product during off seasons, increasing sales by promotion new uses for the product and so on. While, some firms have money than others to spend for promotion, on firm has unlimited resources.
Therefore, each company must determine for itself which of those goals are most important and how much it can afford to spend to reach them.

ABSTRACT
This project, work is intended to deal with the application of promotional strategy to marketing and its contributions to achievement of organization goals with particular focus on the Nigerian hotel industry (wing Kwara hotel as a case study).
Attempts will be made to discuss certain vital elements in marketing known as the “marketing communication mix” or the “promotion mix”. The purpose of the study will be discussed. Attempts wil be made to identify problems of the organization (i.e. Kwara hotel) upon which hypothesis will be formulated to be analyzed and interpretation to the hypothesis and data will be stated in clear terms. The aims, objective and significance of the study will also be discussed, and a brief historical background of the organization.
Furthermore, conclusion and recommendation will be put forward in order in develop a more standard way of enlightening the public the more.
Promotion is a coordination of all seller initiated efforts to set up channel of persuasion and communication in order to facilitate a sale of the product or the acceptance of an idea. An effective promotion should arouse attention, stimulate interests, generate desire and motivate action of consumers and potential consumer in a product or brand. It persuade people and finally sells the product.
Marketing calls for more than developing a good product, packaging the product, pricing it attractively and making it readily to the consumers. The company must design and disseminate information about the product existence, features and terms and how this will disseminating information to the target customers. It must communicate effectively with other parties in the task environment for example dealers or suppliers and also with major external publics for example the stock holders or the financial comities and with internal public e.g. management, directors, sales force and the employees.
To communicate well, organizations involve themselves in advertising, sales promotion, personal selling and publics. For many organizations, the question is not whether to communicate, using any of the above tools, but how much to spend and in which of the tools above.
A study of promotion is relevant to different type of organization. Promotional activities are undertaken by commercial enterprises, trade association’s educational institutions, government bodies, charitable organizations, political parties and many others.
While some firms have money than other for promotion, spending, no firm including Kwara hotel has unlimited resources. Therefore, they most determine for themselves which of these goals are much important and how much it can afford to spend to reach them. However, after completion of their research project, the organization of Kwara hotel is expected to benefit from it in great measure.

EDITOR SOURCE: Impact Of Promotional Strategy In The Hotel Industry

One of the greatest problems of Nigerian public service is the prevailing incidence of corruption. Corruption therefore has become a persistent cancerous phenomenon which bedevils Nigeria public sector. Misappropriation, bribery, embezzlement, nepotism, and money laundering by public officials have permeated the fabric of the society. Any attempt to understand the tragedy of development and the challenges to democracy in most developing countries (Nigeria inclusive), must come to grips with the problem of corruption and stupendous wastage of scarce resources. This is not to suggest that corruption and prodigality are peculiar to the developing countries. Certainly, corruption is neither culture specific nor system bound. It is ubiquitous.
However, the severity and its devastating impact vary from one system to the other. The impact is undoubtedly more severe and devastating in the developing world with weak economic base, fragile political institutions and inadequate control mechanisms. According to the Executive Director, Office of Drugs and Crime at the United Nations, Dr. Antonio Maria Costa, about US $400 billion was stolen from Nigeria and stashed away in foreign banks by past corrupt leaders before the return to democratic rule in 1999 (http://allafrica.com). Most people would argue that poverty definitely contributes to corruption. In many poor countries, the wages of public and private sector workers is not sufficient for them to survive (Otive, 2008).
It is ironic that Nigeria is the sixth largest exporter of oil and at the same time hosts the third largest number of poor people after China and India. Statistics show that the incidence of poverty, using the rate of US $1 per day, increased from 28.1% in 1980 to 46.3% in 1985 and declined to 42.7% in 1992 but increased again to 65.6% in 1996 (Obasanjo, 1995). The incidence increased to 69.2% in 1999 (CBN, 1999:95). If the rate of US $2 per day is used to measure the poverty level, the percentage of those living below poverty line will jump to 90.8%.
It is against this background that sectoral distribution of the nationwide corruption survey in the Nigeria Corruption Index (NCI) 2007 identified the Nigerian Police as the most corrupt organization in the country, closely followed by the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN). Corruption in the Education Ministry was found to have increased from 63 per cent in 2005 to 74 per cent in 2007, as against 96 per cent to 99 per cent for the Police in the corresponding period. The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC), was the only new organization identified as corrupt among the 16 organizations on a list which included Joint Admission and Matriculation Board, the Presidency, and the Nigerian National Petroleum
Commission (NNPC).While the Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) and the Nigerian Railway Corporation (NRC) have been identified as the least corrupt organizations with respect to bribe taking from the populace as at June 2007 (Abimbola, 2007).
Corruption has therefore reached an unprecedented level in Nigeria. It has pervaded every facet of the nation and has even metamorphosed into a way of life for most Nigerians. The Nigerian civil service has the potential to transform the collective challenge of Nigeria as a nation if its immense energies are properly harnessed; but the situation seems different after its radical reform between 1960 and 1976; during which period, the civil servants were in control of government political process due to the emergence of military rulers in political administration prevailing in the African continent then, coupled with their lack of experience of political leadership in governance. Some scholars blame the institutionalization of corruption in Nigeria on military rule. Amongst these scholars is Ribadu (2006:1) who asserted that:
The history of corruption in Nigeria is strongly rooted in the over 29 years of military rule, out of 46 years of her statehood successive military regimes facilitated the wanton looting of the public treasury, decapitated institutions and free speech and instituted a secret and opaque culture in the running of government business. The result was total insecurity, poor economic management, abuse of human rights, ethnic conflicts and capital flight.
Against the above views of Ribadu however, are also other contending postulations that did not restrict the issues of corruption in Nigeria to preponderance of military rule in Nigeria alone. In this regard, Yinusa and Akanle (2008:297) have asserted that:

Corruption has become a way of life in Nigeria, which no one can ignore. Corruption and cronyism have long haunted Nigeria while military has been castigated for generally misruling the country. It must be noted that the military did not emerge from another planet. They are made up of people who come from the various parts of the country and therefore are a reflection of the society. The first, second and third Republics failed essentially due to corruption from our political gladiators.
From the above views; it is evident that corruption has permeated every facet of our national life; and has remained unabated under both the military and civilian administrations in the country.
However, there have been efforts aimed at curbing the menace of corruption in Nigeria. This anti-corruption war in Nigeria dates to a very long time. The fight against corruption in Nigeria one must acknowledge, is one of the most daunting and challenging task to embark on, but with political will and commitment by her leaders and the right attitude by all Nigerians there is no doubt that someday, the Transparency International will in her report rank Nigeria as one of the least corrupt countries in the world (Ameh, 2007).
Every community in Nigeria has mechanisms for dealing with corruption with appropriate sanctions for corruption. The anti-corruption fight in the public sector came to the limelight in 1966 when the military identified corruption of the politicians as one of the reasons for taking over political power. Each of the past regimes contributed to the problem of corruption. According to Nwaka (2003), corruption became legitimized, especially during the Babangida and Abacha regimes (1985-1998), with huge revenues, but wasteful spending, and nothing to show in terms of physical developments.
Experience has shown that the military is probably more corrupt than civilian politicians. The military ruled Nigeria from 1966-1979 and handed over power to Alhaji Shehu Shagari administration in 1979. But barely four years later, the Shagari administration was overthrown by the Buhari/Idiabgon regime. The Buhari/Idiagbon regime launched a war against corruption, tried and jailed many politicians and dismissed many civil servants. But when the Ibrahim Babangida regime overthrew the Buhari regime, it released many of the politicians that were jailed by the Buhari regime and reduced the sentences of others.
In fact, it has been argued that “Babangida’s government was unique in its unconcern about corruption within its ranks and among public servants generally; it was as if the government existed so that corruption might thrive (Gboyega, 1996). Scholars no doubt agree that corruption reached unprecedented levels in incidence and magnitude during General Ibrahim Babangida’s regime. It is ironic that the regime also had its own re-orientation and anticorruption programme, christened MAMSER. By the time President Olusegun Obasanjo came back to power as a civilian President in 1999, corruption had reached unprecedented proportion that it formed a major portion of his inaugural speech.
Ideally, in a democratic setting like Nigeria, the public service consists of the civil service, parastatals and agencies with structure that is systematically patterned to serve as a lasting instrument through which the government drives, regulates and manages all aspects of the society. However, the Nigerian public service has performed below the expectations of the public as a result of corruption in the service. Thus, corruption has become a cog in the wheel of efficient and effective service delivery. Corruption has eaten so deep into Nigeria that corrupt practices are even encouraged in most businesses (private or public) nowadays. Nigeria is the major oil producer in the world, but the average Nigerian on the street is poor and there is poor infrastructure like power supply, roads, schools, hospitals etc. The Nigerian public service is filled with stories of wrong practices such as stories of ghost workers on the pay roll of Ministries, Extra-ministerial Departments and Parastatals, frauds, embezzlements and setting ablaze of offices housing sensitive documents and award of contracts without recourse to due process mechanisms (Okwoli, 2004). According to Bello (2001), huge amount of Naira is lost through one financial malpractice or the other in the country, which to say the least, drains the nation’s meager resources through fraudulent means with far-reaching and attendant consequences on the development or even socio-economic or political programmes of Nigeria. Billions of Naira is lost in the public sector every year through fraudulent means. This represents only the amount that is ferreted out and made public. Indeed much more substantial or huge sums are lost in undetected frauds or those that are for one reason or the hushed up.
Appah and Appiah (2010) argues that cases of fraud is prevalent in the Nigerian public sector that every segment of the public service, could seem to be involved in one way or the other in some of these nasty acts.
A cursory look at the Nigeria public service further indicates poor public service delivery which manifests in corrupt practices such as distortion of official records, forgery of official documents like collection of taxes with fake receipts in which such revenue is not paid into the public treasury but pocketed by the individual official, falsification of their official age, the insistence by public servants for monetary and material gratification from their client before carrying out their official responsibilities for which they are being paid still persist in the Service. Furthermore, civil service recruitments and promotions do not often go to the best qualified persons but to “political clients”, who keep their jobs not by being efficient but by “maintaining their loyalty.
In the light of the foregoing, the study examines the incidence of corruption in the Nigerian public service focusing essentially on Isiala Mbano LGA from 1999 to 2012.

ABSTRACT
One of the fundamental problems of contemporary Nigeria is corruption. It has thrived; progressed and flourished unabated .Corruption has been institutionalized to the point of accepting it as part of our system. This study examined the incidence of corruption in the Nigerian Public Service with particular focus on Isiala Mbano LGA from 1999 to 2012. Specifically, the study investigated whether motivational incentives provided for civil servants contributes to their greater involvement in corruption in Imo State from 1999 to 2012. The study also examined the impact of weak internal control mechanism on the incidence of looting of state treasury by politicians in Imo State within the same period. We predicated our analysis on The General Systems Theory, adopting David Easton’s Political System theory. As for method of data collection, the study employed qualitative and quantitative method of data collection. As for sources of data, we principally relied on primary and secondary sources. The data so generated were analyzed accordingly using Likert measurement scale. The findings reveal that motivational incentives provided for civil servants contribute to their greater involvement in corruption. Based on the findings also, weak internal control mechanism was identified to have contributed to incidence of looting of state treasury by politicians in Imo State. We therefore recommend adequate motivation of civil servants through improved salary,prompt payment of all their entitlements and good working condition, government should strengthen internal control mechanism to forestall incidence of looting of state treasury which could have been averted. These recommendations if properly implemented would be a panacea for eradication of
corruption.


EDITOR SOURCE: Accountability And Corruption In Public Organization

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH SPOILED TOMATOES


INTRODUCTION
Vegetables constitute commercially and nutritionally important indispensable food commodity. Vegetable naturally play a vital role in human nutrition by supplying the necessary growth factors such as vitamins and essential minerals in human daily diet and that can help to keep a good and normal health. Vegetables are widely distributed in nature. One of the limiting factors that influence the fruit economic value is the relatively short shelf-life period caused by pathogen’s attack (Droby, 2006: Zhu, 2006).
Tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum) pronounced Toh-MAH-to is the most important vegetable worldwide. Tomato is an annual plant which belongs to the Solanaceaefamily which includes other well-known species such as Potato, Tobacco, Pepper and Egg plants (aubergine) and can reach a height of over two meters. It’s a berry fruit, tomato is grown mainly in soil (Frazier and Westhoff,2004).
Tomato is essential mainly for its dietary needs and can be consumed in diverse ways. It can be cooked as vegetable, as an ingredient in many dishes and sauces; in the making of stew, fruit juices and can be eaten raw in salads(Masefield et al., 2002).
The modern day tomatowhich is a very popular fruitoriginated from South-Western Hemisphere, now the Peru-Euador area(Rick,2001).From here,it was distributed to many parts of tropical America. It possibly arrived the West African Ports via Portuguese traders or the Sudan (Tindall, 2004).
Tomato in West Africa is grown in gardens and irrigation schemes. In Nigeria, most tomatoes are grown in the northern parts of the country(Erinle,2007) and there is no record of any systematic or organized traditional storage method for vegetables and fruits. They are usually sold immediately after harvesting. They are packed in baskets, cardboard boxes, or wooden crates ready for transportation to the markets.
Tomato is the most perishable vegetable during handling, transportation and storage. This is because tomato contains large amount of water which makes them susceptible to spoilage by the action of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria and protozoans (Ross, 1975). Estimates have shown that about one third of the produce is lost before reaching the consumer (Erinle, 2007), this loss has been attributed to a number of factors which include physical (mechanical breakage, bruises), physiological and also damages caused by pathological agents (Thompson and Kelly, 2000), market value of the tomato are mainly reduced by this factors.
Watt and Merrill, (2000) defined spoiled food as that which have been damaged or injured so as to render it undesirable for human consumption. Various activities may result in food spoilage: insect activities,causing physical injuries for example, bruisingand enzyme activity by microorganism causes change in colour, taste, smell, texture and quality of the food.
Pauland Sarisbury, (1981) also referred to spoilage as any change in the condition of food in which the food becomes less palatable or even toxic: these changes may be accompanied by alteration in taste, smell, appearance or texture.
The spoilage of food by microorganisms should not be viewed as a sinister plot on the part of the microbes deliberately to destroy foods but as a normal function of these organisms in the total ecology of all living organisms (Watt and Merrill, 2000). It has also been estimated by Watt and Merrill (2000) that 20% of all fruits and vegetables harvested for human consumption are lost through microbial spoilage causing one or more of 250 market diseases. Spoilage of fresh tomato usually occurs during storage and transit and also while waiting to be processed.
Frazier and Westhoff,(2004) reported that fruits and vegetables after picking continue to respire and as a result heat is produced, this heat is known as ‘vital heat’, the amount which varies with particular amount of fruits and vegetables.
Vegetables that respire more thereby generating most heat are those that perish/spoil most rapidly (Wheeler, 2005). The resulting respiration of the fruits in addition to the normal ripening process complicates an independent discussion on microbiological spoilage of fruits in general and tomato in particular.
Fusarium oxysporium f.sp.lycoperisici andVerticilliumalbo-atrumare two fungi that cause similar wilt disease on tomato.(Nesmith etal.,1983). Fusarium is more common in replant fields and gardens while Verticilliumhas been destructive on greenhouse tomatoes and in commercial stake tomatoes. Verticillium wilt is more of a problem at cooler temperature while Fusarium wilt is considered a warm temperature disease. Both are favoured by wet conditions.
According to Nesmithetal., (1983), both fungi are common inhabitants of Kentucky soils. These fungi attack the plant through the roots and grow up through the water-conducting vessels. FusariumandVerticilliummay be introduced to soils in several ways: Old crop residues, transplants, wind, water,implement-borne soils or mulches. These fungi become established readily in most soils and can remain in the soil for years. When susceptible tomatoes are planted, in infected soil, their roots are also subjected to attack by these fungi. Both diseases are much more serious when accompanied by root knot nematode. These problems can be controlled by using resistant tomato varieties and fumigating or stream sterilizing greenhouse soils.
ABSTRACT
The study examined the various fungal pathogens associated with tomatoes spoilage as well as their preliminary taxonomic grouping up to genus level. 25 samples of the spoiled tomatoes were collected from five locations within Gwagwalada area council. Locations include: Passo Village, Gwagwalada market, Phase III, New Kutunku and Dagiri. Thesame prevalence rate(100%) was recorded for all tomato samples purchased in all locations.The level of awareness of the general public in regards to the spoilage of tomatoes by Fungi was very significant with about 62.5% of the respondents attesting to the claim of tomato spoilage caused by Fungi and 37.5% disagreeing. Morphological studies reveal the fungal members which include members of the genus Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, MucorPenicilliumand Rhizopus species. Species of Fusarium were seen to be the most occurring in all samples. Satistical analysis also concurred to the fact that fungi are responsible for spoilage of tomatoes purchached in Gwagwalada (p< 0.05). It implies that fungi are greatly responsible for tomato spoilage. Proper handling, transportation and thorough washing with clean or chlorinated water will go a long way in reducing the risk of tomato spoilage by Fungi.

Editor source: Isolation And Characterization Of Fungi Associated With Spoiled Tomatoes In Gwagwalada

THE EFFECT OF CALCIUM TAINTED WATER ON CADMIUM INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE






INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW
Heavy metals are toxic agent. They are toxic to humans and animals. Heavy metals which establishes toxic actions to humans include; cadmium (Stohs and Bagchi,1995), lead ( Ferner, 2001) and mercury (Hawkes, 1997). Each of these has been studied in isolation for toxicity (Huton and Symon, 1986; Nriagu and Pacyna, 1988; Nriagu, 1989). But, in the eco-system, be it air, atmosphere, land, and water where they occur, they do not exist in isolation. They occur in close association with other metal and non-metallic elemental pollutants. Among the metallic pollutant could be calcium, copper, zinc, magnesium, manganese, iron and others. Metals are known to interact with one another. The interaction can bring two elements together in close proximity or it could cause out right displacement of one another. When ingested together in food and water, they antagonize each other. When it comes to intestinal and pulmonary absorption, it is therefore conceivable that the presence of other elements can the toxic potential of each of the heavy metals that have been studied in isolation.
Eborge (1994) reported that warri river has an unacceptable high cadmium level, 0.3 mg cadmium per liter of water which was 60 folds above the maximum allowable level of 0.005 mg per liter. This report prompted our earlier studies on the hepato, nephro and gonadial toxicity of cadmium. In rats exposed to this high dose via water and diet, the diet was formulated with feed exposed to 0.3 mg cadmium per water. In the ambient water as protein source and the toxic effect investigated and reported (Asagba and obi 2000; Asagba and Obi 2001; Obi and Ilori 2002; Asagba and Obi 2004a; Asagba and Obi 2004b; Asagba and Obi 2005).The study focus on cadmium without taking into consideration the fact that other metals were also present in the river water, and as such were co-consumed by the communities using the river water for cooking drinking and for other domestic purposes. Hence, it is desirable to know if the presence of other metals would enhance or diminish the toxic potential of cadmium or indeed if any other heavy metals such as lead that was mentioned above. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to re-examine the toxic potential of cadmium in the presence of other metals such as calcium and magnesium.
The objectives set out to achieve were;
1. Re-examination of toxicity of using established and those for liver toxicity namely; blood alanine amino transferase and aspartate amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, albumin and total protein.
2. Re-examine the status parameter in the absence of cadmium but in the presence of calcium or magnesium or both.
3. Re-examine this parameters in the presence of cadmium, calcium and magnesium.
1.1 CADMIUM
Cadmium is a chemical element with symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Like zinc, it prefers oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds and like mercury it shows a low melting point compared to transition metals. Cadmium and its congeners are not always considered transition metals, in that they do not have partly filled d or f electron shells in the elemental or common oxidation states. The average concentration of cadmium in Earth's crust is between 0.1 and 0.5 parts per million (ppm). It was discovered in 1817 simultaneously by Stromeyer and Hermann, both in Germany, as an impurity in zinc carbonate. Cadmium occurs as a minor component in most zinc ores and therefore is a byproduct of zinc production. It was used for a long time as a pigment and for corrosion-resistant plating on steel, whereas cadmium compounds were used to stabilize plastic. The use of cadmium is generally decreasing due to its toxicity (it is specifically listed in the European Restriction of Hazardous Substances (Morrow, 2010)) and the replacement of nickel-cadmium batteries with nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries. One of its few new uses is in cadmium telluride solar panels. Although cadmium has no known biological function in higher organisms, a cadmium-dependent carbonic anhydrase has been found in marine diatoms.
1.1.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Cadmium is a soft, malleable, ductile, bluish-white divalent metal. It is similar in many respects to zinc but forms complex compounds (Holleman et al., 1985). Unlike other metals, cadmium is resistant to corrosion and as a result it is used as a protective layer when deposited on other metals. As a bulk metal, cadmium is insoluble in water and is not flammable; however, in its powdered form it may burn and release toxic fumes (CSEM, 2011).
1.1.2 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Although cadmium usually has an oxidation state of +2, it also exists in the +1 state. Cadmium and its congeners are not always considered transition metals, in that they do not have partly filled d or f electron shells in the elemental or common oxidation states (Cotton, 1999). Cadmium burns in air to form brown amorphous cadmium oxide (CdO); the crystalline form of this compound is a dark red which changes color when heated, similar to zinc oxide. Hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid dissolve cadmium by forming cadmium chloride (CdCl2), cadmium sulfate (CdSO4), or cadmium nitrate (Cd(NO3)2). The oxidation state +1 can be reached by dissolving cadmium in a mixture of cadmium chloride and aluminum chloride, forming the Cd22+ cation, which is similar to the Hg22+ cation in mercury(I) chloride (Holleman et al., 1985).
Cd + CdCl2 + 2 AlCl3 → Cd2(AlCl4)2
The structures of many cadmium complexes with nucleobases, amino acids and vitamins have been determined (Carballo et al., 2013).
1.1.3 OCCURRENCE

Cadmium metal
Cadmium makes up about 0.1 ppm of Earth's crust. Compared with the more abundant 65 ppm zinc, cadmium is rare (Wedepohl, 1995). No significant deposits of cadmium-containing ores are known. Greenockite (CdS), the only cadmium mineral of importance, is nearly always associated with sphalerite (ZnS). This association is caused by the geochemical similarity between zinc and cadmium which makes geological separation unlikely. As a consequence, cadmium is produced mainly as a byproduct from mining, smelting, and refining sulfidic ores of zinc, and to a lesser degree, lead and copper. Small amounts of cadmium, about 10% of consumption, are produced from secondary sources, mainly from dust generated by recycling iron and steel scrap. Production in the United States began in 1907, (Ayres et al., 2003) but it was not until after World War I that cadmium came into wide use (Plachy, 1998). One place where metallic cadmium can be found is the Vilyuy River basin in Siberia (Fthenakis, 2004).
Rocks mined to produce phosphate fertilizers contain varying amounts of cadmium, leading to a cadmium concentration of up to 300 mg/kg in the produced phosphate fertilizers and thus in the high cadmium content in agricultural soils (Grant and Shepperd , 2008). Coal can contain significant amounts of cadmium, which ends up mostly in the flue dust (Bettinelli et al., 1988).
1.1.4 BIOLOGICAL ROLE
Cadmium has no known useful role in higher organisms, (Hogan, 2010) but a cadmium-dependent carbonic anhydrase has been found in some marine diatoms (Lane et al., 2005). The diatoms live in environments with very low zinc concentrations and cadmium performs the function normally carried out by zinc in other anhydrases. The discovery was made using X-ray absorption fluorescence spectroscopy (XAFS) (Lane et al., 2000).
The highest concentration of cadmium has been found to be absorbed in the kidneys of humans, and up to about 30 mg of cadmium is commonly inhaled throughout childhood and adolescence (Perry et al., 1976). Cadmium can be used to block calcium channels in chicken neurons (Swandulla and Armstrong, 1989). Analytical methods for the determination of cadmium in biological samples have been reviewed (klorz et al., 2013).
1.1.5 ENVIRONMENT
The biogeochemistry of cadmium and its release to the environment has been the subject of review, as has the speciation of cadmium in the environment (Cullen et al., 2013).
1.1.6 CADMIUM POISONING
The bioinorganic aspects of cadmium toxicity have been reviewed (Maret et al., 2013).The most dangerous form of occupational exposure to cadmium is inhalation of fine dust and fumes, or ingestion of highly soluble cadmium compounds. Inhalation of cadmium-containing fumes can result initially in metal fume fever but may progress to chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, and death (Hayes, 2007). Cadmium is also an environmental hazard. Human exposures to environmental cadmium are primarily the result of fossil fuel combustion, phosphate fertilizers, natural sources, iron and steel production, cement production and related activities, nonferrous metals production, and municipal solid waste incineration. Bread, root crops, and vegetables also contribute to the cadmium in modern populations (Mann, 2012). There have been a few instances of general population toxicity as the result of long-term exposure to cadmium in contaminated food and water, and research is ongoing regarding the estrogen mimicry that may induce breast cancer (Mann, 2012). In the decades leading up to World War II, mining operations contaminated the Jinzū River in Japan with cadmium and traces of other toxic metals. As a consequence, cadmium accumulated in the rice crops growing along the riverbanks downstream of the mines. Some members of the local agricultural communities consuming the contaminated rice developed itai-itai disease and renal abnormalities, including proteinuria and glucosuria (Nogawa et al., 2004).
Jinzū River area, which was contaminated with cadmium
The victims of this poisoning were almost exclusively post-menopausal women with low iron and other mineral body stores. Similar general population cadmium exposures in other parts of the world have not resulted in the same health problems because the populations maintained sufficient iron and other mineral levels. Thus, although cadmium is a major factor in the itai-itai disease in Japan, most researchers have concluded that it was one of several factors. Cadmium is one of six substances banned by the European Union's Restriction on Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive, which bans certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment but allows for certain exemptions and exclusions from the scope of the law. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified cadmium and cadmium compounds as carcinogenic to humans. Although occupational exposure to cadmium is linked to lung and prostate cancer, there is still a substantial controversy about the carcinogenicity of cadmium in low, environmental exposure. Recent data from epidemiological studies suggest that intake of cadmium through diet associates to higher risk of endometrial, breast and prostate cancer as well as to osteoporosis in humans (Julin et al., 2012). A recent study has demonstrated that endometrial tissue is characterized by higher levels of cadmium in current and former smoking females (Rzymski et al., 2014). Although some epidemiological studies show a significant correlation between cadmium exposure and occurrence of disease conditions in human populations, a causative role for cadmium as the factor behind these effects remains yet to be shown. In order to prove a causative role, it will be important to define the molecular mechanisms through which cadmium in low exposure can cause adverse health effects. One hypothesis is that cadmium works as an endocrine disruptor because some experimental studies have shown that it can interact with different hormonal signaling pathways. For example, cadmium can bind to the estrogen receptor alpha, (Fechner et al., 2011) and affect signal transduction along the estrogen and MAPK signaling pathways at low doses (Ali et al., 2010).
Tobacco smoking is the most important single source of cadmium exposure in the general population. It has been estimated that about 10% of the cadmium content of a cigarette is inhaled through smoking. The absorption of cadmium from the lungs is much more effective than that from the gut, and as much as 50% of the cadmium inhaled via cigarette smoke may be absorbed (Friberg, 1983). On average, smokers have 4–5 times higher blood cadmium concentrations and 2–3 times higher kidney cadmium concentrations than non-smokers. Despite the high cadmium content in cigarette smoke, there seems to be little exposure to cadmium from passive smoking. No significant effect on blood cadmium concentrations has been detected in children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. In the non-smoking part of the population food is the biggest source of exposure to cadmium. High quantities of cadmium can be found for example in crustaceans, molluscs, offals, and algal products. However, due to the higher consumption the most significant contributors to the dietary cadmium exposure are grains, vegetables, and starchy roots and tubers. Cadmium exposure is a risk factor associated with early atherosclerosis and hypertension, which can both lead to cardiovascular disease (Jarup, 1998).

EDITOR SOURCE: The Effect Of Calcium Tainted Water On Cadmium Induced Liver Damage

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERSONAL SELLING IN THE MARKETING OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS





INTRODUCTION
Personnel selling is the presentation of a product service or ideal by salesman in the direct contact with prospect in order. To make sale’s it is also personnel presentation of product or ideas of commercial significance. To prospective buyer. The America marketing association defines it as oral presentation in conversation with one or more proposal for the purpose of making sales.
Proposal selling is the most important promotion tool when measured in terms of time and money. The goal of all marketing efforts is to increase profitable sales by offering wants satisfaction to the market over the long run. Personal selling is the major promotion method used to teach the above goal because of this, in many company, personal selling is the largest single operating expenses, often equally 8% - 15% of net sales by using personal selling. The company can pinpoint its target market and the advertising to creating awareness and arouse interest but it is only personal selling that result in actual sales.
This is because when the salesman is indirect contact, he tries to stimulate desire in an attempt to obtain action. There by creating urge in prospective buyer to take decision. Now and not later petroleum product are industrial goods and as such posses the features of an industrial goods that make it extremely necessary to use personal selling the marketing of petroleum product such characteristics are:
They are sold in bulk and need assurance of the quality of the product, this makes it important use a sales person so that he can demonstrate. The product to the potential industrial users and arrange for quality easy transportation of the goods to their distinction.
The market for the industrial goods is very competitive, therefore, for the produces of such goods (e.g. petroleum product) to be able to maintain a large market share they need the services of sales people.
The demand for industrial goods is a derived demand which means that the attribute of the product should be sold to the industrial users by the sales people.
Total marketing Nigeria PLC is the leading company in the petroleum marketing industrial in Nigeria it is the first major marketer that was given the award at quality product (150 – 9002) by standard organization of Nigeria (SON) they make use of personal selling more effectively and personal selling activities take a higher percentage of their promotional budget.

1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
The problem there is the “effectiveness of personal selling in marketing of petroleum product in Nigeria” (Total Nig Plc). This problem is concerned with the effect of using salesman in the marketing of petroleum products.
That is whether the cost of maintaining the sales force justices the benefits derived by Total Nigeria Plc (i.e. cost benefit analysis). The problem involves the exclusion of personal sales in the competitive homogenous petroleum marketing industry. The project will explore these brotherly questions concerned with the problem. It personal selling more effective than advertising in the marketing of petroleum product. What proportion of promotional budget should be allocated to personal selling. Does the cost of personal selling. Does the cost of personal selling justify it’s benefit personal selling ready the most effective and important promotional tool and should such importance be related with the appointment of the promotional budget.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
The case study of total Nigeria plc is the petroleum marketing industry. It started operation in 1956 and it has captured a large market – it spends a lot of money on personal selling and we want to find out from this research if the cost of maintaining these sales people justifies the benefits the company derives from their services. This research work will bring out into sharp focus both the roots of their success and failure the research findings and recommendation will enable the management to encourage the salesman when necessary and forgive corrective action when needed to enhance a smooth and effective management of the total marketing sales force.
The project will set out the best procedures on the personal selling in Total Nigeria Plc. The research will show the relationship between personal selling and sales whether an increase in the use of personal selling may lead to an increase or decrease in the sales of the organization.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this research is that it will enable the researcher to understand in full, what salesman is all about and the various ways of improving salesman services by researching into their problem, it will also improve the practical application of salesman concept.
To the organization which is Total Marketing Nigeria Plc, the research findings and recommendations will enable them see the real effects of personal selling i.e. if it is worth spending all that money to maintain the sales force and various ways of controlling the sales people and best way of motivating them when necessary.
On the part of the salesman, it will give them an idea of what is expected of them and the various remuneration they should expect from the organization.
To the society, the research will give the younger ones an idea of what salesmanship is all about to enable them make decision on their career without mistakes and misconception about the profession.
To our country in general this research will increase the right of the consumers. This is so because the research will show that consumers are king and how the sales representatives try to find out exactly what the consumers need are and send feed back to the manufacturer on what to manufacture that will satisfy these needs.
Another significance of this research is to crystal the marketing concept, which states that marketing concept, is concerned with identifying and satisfactory consumers need at a profit.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research covers the various principles at personal selling and how total Nigeria Plc applies those principles and concepts to their personal selling activities.
It will deal with only the sales representatives of Total Marketing Nigeria Plc, Ilorin Zone Western branch, Ibadan, the research work consists of five chapter.
The first chapter is the introduction pat it cover the concept of personal selling and its place in the society, it also contains the statement and significance of study and the scope of the study.
Chapter two deals with the review of literature on personal selling. It covers the personal selling principles management of the sales force and ways of evaluating and controlling them.
Chapter three is the research methodology. It is concerned with the source of data research population and samples, research design, data collection instruments and method of data administration.
Chapter four consists of the data presentation and analysis: it is sub-divided into brief history of total Nigeria Plc the management of Total Nigeria Plc interview returns, presentation and analysis testing of hypothesis and discussion of findings.
The last chapter five is the work.

1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
During the course of carrying out this research work, these are some factors that posed as limitation on this study and they are as follows:
Time Limitation: because of the study of the nature of academic programme such as hours of lecture being received as well as the task of preparing for the examination did not prefer or give sufficient time for conducting this research works but at the end of it all, one is able to solve this problem by scheduling time for the research day of research or project writing and 1 day for resting every week.

EDITOR SOURCE: The Effectiveness Of Personal Selling In Marketing Of Petroleum Products In Nigeria

ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOUNDATION AND THEIR MODE OF CONSTRUCTION




INTRODUCTION
One of the major needs of human being in life is shelter to protect man and their properties from some nature hazards. Such hazard may include rainfall, wind, snow, sun, e.t.c which may challenge the way of standard living which man propose. One of the most critical agenda that human being proposed about their wellbeing in the olden days is to have houses inform of huts where they can live after which civilization exhausted the mindset of human from staying in hut to a more conducive and mighty buildings.
The development of bricks and stone for the construction of building necessitate the need for foundation, though the type of foundation most appropriate for a given structure depend greatly on the type of soil, the soil properties, soil condition and the type of building intended to be built on it.
Foundation can thus be defined as the horizontal members supporting the entire structure and transmitting the load of the structure to the subsoil. Foundation in respect to soil may further be explained as the lowest part of a building which is situated below the ground level and it is satisfactorily design to transfer or permit load on it.


ABSTRACT

This project work is concerned with assessment to different types of foundation and their mode of construction though looks like a literature review but entails full information and chosen.
Foundation samples were limited to three different locations within Ilorin metropolis. Terzaghi equation was used for determining soil bearing capacity of the three cohesionless soil samples taken.
The result obtained from the calculation shows that the soil in the three foundation Examined can resist any excessive settlement of super-structure load without excessive settlement of shear and it shows a good indication that the soil is good to be used as a sub grade or sub-base materials for construction.
In general the soil material in those three foundation posses similar characteristic.


EDITOR SOURCE: Assessment Of Different Types Of Foundation And Their Mode Of Construction

INTRODUCTION
As we move through the present economic conditions, the socio economic setting is different from what is used to be in the past today, many industries have to contend periodically with shortages and others face interactive competition people values are changing.
An attempt to know the most satisfying product right channels to be adopted, types of pricing tactics to adopt and the promotional strategy to apply.
Marketing is something that we do well, we all live by selling something. (stevenson) workers exchange their labour for income and use their income to buy wanted goods, companies use their products and use the receipt to buy raw materials and equipment move goods making a profit all know is a crucial human investing. It embraces the activities we engage into satisfy economic want.
This marketing was born, marketing means working in markets which in means attempting to satisfying human activity directed at satisfying needs and want through exchanges process, it consists of finding out what product and services people already need and want and than proceeding to design, promote and distribution them.
A production is any thing that can be offered to a market for attention acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a went or need, which exchange can be defined as the art of obtaining a desired object from some one by offering something in the return.
Marketing determines the growth and expenses of any businesses organisation, the market therefore is a researcher, investor, a psychologist, sociologist, economist communicator and a lawyer all rolled in the one, the professional marketer is involved in finding consumer needs and desires, developing product concepts aimed at satisfying fulfilled needs and desire, testing the validity of those product concepts, designing product features, packaging and finding a suitable brand name, pricing the product to recover a reasonable from an investment arranging for regional, nation and international distribution creating effecting marketing communization to let public know about the product’s availability commercial scene, and dating scale, monitoring customer satisfaction and rendering marketing plans in the light of results.
Good marketing defined a purpose for every organization, and statement of purpose should be specifies as to the business domain in which the organization will operate e.g. we help farmers to increase their productively. In its development of a definition for business domain, the company may want to specify up to from concession needs customer growth product and technology.
The energy of pure water has made it imperative to effectively market such product many years back there nothing of such and since there are a lot of them in the market now, the opportunities which they found and tend to exploit soon become a threat. This is so because many people went out to exploit negatively the opportunities there is with out adequate consideration for a health and proper hygiene water packaging.
Marketing is a total system of business activities designed to plan, price, promote and distributed want – satisfying goods and services to present and potential consumer whole maximizing sales profitably over the long run.



ABSTRACT
This research work deals with branding and marketing of pure water in Ilorin township, about satisfaction by the competitor that the regulatory system. The problem aims at solving some of the questions that might arise in the branding and marketing of pure water. The method of data used in the project was primary which include questionnaire and chi – square correlation analysis that was prepared for the testing of the hypothesis. During the period of finding, the researcher was able to examine and ascertain that branding enhances the effectiveness and efficient running of the branding has the marketing of pure water in Ilorin, therefore it was to realized that for any sector to develop and effectively running, it must be competitive and marketing oriented, so that the branding and marketing of pure water. Lastly the recommendation shows that branding influences the choice of a product in the market. For consumer to identify the product of their choice. This project contain five chapters, chapter one presented background of the study, statement of problem, aims and objective of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study and limitation and constraint to the study. Chapter two also explained the text book and author of the research been used in this project work. The concept of marketing, marketing strategy, branding and brand, branding policy methods of treating water and hypothesis formulation. Chapter three provided how research design population sample and sample size, sources of data, method of data collection and method of data presentation and analysis been gathered. Chapter four talk about the brief history of Ayobat pure water, data presentation, date analysis, hypothesis and discussion of finding. Finally, chapter five analysis the summary of report, conclusion and recommendation given to the company has an personal advice


EDITOR SOURCE: Branding And Marketing Of Pure Water In Ilorin Township (A Case Study Of Ayobat Pure Water)

THE ROLE OF WOMEN EDUCATION IN PROMOTING HEALTHY SOCIETY IN DEVELOPING SOCIETY




INTRODUCTION
Education in its broadest perspective is the lifelong learning, both formal and informal, which aims at equipping the individual effectively with acceptable skills, knowledge, attitudes and competences that will enable him/her to cope favorably with the problems of the society. It is one of the main keys to economic development and improvements in human welfare. As global economic competition grows deeper, education becomes an important source of competitive advantage, closely linked to economic growth, and a way for countries to attract jobs and investment. In addition, education appears to be one of the key determinants of lifetime earnings. Countries therefore, frequently see raising educational attainment as a way of tackling poverty and deprivation.
In developing countries, education is also linked to a whole batch of indicators of human development. Unfortunately, the potential contribution of women in education is undervalued and underutilized (Onyishi, 2007). In Nigeria, there had been several developmental initiatives in the sector since 1960; however, the standard has been degrading instead of getting better (Norah & Ihensekhien,
2009). In view of the crucial role of women in molding individuals from birth and throughout human lifecycle, there is no way a country can achieve development without the participation of women in government. It is not just the participation of women in government that is the necessary solution, but having women in decision making positions. In many countries of the world, the contributions of women were not being recognized until when the United Nations (UN) declared the Decade of Women (1976-1985), making it mandatory on governments to focus on issues of women as an integral component of national development (Lawson, 2008).
Women's education can be regarded as a kind of knowledge given to women for enhancing their self-respect and self-dignity. This knowledge can be in form of formal, non-formal and informal education, it can also be in form of adult education, community development, workshops, seminars, conferences and training. Women's education is for making women to become economically independent and self-reliant (Lawson, 2008). Women as mothers, are educators within their families, what they learn, they pass on to their children and their future generations (Lawson, 2008).
Education for women is a development priority due to the dynamic potential of educated women. Therefore, the main objectives for women's education are as follows:
• To enable women to improve their family's health and diet.
• To increase women's productive ability, thus raising their families' standard of living.
• To give women access to appropriate technologies, management of
cooperatives and the use of loan facilities.
• To improve women's social and culture status.
• To enable women to discharge their responsibilities more effectively
• Helping women to fight their own fears and feelings of inadequacy or
inferiority.
• Educating women in all round development. That is mentally, socially, physically, psychologically, religiously and economically.
• To make women participate fully in all the affairs of their nation and to be at centre of sustainable development.
• To make women able to acquire their own basic needs of the society, like food, shelter, fuel, clothes and nurturing.
• To enhance nation building in terms of economic and human development.
Since Nigeria has joined the rest of the world to allow women to participate fully in the society; from going to school to doing formal jobs, she has witnessed a remarkable improvement in educational sector and the workplace (Anugwom,
2009). The Federal Government of Nigeria has also fully embraced some of the resolutions of these conferences and has in the past ten years or so appointed women generally into some decision making positions such as Ministers, Special Advisers, Director Generals, etc. To this effect, this study is set to investigate the role of women of education in the development of Igbo-Eze North local government area of Enugu state.


EDITOR SOURCE: The Role Of Women Education In Promoting Healthy Society In Developing Society

SATISFACTION AND RETENTION: A KEY TO BUSINESS SURVIVAL (A CASE STUDY OF BERGER PAINTS NIGERIA PLC)




INTRODUCTION
It's difficult to over-stress the importance of customer satisfaction. Sustained profitability is only possible through building customer value and satisfaction. Profit comes as a consequence of building customer value.
As Henry Ford said:
"Business must be run at a profit... else it will die. But when anyone tries to run a business solely for profit, then also the business must die, for it no longer has a reason for existence."
Value Defined
Something that satisfies a consumer's need or want has value in the eyes of the consumer. Whether or not a consumer will buy a product offering depends on whether what it costs them is greater or less than the product's perceived value. Furthermore, when choosing between similar offers, a consumer will choose the product that offers the biggest difference between value and cost. Costs to the customer include not only monetary costs, but everything associated to acquiring it, such as time and hassle. For example, having to go and pick up concert tickets you've already paid for online adds an additional cost. Therefore, even if your product is more expensive, it will nevertheless be chosen if it carries more value in the eyes of the customer.
The difference between what the consumer perceives as the value of the product offering and its costs, are known by marketers as the delivered value. The goal is to ensure that the delivered value for your product is greater than the delivered value of the customer's alternatives.
Customer Satisfaction Defined
Customer satisfaction is closely related to customer expectations. Once acquiring a product, the customer will compare the actual performance of the product with what was expected. The customer will have feelings of pleasure if product performance meets expectations, and feelings of disappointment if it doesn't. If actual performance exceeds expectations, the customer is highly satisfied or delighted.
Customers form their expectations from a variety of sources such as friends, past experiences, competitors as well as the marketer's messages and promises. A balancing act must be made here. If you set expectations too high with your messages, your customers are more likely to be disappointed. If you set them too low, fewer will buy. The most successful firms set expectations high and then are able to deliver performance to match – at a profit.
Creating Customer Value
Given the importance of customer value, it's useful to use what Micheal Porter of Harvard calls the value chain as a tool to find ways to create more customer value. The value chain consists of company activities that create value and add costs in an organization. The primary activities in the value chain are:
• Bringing materials into the company (inbound logistics)
• Converting materials into finished products (operations)
• Shipping out finished products (outbound logistics)
• Marketing the products (sales and other marketing activities)
• Servicing the products (customer service)
Primary activities have secondary support activities which include procurement (or purchasing), technology development, human resource management and firm infrastructure. These support activities may be handled by specialized departments or by multiple departments.

Your job as a marketer is to examine the costs and performance of each value-creating activity, and find ways to improve in each area. It's helpful to compare competitors costs and performance in the value chain as a benchmark. If you can outperform your competitors you can gain a competitive advantage.
It's important to note that internal departments sometimes act in ways to maximize their interests rather than those of the company or customers. For example, a credit department may take too long ensuring the credit worthiness of a customer to avoid the possibility of a bad debt. During this time, the customer is waits and waits, and the sales person becomes frustrated.
The solution to this problem, is to ensure the core business processes are managed smoothly, by using cross disciplinary teams to manage core processes.
It's important to look beyond your own operations as well. Finding competitive advantages beyond your own operations will increase your chances of success. For example, Walmart's suppliers are plugged directly into its inventory system so that they can track sales and replenish items as needed. This reduces the chances of stock outages.
The importance of customer retention
Often, organizations focus a lot or their marketing efforts on attracting new customers and far less attention retaining customers. Satisfied customers are loyal customers. Here are some interesting statistics from the Harvard Business Review (The Loyalty Effect by Frederick F. Reichheld and Thomas Teal):
• It can cost 5 times more to get a new customer than to satisfy and retain a current customer
• In a typical company, customers are defecting at the rate of 10-30% per year
• The profitability of a customer tends to increase the longer the customer is retained
A 5% reduction in the customer defection rate can increase profits by 25% - 80%, depending on the industry
The consumer is faced with an infinite number of choices in his buying behavior. He makes a decision on whether to spend his money or save it. If he chooses to spend it, he has a wide range of product choices available to him. Even within the relatively narrow field of paint industries the consumer has, from five to ten different brands of paints from which to choose in the average paint shop or depot, obviously, no one brand is going to be sold for long if it stops giving the customer what he wants. Hence, it is a total error for a marketing manager to believe that the consumer must buy his product.
The consumer bestows his favor on those who give him what he wants in product, price, promotion and convenience. The penalty for disobeying his mandate is almost certain failure. There are numerous illustrations of firms that refused to obey “Key consumer”, thereby incurring his wrath. At one time, the Waltham Watch Company was held in high esteem by watch buyers decided that the wrist watch was preferable to the pocket watch and subsequently, the consumers changed their buying habit, Waltham was a stubborn until the consumer forced it to do so by refusing to buy pocket watches. Meanwhile, key consumer decided that he wishes his wrist watch to do more than ten times, he wanted a fashionably styled time piece. The majority of firm in that country immediately entered a competitive race on a fashion basis, but not Waltham. His refusal to produce a properly style watch eventually caused its failure.
Obviously, the consumer seldom directly commands a manufacturer.


EDITOR SOURCE: Satisfaction And Retention: A Key To Business Survival (A Case Study Of Berger Paints Nigeria Plc)

ENRICHING NIGERIA MENU WITH THE USE OF SOYA BEANS








INTRODUCTION
Soya beans have come to play a prominent role in our daily diet because of the nutritional value it contributes to various dishes.
Soya beans can be processed into many products such as milk, cheese which comes as an extract from soya milk and can also be used in making soya moin moin, soya beans Amala with soya Egusi/Ugwu soup.
Soya beans belong to the family edible seeds of the leguminous plants and the word is derived from the Latin word (legumes). It has been found that the biological value of its protein is known to be very high and much higher than those of other vegetable protein and from animal origin because it contains practically all the essential amino acids in fairly good amount for body needs.
Cereal proteins which constitute the major protein source for people in many developing countries are generally of a relatively low quality because they lack-adequate amounts of the essential amino acid especially lysine. How ever, they contain relatively low protein, and other sulphur amino acids.
Therefore, consuming a mixture of soya beans protein the nutritional quality of the protein from either source can upgrade the nutrition of the people who now subsist on protein deficient diets especially in Nigeria.
Realizing the importance of adequate consumption of high quality protein food is the maintenance of good health; effort should be made to utilize potentially good and cheap sources of proteins.
It is therefore necessary to investigate how soya beans could be put to use to complement the deficiency in the protein of our staple food like yam, cassava, maize e.t.c further more, with the difficult of obtaining imported food these days, the use of soya beans in enriching meal can break Nigerian menu monopoly and go a long way in saving substantial foreign exchange for Nigeria.
However, protein content is only one of the factors that make soyabeans a potential answer to inadequate nutrition. As with many food, soyabeans should not be considered as a sole sources of nutrition, but when combined with other foods, soyabeans especially as a protein sources can go a long way in upgrading the nutrition of million of people throughout the world.
Management of the hotel and catering industry can not deny that sales of food and beverages, which accounts for some percentage of income to the hotel has been declining due to exorbitant price which accounts from the meat prepared. Soyabeans products which are equally good nutritionally as those from animal origin and cheaper will go along way in reducing the cost of the food thereby increasing the patronage and profit margin of hotel industry.
 To show the quickest method of producing dishes from soyabeans.
 To promote the acceptability of soybeans supplement in strict vegetarian diet.
 To make Nigeria be aware of the improved recipe made from maize
 To document and update the new products obtained from soya beans.
 To produce cheap protein to the low income earner.
 To increase sufficient food of protein origin to the masses
ABSTRACT
The aim of this project is to enrich Nigerian menu with the use of soyabeans. Using semovita as control for soyabeans flour for the production of Amala, and using corn flour as control for soyabeans flour for the production of moinmoin. It is hoped that the findings would make these dishes from the above food materials known, accepted and included in the Nigerian menu in such a place like homes.
Attempts were made to review relevant literatures to provide information in all areas covered by this work. Different measures that were used are 50/50, 100%. The taste panels were requested to evaluate such qualities which include appearance, taste, colour, flavour, texture.
It was discovered that the dishes made from taste, colour, flavour, texture. It was discovered that the dishes made from these food commodities had flavour, looked colourful, palatable and presentable.







EDITOR SOURCE: Enriching Nigeria Menu With The Use Of Soya Beans

THE ROLE OF STOCK EXCHANGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITAL MARKET







INTRODUCTION
The capital market is a market which deals in long – term loans. It supplies industry with fixed and working capital and finances medium- term and long term borrowing of the federal, state and local governments.
The capital market deals in ordinary stocks and shares and debentures of corporations and bond and securities of government and it should be noted that the fund which flow into the capital market come from individuals who have savings to invest.
In another sense the stock exchange plays an important role in the economy, it determine the economic health of the country and has a pivotal role in mobilizing resources for the development of capital market. It is patient to know that the capital market functions through stock exchange market under the stock exchange of every country.
A case study of Nigerian stock exchange, the contribution of stock exchange in the banking sector and in the economic will being of the public
In a nut shell, the tock exchange aims to provide an atmosphere when buyer and seller of securities must to buy and sell shoves (securities) the study on the role of stock exchange in the development of capital market will focus on:
(a) the role of stock exchange in Nigeria and the capital market
(b) history of Nigeria stock exchange and it past operations
(c) Effect and important of stock exchange as a unit of capital market on the industrial development.
(d) Impact on the investor and issues of the securities
(e) Nature of the capital market and exchange in the capital market operations.
(f) Participant in the capital market
(g) Problem of Nigeria stock exchange in the capital market operations





ABSTRACT
A case study of Nigeria, the contribution of stock exchange in the banking sector and in economic well being of the general public.
In a nutshell, the stock exchange aims to provide an atmosphere where buyer and sellers of securities meet to buy and sells shares (securities)
The importance of stock exchange cannot be over emphasized in the banking sector and even it performs prominent roles in Nigeria economy at large. In developing our economy in Nigeria in Banking sector, with stock exchange had came into being so as to perform this active part in banking and Nigeria as well, in view of the above, the stock exchange market aimed at motivating and encourage the Investor, Brokers as well as the general public to have improvement in their aims of buying and selling securities, through proper usage of the instrument used in the stock exchange market.


EDITOR SOURCE; The Role Of Stock Exchange In The Development Of Capital Market (A Case Study Of Nigeria Stock Exchange)

PROBLEMS OF EDUCATING AND TRAINING LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCES STUDENTS


Library and information science (LIS) training and education play a significant role in the production of high quality LIS students who occupy a unique position in national development. LIS students are gatekeepers and brokers of information which is essential for knowledge acquisition, decision-making and national development. The success of library, archives and information centre? in effectively meeting their obligation of information provision is hinged, in part, on the development of skilled manpower.
Trained personnel, according to Korsah (1996) are a key requirement in library and information work. In this respect, LIS education plays a vital role (Edegbo, 2011). Although early LIS students, particularly librarians did not undergo any formal training (Wikipedia, nd.), the modern day challenges of library and information work require that personnel should be well-trained and educated to make for effectiveness.

Melvin Dewey, the famous proponent of the Dewey Decimal Classification System was said to have established the first library school in the United States in 1887 at Columbia University (Wikipedia, n.d.). In Europe, the library School established in Barcelona in 1915 is reputed to be the oldest library school in that continent. Many other library schools were said to have been established during the Second World War. In Africa, however, South Africa is credited with the longest history of LIS in the continent dating from 1938 (Ocholla, 2007).
In West Africa, the earliest formal training in librarianship consisted of short courses organized by practicing librarians and these were aimed solely at preparing the participants for the British Library Association examinations (Ojo-Igbinoba, 1995) which then constituted the only gateway for aspiring librarians (Aguolu and Aguolu, 2002). One of such courses took place in Achimota College, Gold Coast (now Ghana) in 1944 and it drew participants from various West African countries including Nigeria. This appears to be the earliest evidence of the strong historical link between Ghana and Nigeria in the education and training of LIS students. Hence this study tends to study the challenges in the training and education of library and information science students.


ABSTRACT
The study of the challenges in the training and education of library and information science students is psychological. It is against this that the researcher sees the subject matter worthy of investigation to examine how the challenges pose a threat on the effective training of students of library and information science.


EDITOR SOURCE: Problems Of Educating And Training Library And Information Sciences Students In Nigeria (A Case Study Of The University Of Calabar)

IMPACT OF IFRS DISCLOSURES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE



As the business world becomes closer in its financial and trade ties, many countries are moving towards International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), common accounting rules that define how transactions should be reported and what information should be disclosed in financial statements (IASB, 2007). This unitary set of standards has solved many problems while creating others. However, this study is examining the impact of IFRS disclosures on the organizational performance.
It is important to look at the big picture and the overarching aim of IFRS. In an increasingly global market place, international comparability is critical to enable the effective allocation of scarce resources. To achieve international comparability the key nations around the world need to commit to one global set of accounting standards. While over 100 countries have already adopted IFRS, key countries like the United States, Japan and India are yet to require IFRS for listed companies (Bradshaw et al, 2012).
It is important to note that companies that use the same standards to prepare their financial statements can be compared to each other more accurately. This is especially important when comparing companies located in different countries, as they might otherwise be using different rules and methodologies to prepare their statements. This increase in comparability has helped investors better determine where their investment dollars should go thereby enhancing organizational performance as there will be more investors to invest in the company. Though, the United States has not yet adopted International Financial Reporting Standards and other countries continue to hold out as well (Bradshaw et al, 2012). This makes accounting by foreign-based companies that do business in America difficult as they often have to prepare financial statements using IFRS and another set using American Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (Bradshaw et al, 2012).
IFRS disclosures use a principles-based, rather than rules-based, philosophy. A principles-based philosophy means that the goal of each standard is to arrive at a reasonable valuation and that there are many ways to get there. This gives companies the freedom to adapt IFRS disclosures to their particular situation, which leads to more easily read and useful statements. There is a downside to the flexibility that IFRS disclosure allows organizations to utilize only the methods they wish to, allowing the financial statements to show only desired results. This can lead to revenue or profit manipulation, can be used to hide financial problems in the company and can even encourage fraud. For example, changing the method of inventory valuation can bring more income into the current year's profit and loss statement, making the company appear more profitable than it really is. While IFRS requires that changes to the application of the rules must be justifiable, it is often possible for companies to "invent" reasons for making the changes. Stricter rules would ensure that all companies are valuing their statements the same way.


EDITOR SOURCE: Impact Of IFRS Disclosures On Organizational Performance

EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITIES OF BOKO HARAM





The magnitude of terror disasters over the years shows that terrorism and insecurity is a global problem that requires immediate attention.
The response was a fight against such defined groups that perpetrate oppressive, violent and murderous act on the general populate. Islamic radicalism is fingered as responsible for the attacks and seen as a threat to peace, security and prosperity of global community (Faith, 2013). The world view about insecurity and terrorism was shattered by September 11, 2001 attack and the subsequent declaration of “War against Terror” by the US; the issue of terrorism was pursued to the forefront of international political discourse.
Nigeria in recent times has witnessed an unpresented level of insecurity. This made national security threat to be a major issue for the government and this has prompted huge allocation of national budget to security. In order to ameliorate the incident of crime, the federal government has embarked on the criminalization of terrorism and other related matter by passing the anti terrorism Act in 2011, with the lingering security challenge and the inability of the security apparatus of the government to guarantee safety and the security country, peace and security of the nation will be in jeopardy if not checked. Adugu (2012) and Alufera (2011) are of the view that the effort of the government has not yielded enough positive result in the fight against insecurity. With the recent happening, the government has double its effort towards the fight and the result has been positive.
Book Haram as a terror group has behind a lot of attacks in Nigeria. from onset, the attacks have been on government properties, institutions and agencies. Book Haram activities emerged from mere attacks on government institution, agencies to seceding of parts of north east Nigeria and declaring it an Islamic caliphate. This led to the government to declared state of emergency in north east states particularly Yobe, Borno, and Adamawa states to curb their activities and to exterminate Boko Haram insurgency.

ABSTRACT
This study was embarked upon to ascertain the threat of Boko Haram insurgency to the peace and stability of Nigeria. Boko Haram has committed a lot of atrocities particularly to the north eastern part of Nigeria. So many lives have been lost and properties worth millions of naira destroyed. The fight against Boko Haram insurgency by government has taken different dimensions ranging from declaration of state of emergency in the most affected state, forming of civilian joint task force along with military men to tackle book Haram. This effort by the government has been yielding positive results in the fight against insurgency. Book Haram threatens the peace, stability and the nationhood of Nigeria by ceding part and declaring it a caliphate. This declaration prompted the government to move in with full in the fight against Boko Haram insurgency. The study cover north eastern part of Nigeria which has been the focal point of Boko Haram activities. This study adopts the survey method. Data was collected using the questionnaire and analysed with Pearson Product Movement Correlation (PPMC). It was found that Boko Haram has a positive relationship with poverty and illiteracy. Also the threat pose by Boko Haram to the peace and stability of Nigeria is significant. Bases of these findings, it is recommended that the government should continue its onslaught against Boko Haram, sponsors and sources of funding of Boko Haram should be traced within a view to bringing the culprit to book. Government should adopt an effective measure to ensure local police force and home security guard. This arrangement must evolve from the local communities, believing that every village or town is secured, the nation in turn be secured.


EDITOR SOURCE: Empirical Analysis Of The Activities Of Boko Haram In The Northeastern Part Of Nigeria

THE EFFECT OF CARD READERS ON ELECTION CREDIBILITY





The use of card readers at the 2015 general election in Nigeria has infused some level of transparency and credibility into Nigeria's electoral process (Okonji, 2015). It was observed that when the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) first announced its plan to introduce card reader machine for the March 28 and April 11 2015 general elections, many Nigerians, especially politicians, vehemently opposed to it. They felt the country has not developed to a level where such technology can be employed for elections. Besides, they felt the uses of card reader would disrupt the entire electoral processes.
The public outcry that greeted the planned introduction of card reader machines was enough to discourage INEC from introducing it. However, because of INEC confidence in the efficacy of modern technologies in achieving quick results, coupled with its vision to transform the country's electoral process from its old norms that was characterized by ballot box snatching and multiplicity of ballot tomb-printing, INEC went ahead and introduced the technology against all odds (Vanguard, 2015). However, many technology experts in Nigeria and outside, who monitored the elections are full of praises for INEC for insisting on the use of card reader machines, saying it is the best thing that has ever happened to the Nigerian electoral process in the area of election transparency. They have called on the electoral umpire to introduce card reader machines in subsequent elections, believing it is a sure way to achieve transparency and credibility in every election.
Election is the process of choosing a candidate for public office. Election is a critical component of any democratic society. As such, Nigeria’s returned to democratic rule and engagement with the democratic process led to the conduct of its general elections in 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011 and 2015. General elections are elections conducted in the federation at large for federal and state elective positions (The Electoral Institute, 2015). The 2015 presidential election appears to be the most keenly contested in the history of elections in Nigeria because it was the first time about four major opposition parties came together to form a very strong party, All Progressive Congress (APC) in order to challenge the dominance of the ruling party, Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in the polity. Indeed, according to Omotola (2013), the election became the only game in town, shaping and reshaping public discourse and political actions.
Prior to the 2015 general elections, a number of technologically based reforms (e.g. biometric Register of Voters, Advanced Fingerprints Identification System) were embarked upon by the new leadership (headed by Prof Attairu Jega) of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC), the election management body empowered by the 1999 Constitution (as amended) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria to organize, undertake and supervise all elections in Nigeria.
However, despite the confidence of INEC in the use of card reader in the 2015 general elections, the machines came with some challenges, even though the elections have been widely adjudged as being successful. For instance, during the March 28 Presidential and National Assembly elections across the country, the card readers malfunctioned in several polling units, a situation that caused undue delay in the accreditation process. It, however, worked perfectly in other polling units. The challenges ranged from rejection of permanent voter's card (PVC) by the card readers, inability to capture the biometrics from finger tips, to irregular capturing and fast battery drainage. INEC officials have to abandon their polling units and took the card readers back to their office for proper configuration. In order to salvage the situation, which was almost becoming frustrating, INEC ordered the use of manual process for accreditation, But before the order could go round the states and local government areas, it was already late to conduct accreditation and actual voting in some areas, a situation that forced INEC to extend the exercise to the next day in all affected areas.
Concerned about the massive electoral fraud witnessed in the past general elections in Nigeria, INEC deployment of the card reader in 2015 general elections was to ensure a credible, transparent, free and fair election in order to deepen Nigeria’s electoral democracy. However, the used of the electronic device in the 2015 general elections generated debate among election stakeholders before, during and after the elections.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The 2015 presidential election was the closest electoral contest since the country’s post-1999 transition to multi-party democracy (International Republican Institute, 2015). The election is the most politically engaged in the history of electoral democracy in Nigeria. Huge resources were used for the elections including 120 billion naira expended by INEC, 750,000 ad-hoc election staff with over 360,000 security personnel including the use of card readers to ensure credibility and transparency. The presidential election was contested by fourteen candidates from different political parties. However, the candidates of the PDP (Dr Goodluck Jonathan) and APC (General Muhammadu Buhari) were the major contenders in the election. However, the researcher is out to examine the effect of card readers on the election credibility in Nigeria.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The following are the objectives of this study:
1. To examine the effect of card readers on the election credibility in Nigeria.
2. To examine the reliability of the card reader during the electoral process.
3. To identify the limitations in the use of the card reader for elections in Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What is the effect of card readers on the election credibility in Nigeria?
2. What is the reliability of the card reader during the electoral process?
3. What are the limitations in the use of the card reader for elections in Nigeria?
1.5 HYPOTHESIS
HO: There is no significant relationship between card readers and 2015 presidential election credibility in Nigeria
HA: There is significant relationship between card readers and 2015 presidential election credibility in Nigeria
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The following are the significance of this study:
1. The outcome of this study will educate the general public on the benefits of the use of card reader for elections.
2. This research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if applied will go to an extent to provide new explanation to the topic.
1.7 SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study on the effect of card readers on the election credibility in Nigeria will cover the processes involved in the conduct of 2015 presidential election with special focus on the influence of the card reader on the outcome of the election.
LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

ABSTRACT:
The real issue in the 2015, presidential election bore down to the use of the card reader machine, as a novel to the electoral System in Nigeria. The card reader was a critical component that distinguished the 2015 presidential election from other presidential elections so far conducted in Nigeria. It was the first time in the history of Nigeria that card reader was used in the electoral process and it remains one of the greatest technological device setup to authenticate and verify electorates. The permanent voter card (PVC) issued by Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) was verified with the aforementioned machine to ensure credibility and authenticity, transparency, and free and fair election in order to deepen democracy in Nigeria. Meanwhile, one of the unsolved puzzles in the last general election was the failure of card readers in some pulling units to capture the biometric data of some electorates. The objective of the study: to examine the effect of card readers on the election credibility; ascertain the reliability of card readers during the electoral process; look at the debate on the legality or illegality of card readers and identify the challenges inherent in the use of card readers. The method adopted was constant undertaking of trips to relevant offices for data collection and through internet. The design was ex-post facto design and data collected were analyzed through expository mechanism using data reduction, display and conclusion. The study use Decision Making Theory as the Theoretical Framework to establish the relationship existing among the variables. Findings: the essence of card reader was to enhance hitch free election; minimize electoral malpractice and improve Nigeria electoral system. Base on our findings, we recommend for massive enlightenment and sensitization of the public; extensive and intensive training of man power personnel and dealing with the irregularities identified during the last general election such as rejection of finger tips and fast battery drainage among others.



EDITOR SOURCE: The Effect Of Card Readers On Election Credibility (A Case Study Of 2015 Presidential Election In Nigeria)

THE EFFECT OF INTERNALLY GENERATED REVENUE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH





Revenue generation in Nigeria local governments is principally derived from tax. Tax is a compulsory levy imposed by government on individuals and companies for the various legitimate function of the state (Olaoye, 2008). Tax is a necessary ingredient for civilization. The history of man has shown that man has to pay tax in one form or the other that is either in cash or in kind, initially to his chieftain and later on a form of organized government (Ojo, 2003). No system or rules can be effective whether foreign or nature unless it enjoys some measures of financial independence. Local governments in Nigeria have developed over a number of years. Historically, the development of direct taxation in local government in Nigeria can be traced the British pre-colonial period Under this period, community taxes were levied on communities (Rabiu,2004) recently the revenue that accrues to local government is derived from two broad sources, viz the external sources and the internal source An effective Local Government system rests majorly on the availability of human and material resources which the nation could mobilize and harness for local governments development. In 1976, the Federal Military Government then issued guidelines on local governments reforms. The reforms which gave recognition to local governments as the third tier of government whereby government activities at the local level were taken care of. In 1988, another reform of local government was established. This gave a substantial and unprecedented reform of autonomy to the local governments in the country. With this autonomy, greater responsibilities devolved on the local government therefore, became a common knowledge that most of the local government are finding it difficult to cope with the present level of responsibilities.
Most state governments in Nigeria do no longer perform their responsibilities simply because of poor finances arises from internally generated revenue. The bad financial situation is further aggravated by the prevailing inflationary situation in this country which erodes the value of funds available to render essential social services to the people. Economic growth is highly associated with fund, much revenue is needed to plan, execute and maintain infrastructures and facilities at the state government level. They need revenue generated for such developmental projects like construction of accessible roads, building of public schools, health care centers, construction of bridges among others are sources generated from taxes, royalties, haulages, fines and grants from states, national and international governments. Thus, state government cannot embark, execute and possibly carryout the maintenance of these projects and other responsibilities without adequate revenue generation.
1.2 Statement of the problem
The state government is faced with myriads of problems ranging from corruption and embezzlement, poor financing, mismanagement of funds to poor leadership. This has deterred the development of state government in Nigeria. The major issues are; what has contributed to the non-performance; is it because of total dependence on federal statutory allocation? Is it as a result of poor internally generated revenue drive? Is it because of ineffective utilization of available scarce resources or mismanagement by public office holder? Among others, state government has always been over dependent on the statutory allocation thereby causing the state government to underperform which includes;
1. Dilapidated infrastructural facilities
2. Unavailability of social services to rural populace.
3. Underdevelopment of local communities.
Based on the above stated problems, it has become necessary to conduct an analysis on revenue generation in Lagos State.
1. Significance of the study
From the outlook, there is need for the state government to improve their performance. However, the research is significantly consideringthe closeness of state government to the grassroots’ people and theneed to utilize substantial revenue for its various sources in addition to federal statutory allocation for developmental purpose. The study will help to identifying some means of generating revenue that has been neglected over years. It will also be beneficial to the grassroots because improved revenue generation means improved standard of living in form of provision of social amenities such as road, hospital, park, drinkable water, rural electrification etc. The study will be educative as it will be a reference point for researchers.
1.4 Objectives of the study
The broad objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of internally generated revenue on the economic growth of Lagos State.
The specific objectives are;
1. To examine the relationship between internally generated revenue and economic growth in Lagos State.
2. To ascertain the extent which value added tax has contributed to government developmental effort.
3. To evaluate the extent to which internally generated revenue has contributed to the economic growth in Lagos State and it various sources.
1.5 Research questions
1. Is therea significant relationship between internally generated revenue and economic growth in Lagos State?
2. Does Allocation from Value Added Tax (VAT) significantly contribute to government developmental effort?
3. Is there a significant relationship between statutory allocation to the state government and economic growth in Lagos State?
1.6 Research hypotheses
A hypothesis is a theoretical conceptualization or an idea or guest regarding how researcher thinks the result of his study will look. It consists of a set of assumptions accepted previously as a basis of investigation. It is a proposition that is yet to be tested for its validity. For the purpose of this research study, three null hypotheses were formulated.
• H01: There is no significant relationship between internally generated revenue and economic growth in Lagos State.
• H02: Allocation from Value Added Tax (VAT) does not significantly contribute to government developmental effort.
• H03: There is no significant relationship between statutory allocation to the state Government and economic growth in Lagos State.
1.7 Limitations of the study
This study has some limitations most especially in the area of data collection which is to be covered and has time duration of five years (i.e. 2010–2014). Financial constraints as well as time available for the completion of the study are among other factors that would limit the scope of the study.
1.8 Scope of the study
The study would appraise the revenue generation for the period of five years (1999-2014) in Lagos State. The research is intended to be carried out using secondary data. Secondary data will be obtained from the monthly revenue generation account from the office of Accountant General of Lagos State.
1.9 Definition of terms
State Government: According to Lawal (2000) State Government as a political sub-division of a nation in Federal system which is constituted by law and has substantial control of local affairs which includes the power to impose taxes or exact labor for prescribed purpose.
Revenue: Public revenue could be defined as the funds generated by the government to finance its activities. In other words revenue is the total fund generated by government (Federal, state, local government/ to meet their expenditure for a fiscal year. This refers also to the grand total of money of income received from the source of which expenses are incurred. Revenue could be internal or external revenue.
Generation: This is the process of sourcing revenue for the local government in carryout their aim and objectives.
Internally Generated Revenue: Monies collected by a government through imposition of levies and taxes on facilities, incomes, sale of goods and services.
Growth: An increase in the capacity of an economy to produce goods and services, compared from one period of time to another.
Economy: The state of a country or region in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services and the supply of money.
Economic Growth: An increase in the amount of goods and services produced per head of the population over a period of time.
Expenditure: Public expenditure refers to the expenses which the government incurs for its own maintenance, in the interest of the society and the economy in order to help other countries.
Tax: Tax can be defined as a compulsory levy by government on goods, services, income and wealth. It provides definite source of revenue for government expenditure. (Udeh 2008). It is the way by which government obtain extra money. It spent from income of individual and companies. Tax could be direct or indirect tax. A tax is a payment made by the taxpayers and used by the government for the benefits of all the citizens.
Tax Evasion:This means illegal reduction in one’s tax liabilities, thereby paying less than the appropriate amounts and not paying at all.
Tax Avoidance:This is the act of streamlining one’s financial affairs within the law so as to minimize the tax liabilities. Development: According to Ake (2001) Development is thus the process by which people create and recreate themselves and their life circumstances to realize higher levels of civilization in accordance with their own choice and values. It also a type of social change in which new ideas are introduces into a social in order to produce higher per-capital income and levels of living through more modern production methods and improved social organization.



EDITOR SOURCE: The Effect Of Internally Generated Revenue On Economic Growth Of Lagos State, Nigeria.

ONLINE REGISTRATION AND RESULT CHECKING FOR SECONDARY SCHOOL IN NIGERIA (A Case Study of Ilorin Comprehensive High School, Ilorin).




The design of websites by individuals, corporate organizations, institution and Government of different countries has increased tremendously. It is importance and relevance of integrating and narrowing world into a global village cannot be over emphasized. The World Wide Web is an integral, important and exciting part of the internet. The internet is a broad to computer that links together small network of computer equipment that has been joined together in order to shared information and resources. The World Wide Web consist of a multimedia element such as art galleries magazine, sound, music, educational materials, video etc. the Websites contain millions of document stored on several web pages in a host server as well as design of these web pages can be done using Hypertext Makeup language (HTML) , Cascading Style Sheet (CSS), Script with php and Structure query language (sql). These are all set s or series of instructions which you add to ordinary text documents is a webpage and how the information on it should be displayed. We have decided to embark on this project in order to bring the benefits of the World Wide Web to the Ilorin Comprehensive High School will increase their efficiencies in terms of services quality of education and to better their correspondence with their students and other Secondary Schools irrespective of geographical locations.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The role of World Wide Web in the development process of Institution like the Ilorin Comprehensive High School cannot be over emphasized. This stems from the fact that the school still carries out most of it activities using manual method which include the registration and result thereby I came to conclusion in order to improve the standard of this great school and the widely spread of the website all these should be done via internet for easy and quick access.
Online Registration: interest candidate from different geographical location can purchase and submit all the application forms in the schools thereby reduces the application misplaced or miss-handled form.
Checking of Result: student are unable to easily reference their result in case of theft, fire, outbreak or when misplaced.



1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim and objectives of this project is to design a website that will improve the manual method of result checking and admission processing of Ilorin Comprehensive High school
I. To prevent lost of student data and records during fire outbreaks, thefts etc.
II. For easy access of the existing student and incoming application to know more about the school
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
This study is targeted at utilizing the vast potential and benefits of the internet judiciously and effectively (i.e online admission processing and result processing) this will increase the awareness of management towards new innovations, better their correspondence with other institution raise the standard of school as well as it efficiency and to reduce the problems associated with manual results checking and application for admission of Ilorin Comprehensive High School.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This project work is limited to these two major areas
a. Online application for admission of the Ilorin Comprehensive High School.
b. Result checking of Ilorin Comprehensive High School.

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
I. School: A place where children are taught and imply knowledge
II. Student: someone who is studying at a school
III. Classroom: A room that you have lesson In at school or colleges.
IV. Principal: This is a person heading and controlling the school
V. Teacher: Someone whose job is to teach.
VI. Period: One of the equal parts that the school days are divided into lesson.
VII. School calendar: A system for dividing the time, that fixed the event from which they are measure or arrange days into month and year of the school.
VIII. Bandwidth: A measurement of the amount of data that can flow through a link between computers. It is measure in bits per second (bps).
IX. Browser: A piece of software used to find and display document stored on the internet.
X. Arpanet: (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) this is used by U.S department of Defence responsible for the research and technical development in where no single service has a clear jurisdiction.
XI. Download: Simply means to copy a file on internet to your computer.
XII. FTP Client: A program that enable one to contact another computer on the internet in order to exchange files.
XIII. HTML (Hpertext Transfer Protocol): The standard language that allows web clients and server to communicate.
XIV. ISP (Internet Service Provider): These are companies that offer access to internet for a fee to it’s subscribers.
XV. Tag: HTML instruction enclosed in angular brackets.
XVI. Protocol: Set of rules that allows for orderly and proper exchange of information in the network.
XVII. Webpage : A computer document in HTML and linked to other computer documents by hyper link.
XVIII. WWW (World Wide Web) : This is the most exciting part of the Internet and usually refer to as Web, it works under a technology called hypermedia. Hypermedia allows the transfer of text, sound video, graphics, art, movies etc.
XIX. URL (Uniform Resource Location) : It is the address that enable you connect to any website of your choice.
XX. Internet: Interconnection of several network of computer i.e many server are interconnected with one another on different host location.
XXI. Homepage: This refer to the first page opened when you visit any Website/Webpage.
XXII. Hyperlinks: The links that will link you to other Webpage/Website, this can be graphics, font colored ,
XXIII. text e.t.c on the internet.
XXIV. Database: The logical collection of data and information with minimum duplication and redundancy.
XXV. Web Client: Web client are those dependant computers that request / receive information from the Web servers.

1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT
This project is arranged according to how it is carryout and logically design for easy understanding.
The chapter one comprises of the background of study, the problems, the aims and objectives, significance and scope of study.
The chapter two comprises of the literature review, review of related literature on the subject, the overview of the internet, historical background of the case study.
The chapter three also consist of the methodology research design , method of data collection, problem of the existing system, description of proposed system and the advantages of the proposed system.
The chapter four consists of the design and implementation of the system such as the output design and specification, input design, database design, procedure design, choice of programming language, the hardware support, software support, also the system documentation i.e program documentation, operating the system, maintaining the system.
The chapter five is the concluding part of the project which include the summary, the problems encounters during the research conclusion and recommendation


EDITOR SOURCE: Online Registration And Result Checking For Secondary School In Nigeria (A Case Study Of Ilorin Comprehensive High School, Ilorin).

THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF DRUGS AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE







The term drug is defined as any substance that when absorbed into a living organism may modify one or more of its physiological functions. The term is generally used in reference to a substance taken for both therapeutic purpose and abused substances (Kwamanga, Odhiambo&Amukoye, 2003). Globally and even regionally, drug and substance abuse is an ever expanding problem and is recognized as a threat with serious effects on people’s health, security, social-economic and cultural welfare. In Nigeria, students have consistently shown that there is considerable prevalence of
drug and substance use; with varying preference rates found for both overall and specific drug abuse (Abdulkarim, 2005). Some of these commonly abused substances include tobacco, Miraa (khat), bhang, alcohol, cocaine, mandrax and heroine (NACADA, 2006).
Drugs pose a very big problem in the world today and it is ruining the lives of many millions of people both in adolescent and general population. The use of illegal drugs has spread at a high rate and has penetrated every part of the world. No nation has been spared from the devastating problem caused by drugs and substance abuse. Nigeria has not been spared either and in most cases it has been as a transit point of hard drugs especially through AkwaIbom. Trafficking of hard drugs into developing countries has not spared, Nigeria the drug consumption and dependence among secondary and college students and has led to unrest and consequently wide ranging destruction of life and property (Ngesu, Ndiku&Masese, 2008). Factors influencing students to drug use have been identified among them parental influence whereby it has been noted that children from homes where parents take drugs tend to imitate their parents’ behaviors and by modeling they start using drugs (Ngesu, et al 2008).
School factors can also influence students to drug use (Ngesu et al: 2008). How the school administration manages students’ affairs may lead to drug abuse, high handedness, lack of freedom and failure to address them generally creates stress, which can lead to abuse of drugs as depressors (Kingala, 2000). Unfortunately, across all continents in the world and throughout time, drug abuse among both the young and adult population has manifested itself in various forms.
It appears that drug abuse affects behavior and its effects on schools whose prevalence was assessed in this study, is a worldwide problem with no exception of Nigerian students. Use of drugs has led to many health problems in the youth, especially among the students. The youth experience many special problems and considerations. This is the period of adolescence which is full of many challenges such as stress of physiological and physical change, competition in school and life in general, generation gap, unjust and cruel world among other problems. Psychologically, the adolescents have serious developmental tasks to handle such as peer identification and individualization from their family. Sexual identification; societal and vocational; role identification and negotiating issues of authority power and independence are primary (Oketch, 2008).
A report by United Nation Drug Control Programme (UNDCP, 1998) shows that 60% of student’s abuse drugs. A survey by National Council Against Drug Abuse (NACADA, 2006) shows that substance abuse is widespread. It affects the youth mostly although it cuts across all social groups. Many young people especially the unemployed have resulted to using drugs like heroin and cocaine which are injectables. This has been a major contributor to the spread of HIV/AIDS due to the fact that they share syringes. Other drugs like alcohol can lead to risky sexual behavior as they affect judgment and decision making. A drunkard is unable to assert himself or herself especially when it comes to saying no to unprotected sex thus resulting to exposures to sexually transmitted infections.
Research findings indicate that there is a direct linkage between drug and substance Abuse and HIV and AIDS prevalence (NACADA, 2006). According to Siringi and Waihenya (2001), 22% of secondary school students are on drugs and it has been found out that males have high exposure to Mira and inhalants than females. PovertyAlso encourages drug use among students due to absenteeism and idleness (Adelekan 1998). As a result of lack of school fees, with availability of and access to drugs in The village kiosks the idleness may in one way or another encourage high prevalence of drug use among students aged 14-24 years old. This study therefore investigated the causes and effects of drug and substance abuse among students in Nigeria.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
It is evident that drug use and abuse is still a problem in Nigeria secondary schools despite the various measures taken to curb it. Drug abuse menace has strangled Youthful population both secondary school students and non-students reducing them to dummies, zombies and drooling figures as well as wasting their lives at the age which they are most needed in society (Ngesu, et al 2008). Although the youth have been educated on the dangers of the drug abuse, most of the secondary school students have little or no knowledge of how dangerous the vice is (Ngesu et al 2008). Although students are expected to be aware of the effects of drug abuse and commit themselves to their studies, the habit still exists.
Although several researchers have preventive measures suggested, the researchers have not effectively led to the desired results of curbing the menace of drug and substance abuse in Nigeria secondary schools. This is because apart from the youth facing a lot of challenges as individuals, the family and society including the church and school have not come out wholly to initiate methods of helping the youngsters.
There is always a conflict of interest on who has the upper hand in helping the youth. It was against this background that this study investigated the causes and effects of drug abuse among students in Nigeria and suggested pragmatic measures to effectively curb this menace.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes and effects of drug and Substance abuse among students in Nigeria.
1.4 Objectives of the Study
The study was guided by the following objectives: -
i) To establish the extent to which parents’ sources of income influence the prevalence of drug and substance abuse among students in Nigeria.
ii) To determine how different location of schools influence the prevalence of drug and substance abuse among students in Nigeria.
iii) To establish the extent to which school administration influences the
Prevalence of drug and substance abuse among students in Nigeria.
iv) To establish how peer pressure influences drug and substance abuse among students in Nigeria.
v) To make suggestions on how Drug and Substance Abuse can be minimized.
1.5 Research Questions
This study was guided by the following research questions: -
i) To what extent do parents’ sources of income influence the prevalence of drug and substance abuse among students in Nigeria.
ii) To what extent does location of schools influence the prevalence of drug and Substance abuse among students in Nigeria?
iii) To what extent does school administration influence the prevalence of drug and substance abuse among students in Nigeria?
iv) How does peer pressure influence them on drug and substance abuse among students in Nigeria?
v) What measures can be taken to minimize Drug and Substance Abuse?
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study sought to generate useful data on the causes and impact of drugs abuse on education in Nigeria. Therefore, the findings of this study may be useful in several, Ways: The Ministry of Education/National Board for Technical Education may use the study findings to find out ways of preventing drug and substance abuse through public enlightened campaigns in schools, promotion of awareness on the dangers of drugs and how they affect an individual, the family and the society at large.
The government may put in modalities of strengthening the guidance and counseling Department in schools through taking the teachers for service teacher training courses. The findings may also be used to advocate that campaigns against substance use should be incorporated in schools with special focus on the adverse consequences of the substance use. Ultimately, the society will benefit from the findings of this study in creating a drug free society for social, economic and political development in line with sustainable development goals. The school principals may assist the students in identifying the sources of drugs so that they can take remedial measures. The guidance and counselling departments might be strengthened through appointment of trained and qualified counsellors to head the departments.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
The data collection technique was mainly the use of questionnaires which were used to obtain data from the respondents. There were chances that some respondents might have been unwilling to respond to the questionnaires. The researcher also narrowed down the research objectives to five factors which might, have been conclusive evidence as there are many other factors which are beyond the control of the researcher. Such factors may have included inadequate rehabilitation centers, breakdown of African culture, lack of parental influence, availability of pocket money and school related factors.
There were a lot of funds needed to carry out a research so the researcher required a lot of money to research on the causes and effects of drug and substance abuse among students in Nigeria.
1.8 Delimitations of the Study
The study was limited to Six (6)Technical College in AkwaIbom State, Nigeria. The findings in the study were used to generalize the percentage of students who engaged in drug and substance abuse.
1.9 Assumptions of the Study
The study assumed that the respondents were honest, truthful and willing to give correct answers. The reasons for students’ high prevalence of drug abuse were also stated in the objectives of the study. Other factors had no negligible influence on the frequency of drug abuse among students. The researcher assumed that school heads would allow guidance and counseling teachers and students to participate and give correct data during the research. It was also assumed that drug abuse prevails in one way or the other in Nigeria.
1.10 Definition of Terms
In this study the following terms were defined as:
Drug: Refers to any chemical substance which when taken into the body that can affect one or more of the body’s functions.
Drug misuse: Refers to the usage of any drug for any other purpose other than the recommended one.
Drug abuse: Refers to excessive illegal drug use and/ or legal drug use without a doctor’s prescription.
Drug tolerance: Refers to a state of reduced sensitivity of a drug to the body at given regular (normal) dose.
Substance abuse: Refers to harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances including alcohol and other illicit drugs to stimulate behaviour.
Drug dependence: Refers to repeated drug taking that usually results in tolerance, withdrawal and compulsive drug taking.
Parental influence: Refers to the role played by parents into the students’ drug use or against it.
Peer pressure: Refers to tendency to conform to the values and expectations of the peer group.
Adolescence: Refers to period between childhood and adulthood and characterized by physical and emotional changes.
Adolescent: Refers to a boy or girl between the ages of eleven and nineteen years. Also refers to as a teenager.
Legal/licit drug: Refers to a drug socially accepted and readily available.
Prevalence: Refers to the magnitude of drug use among a particular agepopulation.
School administration: Refers to managerial set ups in schools that may influence a non-drug user to start using illegal drugs.
Drug trafficker/peddler: Refers to a person who passes drugs to consumers.
Student: Refers to a male or female learner in form 1 -4 in public Schools in Nigeria.




EDITOR SOURCE: The Causes And Effects Of Drugs And Substance Abuse (A Case Study Technical College In Akwaibom State, Nigeria)

ARTHROPOD PREDATORS AND INSECT PEST CONTROL








Arthropod species occur from below the soil surface to the tree canopy. However, only a small fraction are observed on a frequent basis because many are microscopic or hidden below ground or plant tissue. Very few species are classified as pest. Whether they feed on plants or plant produce invade our homes, inflict painful bites or stings. Infect most insects and other arthropods are beneficial and serve a variety of important functions in the garden. The abundance of beneficial insects especially predators is often limited in urban landscapes because these environments typically are characterized by disturbance. Disturbance factors include use of pesticides and other chemicals, [url=air pollution]air pollution[/url] and wind-borne dust, all of which may increase mortality of beneficial arthropods. Residential landscapes often lack adequate amounts of essential resources such as food, nesting sites and shelter than enhance reproduction and survival of natural enemies. Some common strategies are employed to conserve them in residential landscapes and these strategies may help reduce insecticide use and improve plant health by enhancing natural control of arthropod pests.
Because many arthropod pests are exotic the aim of classical biological control is to reduce pest numbers by reuniting old enemies through importation of predators from the area of insect pest origin. Lady beetles, green lace wings and spiders are familiar examples of predator arthropods inhibiting residential landscapes and gardens. In general, predators are larger than their prey, consume many prey items during their life time and feed on a broad range of species immature and/or adults may be predatory and often do not leave behind any evidence of attack.
However, these arthropod predators often help to keep aphids, spider mites, caterpillars and other insect pests under control.


ABSTRACT
Insect pests are those insect species that are injurious or a nuisance. They cause injury or damage to crops in the field and grains in storage. Man and his domesticated animals are also attacked by insect pests. Arthropod predators belong to the phylum Arthropoda and are most times beneficial in the control of insect pests. Arthropod predators are members of the phylum Arthropoda which capture and feed on the prey. They are generally larger than their prey and kill or consume many prey during their life time. Examples of arthropod predators include the lady beetles, spiders, praying mantids, damsel bugs, lace wings, syrphid flies etc. They can feed on insect pests like aphids, moths, mites, butterflies, brown plant hoppers etc. These arthropod predators have been very effective in some cases of [url=biological control]biological control programes[/url] of insect pests. Examples include the use of the cocinellid beetle, Radolia cardinalis (a lady bird beetle) to control the cottony-cushion scale, Icerya purchasi (a scale insect) which was a citrus pest in carlifornia, U.S.A. also wolf spiders have been effectively used to control the rice pest (the brown plant hoppers) in Indonesia.






EDITOR SOURCE: The Arthropod Predators And Insect Pest Control

THE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS ON JOB INSECURITY




Nigeria is interlinked with the global financial system. The global financial crisis emanated from the economy of the United States in 2007 and later spread to other developed economies of the world in 2008 and subsequently transmitted in that same year to less developing countries, inclusive of the Nigerian economy .The global financial crisis further destabilized the economy of Nigeria, which was initially bedeviled with the challenges of economic instability, inconsistency in government policies, lack of transparency in the financial markets, corruption, political instability, high rates of poverty and unemployment amongst others. Government till date has been facing the effect of global financial crisis on the domestic economy. Nigeria a part of the global economy is bounded to face the micro and macro adverse effects of global financial crisis.

The global financial crisis started as a series of ineptitude in the financial markets, leading to credit and liquidity crises, which resulted into the fall of several giant financial institutions in conjunction with the loss of confidence in the banking sector. The crisis further spread to the real sectors, resulting to decline in the level of aggregate demand, economic retardation and job losses. The pace at which the crisis transmitted to other countries regardless the level of their development has made people to term the menace as “global financial meltdown”, global economic meltdown” global credit crunch” etc.
A financial crisis often featured by credit crunch, which means a disorderly contraction in money supply and wealth creation ((Obadan, 2008). A credit crunch occurs when participants in an economy lose confidence to have loans as well as recall existing loans. The great depression occurred after a dramatic expansion in debt and money supply in 1920’s. Then, a contraction also took place between 1929 and 1933 as debt was defaulted upon further resulted into a huge decline in the supply of money.

The origin of the global financial crisis is traceable to rapid risky debt accumulation. The transmission of the crisis across the globe is due to the fact that the world economy has become increasingly interlinked as a result of the forces of globalization, operating through the network of global economic and social linkages (Onudugo, 2009; Onyukwu, 2009). The domestic economy is connected to the rest of the world economy through three markets: product market, factor market and assets market (money and capital markets). The rest of the world and the domestic economy access the world economy through these three markets.

Although, the global financial crisis is caused by the credit crunch in the United States, it has spread to almost all countries’ economies through trade and financial linkages and the implications such as job insecurity and retrenchment, reduction in foreign development and oversea development assistance, increased impoverishment, declined revenue amongst others, have been found to be uniform in the economies affected by this crisis.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
The impact of global financial crisis on the Nigerian economy is multisectoral, as it cut across all sectors of the Nigerian economy. The global financial crisis resulted into depreciation of the naira, declining capital inflows, capital market collapse, divestment by foreign investors, decreased profitability and turnover of various firms. These negative impacts weakened the efficiency of the banking sector and gave rise to stock market crash, which undermined the confidence of the banking sector.

The global financial crisis led to a decline in the level of gross domestic product, consumer spending, consumer demand and industrial output. Unemployment rates rose as firms were no longer able to pay salaries. The price of crude oil fell from a peak of $147 per barrel in 2007 to $33 per barrel in December, 2008, given the fact that Nigeria solely depended on oil during that period. The dramatic decline in price of oil resulted into a sharp drop in the revenue generated by the Nigerian government due to the fact that oil contributes over 90% to revenue, over 85% to foreign exchange earnings and about 33% to GDP as at time frame.

The Nigerian economy was bedeviled with series of global financial disasters. The purchasing power of the people was eroded as the prices of commodities sky-rocketed and the living standard of the populace dwindled. Major businesses, firms and companies winded up, inflation and unemployment rates were increasing out of control, food scarcity existed and the prices of stocks defied the predictions of the bookmakers.

The global economy was in recession as the gap between global economic potential growth and the actual performance widens in 2009, especially in the first quarter of that year. Many families were rendered homeless, many people were rendered jobless and peoples’ aspirations were killed. This crisis penetrated among different economic agents across the countries.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objective of the study is to examine the impact of global financial crisis on job insecurity in Nigeria. Other sub- objectives of the study are:
1. To examine the causes of global financial crisis in Nigeria.
2. To ascertain the effects of global financial crisis in Nigeria.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Based on the objectives stated above, the study attempts to provide satisfactory answers to the following research questions.
1. To what extent did global financial crisis impact on job insecurity in Nigeria?
2. What are the causes of global financial crisis in Nigeria?
3. What are the effects of global financial crisis in Nigeria?


1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
In accordance with the objectives of the study, the following hypotheses were formulated.

Hypothesis 1:
H0: Global financial crisis has no significant impact on job insecurity in Nigeria.
H1: Global financial crisis has significant impact on job insecurity in Nigeria.

Hypothesis 2:
H0: Consumption-driven economy, poor savings, high credit culture, huge financial outflow, inadequate regulatory framework for financial institutions, High cases of fraud and corruption are not causes of global financial crisis in Nigeria.
H1: Consumption-driven economy, poor savings, high credit culture, huge financial outflow, inadequate regulatory framework for financial institutions, High cases of fraud and corruption are causes of global financial crisis in Nigeria.

Hypothesis 3:
H0: Oil glut, decline GDP, collapse of capital markets, reduced foreign direct investment, decreased living standard, unemployment, increased poverty and inflation are not effects of global financial crisis in Nigeria.
H1: Oil glut, decline GDP, collapse of capital markets, reduced foreign direct investment, decreased living standard, unemployment, increased poverty and inflation are effects of global financial crisis in Nigeria.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study examined the impact of global financial crisis on job insecurity in Nigeria. Since Nigeria is part of the global village, it therefore necessitates that whatever happens in the Western world especially the developed economies will surely affect the Nigerian economy.

The study through the findings will enable Nigeria to think globally and act domestically to maximize the benefits of globalization and minimize its inherent costs and challenges. It is no doubt the study will be useful individuals, firms, financial sectors, private investors, stakeholders in the Nigerian economy, telecommunication sector, foreign investors, government and many others on how to formulate sound policies that will offset the adverse consequence of prospective domestic, continental and global financial crisis.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study examined the impact of global financial crisis on job insecurity in Nigeria by prioritizing on ECOBANK PLC as case study.



1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Three limitations were encountered in the study namely time constraint, financial constraint and disposition of respondents.

The time allocated to conduct the study was relatively short combined with other academic commitments of the researcher.

Due to limited fund, the researcher was unable to increase the coverage of the study by considering other firms in different economic sectors of the Nigeria economy.

The attitude of the respondents, who were employees of ECOBANK, was not remarkable. Few of them were reluctant to participate in the survey. Some of them were diplomatic in answering the questions because they felt they might disclose the secrets of their organization.

1.9 METHODOLOGY
For the first research question; two models were developed namely pre-global financial crisis period (2003-2006) and post-financial crisis period (2008-2011). Job insecurity proxied by the number of employees that were retrenched in ECOBANK was adopted as the dependent variable and global financial crisis was proxied by the profitability and turnover of ECOBANK. Plc was taken as the explanatory variables.

Data on these 3 proxy variables were sourced from the Bank at their head office. Regression analysis was employed to estimate the impact of global financial crisis on job insecurity.

For the second and third research questions, well-structured questionnaires were administered to the employees of ECOBANK to seek their opinions on the causes and effects of global financial crisis in Nigeria. The Chi-Squared Technique was then adopted to test the hypothesis on the causes and effects of global financial crisis in Nigeria at 5% level of significance.

1.10 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
Financial Crisis: This refers to a sudden drop in the value of financial assets or firms managing those financial assets.

Economic Crisis: This refers to the sudden negative downtrend of events in the economy.

Economic Recession: This refers to the decline in the growth of the gross domestic product between two consecutive economic periods. It is characterized by drop in trade and industrial activity in an economy.

Economic Meltdown: This refers the slow-down in economic activities that started in USA and spread all whole over the world between 2008 and 2009.

Job Insecurity: This refers to the condition where employees lack the assurance their jobs will remain stable from day to day, week to week and year to year.


EDITOR SOURCE: The Effects Of Global Financial Crisis On Job Insecurity In Nigeria