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Education › Feasibility Of Rain Fall Harvesting And Its Treatment For Dansoman Community by research1(op): 4:00pm On Jul 16, 2019

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Water is universally one of the most influential natural resources, if not the most valuable of all. As defined in the first paragraph of the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD) established by the European Parliament and the Council of 23rd of October 2000; “Water is not commercial product like any other but, rather, a heritage which must be protected, defended and treated as such”. Water is life; no water means no life on the planet earth. The availability of water is necessary, but the quality of available water is even more critical. In the year 2000, the United Nations established the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) comprising 8 goals which are to be achieved by 2015. Improved water sources were accessible to over 2 billion people from 1990 to 2010, thus meeting up with the target of the MDG on drinking water (UNICEF and WHO report, 2012). The same report confirms that sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest drinking water coverage compared to all the other regions in the world. In fact, 82% of the urban population in sub-Saharan Africa has access to improved water sources compared to 95% worldwide. For the rural population, it is about 44% compared to 72% (Carles, 2009).
Unfortunately for mankind, there is an uneven distribution of both human beings and water resources globally. Therefore, areas which are occupied by human beings are not automatically areas with abundant water resources. Water scarcity can be further categorized into; physical water scarcity social and economic water scarcity. Physical water scarcity refers to a situation where; a country or region naturally has limited access to water. Furthermore, physical water scarcity can be divided into two concepts which include demand-driven scarcity (water stress) and population-driven scarcity (water shortage) (Kummu et al, 2010). About 25% of the world’s population is located in areas of physical water scarcity. Arid and semi-arid areas are mostly characterized by physical water scarcity.
Economic water scarcity refers to a situation where by a country or region has available water resources but lacks sufficient financial means to exploit her water resources. Most parts of subSaharan Africa suffer from economic water scarcity. This condition continues to aggravate in this region and will only get better if the governments of affected countries make this problem a national issue and top priority. Good governance and available financial resources are both required to combat economic water scarcity. Water scarcity issues lead to health issues as a result of the exposure to water borne diseases. In the case of water stress, people consume whatever quality of water they can lay hands on.
In recent years, global scenarios have been the popular trend with regards to the prognostication of climate change as a whole and its components in particular. Alcamo et al, 2007 analyzed the scenario portraying the change in average annual water availability by 2050. This analyzed scenario predicts the increase in precipitation in most parts of the world resulting to an increase in water availability in those parts. Conversely, the increasing air temperatures further increases evapotranspiration in almost all parts of the world and therefore decreases water availability. Precipitation and evapotranspiration interact differently and result in either an increase or decrease in water availability in different parts of the world but evapotranspiration appears to overshadow the effect of increasing precipitation because it occurs almost everywhere (Alcamo et al, 2007). This makes it quite clear that increase water availability will not be observed in all areas experiencing an increase in precipitation and evapotranspiration is the main culprit.
Health related concern associated with the quality of drinking water in developing countries has been on the increase. A recent report by WHO/UNICEF shows that about 780 million people in the developing world lack access to potable water majorly as a result of microbiological and chemical contamination (WHO/UNICEF, 2012). The accessibility of adequate and potable water for household use is an enormous challenge for rural households in developing countries (Vilane and Mwendera, 2011). About 75% of all diseases in developing countries results from polluted drinking water, hence provision of safe drinking water is an utmost necessity (TWAS, 2002). About 50% of people living in developing countries have no access to safe drinking water and 73% lack sanitation, sometimes their waste contaminate their drinking water sources resulting to a high level of suffering. The improvement of water supply, sanitation, hygiene and management of water resources can hugely prevent up to one-tenth of the global disease burden (Vilane and Mwendera, 2011).
Man has sought out different ways to mitigate the global challenge of water shortage in order to meet daily need. One of the alternative sources explored by man is rainwater harvesting (Eletta and Oyeyipo, 2008). Generally, rainwater harvesting can be regarded as any human practice that consciously captures and stores rainwater for future purpose (DTU, 1999). Rainwater harvesting is still the only source of potable water for rural communities where there are no watery networks and supplemental source where watery network is available. Rainwater harvesting is one of the most promising alternatives for supplying water in the face of increasing water scarcity and escalating demand. Rainwater harvesting presents an opportunity for the augmentation of water supplies allowing the same time for self-reliance and sustainability.
Water scarcity has become an increasingly severe global problem due to factors such as climate change, water pollution, and the unsustainable consumption of water resources (Zhan et al., 2009). This scarcity demands the maximum use of every drop of rainfall (Zreig et al., 2000) and many methods have already been developed to deal with this. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) seems to be a beneficial method for minimizing water scarcity in developing countries (Helmreich and Horn, 2009; Dile et al., 2013; Akter and Ahmed, 2015) and is a particularly useful adaptation to environmental stresses at the local scale (Pandey et al., 2003). RWH is one measure that enhances the resilience of human society towards a water shortage problem (Lee, 2016). Given these benefits, RWH is suitable for small farmers who are threatened by climateʼs unpredictability, unstable markets, and insecure conditions due to social, economic, and state politics (Fox et al., 2005).
Over thousands of years, indigenous RWH and management regimes were used and have adapted to climate change (Pandey et al., 2003). Surface run-off and RWH techniques were extensively practiced up to 4,000 years ago in Jordan, as seen in the example of Roman Pools near Ajlun, Madaba, and Mwagger (Abdulla and Al-Shareef, 2009). In Sub-Saharan Africa, this method is used to overcome dry spells (Fox et al., 2005), and a history of RWH has also been reported in India (Glendenning et al., 2012) and Sri Lanka (Dharmasena, 1994).
Commonly, there are two types of RWH methods: (1) domestic usage, using rooftops as the catchment area (Abdulla and Al-Shareef, 2009; Mun and Han, 2012; Sturm et al., 2009), and (2) agricultural usage, using the open field as the catchment area (Li et al., 2006; Panigrahi et al., 2007; Xiao et al., 2007).
RWH can be defined as the collection of rainwater run-off for domestic water supply and/or agricultural and environmental management (Worm and van Hattum, 2006). The technology comprises surface collection (catchments), water storage, and supplementary irrigation systems (He et al., 2007). Domestic RWH usually uses rooftops as the catchment area and tanks are used to store the water whereas agricultural RWH commonly uses land areas as the catchment area and ponds are used to store the water (Helmreich and Horn, 2009).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The water sector in any economy is closely linked with poverty reduction, especially for developing countries that are highly dependent on rural economy. In third world countries, the increased scarcity of water by the municipal, industrial and the agricultural sectors has increased food insecurity, health problems, poverty and the lack of some basic socio-economic facilities. The unprecedented increase in population, urbanization, and agriculture activities in recent time have resulted in the massive depletion and deterioration of the existing water resources in fast growing towns in developing countries in general and in Dansoman in particular. Added to these problems is the threat of climate change that is expected to increase water scarcity. It will distort the hydrological cycle in the next 100 years increasing precipitation, evapotranspiration, occurrence and frequency of storm water events and will trigger significant changes in biogeochemical processes that influence the quality of water (Pandey et al, 2003). Another issue of great concern is the fact that the water distribution facilities are dilapidated and need urgent reconstruction, renovation and expansion to meet the capacity of the present population. A rainwater harvesting system is not a replacement of all other water supply systems but a sustainable addition to the other water supply systems to augment water supply in a case of water scarcity like the situation in Dansoman.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The study sought to assess the feasibility of rainfall harvesting and it treatment for Dansoman community. Specifically, the study sought to;
1. explore the potential of rainwater harvesting (RWH) in Dansoman community by establishing the necessity to embark on RWH by households to augment their water supply.
2. examine the importance/benefits of rainwater harvesting in Dansoman community.
3. analyze the different types and components of rainwater harvesting systems.
1.4 Research Questions
1. What is the potential of rainwater harvesting (RWH) in Dansoman community by establishing the necessity to embark on RWH by households to augment their water supply?
2. What are the importance/benefits of rainwater harvesting in Dansoman community?
3. What are the different types and components of rainwater harvesting systems?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study will provide a comprehensive understanding with regards to stabilizing the water demand of the local population. This study will provide knowledge on rainwater harvesting possibilities and build the capacities of the both the local inhabitants as well as the authorities. This will provide knowledge to the community about the benefits of using free rainwater to augment their domestic water supply and the essence of community based integrated water resource management. The findings of this study will be provided to higher educational institutions, local (town) water councils and the Dansoman council and will assist in water management reforms. It will also be used by policy makers in the process of putting forward proper legislations in the water resource sector.
This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.7 Scope/Limitations of the Study
This study is on feasibility of rainfall harvesting and it treatment for Dansoman Community. The study will be carried out in Dansoman, a suburban town in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana.
Limitations of study
1. Financial constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
2. Time constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Rain: Rain is liquid water in the form of droplets that have condensed from atmospheric water vapor and then become heavy enough to fall under gravity. Rain is a major component of the water cycle and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the Earth.
Rainfall:Rainfall is the amount of rain that falls in a place during a particular period.
Rainwater Harvesting:Rainwater harvesting is a technique of collection and storage of rainwater into natural reservoirs or tanks, or the infiltration of surface water into subsurface aquifers (before it is lost as surface runoff). Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and storage of rainwater for reuse on-site, rather than allowing it to run off.
Rainwater Treatment:Before rainwater is used in a commercial environment, it must undergo several steps of rainwater treatment including sterilization and filtration. Two primary sanitization options are available for rainwater treatment: Chlorine Treatment and Ultraviolet Light Treatment.

FROM CHAPTER ONE TO CHAPTER FIVE - FEASIBILITY OF RAIN FALL HARVESTING AND ITS TREATMENT FOR DANSOMAN COMMUNITY

Education › The Deplorable State Of Roads, The Need For Proper Maintenance On Rigid Pavement by research1(op): 8:46am On Jun 22, 2019

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Adequate planning and design of good pavement is germane to the development of a nation. This is because properly constructed road network enhances economic growth of any nation by encouraging efficient movement of goods and services. Thus, good road network reduces haulage vehicle accidents by minimizing human and material losses (Akintorinwa, Ojo, & Olorunfemi, 2010). In the developing countries such as Nigeria, road network is the most developed transport mode and the vastest in usage (Okigbo, 2012). Roads represent the major areas of investment in transportation according to Oguara (Oguara, 2010) and are also the dominant travel mode accounting for over 90% of passenger and goods transport in Ghana.
A good road network in the rural areas is one of the key components of Millennium Development Goals, stated Collins and Hart (1992), because it promotes access to economic and social services, like increase in agricultural productivity, employment opportunities and poverty alleviation.
Regrettably, despite huge financial resources being sunk into the transportation sector, its roads have continued to pose serious dangers to motorist due to its deplorable state with attendant economic losses to the populace especially as a result of loss in man hours arising from delays on several bad portions of the road. Despite its vast potentials for growth and development, the roads have not been satisfactory in terms of its performance (Adewumi, 2008). Most of the problems leading to the deplorable state of Ghanaian roads are directly or indirectly related to the poor planning of pavement design but an adequate knowledge of the effect of pavement failure on our roads will help in reducing the menace arising therefrom.
There are two major types of pavement – the flexible pavements and the rigid pavement. Both pavement types contribute in making highway transportation possible. A highway pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed layers of selected and processed material whose function is to distribute the applied vehicle loads to the subgrade (Saurabh, Joshi, & Goliya, 2013). Only rigid pavement will be considered in this study.
Rigid pavements also referred to as concrete roads, offer many benefits in the long-term. Economically, they are often the most favourable option to flexible pavements when life cycle costs are taken into account. This is due to the fact that concrete requires minimal maintenance and results in less disruption to road users when properly designed and built using durable materials and methods. Concrete pavements have been used for local roads, streets, highways, airport runways, parking areas, industrial structures, and other types of infrastructure. With decades of construction and use of rigid pavements, it has become clear that in comparison to flexible pavements (asphalt-paved), sustainability of the environment is favourably impacted by their longer service life. Bryan Perrie, a South African professional pavement engineer stated “it has been found that the concrete roads built in the past in South Africa are lasting considerably longer than was originally anticipated” (Halwindi, 1999). Concrete surfaces also have a higher reflectiveness off its surface, this allows for improved visibility at night and reduced lighting on the road (Rens, 2009). We may also take note of the reduction in traffic delays caused by concrete pavement construction which can be reopened even after a couple of hours as opposed to flexible pavements construction, which in turn cuts back on fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions. Concrete roads are designed to resist flexural loading from traffic loading and crack control from a host of processes such as drying shrinkage, curling and warping (ACPA, 1992; Delatte, 2008). Flexural strength of concrete can be higher than tensile strength but will be lower in homogenous materials. Higher flexural strength will result from the concrete under loading having stronger materials at their edges, since only extreme fibres are the points of largest stress which makes it deform at higher stress. Concrete pavements distribute stress over a large area; therefore base layers undergo less pressure from axle loading.
Gupta and Gupta (2004) in concrete Technology gave the importance of Rigid pavement as consist of a relatively rich mixture of Portland cement (0.14m3, sand (0.29m3 ) and course aggregate (0.57) land as a single course. Rigid pavement is a pavement that possesses enough flexural strength or flexural rigid. Also, Gupta and Gupta were of view that stresses are not transferred from top to the lower layer as in the case of flexible pavement.
The design of rigid pavement is based on providing a structural cement concrete slab of sufficient strength to resist the load from traffic. It has a rigidity to distribute the load over a relativity wide area of soil and a minor variation in subgrade strength, has little or no influence on the structural capacity of a rigid pavement. Highway engineering construction has Highway Research board system that mostly regarded in the determination of pavement thickness and materials for base course gives yearly report on highway.
Afser (2012) asserted that flexural strength of concrete is the major factor in rigid pavement design, not the strength of the subgrade. He further emphasized that concrete slab of rigid pavement, bridges over the localized failure and areas of inadequate support from subgrade in the course of deflection beneath it, because of concrete slab action. Kadiyali and Lai (2011) in their principles, and practice of highway Engineering provided an overview of rigid pavement structure, being composed of hydraulic cement concrete surface course, underlying base and subbase course and provides the majority of strength. The subbase and the base layers are in the order of magnitude less stiff than the concrete surface but still contributes importantly to pavement drainage and provide a working platform for construction equipment.
H.R.B (1987) on the final report of committee on maintenance of concrete pavement compared the performance of rigid to flexible pavement in the swampy soil as it contains sufficient rigidity and has high modulus of elasticity cable of bridging over any localized subgrade failure or areas of inadequate support. Rigid pavement, with a relatively small thickness, distributes wheel load upon the subgrade, and bridges minor inequalities in subgrade support, by virtue of flexural strength and load transfer capacity in shear, Maclean et al (1979). The reaction of concrete pavement slab to environment and loading depends of properties of the concrete of which they are cast and those of underlying subgrade and base course.
Factors that lead to pavement failure are numerous and it is pertinent to first identify such factors and then classify them for effective understanding and management of the problems for developmental growth of a nation. It is said that pavement failure arises from functional failures (Woods & Adcox, Spring 2002)and the assignment of categories makes the understanding of pavement somewhat easier. Proper identification of pavement will ultimately enable the relevant agencies to appreciate the causes of pavement failure with a view to providing remedial measures to mitigate the failure. Maintenance plays an essential and integral part in the life of a pavement. Pavement Maintenance is more than just a collective set of specific pavement maintenance techniques. It is a way of thinking and the guiding force behind an agency’s financial planning and proper asset management. Pavement management must be tailored to each road agency’s system needs to cater to the need of various pavement distresses in the most cost effective manner. This involves using a variety of treatments and pavement repairs to extend the pavement life. The most of the Pavement Designs involve two or more performance periods. A pavement is constructed at an initial serviceability level, and is rehabilitated to an acceptable level at some point of time during its design life. This process of rehabilitation may be repeated several times depending on the condition of the existing pavement deteriorating from time to time
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The rapid growth in road construction brought about considerable expansion of road infrastructure, which subsequently fell into disrepair through lack of maintenance. The damage is often so severe that ordinary maintenance will no longer suffice and if roads are to be fully restored, rehabilitation or even reconstruction work is necessary, at a life cycle cost three to seven times higher than that of preventive maintenance strategies.
Rigid pavement has shown great performance in urban area and interstate highway settings for many years because of its low maintenance requirements and capability for long service life. However, rapidly increasing heavy traffic accelerates pavement deterioration and increases the need for more maintenance than in the past. If proper maintenance is not employed at low levels of deterioration, in a timely manner, acute degradation of pavement serviceability will occur and major repair costs may be needed.
Rigid pavements have a relatively long service life if these are properly designed, constructed, and maintained. Rigid pavements can serve up to its design service life and even beyond if timely repairs and maintenance are undertaken. All types of pavements deteriorate with time. Rate of deterioration of rigid pavement is comparatively much slower than other pavements. Hence, the study focuses on the deplorable state of roads and the need for proper maintenance on rigid pavement.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The study sought to assess the deplorable state of roads and the need for proper maintenance on rigid pavement. Specifically, the study sought to;
1. ascertain the causes and types of pavement deterioration.
2. examine the maintenance strategies of rigid pavement.
3. examine the concept and different types of pavement maintenance management system.
1.4 Research Questions
1. What are the causes and types of pavement deterioration?
2. What are the maintenance strategies of rigid pavement?
3. What is the concept and different types of pavement maintenance management system?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.6 Scope/Limitations of the Study
This study is on the deplorable state of roads, the need for proper maintenance on rigid pavement.
Limitations of study
1. Financial constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
2. Time constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
1.7 Definition of Terms
Deplorable:Deplorable is an adjective used to describe something extremely bad or unfortunate
Maintenance:The process of preserving a condition or situation or the state of being preserved.
Road maintenance: Road Maintenance involves remedying defects such as potholes that occur in the carriageway from time to time (corrective maintenance) and providing treatments such as crack sealing which will slow the rate of deterioration (preventative maintenance). Maintenance actions help to slow the rate of deterioration by identifying and addressing specific pavement deficiencies that contribute to overall deterioration.
Pavement: Pavement is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic, such as a road or walkway.
Rigid Pavement:A rigid pavement is constructed from cement concrete or reinforced concrete slabs. The design of rigid pavement is based on providing a structural cement concrete slab of sufficient strength to resists the loads from traffic.

THE DEPLORABLE STATE OF ROADS, THE NEED FOR PROPER MAINTENANCE ON RIGID PAVEMENT

Education › Preliminary Study Of Traditional Customary Uses Of Wildlife by research1(op): 12:16pm On Jun 13, 2019

PRELIMINARY STUDY OF TRADITIONAL CUSTOMARY USES OF WILDLIFE IN SOME SELECTED COMMUNITIES AROUND OKOMU NATIONAL PARK

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The African continent has an abundant and richly varied wildlife endowment surpassing most places on earth. This endowment is a natural heritage for the present and future generations, with several beneficial uses of the wildlife resources. It has some animals that are rare and not found in many places in the world.While wildlife has a wide array of benefits, economic benefits in many cases are perhaps the most emphasized. Wildlife plays a major role in the economy in more than one way. Principally, wildlife is an economic sector in its own right in terms of providing employment and contributing to the national income through earnings from wildlife tourism.
Apart from its economic value, wildlife has from time immemorial been a valuable natural resource in Africa, with several other traditional beneficial uses to society. This does not in any way mean that wildlife can only exist with reference to its uses to human kind. Indeed it has a right to exist in itself without such reference. Nevertheless, there are three major traditional uses of wild animals in Africa, namely, uses for sociocultural purposes, nutrition and folk medicine. These are what are referred to as “traditional customary uses” of wildlife.
Before the arrival of the colonialists, the indigenous African communities co-existed with wild animals, utilizing them as they needed, and in accordance only with African customary practices and values (Muriuki, 1996). These communities hunted wild animals for food and other uses such as clothing, bedding and cultural purposes. Many ethnic groups, however, had totem animals-animals believed to be sacred and which were therefore left unharmed or which could only be utilized for prayers or medicinal purposes. Generally, there were traditional customs, rules, taboos, beliefs and practices of the various ethnic groups relating to wildlife (ODA, 1996). With the advent of imperialism, things changed dramatically as all over a sudden the colonial governments imposed stiff laws on wildlife utilization, mainly on hunting and wildlife products. Takirambudde has observed that colonialism in Africa created “a new legal order to replace the traditional structures and ideology” (Tarakimbudde, 1988).
Few people in Nigeria are fully aware of wildlife resources and the extent of their use. Many conservation areas (national parks and game reserves) are being underutilized because of the lack of public enlightenment (Adeola 1983). Wildlife has been utilized for the welfare of mankind in many parts of the world and has gained prominence as a revenue source in numerous African countries (Ajayi 1973, 1975b; Asibey 1972; Crawford 1968, 1974; Hartog et al. 1973). If managed properly as a renewable natural resource, wildlife can provide a sustained source of protein for human consumption and also attract international tourists who bring foreign exchange.
Most farmers in rural areas in Nigeria depend solely on wild animals for their daily animal protein supply. In some cases, farmers combine their subsistence farming with trapping, hunting, and encircling animals with fire, especially during the dry season. In developed countries like the United States, hunting is primarily for recreation, but in Nigeria and most of the African countries, it is often for survival.
African farmers depend on bushmeat (all wildlife including birds, rodents, and larger animals) for both food and cash income. Nigerian farmers are known to hunt no longer for their immediate domestic use alone, but largely to obtain meat to sell in the urban and other population centers where bushmeat is more expensive. Ajayi (1978) estimated that 20 percent of the animal protein consumed by rural communities in the southern states of Nigeria is derived from bushmeat. Several writers (including Akum 1978; Mossman 1975; Topps 1975; Deane et al. 1971; Johnston 1971) have also stressed the important role played by wild animals in the diet of people living in rural communities, especially in the coastal regions where cattle do not thrive because of tsetse flies and other disease vectors. Riney (1967), Asibey et al. (1975), and Asibey (1976a) confirmed that bushmeat constituted over 80 percent of the fresh meat consumed in Ghana.
The Okomu National Park, formerly the Okomu Wildlife Sanctuary, is a forest block within the 1,082 km² Okomu Forest Reservein the Ovia South-West Local Government Area of Edo State in Nigeria. The park is about 60 km North West of Benin City. The park holds a small fragment of the rich forest that once covered the region, and is the last habitat for many endangered species. It continues to shrink as villages encroach on it, and is now less than one third of its original size Williams (2008). Powerful corporations are involved in plantation development and logging concessions around the park, which also pose a threat Lutz (1998).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
With the advent of the modern society there has been a paradigm shift from the traditional customary approach that emphasizes use to a western approach that emphasizes value. Accordingly the contemporary value of wildlife includes economic value; ecological value; medicinal value; educational and scientific value; and recreational value. This seems to relegate to the backyard the traditional customary uses of wildlife, which has largely upset the symbiotic relationship that has always existed between Africans and their wildlife.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The study sought to know the traditional customary uses of wildlife in some communities around Okomu National Park. Specifically, the study sought to;
1. examine the impact of the use of wildlife in traditional costumes in Okomu National Park.
2. examine the challenges and problems of traditional customary uses of wildlife in Nigeria.
3. examine the modern uses of wildlife in Africa.
4. proffer solutions to the challenges and problems facing traditional customary uses of wildlife in Nigeria.
1.4 Research Questions
1. Is there a significant impact of the use of wildlife in traditional costumes in Okomu National Park?
2. What are the challenges and problems of traditional customary uses of wildlife in Nigeria?
3. What are the modern uses of wildlife in Africa?
4. What are the solutions to the challenges and problems facing traditional customary uses of wildlife in Nigeria?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant impact of the use of wildlife in traditional costumes in Okomu National Park.
Hi: There is a significant impact of the use of wildlife in traditional costumes in Okomu National Park.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.7 Scope/Limitations of the Study
This study is on preliminary study of traditional customary uses of wildlife in some selected communities around OkomuNational Park.

Limitations of study
1. Financial constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
2. Time constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Traditional:Existing in or as part of a tradition; long-established.
Customary:According to the customs or usual practices associated with a particular society, place, or set of circumstances.
Wildlife: Wild animals collectively; the native fauna (and sometimes flora) of a region. Wildlife traditionally refers to undomesticated animal species, but has come to include all organisms that grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans. Wildlife can be found in all ecosystems.

CLICK THE LINK TO GET THE COMPLETE WORK, FROM CHAPTER ONE TO CHAPTER FIVE - PRELIMINARY STUDY OF TRADITIONAL CUSTOMARY USES OF WILDLIFE IN SOME SELECTED COMMUNITIES AROUND OKOMU NATIONAL PARK

Education › Causes Of Project Failure And Abandonment In Ghana (accra) by research1(op): 12:04pm On Jun 13, 2019

CAUSES OF PROJECT FAILURE AND ABANDONMENT IN GHANA (ACCRA)

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The demand for and provision of housing is as old as the history of man. Due to the harsh weather condition, wild animals, need for security and privacy, it became necessary for man to provide shelter for himself and members of his family. Though, the type of houses built in those historical times, served its primary purpose of shelter but lacked the modern amenities, as a result of underdevelopment in the society (i.e. society with no industry). Construction processes were limited to the locally available materials, labour and technology. However, with civilization and technological advancement, man was exposed to a new life (i.e. access to modern amenities).
Therefore, in recent times, there are various types of houses as a result of the numerous types of designs by the architects and the houses not only serve the primary purpose of shelter alone, but also have the modern amenities. There are different types of materials, plants and equipment produced to suit the modern constructions. There are also professionals like Architects, Builders, Quantity surveyors, Engineers, among others, trained in their respective field for proper execution of projects. Also, we have the skilled and unskilled labours, who contribute grossly towards the execution of a project. All these are as a result of civilization and technological advancement which have impacted the construction industry. Hence, the construction industry is regarded as one of the largest industries in the world, as it contains the highest number of people, ranging from the clients, professionals, skilled labours, unskilled labours and suppliers of different building materials etc.
Despite all these, abandoned building projects still litters our society, causing problems like security threats, promotion of illegal activities, unemployment, waste of human resources, poor landscaping, etc. Therefore, I will start by defining the abandonment of building project, as an act of giving up or stopping a building project with no intention of returning to it. Nobody initiates a building project for abandonment, because an uncompleted building project is always a source of sorrow to its owner, an unfulfilled hope and aspiration - a failure to achieve a purpose (Olateju, 1997).
Unfortunately in Ghana, when projects are abandoned there are no conscious efforts to ensure completion, instead, new projects are embarked upon, putting money, materials, time and effort to waste, and also, causing problem to the nation as whole. The situation of abandoned projects is further compounded by the continuous award of new contracts which eventually suffers the same fate (Frisch, 1996).
In recent years, project management has become an important part of any organisation (Maylor et al., 2006). This is as a result of the changing nature of managing organisations due to technological advancement, and a complex, competitive global marketplace (Maylor et al., 2006; Panayides et al., 2015; Ramazani &Jergeas, 2015; Klein et al., 2015; Nguyen et al., 2015). Projects require huge capital outlay from organisations and/or governments (Panayides et al., 2015) and, as such, it is crucial to have good project management practices to deliver value for money projects and programmes. The importance of good project management practices cannot therefore be ignored by corporate managers, as failure destroys shareholders’ value and, in the government or public sector; it can have a significant effect on various stakeholders associated with the project. However, studies indicate that companies and governments all over the world are losing huge sums of money through projects as a result of project failure (Espiner, 2007; McManus & Wood-Harper, 2008; Asay, 2008; Fabian & Amir, 2011). Research into 214 projects showed that only one in eight information technology projects can be considered truly successful (McManus & Wood-Harper, 2008). Asay (2008) reports in the Guardian that the UK has wasted over US$4 billion on failed IT projects between 2000 and 2008. Health and Information Systems in South Africa, IS projects in China, and all World Bank-funded projects in Africa are all examples of either total failure or partial failure (Heeks, 2002, 2005, 2006). An example is the World Bank’s Chad-Cameroon Pipeline project. The project, which cost US$4.2 billion, was abandoned in 2007, citing misuse of revenue by the Chad’s president (Fabian & Amir, 2011).
Project failure in developing countries is as high as that in developed countries, if not higher (see Saad et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2011; Aziz, 2013). In their quest for development, developing countries engage in projects such as building of roads, dams, plants, pipes, industries, theatres, e-government services, telecommunication, ICT, and others. These projects, which are normally financed by the International Monetary Fund(IMF), World Bank or tax-payers, face several setbacks such as abandonment (Kumar & Best, 2006), cost deviation (Kaliba et al., 2009; Aziz, 2013), schedule deviation (Sweis et al., 2008; Fallahnejad, 2013; Marzouk & El-Rasas, 2013), scope deviation (Liu et al., 2011), and stakeholders’ dissatisfaction (Ahonen&Savolianen, 2010).
In Ghana, project failure rate is high and the cost associated with such failures is very excessive (Daily Graphic, 2006; Amponsah, 2013). Many cases of project failure are reported in the media, World Bank reports and IMF (World Bank Report, 2004, 2007;Central Press, 2011; Daily Guide, 2012; GNA, 2012, 2014), especially International Development (ID) projects which seek to enhance the lives of the general populace (Ahsan &Gunawan, 2010).
Amponsah (2013, p.3) estimates “that at least one out of every three infrastructural development projects in Ghana either fails or is challenged to achieve one of the objectives of Scope, Cost or Time. In [a] few cases they do not achieve the intended purpose for which they were undertaken”. Sometimes, donor agencies are reluctant to provide aid for infrastructure projects due to the disappointing results of project outcomes (Daily Graphic, 2007; Amponsah, 2013). This has resulted in donor apathy towards projects in Ghana (World Bank report, 2007).
Ghanaian government projects have a high failure rate; there are numerous reported cases of abandoned projects and projects not finishing on time, not being within budget, and not meeting requirements and/or stakeholders’ needs (Central Press, 2011; Daily Guide, 2012; GNA, 2012). Over the years, significant amounts of money have been solicited from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank and other donor agencies by the Ghanaian government to embark on projects that seek to improve socio-economic development. Notable among them in recent years is the US$547 million under the Millennium Challenge Account (MCA) solicited in 2006 (Republic of
Ghana’s Ministry of Finance Report, 2007). In the 2012 Ghanaian budget, the country borrowed US$3.0 billion from the China Development Bank (CDB) to embark on infrastructure deficit projects. Specific projects identified to be funded by this loan were: Accra Plains Irrigation Project, Coastal Fishing Harbours and Landing Sites Project, Tema-Akosombo-Buipe Multi-modal Transportation Project, Western Corridor Gas Infrastructure Project, Helicopter Surveillance Fleet for Western Corridor “Oil Enclave”, Development of ICT Enhanced Surveillance Platform for Western Corridor “Oil Enclave”, Western Corridor “Oil Enclave” Road Re-development Project, Western Railway Line Modernization, Takoradi Port Rehabilitation/Retrofit, and Sekondi Industrial Estate (Republic of Ghana Budget, 2012).
However, most of these projects have not achieved their anticipated objectives (AfDB, 2006; Amponsah, 2010; World Bank, 2012; Amponsah, 2013). This failure has cost the country significant amounts of money (AfDB, 2006; Daily Graphic, 2006, 2011; Amponsah, 2013). This has prompted stakeholders to express concerns about the phenomenon. For instance, in a conference for project managers organised by the African Development Bank in 2006 in Accra, the Deputy Minister for Finance and Economic Planning, Professor Gyan-Baffour, noted that project implementation performance in the country had declined in all sectors of the economy.
From the literature, it can be deduced that project failure has become part and parcel of organisations and governments undertaking projects; however, these reported failures might not necessarily be so, depending on who is defining what constitutes project failure (Lyytinen &Hirschheim, 1988; Agarwal & Rathod, 2006; Procaccino& Verner, 2006; Ika, 2009) or who is doing the evaluating (Carvalho, 2014), and the timing of the definition or evaluation of the performance of the project in question (Heeks, 2002, 2006) or the criteria used in measuring project success/failure (Amir &Pinnington, 2014). Therefore, using different success/failure criteria, this study aims to find out the extent of project failure within Ghanaian government projects.
Causes of project failure is one of the most discussed topics in recent years by academics, practising managers, governments, and many social commentators all over the world. An extant literature is therefore devoted to the discussion, and various reasons have been identified for the causes of project failure. For instance, Frimpong et al. (2003) and Long et al. (2004) identified 26 and 64 causes of project failure respectively. For example, when looking at schedule delays in road construction projects in Zambia, the following were identified as the reasons behind such delays: financial processes and difficulties on the part of contractors and clients, contract modification, economic problems, materials’ procurement, changes in drawings, staffing problems, equipment unavailability, poor supervision, construction mistakes, poor coordination on site, and changes in specifications (Kaliba et al., 2009).
We must really lay emphasis on the issue of failure and abandonment of building projects, because, it creates a lot of problems for everyone, both within and outside the construction industry and even on the economy as a whole. Likewise, the resources required to execute the projects, which include: labour, equipment, time, material and money, are wasted and the accommodation problem remains unsolved.
Therefore, this study attempts to examine the causes, effects and possible solutions to failure and abandonment of building projects in Accra, Ghana.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
In Ghana today, the landscape is littered with failed and abandoned building projects. Therefore, the study focuses critically into the causes and effects of abandoned building projects which have littered the Ghanaian landscape. Every nation aspiring to attain development must utilize its resources effectively; develop its industrial base, energy sectors among other things (United Nation, 2006). Unfortunately, Ghana has suffered a set-back in following these principles to development.
Every year, government announces a huge amount of money to be spent on capital projects, only for all to be put to waste as a result of corruption (e.g. embezzlement), leaving the projects abandoned. Also, both the public and the private sectors experience the abandonment of building projects which makes it pronounced, in the harsh economic climate, in developing countries like Ghana. These problems has threatened job opportunities, rendering our economic development effort to suffer continuous set-back.
Solving this problem, might really be of help and having a gross contribution to the economic development.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The study sought to know the effect of denominational practices on the growth of the church. Specifically, the study sought to;
1. identify and evaluate possible factors that cause projects failure and abandonment in Ghana.
2. examine the effects of the failed and abandoned building projects on key stakeholders associated with such projects.
3. propose possible solutions to the causes of project failure and abandonment in Ghana.
1.4 Research Questions
1. What are the factors that cause projects failure and abandonment in Ghana?
2. What are the effects of the failed and abandoned building projects on key stakeholders associated with such projects?
3. What are the possible solutions to the causes of project failure and abandonment in Ghana?
1.5 Significance of the Study
Using Ghana as a case study, the findings of this study will benefit the Ghanaian government by throwing more light on extent of projects failure and abandonment, why projects fail and abandon and how this failure negatively impacts on key stakeholders of such projects. This will help the government to be more proactive in awarding project contracts in the future.
This study will also contribute to theories of project failure, project abandonment, causes of project failure and abandonment and the effects of project failure and abandonment on stakeholders in developing countries. This will make a contribution to both the academic and the practical fields. Thus, by studying projects failure in Ghana, the study will contribute to both the local and broader academic context in project management.
This study will also be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study will contribute to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.6 Scope/Limitations of the Study
This study is on causes of project failure and abandonment in Ghana with a view of finding a solution to the problem using Accra, Ghana as the case study.
Limitations of study
1. Financial constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
2. Time constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Causes:Generally, it means a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition, a principle, aim, or movement to which one is committed.
Project: A piece of planned work or an activity that is finished over a period of time and intended to achieve a particular purpose
Failure:Failure is the state or condition of not meeting a desirable or intended objective, and may be viewed as the opposite of success.
Abandonment:The action or fact of abandoning or being abandoned.
Construction:The action of building something, typically a large structure.

CLICK THE LINK TO VIEW THE COMPLETE WORK, FROM CHAPTER ONE TO CHAPTER FIVE - CAUSES OF PROJECT FAILURE AND ABANDONMENT IN GHANA (ACCRA)

Education › Causes Of Project Failure And Abandonment In Ghana (accra) by research1(op): 11:58am On Jun 13, 2019

CAUSES OF PROJECT FAILURE AND ABANDONMENT IN GHANA (ACCRA)

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The demand for and provision of housing is as old as the history of man. Due to the harsh weather condition, wild animals, need for security and privacy, it became necessary for man to provide shelter for himself and members of his family. Though, the type of houses built in those historical times, served its primary purpose of shelter but lacked the modern amenities, as a result of underdevelopment in the society (i.e. society with no industry). Construction processes were limited to the locally available materials, labour and technology. However, with civilization and technological advancement, man was exposed to a new life (i.e. access to modern amenities).
Therefore, in recent times, there are various types of houses as a result of the numerous types of designs by the architects and the houses not only serve the primary purpose of shelter alone, but also have the modern amenities. There are different types of materials, plants and equipment produced to suit the modern constructions. There are also professionals like Architects, Builders, Quantity surveyors, Engineers, among others, trained in their respective field for proper execution of projects. Also, we have the skilled and unskilled labours, who contribute grossly towards the execution of a project. All these are as a result of civilization and technological advancement which have impacted the construction industry. Hence, the construction industry is regarded as one of the largest industries in the world, as it contains the highest number of people, ranging from the clients, professionals, skilled labours, unskilled labours and suppliers of different building materials etc.
Despite all these, abandoned building projects still litters our society, causing problems like security threats, promotion of illegal activities, unemployment, waste of human resources, poor landscaping, etc. Therefore, I will start by defining the abandonment of building project, as an act of giving up or stopping a building project with no intention of returning to it. Nobody initiates a building project for abandonment, because an uncompleted building project is always a source of sorrow to its owner, an unfulfilled hope and aspiration - a failure to achieve a purpose (Olateju, 1997).
Unfortunately in Ghana, when projects are abandoned there are no conscious efforts to ensure completion, instead, new projects are embarked upon, putting money, materials, time and effort to waste, and also, causing problem to the nation as whole. The situation of abandoned projects is further compounded by the continuous award of new contracts which eventually suffers the same fate (Frisch, 1996).
In recent years, project management has become an important part of any organisation (Maylor et al., 2006). This is as a result of the changing nature of managing organisations due to technological advancement, and a complex, competitive global marketplace (Maylor et al., 2006; Panayides et al., 2015; Ramazani &Jergeas, 2015; Klein et al., 2015; Nguyen et al., 2015). Projects require huge capital outlay from organisations and/or governments (Panayides et al., 2015) and, as such, it is crucial to have good project management practices to deliver value for money projects and programmes. The importance of good project management practices cannot therefore be ignored by corporate managers, as failure destroys shareholders’ value and, in the government or public sector; it can have a significant effect on various stakeholders associated with the project. However, studies indicate that companies and governments all over the world are losing huge sums of money through projects as a result of project failure (Espiner, 2007; McManus & Wood-Harper, 2008; Asay, 2008; Fabian & Amir, 2011). Research into 214 projects showed that only one in eight information technology projects can be considered truly successful (McManus & Wood-Harper, 2008). Asay (2008) reports in the Guardian that the UK has wasted over US$4 billion on failed IT projects between 2000 and 2008. Health and Information Systems in South Africa, IS projects in China, and all World Bank-funded projects in Africa are all examples of either total failure or partial failure (Heeks, 2002, 2005, 2006). An example is the World Bank’s Chad-Cameroon Pipeline project. The project, which cost US$4.2 billion, was abandoned in 2007, citing misuse of revenue by the Chad’s president (Fabian & Amir, 2011).
Project failure in developing countries is as high as that in developed countries, if not higher (see Saad et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2011; Aziz, 2013). In their quest for development, developing countries engage in projects such as building of roads, dams, plants, pipes, industries, theatres, e-government services, telecommunication, ICT, and others. These projects, which are normally financed by the International Monetary Fund(IMF), World Bank or tax-payers, face several setbacks such as abandonment (Kumar & Best, 2006), cost deviation (Kaliba et al., 2009; Aziz, 2013), schedule deviation (Sweis et al., 2008; Fallahnejad, 2013; Marzouk & El-Rasas, 2013), scope deviation (Liu et al., 2011), and stakeholders’ dissatisfaction (Ahonen&Savolianen, 2010).
In Ghana, project failure rate is high and the cost associated with such failures is very excessive (Daily Graphic, 2006; Amponsah, 2013). Many cases of project failure are reported in the media, World Bank reports and IMF (World Bank Report, 2004, 2007;Central Press, 2011; Daily Guide, 2012; GNA, 2012, 2014), especially International Development (ID) projects which seek to enhance the lives of the general populace (Ahsan &Gunawan, 2010).
Amponsah (2013, p.3) estimates “that at least one out of every three infrastructural development projects in Ghana either fails or is challenged to achieve one of the objectives of Scope, Cost or Time. In [a] few cases they do not achieve the intended purpose for which they were undertaken”. Sometimes, donor agencies are reluctant to provide aid for infrastructure projects due to the disappointing results of project outcomes (Daily Graphic, 2007; Amponsah, 2013). This has resulted in donor apathy towards projects in Ghana (World Bank report, 2007).
Ghanaian government projects have a high failure rate; there are numerous reported cases of abandoned projects and projects not finishing on time, not being within budget, and not meeting requirements and/or stakeholders’ needs (Central Press, 2011; Daily Guide, 2012; GNA, 2012). Over the years, significant amounts of money have been solicited from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank and other donor agencies by the Ghanaian government to embark on projects that seek to improve socio-economic development. Notable among them in recent years is the US$547 million under the Millennium Challenge Account (MCA) solicited in 2006 (Republic of
Ghana’s Ministry of Finance Report, 2007). In the 2012 Ghanaian budget, the country borrowed US$3.0 billion from the China Development Bank (CDB) to embark on infrastructure deficit projects. Specific projects identified to be funded by this loan were: Accra Plains Irrigation Project, Coastal Fishing Harbours and Landing Sites Project, Tema-Akosombo-Buipe Multi-modal Transportation Project, Western Corridor Gas Infrastructure Project, Helicopter Surveillance Fleet for Western Corridor “Oil Enclave”, Development of ICT Enhanced Surveillance Platform for Western Corridor “Oil Enclave”, Western Corridor “Oil Enclave” Road Re-development Project, Western Railway Line Modernization, Takoradi Port Rehabilitation/Retrofit, and Sekondi Industrial Estate (Republic of Ghana Budget, 2012).
However, most of these projects have not achieved their anticipated objectives (AfDB, 2006; Amponsah, 2010; World Bank, 2012; Amponsah, 2013). This failure has cost the country significant amounts of money (AfDB, 2006; Daily Graphic, 2006, 2011; Amponsah, 2013). This has prompted stakeholders to express concerns about the phenomenon. For instance, in a conference for project managers organised by the African Development Bank in 2006 in Accra, the Deputy Minister for Finance and Economic Planning, Professor Gyan-Baffour, noted that project implementation performance in the country had declined in all sectors of the economy.
From the literature, it can be deduced that project failure has become part and parcel of organisations and governments undertaking projects; however, these reported failures might not necessarily be so, depending on who is defining what constitutes project failure (Lyytinen &Hirschheim, 1988; Agarwal & Rathod, 2006; Procaccino& Verner, 2006; Ika, 2009) or who is doing the evaluating (Carvalho, 2014), and the timing of the definition or evaluation of the performance of the project in question (Heeks, 2002, 2006) or the criteria used in measuring project success/failure (Amir &Pinnington, 2014). Therefore, using different success/failure criteria, this study aims to find out the extent of project failure within Ghanaian government projects.
Causes of project failure is one of the most discussed topics in recent years by academics, practising managers, governments, and many social commentators all over the world. An extant literature is therefore devoted to the discussion, and various reasons have been identified for the causes of project failure. For instance, Frimpong et al. (2003) and Long et al. (2004) identified 26 and 64 causes of project failure respectively. For example, when looking at schedule delays in road construction projects in Zambia, the following were identified as the reasons behind such delays: financial processes and difficulties on the part of contractors and clients, contract modification, economic problems, materials’ procurement, changes in drawings, staffing problems, equipment unavailability, poor supervision, construction mistakes, poor coordination on site, and changes in specifications (Kaliba et al., 2009).
We must really lay emphasis on the issue of failure and abandonment of building projects, because, it creates a lot of problems for everyone, both within and outside the construction industry and even on the economy as a whole. Likewise, the resources required to execute the projects, which include: labour, equipment, time, material and money, are wasted and the accommodation problem remains unsolved.
Therefore, this study attempts to examine the causes, effects and possible solutions to failure and abandonment of building projects in Accra, Ghana.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
In Ghana today, the landscape is littered with failed and abandoned building projects. Therefore, the study focuses critically into the causes and effects of abandoned building projects which have littered the Ghanaian landscape. Every nation aspiring to attain development must utilize its resources effectively; develop its industrial base, energy sectors among other things (United Nation, 2006). Unfortunately, Ghana has suffered a set-back in following these principles to development.
Every year, government announces a huge amount of money to be spent on capital projects, only for all to be put to waste as a result of corruption (e.g. embezzlement), leaving the projects abandoned. Also, both the public and the private sectors experience the abandonment of building projects which makes it pronounced, in the harsh economic climate, in developing countries like Ghana. These problems has threatened job opportunities, rendering our economic development effort to suffer continuous set-back.
Solving this problem, might really be of help and having a gross contribution to the economic development.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The study sought to know the effect of denominational practices on the growth of the church. Specifically, the study sought to;
1. identify and evaluate possible factors that cause projects failure and abandonment in Ghana.
2. examine the effects of the failed and abandoned building projects on key stakeholders associated with such projects.
3. propose possible solutions to the causes of project failure and abandonment in Ghana.
1.4 Research Questions
1. What are the factors that cause projects failure and abandonment in Ghana?
2. What are the effects of the failed and abandoned building projects on key stakeholders associated with such projects?
3. What are the possible solutions to the causes of project failure and abandonment in Ghana?
1.5 Significance of the Study
Using Ghana as a case study, the findings of this study will benefit the Ghanaian government by throwing more light on extent of projects failure and abandonment, why projects fail and abandon and how this failure negatively impacts on key stakeholders of such projects. This will help the government to be more proactive in awarding project contracts in the future.
This study will also contribute to theories of project failure, project abandonment, causes of project failure and abandonment and the effects of project failure and abandonment on stakeholders in developing countries. This will make a contribution to both the academic and the practical fields. Thus, by studying projects failure in Ghana, the study will contribute to both the local and broader academic context in project management.
This study will also be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study will contribute to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.6 Scope/Limitations of the Study
This study is on causes of project failure and abandonment in Ghana with a view of finding a solution to the problem using Accra, Ghana as the case study.
Limitations of study
1. Financial constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
2. Time constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Causes:Generally, it means a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition, a principle, aim, or movement to which one is committed.
Project: A piece of planned work or an activity that is finished over a period of time and intended to achieve a particular purpose
Failure:Failure is the state or condition of not meeting a desirable or intended objective, and may be viewed as the opposite of success.
Abandonment:The action or fact of abandoning or being abandoned.
Construction:The action of building something, typically a large structure.

CLICK THE LINK TO GET THE COMPLETE WORK, FROM CHAPTER ONE TO CHAPTER FIVE - CAUSES OF PROJECT FAILURE AND ABANDONMENT IN GHANA (ACCRA)

Nairaland General › Access Free Project Topics And Research Project Materials In A Twinkle Of An Eye by research1(op): 12:05pm On Jun 06, 2019

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Webmasters › The Most Effective Method To Choose A Good Project Topic by research1(op): 11:31am On Jun 06, 2019

THE MOST EFFECTIVE METHOD TO CHOOSE A GOOD PROJECT TOPIC
The instructive educational programs express that the end goal is to be granted a degree after the graduation. Before this, there is a need for scholars to carry out research in their field of studies. Thusly, this is done at the final year level in all college or university organizations. A considerable measure of final year students have challenges in regards to picking or choosing their research project topics. This is because they lack knowledge on the rudiments of picking a decent research project topic with the end goal, such that most students score terrible scores at the end of it or even have to change the research topic halfway through. This article is therefore targeted at helping final year students to know the basics in regards to picking or choosing their final year project topics.
STEPS IN CHOOSING A RESEARCH PROJECT TOPIC
To choose a good research topic and make the procedure less frustrating, we recommend the accompanying method for the determination of the research project works:
1. Decide on a useful zone or zones of essential interest, for example, accounting, banking and finance, business administration, computer science, marketing, mass communication et cetera.
2. Next, pick a sub-region from the practical territory. For example, a student who has an interest in human resources may pick a research topic on the hospital working environment or organizational behavior
3. Look for the possible research topic in that sub-region.
4. Familiarize yourself with the subject matter relating to the proposed project topic idea.
5. Evaluate any provisional topic you pick precisely and fundamentally. A student ought to have not less than three speculative topics in. He ought to pick the topic which is most alluring to him or her among alternate topics having analyzed the upsides and downsides of every one of the case study.
6. Finally, present the chosen topics to the supervisor for facilitating discourse, clarifications, and elaborations if it requires.
CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING A RESEARCH PROJECT TOPIC
It is plainly making no sense to embark on a case study you know almost nothing or nothing about. Though, it can obviously be contended that the student can acquaint himself with the project topic idea over the span of the investigation or study. But there are somewhere around two issues with this: firstly, he/she might not be able to defend it before the supervisor. Secondly, he/she may discover later that the research topic is more troublesome than foreseen or that the required research project materials are not accessible. He could even lose interest in the research work because of any of these unexpected challenges. The accompanying criteria should along these lines be borne in the mind of the students:
1. INTEREST IN THE RESEARCH TOPIC
Numerous students have amidst their research, surrendered or abandon their research project topic for another one since they didn't have enough managing interest for it, in the first instance. For a few, they may have chosen it since it was proposed by the supervisor or some different people they couldn't state too. They may have felt that dismissing the project topic at that point would have added up to being ungrateful on their part which could be viewed as an affront to the supervisor. whichever way, it is perilous to take a research title you are not so much inspired by in light of the fact that when it gets extreme, your interest for the research title is the thing that will support you more than some other things.
2. RESEARCHABLE RESEARCH TOPIC
What makes a research topic researchable is the point at which you can research solid information to answer the research questions. A project work that is researchable can be known to utilize available and scientific tools and techniques. Likewise, a research work might be un-researchable not on the grounds that the pertinent information doesn't exist, but rather in light of the fact that the student doesn't approach them.
3. ATTAINABILITY OF THE FINAL YEAR PROJECT
The possibility of the final year project alludes to what it will take the student to finish the research topic as far as the expense of the final year project, the monetary use, and the time allotment for the final year research. Thusly, it is vital that the student from the beginning, gauge that he has everything necessary to finish the research project regarding fund and research materials, and furthermore that he will have the capacity to finish the final year research inside the time period allotted for it. In the event that the response to this is negative, at that point he should forsake the project topic before setting out on it.

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Education › Preliminary Study Of Traditional Customary Uses Of Wildlife by research1(op): 10:31pm On Jun 03, 2019

PRELIMINARY STUDY OF TRADITIONAL CUSTOMARY USES OF WILDLIFE IN SOME SELECTED COMMUNITIES AROUND OKOMU NATIONAL PARK

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The African continent has an abundant and richly varied wildlife endowment surpassing most places on earth. This endowment is a natural heritage for the present and future generations, with several beneficial uses of the wildlife resources. It has some animals that are rare and not found in many places in the world.While wildlife has a wide array of benefits, economic benefits in many cases are perhaps the most emphasized. Wildlife plays a major role in the economy in more than one way. Principally, wildlife is an economic sector in its own right in terms of providing employment and contributing to the national income through earnings from wildlife tourism.

Apart from its economic value, wildlife has from time immemorial been a valuable natural resource in Africa, with several other traditional beneficial uses to society. This does not in any way mean that wildlife can only exist with reference to its uses to human kind. Indeed it has a right to exist in itself without such reference. Nevertheless, there are three major traditional uses of wild animals in Africa, namely, uses for sociocultural purposes, nutrition and folk medicine. These are what are referred to as “traditional customary uses” of wildlife.

Before the arrival of the colonialists, the indigenous African communities co-existed with wild animals, utilizing them as they needed, and in accordance only with African customary practices and values (Muriuki, 1996). These communities hunted wild animals for food and other uses such as clothing, bedding and cultural purposes. Many ethnic groups, however, had totem animals-animals believed to be sacred and which were therefore left unharmed or which could only be utilized for prayers or medicinal purposes. Generally, there were traditional customs, rules, taboos, beliefs and practices of the various ethnic groups relating to wildlife (ODA, 1996). With the advent of imperialism, things changed dramatically as all over a sudden the colonial governments imposed stiff laws on wildlife utilization, mainly on hunting and wildlife products. Takirambudde has observed that colonialism in Africa created “a new legal order to replace the traditional structures and ideology” (Tarakimbudde, 1988).

Few people in Nigeria are fully aware of wildlife resources and the extent of their use. Many conservation areas (national parks and game reserves) are being underutilized because of the lack of public enlightenment (Adeola 1983). Wildlife has been utilized for the welfare of mankind in many parts of the world and has gained prominence as a revenue source in numerous African countries (Ajayi 1973, 1975b; Asibey 1972; Crawford 1968, 1974; Hartog et al. 1973). If managed properly as a renewable natural resource, wildlife can provide a sustained source of protein for human consumption and also attract international tourists who bring foreign exchange.

Most farmers in rural areas in Nigeria depend solely on wild animals for their daily animal protein supply. In some cases, farmers combine their subsistence farming with trapping, hunting, and encircling animals with fire, especially during the dry season. In developed countries like the United States, hunting is primarily for recreation, but in Nigeria and most of the African countries, it is often for survival.

African farmers depend on bushmeat (all wildlife including birds, rodents, and larger animals) for both food and cash income. Nigerian farmers are known to hunt no longer for their immediate domestic use alone, but largely to obtain meat to sell in the urban and other population centers where bushmeat is more expensive. Ajayi (1978) estimated that 20 percent of the animal protein consumed by rural communities in the southern states of Nigeria is derived from bushmeat. Several writers (including Akum 1978; Mossman 1975; Topps 1975; Deane et al. 1971; Johnston 1971) have also stressed the important role played by wild animals in the diet of people living in rural communities, especially in the coastal regions where cattle do not thrive because of tsetse flies and other disease vectors. Riney (1967), Asibey et al. (1975), and Asibey (1976a) confirmed that bushmeat constituted over 80 percent of the fresh meat consumed in Ghana.

The Okomu National Park, formerly the Okomu Wildlife Sanctuary, is a forest block within the 1,082 km² Okomu Forest Reservein the Ovia South-West Local Government Area of Edo State in Nigeria. The park is about 60 km North West of Benin City. The park holds a small fragment of the rich forest that once covered the region, and is the last habitat for many endangered species. It continues to shrink as villages encroach on it, and is now less than one third of its original size Williams (2008). Powerful corporations are involved in plantation development and logging concessions around the park, which also pose a threat Lutz (1998).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

With the advent of the modern society there has been a paradigm shift from the traditional customary approach that emphasizes use to a western approach that emphasizes value. Accordingly the contemporary value of wildlife includes economic value; ecological value; medicinal value; educational and scientific value; and recreational value. This seems to relegate to the backyard the traditional customary uses of wildlife, which has largely upset the symbiotic relationship that has always existed between Africans and their wildlife.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The study sought to know the traditional customary uses of wildlife in some communities around Okomu National Park. Specifically, the study sought to;

1. examine the impact of the use of wildlife in traditional costumes in Okomu National Park.

2. examine the challenges and problems of traditional customary uses of wildlife in Nigeria.

3. examine the modern uses of wildlife in Africa.

4. proffer solutions to the challenges and problems facing traditional customary uses of wildlife in Nigeria.

1.4 Research Questions

1. Is there a significant impact of the use of wildlife in traditional costumes in Okomu National Park?

2. What are the challenges and problems of traditional customary uses of wildlife in Nigeria?

3. What are the modern uses of wildlife in Africa?

4. What are the solutions to the challenges and problems facing traditional customary uses of wildlife in Nigeria?

1.5 Research Hypothesis

Ho: There is no significant impact of the use of wildlife in traditional costumes in Okomu National Park.

Hi: There is a significant impact of the use of wildlife in traditional costumes in Okomu National Park.

1.6 Significance of the Study

This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.

1.7 Scope/Limitations of the Study

This study is on preliminary study of traditional customary uses of wildlife in some selected communities around OkomuNational Park.

Limitations of study

1. Financial constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

2. Time constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

1.8 Definition of Terms

Traditional:Existing in or as part of a tradition; long-established.

Customary:According to the customs or usual practices associated with a particular society, place, or set of circumstances.

Wildlife: Wild animals collectively; the native fauna (and sometimes flora) of a region. Wildlife traditionally refers to undomesticated animal species, but has come to include all organisms that grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans. Wildlife can be found in all ecosystems.

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Education › Computer Science Project Topics by research1(op): 10:56pm On Jan 11, 2019

BEST COMPUTER SCIENCE PROJECT TOPICS 2018
Researchwap is site programmed to assist students both undergraduate and postgraduate in research works. In stock are a plethora of Computer Science project topics and research materials to aid students of that field in the compilation of their research work. Below is the sample of project and seminar works available on the website:

1. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A WEB-BASED DISCUSSION FORUM FOR COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING STUDENTS
2. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A WEB-BASED CRIME RECORD AND INFORMATION SYSTEM
3. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPUTERIZED MOTOR VEHICLE PLATE REGISTRATION SYSTEM
4. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPUTERISED PATIENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
5. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN AUTOMATED ASSET MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
6. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENT STUDENT REGISTRATION AND ONLINE PAYMENT PORTAL
7. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPUTERISED DRUG VERIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
8. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT A DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR STUDENT REGISTRATION
9. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ONLINE COMPUTER BASED TEST (CBT) SYSTEM
10. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ONLINE CAMPUS VOTING SYSTEM
11. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPUTERIZED SEAPORT BILLING SYSTEM
12. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPUTERIZED LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
13. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ONLINE REAL-TIME PARCEL TRACKING AND MONITORING SYSTEM
14. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPUTERIZED EXPERT DIAGNOSIS SYSTEM
15. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPUTERISED STAFF ATTENDANCE SYSTEM WITH FINGERPRINTING TECHNOLOGY
16. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPUTERISED WAREHOUSE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
17. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ONLINE VISA PROCESSING SYSTEM
18. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
19. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ONLINE STORE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
20. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A SALES FORECASTING SYSTEM USING LINEAR REGRESSION MODEL
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Education › Best Education Project Topics In Nigeria by research1(op): 12:37pm On Dec 04, 2018

Researchwap is an online resource centre for complete FINAL YEAR PROJECT TOPICS AND RESEARCH MATERIALS, analysis and softwares for computer science research/courses. Generally, it is an online repository for FINAL YEAR PROJECT TOPICS AND RESEARCH MATERIALS, essays, custom writing and articles for guide purposes. Below are samples of Education project topics on the site:

1. NIGERIA EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM: MAIN ISSUES AND PERFORMANCE

2. MANAGING SCHOOL FINANCE FOR BETTER LEARNING OUTCOMES IN LAGOS STATE SECONDARY SCHOOLS

3. INTERNAL CONFLICTS IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES; SOURCES, EFFECTS AND RESOLUTIONS

4. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN AFRICA: INITIATIVES AND CHALLENGES

5. INFLUENCE OF CONTINOUUS ASSESSMENT ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SCHOOL STUDENTS

6. HUMAN CAPITAL FLIGHT: STRATIFICATION, GLOBALIZATION, AND THE CHALLENGES OF TERTIARY EDUCATION IN NIGERIA

7. HIGHER EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: ACHIEVEMENTS, CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS

8. FEMALE EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: THE KEY TO DEVELOPMENT

9. FACTORS RELATED TO JOB SATISFACTION OF ACADEMIC STAFF IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES

10. EQUALITY OF ACCESS AND CATCHMENT AREA FACTOR IN UNIVERSITY ADMISSIONS IN NIGERIA

11. EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT ON STUDENTS ACHIEVEMENT

12. A STUDY OF PERCEPTIONS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING ENROLMENT OF FEMALE STUDENTS IN SCIENCE COURSES IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES

13. A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF POST-PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN NIGERIA

14. ANALYSIS OF THE ADJUSTMENT PROBLEMS OF PUPILS WITH DISABILITY IN INTEGRATED SCHOOLS IN LAGOS STATE

15. AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CLASS SIZE AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENT

16. A STUDY OF MOTIVATION ON THE CHOICE OF TEACHING AS A PROFESSION IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN NIGERIA

17. THE EFFECT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF PARENTS ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN NIGERIA

18. EFFECTS OF BROKEN HOMES ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN NIGERIA

19. ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS OF STUDENT TEACHERS DURING TEACHING PRACTICE IN NIGERIA

20. A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION WITH RESPECT TO EDUCATIONAL PLANNING IN LAGOS STATE

To see more products available on the site , click Researchwap here

Education › Perfect And Decent Economics Project Topics And Research Materials 2018 by research1(op): 11:24am On Dec 04, 2018

PERFECT AND
1. CAPITAL ACCUMULATION AND ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION: A DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY FOR NIGERIA ECONOMY
2. DYNAMICS OF MOTIVATION IN AN ORGANIZATION (A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA PORTS AUTHORITY)
3. EFFECTS OF TAX EVASION AND AVIODANCE ON ECONOMY OF NIGERIA (A Case Study of Lagos state internal Revenue Service)
4. AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF URBANIZATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIAN ECONOMY
5. EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON THE ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA BOTTLING COMPANY
6. AN APPRAISAL OF THE ROLE OF CAPITAL MARKET IN THE PRIVATIZATION OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISES (A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA STOCK EXCHANGE, LAGOS)
7. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FISCAL DEFICIT AND MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA
8. ASSESSMENT OF DIVERSIFICATION AS A SURVIVAL AND GROWTH STRATEGY: A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY PLC
9. ECONOMIC DATA USAGE AND THE PERFORMANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA
10. AN EVALUATION OF MONETARY POLICY IN NIGERIA AND ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH (1984 – 2015)
11. THE EFFECT OF CRYPTO CURRENCIES ON THE VALUE OF THE NIGERIAN NAIRA
12. CAPITAL ACCUMULATION AND ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION: A DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY FOR NIGERIA ECONOMY
13. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE DETERMINANTS OF EXCHANGE RATE IN NIGERIA
14. DEVELOPING THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR TO BOOST RURAL ECONOMY IN NIGERIA.
15. ECONOMICS OF COMMUNICATION TRANSFORMATION IN LAGOS METROPOLIS
16. CAPITAL MARKET, A TOOL FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA
17. FINANCIAL DEEPENING AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA
18. CORRUPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA
19. THE IMPACT OF FISCAL POLICY ON THE NIGERIA ECONOMY
20. FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN NIGEZ RIA UNDER STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMME (SAP)
For articles click here, here or here
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Education › Latest Accounting Project Topics 2018 by research1(op): 1:47pm On Nov 27, 2018

Researchwap is an online resource centre for complete final year project topics and research materials. Generally, it is an online repository for FINAL YEAR PROJECT TOPICS AND RESEARCH MATERIALS, ESSAYS, CUSTOM WRITING AND ARTICLES for guide purposes. Researchwap produces one of the best accounting project topics in Nigeria, below are some samples of works available on their site:

1. ANALYSIS OF AUDIT PROCEDURE IN A PUBLIC SECTOR ORGANIZATION (A CASE STUDY OF KADUNA STATE WATER BOARD)

2. AN EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CORPORATE PLANNING IN MANAGEMENT PROCESS (A Case Study of Diamond Bank Plc)

3. AN APPRAISAL OF STOCK PRICING IN THE NIGERIAN CAPITAL MARKET (A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA STOCK EXCHANGE (NSE)

4. ACCOUNTING RATIO IN MEASURING BUSINESS PERFORMANCE (A STUDY OF UAC NIGERIA PLC)

5. VALUE ADDED TAX AS A MEANS OF GENERATING REVENUE FOR THE GOVERNMENT

6. THE EFFICIENCY OF EDUCATION EXPENDITURE IN NIGERIA (1990 – 2015)

7. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TAXATION ON GOVERNMENT PROVISION FOR INFRASTRUCTURE FOR BENUE STATE A STUDY OF BIRS

8. STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL USE OF ACCOUNTING DATA FOR COMPANIES BENEFIT (CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY)

9. PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ON EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: ISSUES, ESTIMATES AND SOME IMPLICATIONS

10. FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS OF MANUFACTURING COMPANY IN THE SOLID MINERAL SECTOR OF NIGERIA BARRICK GOLD CORPORATION AND MULTIVERSE MINING AND EXPLORATION PLC

11. EFFECT OF TAX AUDIT AND INVESTIGATION ON REVENUE GENERATION IN NIGERIA CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL BOARD OF INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE (LAGOS IRS ANNEX OFFICE)

12. ACCOUNTING RECORDS AND FRAUD PREVENTIVE MEASURES AMONGST CIVIL SERVANTS IN AKWA IBOM STATE (A CASE STUDY OF MINISTRY OF WORKS AND EDUCATION)

13. ACCOUNTING AS AN INEVITABLE TOOL FOR BUSINESS MANAGEMENT (A Case Study of Guinness Plc)

14. OIL AND GAS ACCOUNTING: PRACTICE, CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF SHELL NIGERIA PLC)

15. AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF STOCK MARKET DEVELOPMENT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA

16. IMPLICATION OF TREASURY SINGLE ACCOUNT ON BANKING SECTOR OF NIGERIA AND THE ECONOMY AS A WHOLE

17. A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS IN ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF AN ORGANIZATION (A CASE STUDY OF UNION BANK NIGERIA)

18. THE EFFECT OF THE NAIRA DEVALUATION ON SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA ( A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED MINI IMPORTERS IN LAGOS STATE)

19. FINANCIAL STATEMENT FRAUD IN AN ORGANIZATION: ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS

20. THE IMPACT OF TRIPLE ENTRY ACCOUNTING SYSTEM ON FINANCIAL REPORTING (A STUDY OF BITCOINS)

21. THE DUE PROCESS AND MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC FUNDS IN NIGERIA

22. AN EVALUATION OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING TECHNIQUES ON ORGANIZATION DECISION MAKING PROCESS

Researchwap also works on project materials on other department, to access them, visit, https://researchwap.com/

Education › The Easiest Method To Choose A Good Project T by research1(op): 7:57am On Nov 27, 2018

The instructive educational programs express that the end goal to be granted is a degree on graduation. There, and before this, the scholar has to complete and defend an examination or (project) in a particular field of study. Thusly, this is done at the last year level in all college organizations. A considerable measure of understudies have challenges in regards to picking a project topic. This is because of the way they learn the rudiments of picking a decent research project topic, with that end most understudies score terrible scores toward its finish or even need to change theme halfway through. This article review in a way is gone for helping last year understudies to know the basics with regards to picking and exploration of any project topics.
For the complete article on the easiest method to choose a good project topic and for a decent project topic please visit https://www.researchwap.com

Education › Excellent Banking and Finance Project Topics and Research Materials 2018 by research1(op): 6:21pm On Nov 22, 2018

Researchwap is site programmed to assist students both undergraduate and post graduate in research. In stock are a plethora of banking and finance final year project topics and research materials to aid students of that field in the compilation of their research work. Below are sample of project and seminar works available on the website:
1. THE IMPACT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ON PROFITABILITY IN NIGERIAN BANKING INDUSTRY (A case study of First Bank of Nigeria Plc)
2. THE IMPACT OF BUDGET AND BUDGETARY CONTROL IN BANKING SECTOR (A Case Study of First Bank of Nigeria Plc.)
3. THE FUNCTIONAL IMPACTS OF MICROFINANCE BANKS ON THE GRASS-ROOT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
4. THE EFFECT OF MARKETING FINANCIAL SERVICES IN DEREGULATION ECONOMY BANKING INDUSTRY (A CASE STUDY OF UNITED BANK FOR AFRICA (UBA)
5. THE EFFECT OF ELECTRONIC BANKING ON PERFORMANCE IN BANKING SECTOR (A Case Study of First Bank Nigeria Plc
6. THE CAPITALIZATION IN NIGERIA BANKING INDUSTRY (A CASE OF STUDY OF GUARANTY TRUST BANK PLC, UNION BANK OF NIG PLC & UNITED BANK FOR AFRICA PLC.)
7. ROLE OF BANKING SYSTEM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIAN ECONOMY (A Case Study of Nigerian Breweries Plc)
8. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND MARKETING FINANCIAL SERVICES IN A COMPETITIVE BANKING ENVIRONMENT (A CASE STUDY OF ZENITH BANK PLC)
9. POST CONSOLIDATION CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE BANKING SECTOR OF NIGERIA. (A Case Study of United Bank for Africa Plc)
10. THE IMPACT OF BANK FRAUD AND DISTRESS ON BANKING HABIT IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF FIRST BANK, GTB, UBA, UNION BANK AND ZENITH BANK)
11. MERGER AND ACQUISITION STRATEGY FOR GROWTH, IMPROVED PERFORMANCE AND SURVIVAL IN THE FINANCIAL SECTOR (A STUDY OF STERLING BANK, ACCESS BANK AND ECO BANK)
12. IMPACT OF THE BANKING SECTOR ON DISCHARGE OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY BY SMALL SCALE BUSINESS ORGANISATION (A CASE STUDY OF TASHO ENTERPRISE AND LUWOJU HOTEL)
To see other department and their available project works, click on Researchwap.com

Education › The Most Effective Method To Choose A Good Project Topic by research1(op): 6:15pm On Nov 19, 2018*

PICKING A DECENT PROJECT TOPIC - www.researchwap.com

The instructive educational programs express that the end goal is to be granted a degree after the graduation. Before this, there is a need for scholars to carry out research in their field of studies. Thusly, this is done at the last year level in all college or university organizations. A considerable measure of understudies have challenges in regards to picking or choosing their research project topics. This is because they lack knowledge on the rudiments of picking a decent research project topic with the end goal, such that most understudies score terrible scores at the end of it or even have to change the project topic halfway through. This article is therefore targeted at helping final year scholars to know the basics in regards to picking or choosing their final year project topics.

STEPS IN CHOOSING A PROJECT TOPIC

In other to force order on the choice procedure and make the procedure less frustrating, we recommend the accompanying method for the determination of the research project topic:

1. Decide on a useful zone or zones of essential interest, for example, engineering, computer science, administration, accounting et cetera.

2. Next, pick a sub-region from the practical territory. For example, a scholar who has an interest in human resources may pick a project topic on the hospital working environment or organizational behavior

3. Look for the possible research topic in that sub-region.

4. Familiarize yourself with the subject matter relating to the proposed project topic.

5. Evaluate any provisional topic you pick precisely and fundamentally. A scholar ought to have not less than three speculative topics in. He ought to pick the topic which is most alluring to him among alternate topics having analyzed the upsides and downsides of every one of the topics.

6. Finally, present the chosen topics to the supervisor for facilitating discourse, clarifications, and elaborations if it requires.

CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING A PROJECT TOPIC

It is plainly making no sense to embark on a topic you know almost nothing or nothing about. Though, it can obviously be contended that the scholar can acquaint himself with the topic over the span of the investigation or study. But there are somewhere around two issues with this: firstly, he might not be able to defend it before the supervisor. Secondly, he may discover later that the topic is more troublesome than foreseen or that the required materials are not accessible. He could even lose interest in the topic because of any of these unexpected challenges. The accompanying criteria should along these lines be borne in the mind of the scholar:

1. INTEREST IN THE TOPIC

Numerous scholars have amidst their research, surrendered or abandon their research project topic for another one since they didn't have enough managing interest for it, in the first instance. For a few, they may have chosen it since it was proposed by the supervisor or some different people they couldn't state too. They may have felt that dismissing the project topic at that point would have added up to being thankless on their part which could be viewed as an affront to the supervisor. whichever way it is perilous to take a topic you are not so much inspired by in light of the fact that when it gets extreme, your interest for the topic is the thing that will support you more than some other thing.

2. A RESEARCHABLE TOPIC

What makes a topic researchable is the point at which you can research solid information to answer the research questions. A topic that is researchable can be known to utilize available and scientific tools and techniques. Likewise, a topic might be unresearchable not on the grounds that the pertinent information doesn't exist, but rather in light of the fact that the scholar doesn't approach them.

3. ATTAINABILITY OF STUDY

The possibility of study alludes to what it will take the scholar to finish the topic as far as the expense of the study, the monetary use and the time allotment of the study. Thusly, it is vital that the scholar from the beginning, gauge that he has everything necessary to finish the research regarding fund and materials, and furthermore that he will have the capacity to finish the study inside the time period allotted for it. In the event that the response to this is negative, at that point he should forsake the project topic before setting out on it.

For more articles, final year project topics and research materials click on www.researchwap.com

Education › The Most Effective Method To Choose A Good Project Topic by research1(op): 3:03pm On Nov 19, 2018

PICKING A DECENT PROJECT TOPIC - researchwap.com

The instructive educational programs expresses that keeping in mind the end goal to be granted a degree after the graduating, there is have to complete an examination in a field of study. Thusly, this is done at the last year level in all college organizations. A considerable measure of understudies have challenge with regards to picking an examination point. This is because of the way that they need learning on the rudiments of picking a decent research subject with the end goal that most understudies score terrible scores toward its finish or even need to change theme halfway through. This review in this way is gone for helping last year understudy know the basics with regards to picking an exploration subject.

VENTURES IN CHOOSING A PROJECT TOPIC

To force arrange on the decision procedure and make the procedure less baffling, we recommend the accompanying meth[url][/url][url][/url]od for the determination of an examination point:

• Decide on a useful zone or zones of essential intrigue, for example, Engineering, creation, software engineering, administration, instruction et cetera.

• Net pick a sub – region from the practical territory. For example an understudy who has enthusiasm for HR may pick a subject on hierarchical conduct or working environment antagonistic vibe.

• Look for the conceivable research subjects in that sub region.

• Familiarize yourself with the topic identifying with the proposed themes.

• Evaluate any provisional theme you pick precisely and fundamentally. An understudy ought to have no less than three speculative points in. He ought to pick the subject which is most alluring to him among alternate themes having analyzed the upsides and downsides of every one of the points

• Finally, present the picked subject to the manager for facilitate discourse, elucidations and elaborations if require be.

CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING A PROJECT TOPIC

It plainly does not bode well to set out on a subject you know almost no or nothing about. It can obviously be contended that the understudy can acquaint himself with the topic over the span of the investigation. There are somewhere around two issues with this: first, he might be not able protect it before the manager. Second, he may discover later that the subject is more troublesome than foreseen or that the required materials are not accessible. He could even lose enthusiasm for the subject because of any of these unexpected challenges. The accompanying criteria should along these lines be borne in the psyche of the understudy:

• ENTHUSIASM FOR THE TOPIC

Numerous understudies have amidst their examination, surrendered their exploration subjects for another one since they didn't have enough managing enthusiasm for it, in the principal example. For a few, they may have picked it since it was proposed by the director or some different people they couldn't state not to. They may have felt that dismissing the subject at that point would have added up to being thankless on their part which could be viewed as an affront to the director. whichever way it is perilous to take a theme you are not so much inspired by in light of the fact that when it gets extreme, your enthusiasm for the point is the thing that will support you more than some other thing.

• A RESEARCHABLE TOPIC

What makes a point researchable is the point at which you can examine solid information to answer the exploration questions. A theme that is researchable can be known utilizing accessible and logical instruments and techniques. Likewise a point might be unresearchable not on the grounds that the pertinent information doesn't exist, but rather in light of the fact that the understudy doesn't approach them.

• ATTAINABILITY OF STUDY

Possibility of study alludes to what it will take the understudy to finish the theme as far as the expense of the examination, the monetary use and the time allotment of the investigation. Thusly, it is vital that the understudy from the beginning, gauge that he has everything necessary to finish the examination regarding fund and materials, and furthermore that he will have the capacity to finish the investigation inside the time period allotted for it. In the event that the response to this is negative, at that point he should forsake the theme before setting out on it.
For more articles, final year project topics and research materials click on www.researchwap.com

Education › Best Political Science Project Topics 2018 by research1(op): 1:37am On Nov 01, 2018*

Researchwap has in stock a variety of political science project topics and research materials for both undergraduate and post graduate students. Works available on the site are standardized in line with the requirement of the department. Below is a list of available works on the site:

1. PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY: NIGERIANS’ USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA FOR POLITICS

2. PROPAGANDA AND ELECTIONEERING IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF BENUE STATE)

3. POLITICAL PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN AND SOCIAL DECADENCE IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF AROCHUKWU L.G.A, ABIA STATE)

4. POLITICAL LEADERSHIP AND GOOD GOVERNANCE IN ZANGO KATAF L.G.A OF KADUNA STATE (1999-2015)

5. LEGISLATIVE EFFECTIVENESS AND OVERSIGHT FUNCTIONS IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY)

6. IMPLICATION OF BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY TO SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN BORNO STATE

7. FEDERALISM AND POLITICAL RESTRUCTURING IN NIGERIA

8. CORRUPTION IN NIGERIA; A STUDY OF THE GOODLUCK JONATHAN ADMINISTRATION (2010-2015)

9. CONFLICT REPORTING IN NIGERIA [A CASE STUDY OF PUNCH NEWSPAPER REPORTING JOS CRISIS]

10. DEMOCRATIC CONTROL IN COOPERATIVE

11. THE IMPACT OF MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGS) ON THE STANDARD OF LIVING OF RURAL DWELLERS (A CASE STUDY OF IBESIKPO VILLAGE OF AKWA IBOM STATE)

12. THE ELECTORAL PROCESS AND NATIONAL SECURITY IN NIGERIA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE 2011 AND 2016 ELECTIONS

13. ECONOMIC DEPENDENCY AND THIRD WORLD UNDER DEVELOPMENT. NIGERIAN EXPERIENCE.

14. WOMEN POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA (2007-2011)

15. THE IMPACT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE EDUCATION ON POLITICAL AWARENESS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN ONDO STATE

16. THE EFFECT OF LANGUAGE OF PROPAGANDA ON PERSUADING VOTERS IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF ADAMAWA STATE)

17. AUDIENCE PERCEPTION OF POLITICAL NEWS REPORTS IN NIGERIA

18. IMPACT OF FACEBOOK, TWITTER AND YOUTUBE AS AN EMERGING MEDIA OF POLITICAL COMMUNICATION IN THE 2015 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS IN NIGERIA

19. SOCIAL MEDIA AS EMERGING TOOLS FOR POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN NIGERIA (A STUDY OF 2015 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION)

20. POVERTY AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF KWALI, ABUJA)

21. GENDER AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN RIVERS STATE: THE FOURTH REPUBLIC EXPERIENCE (A CASE STUDY OF THE 2011 GENERAL ELECTIONS)

22. AN OVERVIEW OF THE NIGERIAN JUDICIAL SYSTEM; ACHIEVEMENTS, CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS (A CASE STUDY OF LAGOS STATE MINISTRY OF JUSTICE)

23. THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF CROSS BORDER CRIMES AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF ECOWAS MEMBER STATES (A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA)

24. MULTI PARTY SYSTEM AND DEMOCRATICE PROCEESES IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF THE FOURTH REPUBLIC

25. ZONING POLICY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN NIGERIA

26. GOVERNMENT AND THE MANAGEMENT OF SECURITY CHALLENGES IN NIGERIA

To have a view of other department and the available project materials there, click https://researchwap.com/

Education › Certified Accounting Project Topics And Materials by research1(op): 1:17pm On Oct 31, 2018*

Researchwap is site programmed to assist students both undergraduate and post graduate in research. In stock are a plethora of accounting project topics and research materials to aid students of that field in the compilation of their research work. Below are sample of project and seminar works available on the website:

1. THE CONTRIBUTION OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIA TO THE GROWTH OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

2. TAX KNOWLEDGE, TAX ATTITUDE, AND PERCEPTION OF TAX FAIRNESS AS PREDICTORS OF TAX COMPLIANCE AMONG INCOME EARNERS IN LAGOS STATE

3. INTERNAL AUDIT PROCEDURES AND PROBLEMS IN A BANKING INSTITUTION

4. INTERNAL AUDIT AS A CONTROL FOR EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA PUBLIC ENTERPRISES (A CASE STUDY OF LSDPC)

5. MERGER AND ACQUISITION AS A VIABLE OPTION FOR EFFECTIVE PERFORMANCE OF BANKING INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA

6. RELEVANCE OF CAPITAL BUDGETING TO THE PUBLIC SECTOR ORGANIZATION (A CASE STUDY OF IKORODU LOCAL GOVERNMENT)

7. IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY CHANGES IN ACCOUNTING PROFESSION

8. IMPACT OF MICROFINANCE BANK ON SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA (A STUDY OF OLIVE MICROFINANCE BANK LTD, IKEJA LAGOS.)

9. ASSESSMENT OF FINANCIAL LITERACY AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN NIGERIA

10. FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING RATIOS AS TOOLS FOR THE EVALUATION OF MANAGEMENT PERFORMANCE (A CASE STUDY OF NESTLE FOOD NIGERIA PLC)

11. FINANCIAL IMPLICATION OF INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM IN AN ORGANISATION (A CASE STUDY OF MERCURY MICROFINANCE BANK)

12. ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING: AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS (A CASE STUDY OF MTN AND CHEVRON NIGERIA PLC)

13. ENTERPRISE RISK MANAGEMENT IN PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY (A CASE STUDY OF FIDSON HEALTHCARE LIMITED.)

14. EFFECTS OF PERFORMANCE EVALUATION THROUGH THE ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT ON INVESTMENT DECISIONS (A CASE STUDY OF LOGMAN NIGERIA PLC.)

15. EFFECTIVENESS OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT IN MANUFACTURING COMPANY (A CASE STUDY OF AMA GREENFIELD BREWERIES PLC, ENUGU, NIGERIA)

16. EFFECT OF INTERNAL AUDIT ON MANAGERIAL PERFORMANCE IN PUBLIC ENTERPRISE

17. DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF WORKING CAPITAL ON THE PROFITABILITY OF HOSPITALITY INDUSTRIES (A STUDY OF RADISSON BLU ANCHORAGE HOTEL)

18. CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT IN COMMERCIAL BANKS (A CASE STUDY OF UBA PLC)

19. COMPANY INCOME TAX ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA, PROBLEM AND SOLUTION (A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL INLAND REVENUE SERVICE, FIRS LAGOS STATE, IKEJA BRANCH)

20. AUDITING PROCEDURE AND INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM {A CASE STUDY OF UNION BANK OF NIGERIA PLC}

21. APPLICATION OF MARGINAL COSTING TECHNIQUES IN MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING IN NESTLE FOOD PLC

22. ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF BANK CREDIT ON AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT (A CASE STUDY OF FIRST BANK OF NIGERIA PLC)

23. ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF VALUE ADDED TAX (VAT) ON NIGERIA ECONOMY. (A STUDY OF FEDERAL INLAND REVENUE SERVICE)

24. AN EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CORPORATE PLANNING IN MANAGEMENT PROCESS (A CASE STUDY OF DIAMOND BANK PLC)

25. ANALYSIS OF AUDIT PROCEDURE IN A PUBLIC SECTOR ORGANIZATION (A CASE STUDY OF KADUNA STATE WATER BOARD)

26. FINANCING TRENDS AND EXPENDITURE PATTERNS IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES

27. OIL AND GAS ACCOUNTING: PRACTICE, CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF SHELL NIGERIA PLC)

28. ENHANCING PUBLIC CONFIDENCE IN AUDIT REPORT OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIA

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