₦airaland Forum

THE ROLE OF HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGERS IN HEALTHCARE DELIVERY SYSTEM







In the 21st century - health is a shared responsibility involving a live of cooperating health professionals and a growing list of applied professional with afocus on the overall interest of the patient and society.
We therefore urge the presidential committee to request from the would body and the perspectives of the progressive hold on the role research for each identified stakeholder in healthcare delivery.
Healthcare is not the only, 10 even the strongest determined of health, but it is very important. Traditionally, healthcare has been delivered in what is best described as a multidisciplinary model of teamwork. In this each member of the healthcare team fulfilled a certain well defined and predetermined role with little or no overlap between the activities of team member. More recently this model has earned into one of interdisciplinary team care. Whereby, the members of the team work collaboratively together to help ensure optimum care and out comes (would health organization, 2002).
Health information is essential for good healthcare – their quality depend on accurate and prompt documentation of care provided and regular analysis of contest.
Good quality healthcare data play a vital role in planning, development and maintenance of optimal healthcare. Health information manager, (HIM) professionals are healthcare providers determined to the effective and efficient management of patient health information and healthcare data needed to declare high quality treatment and care to the patient. Healthcare is undergoing a fundamental shift from free-for-service to value base delivery and payment, creating increasing change in markets, financing and regulation. Reimbursement is deceiving and shifting to at risk contracting.
The impact of expanded healthcare access remain unknown.
But what everyone agrees on is that success in a value information across the care continuum. this is placing extraordinary pressure on legacy health information management model, and departmental infrastructure (Juan Bill 2014).
Despite progress made in moving from paper to digital record. Health information management remains highly decentralized, for example. Health information management has historically manage health records, excusive of other records the facility level while the types of critical information and data (both clinical and operational continue to be managed at the department of functional level, without the benefit of enterprise reflecting best practices).
Today, personally inventitiable health record data must be linked across the continuum exchange into a rage of providers and shared with patients. That means these additional sources of information need to be linked with electronic health record (EHR) data-with so may compartmentalized pockets of information it can be difficulty to identify and in turn integrate data from all.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It is generally observe that health information managers is facing many challenges that need to be considered and addressed in order for the progression to remain relevant, be responsible to change and continue to add value to healthcare system.
The strength of health information managers depend on their academic level. The level on health information management professional attain in academic enable him or her to gain more knowledge in time profession because their strength tends to affect the quality of healthcare delivered.
The issues and concerns in relation to health information managers efficiency in healthcare delivery system of not address leads to foot management and maintenance of patient health records, when equipment are not available, it affect the health information managers to function effectively.
Training of health information managers and setting up of knowledge practice is one of the major problem fixed by professionals, when health information managers are retained while in service. It improved their knowledge level in the professional field.



1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The major objective was to investigate “The Role of Health Information Managers in Healthcare Delivery System”. While the specific objective is below:
i. To assess the strength of health information managers, and their academic level.
ii. To verify factors affecting the efficiency of health information managers in the health centre.
iii. To examine the availability of equipment for effective and efficiency functioning of health information managers.
iv. To evaluate the knowledge level of health information management staff (HIMs) in their practice.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What are the strength of health information managers in their academic level in their profession?
2. What are the factors affecting the efficiency of health information managers in the hospital?
3. What are the equipment available for the effective and efficient functioning of health information managers.
4. What are the knowledge level of it 1m through knowledge practice.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The researcher aimed at the study “The role of health information managers in the health care delivery system”
A case study of University of Uyo Health Centre, in Akwa Ibom State. Data collection will be limited to the information gathered from the research instrument administered on the study population to assess, the importance of health information managers in the healthcare system.
The University of Uyo Health centre, Uyo started on
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will be beneficial to the physicians, nurses, patient, researches, health information managers and other paramedical staff in the health centre.
TO PHYSICIAN/DOCTORS
i. Doctors rely on complete and accurate data in order to make decisions about patient care because without complete historical information of a patient, treatment plans will be deficient to make.
TO THE NURSE
i. It enable nurses track the patient coming to the health centre to know the health outcomes.
ii. The information gotten from the patient records become the basis for evidence and knowledge to share health action.
TO THE PATIENTS
i. To improved patient’s rarefy and quality treatment received by the patients in the health centre.
ii. It also improved quality care and convenience of patient care given to the patients.
TO THE RESEARCHERS
i. It will serves as a references print to researchers for better option for pre-hospital care.
ii. It helps in planning or budgeting for future treatment option
TO HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGERS
i. It will enable the health information managers recognized their responsibilities as been important in healthcare delivery system.
ii. It health them influence policies on how they want data to be collected, stored, retrieved, used and analyzed.
To other part-medical staff/the management
i. It enable the paramedical staff/the management to increase practice effectively and efficiency.
ii. It strengthened their capacity for critical statistical analysis because they understand the need for the local data.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. The Role: The reaction or position that somebody is e to have in an organization, society or in a relation
2. Health: Health can be defined base on World Health Organization (WHO) as the state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing of an individual not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
3. Information: Information can be defined as one or more message that can control department in complained or guide the people who wove for them, managers must often make decisions about manager.
4. Managers: A manager is a person who is in-charge or manage something department in an organization by making proper and better treatment of patient in the hospital.
5. Effective: It simply means producing the result that of expected or intended.
6. Care: This is the provision of what is necessary for the health, welfare maintenance and protection of patient in the hospital and providing what they need.
7. Health Care: This is the maintenance or improvement of health survey the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, illness, and other physical and mental impairments in patients
8. Delivery: It is a set of attributes that characterizes the capability of the access mechanism, the preferences, of the upper and other aspects of the course into which a resource to be delivered.
9. Health Delivery: This is the services reduced by members of the health profession such as (physician, nurses, pharmacists, health information managers, medical laboratory scientist etc.) for the statement of facts that the received by a human and that some form of work to the recipient.
10. System: An organized set of ideas or theorize, or particular way or doing something.
11. Management:It is the act a skill of controlling and making decision about a business, department etc.
12. Health Information: It is a written document that contains the information of patient and are kept in hospital, comprehensive health centre and clinic for the effective treatment of the patients.
13. Health Information Management: It is the practice of acquiring, analyzing and protecting digital and traditional health or medical information vital to providing amenity patient care.
14. Health Information Manager: These are professions that are well trained in the skills and competences in health data management policy, information system, administration and clinical work flow.


EDITOR SOURCE: the role of health information managers in healthcare delivery system

CHARACTERIZATION AND DISPOSAL OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE




In this modern era, one of the main challenges confronting environmental management is “municipal solid waste”, generated from different activities in towns and cities. It is a subject of deep interest for its proper management because improper management of municipal solid wastes (MSW) is one of the factors that cause water, air and soil pollution.
Industrialization, urbanization and modernization have contributed immensely to the rate of municipal solid waste production and disposal in many regions of the world; hence, proper waste management is a major interest in most cities, especially in developing nations of the globe (Zhen-Shan et al., 2009).Rapid upward changes in urbanization, population growth and lifestyles in developing countries contribute to increasing the per capita municipal waste generation. Keeping pace with these developments require commensurate growth in schemes to protecting the environment, to improving public health and accomplishing effective and efficient municipal solid waste management. This should be a priority, particularly, for cities in developing countries (Jin et al., 2006).
Any inhabitant of the world who goes back a decade realizes that his consumption changed both from the quantitative as qualitative point of view. This increase in the consumption keeps pace with the production of waste. Actually, the population growth coupled with an accelerated exploitation of the resources and the intensification of the human activities are several factors which explain the increase of the production of waste (Yemadjeet al., 2013). Every rise of 1% in population growth triggers an increase of 1.04% in production of waste (Beedeet al., 1995).
In every urban centre, large amount of solid waste is generated during various activities. These wastes are to be stored, collected, conveyed, processed and disposed off in an environmental friendly manner in order to keep the areas clean. The handling of waste has changed through the generations as our knowledge; technology of economic well-being has improved. As a necessary consequence of the production and the consumption of food, consumer goods and other products, our current society generates a substantial volume of waste materials; most of which are ultimately discarded and require collection, reuse or recycling, or disposal (Crineret al., 2011). Solid waste generation have raised concerns about the economic viability and environmental compatibility of recent waste handling systems, as not fulfilling requirements of adequately managing these wastes cause serious health hazards and nuisance (Gawaikar, 2006).
According to Tanaka (2006), solid waste generated has been predicted to rise continuously along with economic growth and development, if a lifestyle of bulk manufacturing, consumption and disposal is continued. The most obvious implication of urbanizing is the increasing generation of municipal solid waste - a deeply ignored threat with acute health and environmental implications. Local governments are desperate to find highly effective and practical techniques for enhancing solid waste management with limited budget. How to address the escalation in solid waste generation in this jet age has become an issue of necessitation. Solid waste materials block drainage systems, causing overflows during rainy seasons, especially in cities and towns. According to Foul et al. (2009), dumped solid wastes have potentials to bring about a huge amount of polluted leachate containing much concentration of harmful compounds which lead to severe destruction of the ecosystem.
Solid waste refers to undesired remains, residues, discarded items or by-products that are no longer needed for the initial use. Municipal solid wastes comprise of vegetable and market waste, glass, paper, plastic and other organic fractions and inert matter from various sources such as residential, commercial, and institutional areas. In other words, municipal solid waste - commonly known as “trash or garbage”(US),“refuse or rubbish”(UK), consists of everyday items discarded by the public including: product packages, food scraps, paper, metal, plastics, ceramics, textiles, leather, ashes and bones, rubber, coconut husk, used batteries etc. These types of wastes pose health and environmental menace when improperly managed.
In spite of the improved development of science and technology, solid waste management is still a serious environmental problem for most communities all over the world (Su et al., 2008). Municipal solid waste management is one of the most vital issues in the contemporary urban environments; especially in developing countries (Vikramet al., 2010).Waste disposal management continues to be a rising challenge to developing communities, as population grows along with the industrial development of countries. This problem has become quite hard to curb, especially in emerging countries, as human health is under threat, roadsides blocked by generated wastes. One of the reasons why this situation is so is that, “a negative relationship exists between population densities in cities and towns and rise in per capita waste generation, on one hand, and available waste disposal sites on the other hand” (Adjaottoret al., 2014).
According to Bartelings and Sterner (1999), the management of solid waste from households is important for two reasons:
• Landfill space is becoming a scarce resource in many countries
• More profound is perhaps the concern that ecological damage from hazardouscomponents even in the efficiently collected waste by the municipality will not automatically alleviate the concern about the spread of hazardous waste into the environment. In addition, according to Unites States Environmental Protection Agency, the various options of solid waste management include;
• Source reduction and reuse (waste prevention)
• Recycling and composting
• Incineration (waste combustion)
• Disposal in Landfills (that is, old and abandoned quarries and mining sites)
With an exponential increase of the production of waste worldwide, the question of waste begins by firmly raising the awareness in front of environmental and sanitary problems. In the more developed countries, this issue is raised less. This is understandable by the fact that they have access to qualified financial and human resources which they dedicate to an effective management of waste. In these countries, waste is transported towards wastage places for valuation (Yemadjeet al.,2013).
Improper management of solid waste in most cities of developing countries leads to problems that impair human and animal health and ultimately result in economic, environmental and biological losses (Sharholyet al.,2007;2008) since landfill disposal and waste-to-energy(WTE) incineration remains the two principal options for managing municipal solid waste in most parts of the world(Moy et al.,2008).Leachate from municipalities’ landfills presents a potential health risk to both surrounding ecosystems and human populations(Salem et al.,2008). In addition, waste management activities are said to contribute to global greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 4%. In particular, the disposal of waste in landfills generates methane that has high global warming potential (Papegeorgiouet al.,2009).
Information pertaining to the composition of solid waste provides critical data for the development of waste management plans. Waste minimization can only be carried out efficiently and effectively with accurate waste composition data. Adequate waste composition data are needed to ascertain the impacts of certain types of waste and to determine the life of a landfill. Waste composition varies from time to time and from place to place, depending on seasons or weather conditions(Idriset al.,2004).All types of municipal solid wastes are collected and mixed together at community bins. It is quite demanding to keep a record of quantity of waste generation from areas. Hence, a primary requirement to help accomplish this is accurate and dependable information on solid waste characterization and quantification. It has been noticed that 60-75% of generated waste is disposed off at landfill sites; others are disposed off into drainages or along roadsides (Deshpandeet al.,2008).
Municipal solid waste disposal is an integral and the last phase of municipal solid waste management process which aims at discards solid wastes which are by-products of human and animal activities. Municipal solid waste management depends on both the disposal sites and the characteristics of the MSW such as: gross composition, particle size, moisture content, chemical composition and density (Endaluet al., 2014).
Solid Waste Characterization is a means by which collected waste samples are divided into different components such as decomposable or organic wastes (i.e. food wastes, grasses, leaves), rubbish (paper, plastic, metal, glass, textiles, etc) and ash residues(materials remaining from burning of wood, coal, coke, etc). Solid waste characterization study is fundamental to any proper planning of solid waste management in any community. It entails inquiring about how much solid waste are discarded in a waste stream. Waste characterization data assist in planning waste minimization schemes, establishment of recycling or reuse programmes, thereby minimizing money and resources (calrecycle.ca.gov,2015).
Waste characterization is a rudimentary concept in any Municipal Waste Management Scheme (MWMS) of urban solid waste, in a city, although such data are not gathered in many African cities (Guadalupe, 2009). Characterization of municipal solid waste is simply a descriptive means of identifying the various constituents of the waste stream in terms of quantity and quality generation, taking into account, the location and seasons in which these waste are generated. In other words, it is a means of finding out how much waste is discarded in a municipal waste stream.
Data on solid waste characterization are composed of information on the types and quantities of materials in the waste stream and are dependent on some factors like; food habits, cultural tradition, socio-economic and climatic conditions, etc. It varies not only from city to city, but even within the same city itself (Gawaikar, 2004). In addition, the composition and characteristics of municipal solid waste are influenced by factors such as the area (whether residential, institutional or commercial), economic level (variance between high and low income earning regions), seasons and climatic conditions (distinction in the population density during the year, tourist places, etc) as well as the tradition and norms of people residing or doing business transactions in the community. High-income earning communities usually produce more inorganic materials or rubbish (such as paper, plastics), whereas low-income earning regions produce more of organic waste. Incorrectly sited open solid waste disposal sites result in health hazards and depletion in the aesthetic beauty of many cities (Napoleon et al., 2011).
According to Gawaikar (2004), characterization of MSW assists in evaluation of the amount of waste generated in a particular region or area at a particular period of the year. This aids in identifying the trend of generation. It also enhances proper planning of solid waste management, estimation of the dimension and number of functional units and equipments required for waste management and the required resources for environmental protection and public health. Also, solid waste characterization is vital to ascertain its possible environmental impacts on nature as well as on the society at large (Alagmiret al., 2005). Municipal solid waste data are sometimes measured both in volume (m3 per capita per day), and in weight (kg per capita per day). Finally, effective management of municipal solid waste is very vital and could provide environmental benefits and sustainable development, as well as reduce adverse impacts on public health. To address both the earth’s dwindling resources and the growing mountains of waste, many countries have introduced statutory waste minimization and recovery targets to ensure judicious use of these resources. The general public does not make the link between the two and tend to be generally more concerned with the effect that waste has on the environment at large (Emery et al., 2007). For effective waste management system for sustainable development, premiums have to be placed on waste characterization studies, hence, the need to carry out this research in the university of Benin municipality.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
In the last few years, waste generated in the University of Benin has been on the increase due to the expansion of human activities as a result of increase in population because of high influx of newly admitted students from various parts of the country. University of Benin is an institutional area, hence, a municipality. There exists a poor status of municipal solid waste management programmes caused by inadequate financial and human resources as well as organizational inefficiencies with the municipal bodies; limited surveys conducted as regarding solid waste generation rate; limited data recorded, both on composition and quantity of generated municipal waste; poor handling and poor application of engineering-based technologies which are crucial for effective management of solid waste generated. Solid waste disposal has therefore become a major issue in the campus. In fact, poor state of solid waste management in the University of Benin is now not only and environmental problem, but also a social handicap. Among the problems existing in the fast-growing University of Benin, solid waste appears to be one of the most prominent in recent years. There is currently no organized waste disposal and management system, hence, solid waste is seen in huge heaps on any piece of unused land, around buildings, and in the open commercial centres. Living with solid waste littered around appears to be acceptable amongst people in the campus.
Also, policy makers in the waste management sector in the University of Benin municipality are faced with the problem of how to project and therefore fairly predict the amount and the composition of MSW that is likely to be generated in the near future in order to devise the most appropriate disposal strategy. The present scenario in which waste collection and management is from a central collection point to the main dumping site, is inefficient and not reliable.
University of Benin municipality has not yet developed its centre of hierarchy, as evidently shown by:
• No incremental levels of waste reduction, recycling and reuse.
• No technology-based waste management.
• No specific basis of strategy to encourage movement up the hierarchy.

1.3 AIM
The purpose of this study is to assess the amount of municipal solid waste generated daily in the University of Benin community and characterize the municipal solid waste, so as to obtain a comprehensive data at the community level for use in setting the basis for planning, strategizing and implementation of a sustainable waste management programme at the University of Benin municipality to address some of the inefficiencies in solid waste management for sustainable development.
1.4 OBJECTIVES
This study seems to achieve the following objectives:
• Collect solid waste samples from different areas of the school.
• Evaluate existing solid waste generation rate.
• Estimate the average daily generation rate (kg generated/capita/day).
• Identify and categorize, in a systematic way, the waste fractions involved.
• Estimate composition of waste samples by direct waste analysis.
• Estimate the total waste arising.
• Determine how socio-economic factors influence the quantum and type of waste generated.
• Suggest practices that will improve effectiveness, efficiency, integration, accountability and optimize municipal solid waste management.
• Suggest the best disposal method that will be needed for effective waste disposal in the school.
1.5 SCOPE OF WORK
This study centres on the following:
• Solid waste generation and in-depth characterization of the waste from selected areas in University of Benin municipality and their current solid waste generation rate.
• Analysis of the samples to determine the composition of solid waste in the different areas for seven days each.
The research questions of this study are:
• What is average daily generation rate of municipal solid waste (kg/capita/day)?
• How efficient is the waste management system in the municipality?
• How can municipal solid waste management system be improved in the municipality?
• Which of the socio-economic classes have the highest solid waste generation rate?
• What is the best waste disposal method?
1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY
The main problem facing policy makers in the waste management sector in most urban areas is their inability to make appropriate future predictions of the amount and the composition of MSW likely to be generated over a period so as to devise the most appropriate disposal strategy. The importance of reliable information on both the quantity and composition of municipal solid waste for the effective planning of waste handling infrastructure underscore the role this study may play. With the data, hopefully, some model structure can be developed to reasonably manage MSW in the locality where this work is being undertaken.

1.7 RELEVANCE OF STUDY
The findings of this study will help waste management authorities in the University of Benin community make more informed policy-related and strategic decisions in determining the most efficient waste management system in the local context in prioritizing disposal types, and in determining the measures needed to support the implementation of such initiatives.
Also, this study will shed more light on some benefits of waste characterization and proper waste management such as:
• Enabling recommendation of the best disposal methods of the waste, hence, preventing health and environmental hazards.
• Assisting in proper planning of waste management, and is an integral element involved in keeping our environment safe.
1.8 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
Only University of Benin community in Benin-City will be considered as case study for the work. Other regions in Benin-City will not be considered. Also, this study is restricted solely to municipal solid waste, and not industrial waste, agricultural waste, mining and quarrying waste, bio-hazardous waste and radioactive waste. In addition, the following waste will not be included;
• Gaseous or liquid waste.
• Waste from construction, industries and unconventional units.



EDITOR SOURCE: Characterization and disposal of municipal solid waste

MANAGERIAL COMPETENCE AND TRAINING NEEDS OF POULTRY FARMERS




Poultry farming is the practice of raising domesticated birds such as chicken, turkey, duck, geese, pheasant, guinea fowl etc. as a subcategory of animal husbandry for the purpose of producing meat and egg for food and other by-products such as droppings, feathers as raw materials for industries. Poultry refers to domesticated birds that are reared majorly for meat and egg and sometimes, other by-products. In Agricultural resource management study (ARMS) formally known as farm cost and returns survey (FCRS) poultry include oestriches and other game birds but most operation raise only one specie of poultry for single purpose e.g. farmers keep laying hen to produce egg for human consumption or for breeding purpose. Some raise starter, pullets and others concentrate on raising chickens or turkey for meet production. (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1954).
The three most common species of poultry are domesticated fowl, duck and turkey; few breeds of chicken are Andalusian, Orpintons which are made up of white, black and buff orpingtons, leghorns, Plymouth Rock etc. breeds of turkey include Norfolk turkey which is black with spotted white wing, Cambridge turkey, a bronze grey bird larger and leggier than the Norfolk. Breeds of duck; buff orpington duck, pelkin duck also known as the island duck, Australian spotted, American black etc. (Noris 2005). Since domestic fowl accounts for over 90% of the total number of poultry across the globe, more emphasis will be placed on domesticated fowl in the course of this study.
More than 50 billion chickens are reared annually all over the world as a source of food (poultry farming – wikiedia, 2011). This is attributed to the importance of poultry products in terms of its nutritional values such as quality protein, liquids, carbohydrate, multitude of vitamins, minerals, cholesterols and pigments (Izunobi, 2002). Research has shown that in Nigeria poultry as a source of meat supplies about 20% of the total meat needs of the nation. This is grossly inadequate when compared with that in developed countries like America where as at 1915,poultry enterprise was already existing in the yard of many homes of the rural and small town families (U. S. Department of Commerce).
Research has pointed out that in most part of Nigeria, poultry farms operate in a less equipped poultry houses under the care of less competent poultry farmers that are less concerned about the recent technologies that are relevant for the improvement of their poultry management and increasing the yield of their input. This is one of the major reasons why most developed countries in the world produce and consume higher poultry products than Nigeria. In the United States for instance, statistics has it that the estimate of egg consumption is 250 – 300 egg per head per annum, this is in contrast to Nigeria where the estimated egg consumption is 20-25 eggs per head per annum (Oluyemi and Robert, 2000). Therefore, there is urgent need for training poultry farmers in Nigeria as a whole and in Oshimili South Local government Area of delta State in particular in order to make up for this discrepancy.
Training in simple terms refers to the imparting of specific skills, ability and knowledge through appropriate educational methodology to improve performance and efficiency of the trainee. Training is any attempt to improve current or future employee performance by increasing an employee’s ability to perform through learning, usually by changing the employee’s attitude or increasing his or her skills and knowledge. Training needs depends on lack or deficiency in skills. The need for training and development is determined by employee’s performance deficiency computed as follows
Training need = standard performance ¬- actual performance. (Human Resources Management,2010).
Training is basically classified into lectures and on-the-job training. Lecture is the kind of training that takes place off-site i.e. in classrooms or lecture halls. It is used because of its low cost and its capacity to reach many people at a time. It is referred to as a one- way training device and it is sometimes criticized as a training device. On-the-job training takes place at the place of primary assignment. It is most time used as a supplement for the off-site training since it is usually impossible to teach someone everything she needs to know at a location off-site.
Since training is so crucial in developing individual’s managerial ability, it may be referred to as the basis of economic development. Going by the quote by Thomas and portal, (1992) which says development is achieved through investing in human capital and raising the productivity capacity of the society, also the economist school of taught who viewed development primarily in terms of a nation’s relative prosperity, it is therefore of great need that the poultry farmers in Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State and those in Nigeria as a whole be assessed to determine whether they need training in order to increase their competence for better management of their farms.


EDITOR’S SOURCE: Managerial competence and training needs of poultry farmers in Nigeria

SOCIO-CULTURAL ORGANISATION AND INSECURITY IN SOUTHEAST NIGERIA: CHALLENGES FROM INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF BIAFRA (IPOB





The southeast has witness escalating threat of violence in recent times by a socio- cultural organization known as IPOB. This has resulted in security threat in the region. Consequently, there has been fighting between the group and government forces. The region is mainly occuppied by the Igbos (Ebonyi, Enugu, Anambra, Imo, Abia). The increasing violence is as a result of the demand of the group for the independent republic of Biafra.The agitation started in 1970 and in 1999 MASSOB-Movement for the Actualisation of the sovereign state of Biafra was formed. However, the group was banned in 1999. In 2014 another group was formed the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) with its leader Nnamdi Kanu seeking for a referendum for the realization of the sovereign state of Biafra. The Nigerian forces responded between August2015 and August2016, killing about least 150 Biafra agitators and in September2017, arrested over 100 IPOB members in Abia State. The process led to the killing of 15 people while the home of the IPOB leader was invaded. As a result, the organization was declared a terrorist organization. The formation of socio-cultural organization is conceived on the basis of two perspectives; one is the creation of Institutionalized Thought Structure and secondly the formation of organizations. This basis stipulates the organization areas of interest, outlines the requirements of the organization, and restricts the organization and development operations. Therefore, government policies and laws significantly determine and influences the formation of the sociocultural development its Institutionalized Thought and Organization Structures. It is believed that a joint effort involving the government, civil society, business as well as interventions in the political, economic and security sector is required to respond effectively to the governance and security challenges confronting southeast Nigeria. The study seeks to investigate sociocultural organization and insecurity in south east Nigeria a case study of the challenges of the indigenous people of Biafra.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The level of agitation and violence in the southeast by socio-cultural organization as the indigenous people of Biafra constitutes serious security and public safety concerns in Nigeria. These agitations and demands violets the constitutional provision of the state. Consequently, government forces have responded to this threat leading to killings and arrest of IPOB members as well as the ban of the group. The formation and operation of sociocultural organization should be guided by the laws of the state so as to ensure peace, stability and progress. The problem confronting the study is to investigate sociocultural organization and insecurity in south east Nigeria a case study of the challenges of the indigenous people of Biafra.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objective of the study is to investigate sociocultural organization and insecurity in south east Nigeria a case study of the challenges of the indigenous people of Biafra. The specific objectives of the study include;
i. To determine the nature and functions of sociocultural organization.
ii. To appraise insecurity in south east Nigeria.
iii. To determine the challenges of the indigenous people of Biafra.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i. What is the nature and functions of sociocultural organization?
ii. What is the state of insecurity in south east Nigeria?
iii. What are the challenges of the indigenous people of Biafra?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Ho1: The level of insecurity in the south East is not significant.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study shall proffer relevant information on sociocultural organization and insecurity in south east Nigeria and the challenges posed by the indigenous people of Biafra.
It shall serve useful purpose to policy makers in government.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study focuses on the appraisal of sociocultural organization and insecurity in south east Nigeria and the challenges posed by the indigenous people of Biafra.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The research was confronted with limited logistics and geographical constraints.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
IPOB DEFINED
Indigenous People of Biafra
MASSOB DEFINED
Movement for the Actualisation of the sovereign state of Biafra




EDITOR’S SOURCE: SOCIO-CULTURAL ORGANISATION AND INSECURITY IN SOUTHEAST NIGERIA: CHALLENGES FROM INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF BIAFRA (IPOB)

INFORMATION NEEDS AND RESOURCE UTILIZATION BY PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS





Background of the study
Managing information is an important part of coping with illness and includes communicative and cognitive activities seeking, avoiding, providing, appraising, and interpreting information. It is complex in that people’s information needs and behavior vary over the course of their illness and along with the availability and quality of information. In recent years, considerable research has been done on how people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (PLWHIV/AIDS) manage information. However, understanding of the role of information in the HIV/AIDS in ESUT Teaching Hospital, Park lane is still limited, because of the difficulties of reaching different groups of PLWHA.
This study has been designed to reach many segments of the diverse HIV/AIDS community and broaden under standing of how information can better assist PLWHA.
Information can be regarded as a resource that can liberate man. Osuala (2001) refers to information as facts and opinions provided and received during the course of life. A person using such facts generate more information some of which is communicate to others during discussion, by letters, symbols, etc. Aniogbolu, (2008) noted that most information users need information for problem solving, current awareness and recreational purpose. According to Aniogbolu (2008), the importance of information utilization by man to his development is becoming more meaningful to him as his information accumulation ability’s is taking a new dimension with the development of highly sophisticated information technology (Aniogbolu, Anyaobi & Olise, 2010).
Information needs is often understood as vague awareness of something missing and culminating in locating information that contributes to understanding and meaning (Kuhlthau, 2009). Belkin, Brooks and Oddy. (2008) in their part saw information needs as a gap in individual’s knowledge in sense making situations. Accessibility to the right information is necessary for the general well being of the individual, institution or organization.
One of the most devastating sources of our time is HIV/AIDS; undoubtedly HIV/AIDS presents a major challenge to human development in Nigeria. Ojoawo, (2006) apart from poverty, no problem has given Nigeria a more daunting challenge than the present battle with HIV/AIDS. AIDS in indeed devastating Nigerian communities and poses a real threat to poverty reduction effort and the achievement of the United Nation Millennium Development Goals, (UNMDG). Indeed HIV/AIDS presents a serious challenge to Human Development in Nigeria because the exact cause of and spread of the epidemic is still very difficult to calculate.
In Nigeria, the first case of AIDS was diagnosed in 1986. The infection rate has however, grown exponentially. Since then, by June 1999, the Federal Ministry of Health, (FMOH) in Nigeria had recorded 26,276 AIDS cases. Due to fear of stigmatization several cases are not reported through the hospitals, which mean the reported cases were gross under estimations of the rate of occurrence of the epidemic. The National AIDS/STDS Control Progremmes (NASCP) of FMOH estimated that the calculated number of AIDS cases would have reached 590,000 by the end of 1999 (Ojoawo, 2006).
Currently Nigeria has become the first country in Africa to cross the critical epidemiological threshold of 5%. In fact, it has since been projected that by the 2009 in the absence of major changes in sexual behavior and other control measures, the number of people living with HIV would reach 5 million, of the 40 million people identified to be living with the disease, 3.5 million is the estimated number for Nigerian. This amounts to 10% of the 40 million people infected worldwide (UNAIDS/WHO/UNICEF, 2002). In a country like Nigeria, with limited public capacity and resources to combat the problem, the prevalence rate is 80 high that the HIV virus is infecting more than 30 people a day, and the disease is growing faster that the authorities’ response to it. The prevalence report in Nigeria revealed that there is no community in Nigeria with zero prevalence (FMOH, 2009).
Ukwuoma (2008) noted that in 2003 and 2008 National Antenatal HIV Seroprevalence survey in Enugu State recorded the prevalence rate in both 2003 and 2008 as 4.9% and 5.1% respectively.
People living with HIV/AIDS need information to survive. As a matter of fact, information is vital in the daily life of the people living with HIV/AIDS.
It is a medium of social transformation and communication and an avenue for them (people living with HIV/AIDS) to get involved in government programmes and policies about HIV/AIDS. Therefore, good access to information becomes a must for PLWHA. It is therefore, necessary to consider the information needs of people living with HIV/AIDS as well as their information resources. This study sought to investigate the information needs and resource utilization by PLWHA. Using ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu as study setting.
ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu is situated at GRA Enugu North Local Government. It is a reference center for comprehensive treatment and support of people living with HIV/AIDS.

1.1 Statement of the problem
The cause of the disease HIV/AIDS, allover the world, relates to individual social behavior such as casual sex, intra venous drugs use (FMOH, 2008). In Nigeria however, the leading driving force of the spread of the HIV infection includes low level of education, high level of ignorance, cultural practices that encourage multiple sexual partner such as polygamy and concubine, poverty and lack of access to appropriate reproductive health survives and information particularly the illiterate and young people. The practice of traditional surgery such as bloodletting procedures with unsterilized instrument on infertile women, and non observance of infection control procedures by traditional birth attendants who are heavily patronized in Nigeria, may all be responsible for spread of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria.
Other factors blamed for the spread of the epidemic are the other cultural practices that expose people to unsterilized sharp objects used for body scarification and circumcision, the subordinate role of women and their attendant vulnerability which prevents them from negotiating safe sex, ignorance, stigma and discrimination, poverty, illiteracy and the non chalant attitude of some individuals.
In spite of various efforts at both domestic and international levels, Nigeria’s situation seems not to translate to any reliable cheering news about HIV/AIDS epidemic. It is becoming more of a developmental problem than just a health problem. The problem constitutes a major challenge to sustainable human development in Nigeria, which must be a concern for all.
Lack of information resources, lack of awareness of the existence of information resources by the people living with HIV/AIDS, Non-utilization of the available resources by the people living with HIV/AIDS, High level of illiteracy among people living with HIV/AIDS, lack of skilled man power to appropriately organize that available resources in ESUT Teaching Hospital Library for easy accessibility and retrieval by people living with HIV/AIDS are the major problems faced by the PLWHA in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.
This study focuses on the information needs and resource utilization by people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). The case study is ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu. The following are the problems facing PLWHA
a. Emptiness: Most people living with HIV/AIDS feel they are empty vessels immediately they have been diagnosed as being HIV positive. The feeling that they have nothing to offer to the society also makes them feel empty and useless. They consequently develop an inferiority complex which worsens their condition. They become helpless.
b. Absence of Counseling: Most people living with HIV/AIDS who know their status were not given pre-test counseling and as such were not prepared psychologically. This affects the psychological well being of the people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), thereby leading to depression. Counseling is important to people living with HIV/AIDS. With counseling, which is supposed to be on-going process, PLWHA gain and demonstrate courage. Lack of counseling services in our hospitals is greatly affecting PLWHA. Even hospitals that have trained counselors do not offer appropriate counseling services and are not committed to work.
c. Lack of Family Support: Experience has shown that some family members abandon and sometimes isolate PLWHA on the grounds that they have tested positive to HIV. This is largely due to lack of awareness in our families such attitudes lead to suspicious among PLWHA. This eventually leads to untimely death in most PLWHA. Hence PLWHA to believe that it is better to die than to live. There is also little or no family support to give hope to PLWHA in most homes.
d. Stigma: This is one of the most subtle and debilitating challenges faced by PLWHA. It inhibits open, honest communication between them and others. Stigma makes the disclosure of the disease by PLWHA within the family difficult. Without disclosure, prevention and care are almost impossible, families and communities are deeply intertwined in the African context and should therefore be supported in preventing stigmatization. This will also promote better self esteem among PLWHA with respect to their careers. It will also eliminate the vicious cycle of self-stigmatization. People living with HIV/AIDS face stigma in the home, in the health care setting, in the religious sector, while the mass media can as well unintentionally promote stigma, though they have potential to shape the attitude, values and perception of a large member of people.
e. Human Rights Violation: Existing human rights instruments confirm that discrimination against PLWHA or those thought to be infected is a violation of their human rights. This is a great challenge facing PLWHA.
f. Discrimination: The acts of stigma constitute discrimination based on presumed or actual HIV positive status constitute discrimination based on presumed or actual HIV positive status and violates human rights due to the stigma associated with the rights of PLWHA. This situation intensifies the negative impact of the epidemic. At the individual level, for example, it causes undue anxiety and distress which by themselves contribute to ill-health. At the level of family and community, it causes people to feel ashamed and to conceal their link with the epidemic, as well as withdraw from participation in more positive social functions. At the level of society, discrimination against PLWHA reinforces the mistaken belief that such action is acceptable and that those infected with HIV/AIDS should be ostracized and blamed. This is a great challenge to PLWHA.
Around the world too there have been numerous instances of HIV/AIDS related cases of discrimination. People with HIV or those believed to have HIV/AIDS have been:
- Segregated in schools and hospitals, and placed under cruel and degrading conductions. Cases of degrading treatment have often been reported in prisons where inmates are often without basic needs, including access to medical care.
- Refused employment
- Denied the right to marry
- Reflected by community
- Killed because of their sero positive status.
- Required when returning to their home country to present themselves for an HIV test. Individuals have being denied the right to return to their country on suspicion of being HIV positive. Others have been denied visa and entry permissions.
In conclusion therefore, continuous advocacy campaigns are needed in response to the challenges faced by PLWHA and to bring about social change. All hand must be on desk to tackle the challenges facing PLWHA. To win the war against HIV/AIDS, PLWHA must be used as agents of change in the society.


1.2 Objectives of the study
The main purpose of this study is to depict a comprehensive picture of information need and resource utilization by people living with HIV/AIDS in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu. The specific purposes of the study are as follows:
a. To determine the areas in which people living with HIV/AIDS needs information ESUT teaching Hospital.
b. To find out the information resource used by people living with HIV/AIDS in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.
c. To determine the extent to which information resources encourage and support the people living with HIV/AIDS to take positive actions to deal with HIV/AIDS in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.
d. To determine the benefits derived from the use of information resources by the PLWHA in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.
e. To find out the barriers to access and utilization of information resources by PLWHA in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.

1.3 Scope of the study
This study is limited to ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu, it investigates the information needs and resources utilization by people living with HIV/AIDS. The research wants to measure the following variables: the areas in which people living with HIV/AIDS need information, the extent to which information resources encourage and support the people living with HIV/AIDS, to take positive actions to deal with the HIV/AIDS, the information resources used by PLWHA, the benefits derived from the use of information resources by the PLWHA, and the barriers to access and utilization of information resources by PLWHA.

1.4 Significance of the study
The significance of this study will be appreciated for the following reasons:
It will accentuate public education and dissemination of information to reduce the stigmatization of persons assumed to be at risk of HIV/AIDS.
This study will also be important because it will provide psychological and social support to people living with HIV/AIDS. They should never be abandoned or treated as social outcasts.
The study is important because it will explore the necessary of the political action, that is social workers, individuals, community to participate with other groups to lobby at the state and federal level on behalf of PLWHA in order to improve their quality of life, protect their civil rights or liberty and to advocates for increased funding for appropriate education, prevention, intervention, treatment services and research.
The study will also serve as database for policy makers in the area of HIV/AIDS.
The findings of the study will help the government improve the scope and efficiency of its information systems and services where necessary to encourage maximum utilization by PLWHA.
It will serve as an information base for future scholars in the area.
Finally, it is hoped that the study will help policy makers, health care providers, health workers, information providers, library and information professionals, and other stakeholders in health sectors to respond positively to the information needs of PLWHA by identifying such needs and exploring avenues to improving will help the PLWHA to be aware of what is available for them, and perhaps make effective use of the available information resources for enhance health condition.

1.5 Research Questions
The following research questions guided the study:
a. To determine the areas in which people living with HIV/AIDS needs information ESUT teaching Hospital?
b. To find out the information resource used by people living with HIV/AIDS in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu?
c. To what extent do people living with HIV/AIDS seek and share information and what type of resources do they use in sharing and seeking information in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu?
d. What impact has HIV information had on the lives of PLWHA and on basic demography in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu?
e. What are the barriers to getting HIV information by PLWHA in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu?

1.6 Operational definition of research concepts
The following research concepts are defined according to the way and manner the researcher used in this research work.
i. Information Need: It is defined as an individual or groups desire to locate and obtain information to satisfy a conscious or unconscious need.
ii. Resource utilization: This is the proper use of available information and library resources by people living with HIV/AIDS in respect to their health status.
iii. HIV: This means Human Immune deficiency Virus.
iv. AIDS: Stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
v. PLWHA: Stand for People Living with HIV/AIDS.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
The university was established as a non residential multi-campus institution. On establishment, the university which was conceived on a presidential model after Harvard University made impressive landmarks and stamped its name as the first University of Technology and first state University of Nigeria.
In 1991, following the creation of Enugu State from old Anambra State the new government change name from ASUTECH to ESUT.
Until 2005 when it was relocated to Parklane Enugu and named ESUT college of Medical/Teaching Hospital.


EDITOR’S SOURCE: INFORMATION NEEDS AND RESOURCE UTILIZATION BY PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS

ASSESSMENT OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT SKILLS AMONG PRIVATE SCHOOL OWNERS IN IFAKO IJAYE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA





ABSTRACT
This study investigated the teachers’ assessment of personnel management skills by school owners in Ilorin West, Kwara State.
Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study and multi-stage sampling method which involved proportionate, stratified and random sampling techniques was adopted to draw a total of 100 respondents that participated in the study. Teaching methods adopted by basic science teachers and the implication Questionnaire was used to collect data for the study. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) of inferential statistics were used to test the null hypotheses postulated for the study at 0.05 alpha level while, frequency count and percentages were used to compute the demographic data collected.
The findings of the study revealed that There is a significant relationship between teachers’ assessment and personnel management skills by school owners in Ilorin West, Kwara State. There is a significant difference between the financial entitlements and the personnel management skills among private school owners in Ifako Ijaye Local Government Area of Lagos State. There is a significant difference between the Professional development and the personnel management skills among private school owners in Ifako Ijaye Local Government Area of Lagos State. There is a significant difference between the Staff Welfare and the personnel management skills among private school owners in Ifako Ijaye Local Government Area of Lagos State.
Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that there should be seminar giving to the teachers on important of assessment and personnel management skills by school owners in Ilorin West, Kwara State. There should be seminar giving to the administration on the effects of financial entitlements and the personnel management skills among private school owners in Ifako Ijaye Local Government Area of Lagos State. There should be seminar giving to the administration on the effects of Professional development and the personnel management skills among private school owners in Ifako Ijaye Local Government Area of Lagos State. There should be seminar giving to the administration on the effects of Staff Welfare and the personnel management skills among private school owners in Ifako Ijaye Local Government Area of Lagos State.





EDITOR’S SOURCE: Assessment of personnel management skills among private school owners in ifako ijaye local government area of lagos state

IMPACT OF MARKETING CONCEPTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN NIGERIA

INTRODUCTION
Marketing came into the commercial banks in the later 1950’s in the form of advertising and promoting concepts, not in the form of marketing concept. With the upsurge in competition many financial institution devised to adopt marketing tools to get their share of the market. Budget were established for advertising and sales promotion, managed to attract many new customers. Their competitors were forced into adopting the same measure by writing professional advertising agencies and promotion experts.
Marketing evolved as a part of the total manufacturing organization its rapid evolution was caused by five general issues that are found in commercial banks. These are sales decline, slow growth, changing buying pattern, interesting, competition and increasing expenditure.
Before this period Banks hardly ever thoughts of marketing research on professional bases until they were forced into the system by competition. Their services were shared traditional usage and custom. The commercial banks know perfectly well that most of their customers would be glad of a full banking service.
However marketing concepts became one approach which seeks at improving the customers and the organizations relationship though. Through providing the right type of product that will satisfy the customers need and earn a profit to the firm. The concept is the management orientation they key task of the organization is to determine the needs and wants of the target customers and to adopt the right organization attitude towards delivery the desirable customers satisfactions more efficiently and effectively than its competitors. The organization should be customers oriented, customers orientation as a basic philosophy that forces the business organization to highlight its actions with the mandates of the market. The management has faith that it will be properly rewarded by the customers.
Union Bank Plc has a responsibility to serve the financial needs of the its customers, the greater the varieties of services and considering the different categories of customers, the better, the for it’s fulfilling its objectives.
The marketing concept acknowledge that a business geared to serve the needs and requirement of consumer will achieve a better result over a longer period of time than the other components whose executives are not be motivated towards the satisfaction of consumers. The marketing concept believes that consumer is king.
This pervasive attitude has three major elements such as undertaking of consumer needs or wants, system approach of marketing variables and other elements in an organization; and objectives to the organization.
Adoption of marketing concept therefore became necessary in Union Bank Plc as they are service oriented, operating in a competitive industries and profit motivated Union Bank Plc need to offer service that will meet their customers wants but before this is made possible, the bank have to embark on a research of the type of services the customers required Union Bank recently realize the important of marketing concept and developed it for most of their services; distribution and promotion the service of marketing service depends upon knowing the buyer well and servicing his/her needs. This means treating each client as an individual product segment it important that a firm should decide as an important matter of policy what type of customers is required.
To this end, all policies, marketing manufacturing and personnel should reflect this overall policy of image. The basic public relations policy can be put forward to ensure that the public are influence to react to the firm in the desired manner. The customers can be influenced by good customers relations to regard the bank as:
i. Public spirited with a civil responsibility.
ii. A good bank to work for or invest in.
iii. A bank whose product and services can be purchased with confidence and reliability.
1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE UNION BANK NIG PLC
The financial system of the society is the framework within which capital transaction takes place. The saving of some members of the society are made avaibale to other member of the society for productive investment. This process is made possible by the intermediation of financial institutions like the commercial banks.
The first commercial Bank, the Africa banking corporation open in Lagos in 1892, the bank experience some initial difficulties and eventually decided to transfer its interest to “Elder Domister and Company in 1893. this led to the formation of a New Bank known as the British Bank of West Africa (BBWA) in 1893.
The British bank of west Africa and the Barclays bank between 1894 and 1933. In 1972 indignations decrees was promulgated, where the federal government of Nigeria acquired 51.67% of the Barclays bank share capital while the bank share capital while the bank was left with 40% and the remaining 8.33% with the Nigeria public.
In 1979 the bank sold 20% of its 40% shareholding to the Nigeria public again, thus, reducing its share to 20% in the same year 1979. Then the bank name was changed to Union Bank of Nigeria Ltd.
The equity structure of Union Bank make it only former expatriate bank currently with the larger proportion of its store 80% owned by Nigeria and Nigeria organization.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
However some problem that affect Union Bank in Nigeria BirninKebbi Branch emerged as a result of inadequate application of marketing concept, such as:
i. inability of the branch to mobilize saving for investment purpose and harness idle funds in the state.
ii. Insufficient volume and varieties of financial instrument to facilitate intermediation for investment process.
iii. Inability to incorporate proper use of marketing concept due to organizational policy framework, which has some restrictive clauses on publicity.
iv. Insufficient number of workers to deal with member of the public who will like to participate in the banking activities.
v. Inadequate banking environment which affect their product and service in the state.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Among the objectives of the study are as follows:
i. To highlight the important roles played by marketing concept in the performance of commercial banks to the economic development of the country.
ii. To discuss and examine the operations and the likely affect of marketing concept in the commercial banks.
iii. To help in academic contribution towards reaching possible solution on how to develop and improve marketing concept in the commercial banks.
iv. To examine certain instances when investment may be insensitive to the level of marketing concept.
v. To appraise the application of marketing concept in the commercial banks.
vi. To assess the impact of marketing concept in commercial banks.
vii. To ascertain whether marketing concept has any effect in the commercial banks.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
1. What is the relationship between the commercial banks and marketing concept?
2. The important roles played by marketing concept in the performance of commercial banks to the economic development of the country include.
3. What are the operations and the likely effects of marketing concept in the commercial banks?
4. What are the academic contributions towards reaching possible solution on how to develop and improve marketing concept in the commercial banks?

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Ho There is no significance relationship between the commercial banks and marketing concept.
Hi There is significance relationship between commercial banks and the marketing concept.
Ho2 There is no significance relationship in information preference between the commercial banks and the marketing concept.
H12¬ There is significance relationship in information preference between the Commercial banks and the marketing concept.
Ho3 There is no significance relationship in information format used by the commercial banks and marketing concept.
H13 There is significance relationship in information used by the commercial banks and marketing concept.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The research work is undertaken to advance scientific knowledge of the study matter of investigation an evaluation of marketing concept in the commercial banks.
Marketing concept is an economic phenomenon, in which the consumer is seen as supreme and his/her wants or needs from the starting points and base for production of goods and services.
To survive competitive activities, banks must be able to produce and deliver wants or needs satisfying goods and services, packed of quality and value.
However, customer of various categories of the banks enjoyed such service from Union Bank NigPlcBirninKebbi branch. Customers like the small and medium scale enterprises farmers of different categories, workers of different facets in the state.
It is significance to note that, success only depends on meeting the needs or wants of the customers via value creating exchange. This is done by Union Bank of Nigeria PlcBirninKebbi Brach through complete adopting and practice of marketing concept where customers are treated as king, the only boss of the organization whose wishes aspiration preference must be met and which should guide organization thinking and operation.
The prospective users of the research when it is complete are the workers, students and in the banking sector. Who may be interested in knowing the evaluation of marketing concept.

1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope pf this research work is limited to the union bank of Nigeria PlcBirninKebbi branch, and the extent of this work is also limited to an evaluation of marketing concept in the commercial banks.
There are numbers of limiting factors since the Union Bank senior staff interviews were not willing to disclose useful information to the researcher. A lot of problems went wrong to restrict the researcher writer from conducting a good and comprehensive research.
Among the problems are:
i. Difficulties in obtaining certain documents and as most of the documents are considered to be very important to the organization, thus preventing the researcher from getting them.
ii. A work of this nature requires much capital for financing the materials and sourcing information needed. But collation prolonged leaving little time for presentation and analysis of data since the researcher was given schedule time of completion.
iii. Also the time allocated to this research work is inadequate and insufficient for the researcher to get all the required information for the topic.
iv. Another limitation is the non-availability of relevant and vital documents in the school library, which could have be useful in making an extensive research work and the library did not keep any special manuals for the topic which the researcher could make reference to.
v. This research work was undertaking when the writer is fully engage in the class work. This has greatly constrained the research work because the researcher has to pay attention to normal class activities.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Advertising: To percent information about a product arouse interest, build desire and get customer in a favourable frame of mind to buy the product.
Asset Portfolio:An asset in the firm property weighted to represent their proportionate market value.
Business Organization: Collective endeavour consisting of contractual relationship among the various parties involved.
Banker: A person or company carrying on the business of receiving monies and collecting draft from customers subject to the obligation of honouring cheques drawn upon them from time to time by customers to the extent of the amount available in their current account.
Consolidation:The combination of two or more firm into an entirely new firm the old firm ceased to exist.
Corporation: A business formed legally from its owners.
Distribution: The transfer of goods from producer to consumers.
Financial:Intermediaries financial institution that accept money from savers and use those funds to make loans and other financial investment in their own name.
Marketing: Human activities that is directed at satisfying needs and wants through exchange process.
Marketing Concept: Undertaking of consumers need or want (consumer oriented).
Portfolio:A combination of two or more securities or assets.
Portfolio Management:The process of combining securities in a portfolio tailored to the investors preference and needs monitoring that portfolio and evaluating its performance.
Sales promotion: The provision of special buying incentives for a limited period of time.

EDITOR’S SOURCE: https://researchwap.com/marketing/impact-of-marketing-concepts-on-the-performance-of-commercial-banks-in-nigeria/index.html

THE IMPACT OF RECAPITALIZATION ON SHAREHOLDERS RETURN IN NIGERIAN BANKING INDUSTRY








ABSTRACT
This research work focuses on the Effect of Information Communication Technology (ICT) on deposit mobilization and profitability of banks in Nigeria. It also revealed how computer technology is being used in taking strategic decisions in an organization, with the usage of computer technology. It helps to discover how efficiently and effectively the bank(s) are performing as regards deposit mobilization and trend(s) in profitability. Some research instrument(s) where used in this continuous writing were: Interview, Questionnaire, and Observations were illustrated with charts and (Chi-square). It starts with the background of the study up to the final recommendation to the higher


CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Capital occupies a vital position in any business in which a bank is included capital is particularly important in the banking industry, that is adequacy is a comfort to the depositor or the shareholder. The bank is to be adequately capitalized in order to perform its role in building the nation's economy.
According to the editorial of Nigeria bankers (2003) “The nature of Nigeria the banking industry was healthy and sound from the independent in 1960 to their deregulation and the liberalization of the industry which started kin and middle of the 1980s, the situation changes drastically since the manifestation of bank distress that subsequently cleared the life of 37 banks from 1994 to 2003 in which their problems can be traced bank to the undercapitalization of these banks.
The National Economic Empowerment and Development (NEEDs) 2004, is an initiative of the Obasanjo administration aimed at reforming the entire economy of the nation Nigeria. Under the NEEDs, the financial service is clear with the country is to reform, given clear with the country are to be reformed, given that “the success of NEEDS will depend in part on the ability of the financial intermediaries to play their roles by adopting the strategy of addressing low capitalization, the poor governance practice of financial intermediaries that submit inaccurate reformation to regulatory authorities and to strengthen and rationalize the regulatory and supervisory framework in the financial sector.
The reform agenda under NEEDs is saying categorically that the low capitalization of banks must be death with achieving the goals of NEEDs.
According to Sanusi (2005) “The new capital accord, base II of 1998 tackle the issue of capital at the inception, the major element of the based committee of the 1998 capital accord included the explicit unmake of the capital the requirement to a bank question and degree of risk and establishment of internationally, comparable minimum capital requirements. Combining the objectives of the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDs) and that of the new capital accord based II of 1998 it will be deduced that up with the global economic and financial trend and ensigncy the economic development of Nigeria.
Ogunniyi (2005) is of the opinion that the Central Bank of Nigeria as empowered by BOFIA from time to time determines the minimum paid-up share capital of categories of the bank in Nigeria in which there was upward review from time to time. The issue of recapitalization to banks to the time of #25 billion was announced by CBN governor Charles Soludo on the 6th July 2004 generated a lot of controversies but if practically examine, it is what the nation needs for overall economic growth.

CLICK THIS LINK FOR THE COMPLETE MATERIAL - https://researchwap.com/banking-and-finance/the-impact-of-recapitalization-on-shareholders-return-in-nigerian-banking-industry-a-case-study-of-access-bank-of-nigeria-plc/index.html

Home economics as a field of study usually to a common man bring to the mind about sewing aprons, cooking, and baking cake. But however, home economics as a field of study has illuminated the mind so much in the 20th century to know that home economics covers a wide range of studies, including food and nutrition, clothing and textiles, child development, sociology, and consumer protection.
When home economics was first introduced in the late 1800s, the study was somehow in addition to other functions to help students prepare for life on the farm and helping their families.
In the 20th Century, the study acted as a bridge for students to enter into institutions of higher learning and later into professions. Students who graduated from these advanced programs went on to teaching positions to pass on this knowledge and some are led into positions in hospitals, restaurants, hotels, and even government. Along these lines, as universities and other tertiary institutions conducted research, home economics study has taught advanced classes in nutrition and hygiene as well as economics.

WHAT HOME ECONOMICS IS AS A COURSE

Home economics is cooking and other aspects of household management. Home economics or domestic science, or home science is a field of study that deals with the relationship between individuals, families, communities, and the environment in which they live. Home economics courses are offered internationally and across multiple educational levels. Home economics courses have been important throughout history because it gave women the opportunity to pursue higher education and vocational training in a world where only men were able to learn in such environments. In modern times, home economics teaches people of all genders important life skills, such as cooking, sewing, and finances. With the stigma the term “home economics” has earned over the years, the course is now often referred to by different terms, such as “family and consumer science.

WHY DO WE STUDY HOME ECONOMICS?

We study home economics to promote a well- being of individuals. The study helps the society to develop human progress individually and it comprises major ideas on food, clothing, home, and family. Human progress is necessary for society to grow and it is so important since well-being is the machinery that vibrant all aspects of human experience.

BRANCHES OF HOME ECONOMICS:
Here, we've outlined just some of the careers that involve knowledge of home economics. For some of them, you'll need a qualification in a subject other than home economics to go further, although home economics will still give you a useful background for the career.
1. Food Scientist/Technologist
2. Food Technician
3. Dietitian
4. Nutritionist
5. Catering/Restaurant Manager
6. Hotel Manager
7. Domestic Services Manager
8. Chef
9. Consumer protection (Trading Standards Officer)
10. Environmental Health Practitioner
11. Textiles and clothing
12. Tailor
13. Fashion Designer
14. Education (Teaching and lecturing)
15. Home Care Organiser

Food Scientist/Technologist
Food Scientists are experts on the biological, chemical, and physical make-up of food, and how food can be processed, stored and preserved. Food Technologists apply this knowledge to make new food products and ensure that they are safe and of good quality.
Although Food Scientists are more likely to go into research and Food Technologists into production, the division between them is not clear-cut. Both may work in research and development, production, and quality assurance management.

Food Technician
Food Technicians help Scientists/Technologists to develop food products. Technicians test the safety and quality of and finished products, as well as testing packaging, processing, and storage techniques.raw materials
They look after the day-to-day running of the laboratory, and might also help in the research and development of new products.

Dietitian
Dietitians give people information and advice about the right diet to maintain their health or to help them cope with or overcome an illness.
Dietitians may be based in hospitals or the community. Hospital work mainly involves diet therapy for individual patients, for example, people with food allergies or. They also train and advise other health professionals in diabetes in the hospital.
In the community, a dietitian might be involved in clinical work or health promotion, or a mixture of both. For example, they might work with health professionals such as practice nurses and health visitors. Health GPs promotion could include giving talks in schools or groups such as slimming clubs and pregnant women.
Dietitians work in lots of other areas, including sports nutrition, food, and industries, education, pharmaceutical research, and journalism.

Nutritionist
Nutritionists help us to understand how affects our health. They work in lots of areas, including the NHS, nutrition sports nutrition, the food industry, and animal nutrition.
NHS Nutritionists often work in the community, helping people to prevent problems such as cancer, stroke, and diabetes. They might run healthy eating sessions, teach cooking skills, and produce information about a healthy diet.
In the food industry, Nutritionists research and develop new food products. They advise on food products' nutritional content, such as how much fat and salt they have in them.
The right diet can help sports professionals to train and perform at their best. Nutritionists work with Athletes and Players, and also give people advice in the fitness industry.
Animal Nutritionists look at ways to improve the quality and quantity of things such as eggs, meat, and milk. They also try to improve their pets' diets.

Catering/Restaurant Manager
Catering/Restaurant Managers work in a wide variety of places, from top hotels to fast-food chains, hospitals, cruise ships, and prisons.
Their main responsibility is for staff management, recruitment, training, and day-to-day organization. Other areas include quality control, hygiene, and health and safety.
Managers might be responsible for setting and controlling. They might also plan menus, order supplies; budgets greet customers, and deal with any complaints. They need to be good at dealing with people and should be able to work under pressure.

Hotel Manager
The duties of Hotel Managers vary according to the size of the hotel.
In a large hotel, the General Manager organizes a team of departmental Managers, taking overall responsibility for planning, and marketing. In a smaller hotel or guest house, the work will be more 'hands-on', with greater budgeting day-to-day contact with guests.

Domestic Services Manager
Domestic Services Managers, often known as 'Housekeepers' in the hotel industry and 'Domestic Bursars' in educational institutions, are responsible for the cleanliness and general maintenance of large residential establishments. They work in places like hospitals, hotels, schools, universities, and colleges.
They are responsible for organizing the work of domestic staff, who keep the buildings clean and in good condition. They might have other areas of responsibility, such as organizing laundry services or arranging repairs.
They spend part of their time checking the work of staff, but there is also an office-based element to their work, involving administration and managing. Budgets

Chef
The term 'Chef' tends to be used in hotels and restaurants, whereas 'Cook' is used in work canteens, schools, and hospitals.
In the large hotel and restaurant kitchens, there are a number of specialist Chefs running different sections (such as vegetables or pastry) under the direction of the Head Chef. In smaller establishments, the Chef might do everything - ordering food, cooking, and clearing up.
There can be opportunities for creative cookery, and to experiment with new and specialist dishes, particularly for experienced Chefs.
In catering services, such as for airlines, schools, and hospitals, the work is more routine. It often involves preparing large numbers of meals in a central kitchen, which are then distributed to different sites and re-heated.
Whatever the setting, the work of a Chef or Cook is physically demanding. Most of the working day is spent standing up in a hot kitchen. Unsocial hours are often part of the job.

Consumer protection (Trading Standards Officer)
Trading Standards Officers (TSOs) enforce the laws and regulations that cover the goods and services we buy, hire, and sell.
They inspect premises, sample, test, and measure products, investigate complaints, give consumer advice, and enforce the law. Employ TSOs. Local authorities
TSOs make regular checks to see if things like scales and petrol pumps measure accurately. They check toys and electrical products to make sure that they are safe to use.
TSOs might take samples of food and drink products to make sure that nutritional information on labels is accurate and that advertisements are not misleading.

Environmental Health Practitioner
Environmental Health Practitioners (EHPs) protect us from environmental hazards at home, at work, and in public places.
EHPs make sure our food is safe to eat, and improve conditions for people living in unfit or old housing. EHPs also monitor and control air, water, land, and noise pollution.
EHPs visit places such as offices, houses, leisure services, shops, and restaurants. They advise people on the best ways to protect themselves and others from environmental hazards. EHPs must also enforce the law, for example, closing food premises or requiring Landlords to carry out essential repairs.
Some EHPs work for private companies, making sure that they are following the law and safeguarding their employees and customers.

Textiles and clothing (Textile Designer)
Textile Designers create designs for fabrics, carpets, wall-coverings, and soft furnishings. Some, particularly in small companies, spend most of their time reworking traditional designs. In large firms, there may be more opportunities to create original designs.
It's important for Textile Designers to have knowledge of yarns, dyes, and manufacturing processes, as these affect designs.

Fashion Designer
Fashion Designers design clothing and/or accessories. A few work in, designing exclusive for haute couture garments individual and producing seasonal collections. clients
Others design ready-made quality garments, often following the trends set by haute couture. Fashion Designers working for wholesale manufacturers design the clothes that we see in shops and in catalogs.

Tailor
Tailors produce hand-crafted garments - particularly men's suits - to order. They also make alterations to garments.
They advise customers on the range of fabrics and styles available and take measurements. They then make cardboard or paper patterns, cut out cloth and stitch the garments, mainly by hand.

Textile industry
There are also many technical jobs in the textile industry, such as:
Textile Technologist Textile Technician Textile Operative Dyeing Technician

Education (Teaching and lecturing)
Most Home Economics Teachers work in secondary schools. They teach pupils about child development, food, and nutrition, or textiles. Design and Technology Teachers can also cover areas related to home economics, such as food technology and textile technology.
Teaching methods include group and practical work, discussions, and using audio-visual materials and the internet. Teaching may also involve visits to places of educational interest. Home Economics Teachers also have to plan lessons, mark work, write reports, go to meetings, and give feedback.

Home Care Organiser
Home Care Organisers manage the services that help people to cope with their own homes. They recruit, train, and supervise Home Care Assistants who provide practical, social, and emotional care too. Home Care Organisers clients assess clients' needs and arrange services such as the delivery of free meals.
Other jobs in the caring services
Some people with training in home economics go into housing work or health education/promotion.

Conclusion
As a student, after knowing and understanding home economics as a field of study and its benefits to individuals and the society at large, researchwap.com as an online resource center has come up with a vast database for students to have access to numerous free project topics and uncountable research materials on home economics and it related courses.
Below are few home economics project topics that you might want to take a look at

EDITORS SOURCE: Home Economics As A Field Of Study And Its Benefits

A proposal (business) is a written idea from a dealer to a - would-be purchaser, normally a key advance in the whole unpredictable deals process that places the purchaser's necessities in a setting that favors the vendor's items and benefits and teaches the purchasers about the ability of the merchants to address their issues. A proposal can be officially requested, casually requested, or spontaneous. Proposals are requested when they are written dependent on distributed commercial. The advert could be demand for proposal, demand for citation, greeting for the offer, or solicitation for data. Additionally, the proposal is casually requested when it is an aftereffect of a discussion between a purchaser and a dealer and it can likewise be alluded to as a sole-source proposal. While the proposal is spontaneous when it is a conventional, insignificant market handout and there is no association between the merchant’s needs and the seller’s prerequisites.
Loads of business proposals are dismissed reason they don't keep the organization's necessary standard, consequently, this article gives a sort of a checklist on the prerequisites to compose a decent officially requested proposal that can contend all-inclusive.
i. Clearly name your bundle requesting number: most occurrences proposals experience superfluous divisions and immaterial units in the firm since they don't have appropriate sales numbers. Firms get a lot of mail on the day by day bases, so if your bundle doesn't have any sales number, your proposal may not get the required consideration. So to make it exceptionally direct and simpler for the firm and to guarantee your proposal goes to the correct organizer, naming your sales number is a prerequisite.
ii. Make sure you incorporate your contact data: the firm may have an inquiry to get in touch with you and if there is no contact telephone number on it, the firm may not reach you.
iii. Make sure your bundle/sections composed dependent on the standard set by the purchaser on the proposal demand. In most proposal demand, there is an area called proposal entries. It is in reality acceptable to follow carefully the proposal accommodation rules. This is fundamental in light of the fact that the assessment boards of trustees for the most part follow the rule in their assessment and they may miss some pertinent area if the rule isn't carefully followed while documenting the proposal.
iv. Make sure that your proposal is flawlessly composed: most occasions individuals go through days, many months to set up a proposal yet they mess it up when they present a disorderly proposal. Not sorting out your proposal imparts an off-base sign and may damage your odds of being chosen.
v. Make sure you present your proposal in the correct area.
vi. Make sure you check the proposal accommodation necessity: it is useful to investigate the proposal accommodation prerequisite to ensure all the necessary reports are remembered for the accommodation.
vii. Give yourself an opportunity to truly ensure that your proposal is finished, compact and it incorporates the portrayal of every accommodation thing.
viii. Make sure you accentuation the assessment criteria. On the off chance that the call has a strategy for the grant, ensure you study it, and accentuation the focuses with the most noteworthy scores.
ix. Get an explanation if need be from the specialized contacts in the call early.
x. Make sure you present your proposal auspicious. Attempt however much as could reasonably be expected to bit the cutoff time.
All in all, these ten agendas on The Most Effective Method To Write A Good Business Proposal, are useful in a triumphant a proposal in any association or establishment.

How To Write Chapter Four Of Your Final Year Project Effectively


In writing the final year project, Students at times find it difficult to document their findings properly. In every research project, chapter four is the heart of the research work and sometimes, supervisors do not even start the reading of the research work from chapter one, but they jump to chapter four because that is the chapter that tells the reader all that was done, the instrument you used, how you analyzed your data and finally your findings.
The purpose of this chapter four in your final year project is to summarize the collected data and the statistical treatment, and or mechanics of analysis. The first paragraph should briefly restate the problem, taken from Chapter one, and explain the object of each experiment, question, or objective, point out salient results, and present those results by the table, figure, or other forms of summarized data. Select tables and figures carefully. Some studies are easier to defend if all the raw data is in this chapter; some are better if the bulk of the raw data is in an appendix.

Also, read this article - Step By Step Guide To Write A Good Research Proposal

Chapter four of a Qualitative Research work carries different titles such as ‘Analysis of Data’, ‘Results of Study’, ‘Analysis and Results’ and so forth but the keywords are ‘analysis’ and ‘results’ which implies that you have ‘analyzed’ the raw data and presenting the ‘results’ or what you discovered in the fieldwork carried out, in this Chapter.
Studies have shown that a greater number of students always find it difficult to document their findings correctly. You may have done a good job writing Chapter one (Introduction), Chapter two (Literature Review), and Chapter three (Methodology) with such clarity and end up making a mess of Chapter four (Findings and Data Analysis).
Since chapter four is the heart of your research work and if your supervisor does not start the reading of your work from chapter one, but jump to chapter four which you have spent so much time collecting and analyzing data but do a poor job of reporting the results of the findings.

Also, read this article - Step By Step Instructions To Design And Develop A Questionnaire For A Final Year Project

Alternatively, after collecting all the data and your presentation of your results lack organization and clarity, your reader would struggle by trying to figure out what you have written, and by this, you’ve just wasted your precious time and possibly the cost of compiling the chapter.

Chapter four should ‘stand-alone:

what does this mean?

This means that you could ask a friend to read it and he or she would understand what you discovered in your study without having to read Chapters one to three.
For you to achieve this, your chapter four should be aligned to the purpose of the study, the research questions, why the study was important, how it connects to the underlying theories, literature review, and reflective of the conceptual framework. Chapter four is the culmination of your study and represents your best thinking and how you answered the research question you had formulated and stated in chapter one of the research project.

Also, Read This Article – How To Write Effective Research Project Abstract

A good researcher should begin this chapter with two or three introductory paragraphs. A transition from chapter three is very important too. The researcher should also provide a very brief review of the overall research design. It is not necessary to list all of the secondary questions and hypotheses at the beginning of the chapter, but the introductory section of the chapter should focus the reader’s attention on the primary research question and hypothesis.
Don’t border detailing everything, the bulk of the chapter will consist of the presentation of findings for the secondary questions and hypotheses set forth in Chapter three.

In quantitative research, the results usually begin with a description of the sample, For example, the sample size, description of participants who were excluded, and why the handling of missing data.
Also, the descriptive statistics. For example, frequencies and percentages for categorical variables, means, standard deviations, and ranges for continuously measured variables are presented, and normality of continuously measured variables is usually presented.
Address each hypothesis in turn, presenting a description of the analysis that was computed to address each hypothesis and the results of that analysis. State whether the null hypothesis was rejected.

Also, Read This Article - Trending Project Topics For Final Year Students At A Glance

Do not repeat in tedious prose that it is obvious for a knowledgeable peer to see at a glance. The dissertation advisor usually has an opinion about the level of detail needed in this chapter. Table titles and figure captions should be understandable without reading the chapter text.
Note all relevant results, even those that were contrary to the alternative hypotheses, or those that tend to distract from clear determinations.

Chapter Four Table Of Content

1. Introduction to the Chapter.
2. A transition from chapter three. (Very important)
3. Provide a brief overview of the research project: as I stated earlier, chapter four should be able to stand alone, this means it should be presented in such a way that one can read it and understand everything about your study, this means that a BRIEF overview of the research project is very important in this chapter.
4. Describe the purpose of the chapter.
5. Explain the organization of the chapter.
6. Data Analyses and Presentation of the Findings: this is the heart of this chapter, the presentation of the findings should be very concise and clear, make sure that you present it in such a way that even a layman can understand it.
7. State null hypothesis.
8. Present the statistical results in a table.
9. Draw statistical conclusions for accepted and rejected hypotheses.
10. Draw a preliminary research conclusion
11. Conclusion and Transition to Chapter Five

Also, Read This Article - How To Develop Effective And Unique Project Topics

DISCIPLINE MEANING IN EDUCATION AND EDUCATION PROJECT TOPICS


Most at times seeing or hearing the word education, many people always think of places like schools, colleges, polytechnics, and universities. And when hearing the word, many people often confuse it with schooling or at times they might also look to particular jobs like teaching or tutoring and the problem with this is that education as discipline entails much more than schooling or particular jobs like teaching or tutoring.
Apparently, education as a field of study is analyzed on different characteristics of a discipline. The term education has a multifaceted meaning. Therefore, before analyzing the nature of education as a discipline it is necessary to first analyze the meaning of the term ‘education
’, before going into the discipline meaning in education.

What is Education?

The term “Education” in English, ‖ was taken or derived from the Latin words Educare, Educere, and Educatum. And the term “Educatum”‖ denotes the act of teaching, it also means to train or mold. The terms Educare and Educere mean to bring up, to lead out, or to draw out propulsion, or impetus from inward to outward. These all terms mainly indicate the development of the latent faculties of the child.
The term education stands for both the study of the field and for the formal enterprise (or system) that is being studied. To understand this dual meaning very well, consider these two definitions of education.
The first is a standard definition from the American Heritage Dictionary:
1. The act or process of educating or being educated.
2. The knowledge or skill obtained or developed by a learning process.
3. A Program of instruction of a specified kind or level.
4. The field of study that is concerned with the pedagogy of teaching and learning.
5. An instructive or enlightening experience.
The second is from the essay on “Education”, by William Frankena in the Dictionary of the History of Ideas:
1. As the activity of one doing the educating, the act or process of educating or teaching engaged in by the educator.
2. The process or experience of being educated or learning that goes on in the one being educated.
3. As the result produced and in the one being educated by the double process of educating and being educated.
4. As a discipline or study of education.
From these definitions, it is clear that the term “Education” is used in three senses: Knowledge, Subject, and Process.
In the first sense, all formal and informal knowledge gained by an individual during his or her lifetime is termed as his or her education
. When a person achieves a degree up to a certain level, we do not call it education. For example, if a person has secured a Master's Degree then we utilize education in a much-narrowed sense and call or say that the person has achieved education up to Masters Level.
In the second sense, education is used in a sense of discipline. For example, if a person had taken education as a paper or as a discipline during his study in any institution then we utilize education as a subject. As a field of study education is a contemplative search for theory and science of the process of educating. In the third sense, education is used as a process. In fact when we talk of education, we talk in the third sense i.e. education
as a process. As an enterprise it contains various systems of education and, therefore, primarily an activity. However, in this study, we are dealing only with second meaning of education i.e. education as a subject or discipline that is taught at various levels. The subject relates itself to the preparation of educators and the study of teaching-learning conditions. Most precisely the discipline of Education can be defined as the study of the process of educating. It studies various factors, methods, and elements involved in the process of educating. In this view, educators look to act with people rather on them. Their task is to educe (related to the Greek notion of educere), to bring out or develop potential. Such education
is:
• Deliberate and hopeful. It is learning we set out to make happen in the belief that people can ‘be more’;
• Informed, respectful, and wise. A process of inviting truth and possibility.
• Grounded in a desire that at all may flourish and share in life. It is a cooperative and inclusive activity that looks to help people to live their lives as well as they can.
It also studies various principles and ideas govern this process. A major purpose of education as a field of study is to help to understand and improve the enterprise. As an activity, the education enterprise is highly complex. Its immediate purpose relates to the intellectual, moral, social, and physical development of our students, and its functions, socially and civically, to maintain and improve a democratic way of life, such complexity, with competing goals and values, requires strong analytical thinking and understanding so that the system is operated in a thoughtful and effective way. Therefore the discipline of education has been designed to prepare scholars who are responsible for both the field of study of education
and the educational
enterprise.

Education in Primitive and Early Civilized societies

The term education can be applied to primitive societies only in the sense of enculturation, which is the process of cultural transmission. A primitive person, whose culture is the totality of his universe, has a generally fixed sense of cultural progression and timelessness. The model of life is relatively static and absolute, and it is transmitted from one generation to another with little deviation. As for prehistoric education
, it can only be inferred from educational practices in surviving primitive societies.
The purpose of primitive education was to guide their children to become good members of their tribe or band. There is a marked emphasis upon training for citizenship because primitive people are highly concerned with the growth of individuals as tribal members and the thorough comprehension of their way of life during the passage from prepuberty to postpuberty.
Because of the variety in the countless thousands of primitive societies, it is difficult to describe any standard and uniform characteristics of prepuberty education. Nevertheless, certain things are practiced commonly within cultures. Children actually participate in the social processes of adult activities, and their participatory learning is based upon what the American anthropologist Margaret Mead called empathy, identification, and imitation. Primitive children, before reaching puberty, learn by doing and observing basic technical practices. Their teachers are not strangers but rather their immediate community.

In contrast to the spontaneous and rather unregulated imitations in prepuberty education, postpuberty education in some cultures is strictly standardized and regulated. The teaching personnel may consist of fully initiated men, often unknown to the initiate though they are his relatives in other clans. The initiation may begin with the initiate being abruptly separated from his familial group and sent to a secluded camp where he joins other initiates. The purpose of this separation is to deflect the initiate’s deep attachment away from his family and to establish his emotional and social anchorage in the wider web of his culture.
The initiation “curriculum” does not usually include practical subjects. Instead, it consists of a whole set of cultural values, tribal religion, myths, philosophy, history, rituals, and other knowledge. Primitive people in some cultures regard the body of knowledge constituting the initiation curriculum as most essential to their tribal membership. Within this essential curriculum, religious instruction takes the most prominent place.

Education in the earliest civilizations

The history of civilization started in the Middle East about 3000 BCE, whereas the North China civilization began about a millennium and a half later. The Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations flourished almost simultaneously during the first civilizational phase (3000–1500 BCE). Although these civilizations differed, they shared monumental literary achievements. The need for the perpetuation of these highly developed civilizations made writing and formal education
indispensable.

Education as a Discipline
Education is a relatively new discipline that combines aspects of Psychology, history, philosophy, sociology, and some practical studies. Its domain is the whole complex of the process of educating. The discipline of education is nowadays a compulsory subject used for educating teacher educators. Education is, of course, also a field of research that aims to understand the process of education. The main problems and questions education deals with what content should be taught to pupils and students (the question of the curriculum)? How should the content be taught (the question of teaching method)? What other educational
goals shall be pursued in addition to teaching knowledge and skills (the question of values)? In other words, education has to answer the questions of truth, learning, and morals. It has to reflect on the higher goals of education beyond passing on random knowledge and skills. The study of education would be the reflexive effort of looking at the reality of education
and trying to understand how it is practiced.
This is a serious question that whether education can be called a discipline, and there are three schools of thought on the subject. The first suggests that since education borrows from and combines with other, more traditional, disciplines and often focuses on practice, it should not be called a discipline but a field of study or a second-level discipline. Using the same rationale (that many areas within education bring together a traditional discipline within an educational
frame), the second school of thought calls education an inter-discipline. In addition, education has its own set of problems, questions, knowledge bases, and approaches to inquiry; the third school of thought pushes for accepting education as a discipline.
One reason for the lack of consensus around the use of 'discipline‘ for education is that as a field of study, education
may be seen as one of a set of academic program anomalies in which enterprise itself is primarily an activity. Within universities, this includes schools and colleges that are considered professional schools: engineering, nursing, medicine, law, social work. In the words of Klein 1990,8 We could say that education, as a professional school, is a second-level discipline in that it focuses on a unique activity-education- by borrowing, considerably, from many traditional disciplines.
Looking specifically at areas in education that bring together a traditional discipline and education, we could use the term inter-discipline to describe education. Considering education as an inter-discipline suggests that the work of scholarship in education should focus on bringing together the disciplines as a means of solving problems and answering questions that cannot be satisfactorily addressed using single methods or approaches.
At this point, it would be well worth examining education as a discipline. Not only does education have its own set of problems, questions and knowledge bases, and approaches to the inquiry but also that which is borrowed from other disciplines often becomes transformed within the study of education. To evaluate education on different criteria of a discipline, objectives of studying [url=]education[/url]
as a discipline should be considered first because objectives of study delimit and decide the nature and scope of any field of study.
Education is a discipline that is concerned highly with the methods of teaching and learning in schools or school-like environments as opposed to various nonformal and informal means of socialization (e.g., rural development projects and education through parent-child relationships).
Education can also be seen as the transmission of the values and accumulated knowledge of a society. In this sense, it is equivalent to what social scientists term socialization or enculturation. Children—whether conceived among New Guinea tribespeople, the Renaissance Florentines, or the middle classes of Manhattan—are born without culture.
Education is designed to guide the young generations in learning a culture, molding their behavior in the ways of adulthood, and directing them toward their eventual role in society. In the most primitive cultures, there is often little formal learning—little of what one would ordinarily call school or classes or teachers. Instead, the entire environment and all activities are frequently viewed as schools and classes, and many or all adults act as teachers.
However, as societies grow to be more complex, the quantity of knowledge to be passed on from one generation to the next generation becomes more than any one person can know, and, hence, there must evolve more selective and efficient means of cultural transmission, and the outcome or the result is formal education—the school and the specialist called the teacher.
As society becomes ever more complex and schools become ever more institutionalized, the educational
experience becomes less directly related to daily life, less a matter of showing and learning in the context of the workaday world, and more abstracted from practice, more a matter of distilling, telling, and learning things out of context.
This concentration of learning in a formal atmosphere allows children to learn far more of their culture than they are able to do by merely observing and imitating. As society gradually attaches more and more importance to education
, it also tries to formulate the overall objectives, content, organization, and strategies of education. Literature becomes laden with advice on the rearing of the younger generation. In short, there develop philosophies and theories of education.



Education project topics

HOW TO WRITE CHAPTER THREE OF YOUR RESEARCH PROJECT (RESEARCH METHODOLOGY)

Chapter three of the research project or the research methodology is another significant part of the research project writing. In developing the chapter three of the research project, you state the research method you wish to adopt, the instruments to be used, where you will collect your data and how you collected it.

This chapter explains the different methods to be used in the research project. Here you mention the procedures and strategies you will employ in the study such as research design, research area (area of the study), the population of the study, etc.

You also tell the reader why you chose a particular method, how you planned to analyze your data. Your methodology should be written in a simple language such that other researchers can follow the method and arrive at the same conclusion or findings.

You can choose a survey design when you want to survey a particular location or behavior by administering instruments such as structured questionnaires, interview or experimental; if you intend manipulating some variables.

The purpose of chapter three (research methodology) is to give an experienced investigator enough information to replicate the study. Some supervisors do not understand this and require students to write what is, in effect, a textbook.

A research design is used to structure the research and to show how all of the major parts of the research project, including the sample, measures, and methods of assignment, work together to address the central research questions in the study. The chapter should begin with a paragraph reiterating the purpose of the study.

It is very important that before choosing a method, try and ask yourself the following questions:

Will I generate enough information that will help me to solve the research problem by adopting this method?

For instance, you are attempting to identify the influence of personality on a road accident, you may wish to look at different personality types, you may also look at accident records from the FRSC, you may also wish to look at the personality of drivers that are accident victims, once you adopt this method, you are already doing a survey, and that becomes your methodology.

Your methodology should aim to provide you with the information to allow you to come to some conclusions about the personalities that are susceptible to a road accident or those personality types that are likely to have a road accident. The following subjects may or may not be in the order required by a particular institution of higher education, but all of the subjects constitute a defensible methodology chapter.

HOW TO WRITE CHAPTER THREE OF YOUR RESEARCH PROJECT - WRITING A RESEARCH DESIGN



A qualitative study does not have variables. A scientific study has variables, which are sometimes mentioned in Chapter 1 and defined in more depth in Chapter 3. Spell out the independent and dependent, variables. An unfortunate trend in some institutions is to repeat the research questions and/or hypotheses in both Chapter 1 and Chapter 3. Sometimes an operational statement of the research hypotheses in the null form is given to set the stage for later statistical inferences. In a quantitative study, state the level of significance that will be used to accept or reject the hypotheses.

Pilot Study

In a quantitative study, a survey instrument that the researcher designed needs a pilot study to validate the effectiveness of the instrument, and the value of the questions to elicit the right information to answer the primary research questions in. In a scientific study, a pilot study may precede the main observation to correct any problems with the instrumentation or other elements in the data collection technique. Describe the pilot study as it relates to the research design, development of the instrument, data collection procedures, or characteristics of the sample.

Instruments

In a research study, the instrument used to collect data may be created by the researcher or based on an existing instrument. If the instrument is a researcher created, the process used to select the questions should be described and justified. If an existing instrument is used, the background of the instrument is described including who originated it and what measures were used to validate it.

If a Likert scale is used, the scale should be described. If the study involves interviews, an interview protocol should be developed that will result in a consistent process of data collection across all interviews. Two types of questions are found in an interview protocol: the primary research questions, which are not asked of the participants, and the interview questions that are based on the primary research questions and are asked of the participants.

Procedure

In a qualitative study, this is the section where most of the appendices are itemized, starting with letters of permission to conduct the study and letters of invitation to participate with the attached consent forms. Sample: this has to do with the number of your participants or subjects as the case may be. Analysis (how are you planning to analyze the results?)

HOW TO WRITE CHAPTER THREE OF YOUR RESEARCH PROJECT – EFFECTIVE GUIDE AND METHODOLOGY SAMPLES



This chapter deals effectively with the research methods to be adopted in conducting the research, and it is organized under the following sub-headings:

Research Design
Area of Study
The population of the Study
Sample and Sampling Techniques
Instruments for Data Collection
The validity of the Instrument
Reliability of the Instrument
Administration of the instruments
Scoring the instruments
Method of Data Collection
Method of Data Analysis

READ ALSO: HOW TO WRITE EFFECTIVE RESEARCH PROJECT ABSTRACT



Research Design:

This has to do with the structure of the research instrument to be used in collecting data. It could be in sections depending on different variables that form the construct for the entire topic of the research problems. A reliable instrument with a wrong research design will adversely affect the reliability and generalization of the research. The choice of design suitable for each research is determined by many factors among which are: kind of research, research hypothesis, the scope of the research, and the sensitive nature of the research

.

Area of Study:



Research Area; this has to do with the geographical environment of the study area where the places are located, the historical background when necessary and commercial activities of that geographical area. For example, the area of the study is Ebonyi State University. At the creation of Ebonyi State in 1996, the Abakaliki campus of the then ESUT was upgraded to Ebonyi State University College by Edict no. 5 of Ebonyi State, 1998 still affiliated to ESUT with Prof. Fidelis Ogah, former ESUT Deputy Vice-Chancellor as the first Rector. In 1997, the Faculty of Applied and Natural Sciences with 8 departments was added to the fledging University and later in 1998 when the ESUT Pre-Science Programme was relocated to Nsukka, the EBSUC Pre-Degree School commenced lectures in both Science and Arts in replacement of the former. This study focused on the students of the Business Education department at Ebonyi state university.

The population of the Study



The population is regarded in research work as the type of people and the group of people under investigation. It has to be specific or specified. For example educational study teachers in Lagos state. Once the population is chosen, the next thing is to choose the samples from the population.

According to Uma (2007), the population is referred to as the totality of items or object which the researcher is interested in. It can also be the total number of people in an area of study. Hence, the population of this study comprised of all the students in the department of Business Education, Ebonyi State University which is made up of year one to four totaling 482. The actual number for the study was ascertained using Yaro-Yamane's formula which stated thus:

n = N

1-N (e)2

Where;

N is the Population

1 is constant

e is the error margin

Then, n = 482

1+482(0.05)2

482

1+1.16

= 482

2.16

= 214.35 approximately 214

Sample and sampling technique:



It may not be possible to reach out to the number of people that form the entire population for the study to either interview, observe or serve them with copies of the questionnaire. To be realistic, the sample should be up to 20% of the total population. Two sampling techniques are popular among all the sampling techniques. These are random and stratified random sampling techniques. (A). in Random Sampling, the writers select any specific number from a place like a school, village, etc. (B). In Stratified Random Sampling, one has to indicate a specific number from a stratum which could be a group of people according to age, qualification, etc. or different groups from a different location and different consideration attached.

ALSO READ: TRENDING PROJECT TOPICS FOR FINAL YEAR STUDENTS AT A GLANCE

Instruments for Data Collection:



This is a device or different devices used in collecting data. Example: interview, questionnaire, checklist, etc. instrument is prepared in sets or subsections, each set should be an entity thus asking questions about a particular variable to be tested after collecting data. The type of instrument used will determine the responses expected. All questions should be well set so as to determine the reliability of the instrument.

The validity of the Instrument



This has to do with different measures in order to determine the validity and reliability of the research instrument. For example, presenting the drafted questionnaire to the supervisor for scrutiny. Giving the questionnaire to the supervisor for useful comments and corrections would help to validate the instrument.

Reliability of the Instrument



The test-retest reliability method is one of the simplest ways of testing the stability and reliability of an instrument over time. The test-retest approach was adopted by the researcher in establishing the reliability of the instrument. In doing this 25 copies of the questionnaire were administered on twenty-five selected respondents. After two weeks another 25 copies of the same questionnaire were re-administered on the same group. Their responses on the two occasions were correlated using Pearsons Product Moment Correlation. A co-efficient of 0.81 was gotten and this was high enough to consider the instrument reliable.

READ ALSO: HOW TO DEVELOP EFFECTIVE AND UNIQUE PROJECT TOPICS

Administration of the instruments:



Here, the writer states whether he/ she administers the test personally or through an assistant. He also indicates the rate of return of the copies of the questionnaire administered.

Scoring the instruments:



Here items on the questionnaire or any other device used must be assigned numerical values. For example, 4 points to strongly agree, 3 points to agree, 2 points to disagree and 1 point to strongly disagree.

Table of Analysis

S/N

Item

SA

A

D

SD

ONCE

TWICE

THRICE

Method of Data Collection



The researcher collected data using the questionnaire. Copies of the questionnaire were administered by the researcher on the respondents. All the respondents were expected to give maximum co-operation, as the information on the questionnaire is all on things that revolve around their study. Hence, enough time was taken to explain how to tick or indicate their opinion on the items stated in the research questionnaire.

Method of Data Analysis



In this study, the mean was used to analyze the data collected. A four (4) point Likert scale was used to analyze each of the questionnaire items.

The weighing was as follows:

VGE—————- Very Great Extent (4 points)

GE—————– Great Extent (3 points)

LE—————– Little Extent (2 points)

VLE—————- Very Little Extent (1 point)

And;

SA—————– Strongly Agree (4 points)

A——————- Agree (3 points)

D—————— Disagree (2 points)

SD—————- Strongly Disagree (1 point)

The mean of the scale will then be determined by summing up the points and dividing their number as follows with the formula:

x = ∑fx

N

= = 2.5

Where; x= mean

f= frequency

X= Nominal value of the option

∑= summation

N= Total Number

Therefore, the mean of the scale is 2.5.

This means that any item statement with a mean of 2.50 and above is considered agreed by the respondents and any item statement below 2.5 is considered disagreed.

HOW TO DEVELOP A LITERATURE REVIEW FOR A RESEARCH WORK

TRENDING PROJECT TOPICS FOR FINAL YEAR STUDENTS AT A GLANCE

HOW TO DEVELOP EFFECTIVE AND UNIQUE PROJECT TOPICS


WHAT IS RESEARCH AND HOW TO RESEARCH


UNDERSTANDING WHAT IS RESEARCH AND HOW TO RESEARCH

Most Project Defense Questions and Steps to Defend Your Project with Recordable Success

CHOOSING GOOD PROJECT TOPICS AND DEVELOPING TIPS

TIPS FOR A GOOD PROJECT DEFENSE: CONVEYING A GOOD PRESENTATION

THE MOST EFFECTIVE METHOD TO WRITE A GOOD BUSINESS PROPOSAL

HOW TO DEVELOP A TABLE OF CONTENT FOR A RESEARCH PROJECT WORK


HOW TO ACCESS FREE PROJECT TOPICS AND RESEARCH PROJECT MATERIALS FOR FINAL YEAR STUDENTS

HOW TO DEAL WITH DISTRACTIONS IN RESEARCH WRITING

RESEARCH: HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM (COPY AND PASTE) IN RESEARCH WRITING

PROJECT TOPICS: THE MOST EFFECTIVE METHOD TO CHOOSE A GOOD PROJECT TOPIC

WHAT IS A RESEARCH

TRENDING PROJECT TOPICS FOR FINAL YEAR STUDENTS AT A GLANCE

INTRODUCTION:
Since researchwap.com is consistently in the matter of helping students, particularly, final year students thinking hard for final year project topics that will be qualified to present to their project supervisors and at last to make them rave stamps in their outcomes; we have gotten concerned and wish to make a variety of final year project topics that are catchy, relevant and has minimal cost of research.

This article is certainly not a final authority in the importance of these proposed final year project topics however is a quasi guide, that should give final year students thought of what their final year project topic ought to be and how to approach and how to go about constructing them.
Having a reasonable final year project topic can be a genuine test, particularly, mulling over the condition of the current economy; final year students look for final year project topics with insignificant research cost, are applicable to the ebb and flow situations in the nation and snappy, rather than extensive and 'befuddled'… simply like the parenthesized word.

After some time, we have gone over final year project topics that are quite confusing and for the most part excessively occupied with factors. For instance, "The impact of Recession on the Manufacturing Industry and Communications as it Affects Banking Habits": this topic was a moment of cerebral pain, yet at the same time, we made a difference.

Without bringing up, one can promptly say that the above final year project topic isn't appealing, or has insignificant research cost, it may be important, yet its significance is lost in the over-crowdedness of factors to test. Factors being "Recession" "Manufacturing Industry" "Communications" and "Banking Habits"; one is left to wonder which of these factors ought to be tried, what instruments to utilize, and the entire final year project writing experience turns into weight and discipline, rather than a learning experience.

Belatedly, yet huge to this article, the above final year project topic could have been begotten in a few, less difficult structures, as:-

1. “The Importance of Communications as it affects Customers’ Banking Habits”
2. “The Importance and Impact of Communications in curbing premature Retirement in the Manufacturing Industry”
3. “The Impact of Recession as it affects Customers’ Banking Habits”
4. “Banking Habits and its effect on the Manufacturing Industry”
5. “Recession and its impact on Productivity in the Manufacturing Industry”

And so numerous other basic and catchy final year project topics that could have been produced using only that complicated one; straightforward and catchy as well as negligible in research cost and general project writing exertion.

As guaranteed in the beginning, we will exhibit an example of straightforward yet successfully dexterous final year project topics from a portion of the well-known departments

ACCOUNTING:

1. The role of audit in managing fraud a case study of Unilever plc
2. The problem of financing government corporations
3. Role of accounting information on small and medium scale business in Nigeria
4. private sector and the problem of working capital management
5. Effects of fair value accounting on users of financial statement case study of 6 selected companies listed on the stock exchange market.
6. Importance of proper accounting in modern-day business
7. Management accounting and its application to organizational, planning, control and decision making
8. Impact of auditing in controlling fraud and other financial irregularities
9. Petroleum profit tax and capital expenditure of the Nigerian economy Taxation as an aid to economic development: pros and cons.
10. Tax as a stimulus for growth and development in Nigeria
BANKING AND FINANCE:

1. The impact of information technology on banking operations in Nigeria
2. The impact of the e-payment system in operation efficiency in Nigeria banks.
3. The effectiveness of non-bank fianncial isntitution on the growth of nigeria economy
4. The importance of an effective management information system in the banking industry in Nigeria.
5. The effect of training on the performance of the employee in an organization.
6. The role of entrepreneurship in economic growth in Nigeria
7. Liquidity and credit management in Nigeria banking and industry
8. Staff development program and employee performance in the banking industry.
9. The effect of staff motivation on bank’s services delivery
10. Procedures and appraisal of risk management for nonbank financial institutions.

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION:

1. The effect of business organization in Nigerian companies
2. The role of the auditor in small business organizations
3. The importance of management in general business administration
4. The effect of environmental factors on the performance of small and medium scale businesses in Nigeria
5. The extent which business administration assists in banking operations
6. Personality and its effects on group performance
7. Significance of entrepreneurial studies in the understanding of business analysis
8. The impact of internal control measureson the detection and prevention of fraud in banks
9. The significant role of business organization in small scale enterprises
10. A critical study on the effects of job stress on the performance of bankers in Nigeria

COMPUTER SCIENCE:

1. Design and implementation of a computer-based warehouse information system
2. Student project allocation and verification system for monitoring duplication
3. Design and implementation of an internet cafe billing system
4. Design and implementation of an online hotel reservation system
5. Design and implementation of an importation tracking system
6. GPS and GPRS based telemonitoring system for emergency patient transportation
7. Design and implementation of the stock management system
8. Design and implementation of online tutorial on fish farming and production
9. Design and implementation of an information management system for the computer science department
10. Design and implementation of an automated school fees payment system

ECONOMICS:

1. The effect of bank verification number (BVN) on fraud prevention in Nigeria banking industry and Nigeria’s economy
2. An analysis of the impact of stock market development on economic growth in Nigeria
3. The impact of the cbn's cashless policy on the development of the banking sector of Nigeria
4. An assessment of the role of financial market in the economy a case study of Nigerian stock exchange
5. Impact of exchange rate fluctuations in value-added tax on the economic growth of Nigeria
6. An empirical investigation of the impact of government education spending on economic growth (1981-2012)
7. The impact of capital formation via savings and investment on the growth of the Nigerian economy 1980-2013
8. The impact of technology on economic development in the nigerian financial market activities” with a special focuses on your united bank for Africa (UBA).
9. The human capital development and economic growth in Nigeria: an empirical analysis
10. Securities and exchange market and the Nigerian economy; adaptive expectation hypothesis 1990 - 2015


EDUCATION :


1. Comparism of using two educational media in teaching and learning the digestive system of farm animals in secondary schools in adamawa state
2. Evaluation of coaching classes on secondary school students’ performance in chemistry
3. Effect of instructional materials on teaching and learning in nursery and primary schools
4. Effects of computer-based instruction on the learning effectiveness of hearing impaired pupils in Lagos state special primary schools
5. Effect of birth order on students educational development in mainland local government area of Lagos state
6. Distribution and utilization of educational resources in two state/federal government-owned schools in Lagos state
7. An investigation into openness-values and counterfactual thinking factors influencing secondary school students’ academic achievement in Ondo Nigeria
8. Transforming tertiary institutions for mass higher education through distance and open learning approaches in Nigeria
9. Selection and utilization of social studies instructional methods by secondary school teachers in Ebonyi state
10. Perceptions of business education students on the relevance of entrepreneurship education at the colleges of education level

HOME ECONOMICS:

1. Challenges militating against the effective teaching and learning of home economics in senior secondary schools in Rivers state.
2. Factors affecting the performance of home economics students in senior secondary schools in Akwa Ibom state
3. The effects of home economics on the business growth of Naraku soya milk manufacturing company Nigeria limited Benue state
4. The effects of two teaching methods on academic performance of senior secondary school students in home economics
5. A comparative study on teaching practice experiences of home economics student-teachers: challenges and possible panacea
6. The level of home economics education literacy among secondary school students in aliade local government area, Benue state.
7. Assessing the home economics education awareness level among junior secondary school students in Calabar cross river state
8. Availability of teachers and laboratory facilities for effective teaching and learning of home economics in a junior secondary school in Enugu north
9. Comparative study of academic performance of home economics students in a junior secondary school in Asaba local government area.
10. Availability of qualified home economics teachers in effective teaching and learning of home economics in senior secondary schools






INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY:


1. Information technology and services delivery: a case study of tertiary hospital in Rivers state
2. The effect of computer usage on academic achievement of secondary school students in Nigeria
3. Enhancing the Nigerian economy through wireless internet network enhancing the Nigerian economy through wireless internet network
4. Improving the capacity of a renewable power system, using solar power panel (a case study of computer science and software lab
5. Social media entrepreneurship as a tool for national development: a case study of selected bloggers and webmasters in Ikeja, Lagos
6. A survey of database management in enhancing the work performance of otm graduates in selected organizations in Abuja
7. The use of information and communication technology in teaching of vocational subjects in Nigeria polytechnics
8. Assessment of the utilization of internet services among students in federal institutions in Kaduna state
9. The application of information technology to the learning and teaching of economics in Nigeria: a case study of sec. sch in Jos
10. Analysis of data mining techniques of telecommunication companies in Nigeria: a case study of mtn Nigeria

MARKETING:

1. The problems and prospects of corporate social responsibility in the Nigerian manufacturing industry
2. An assessment of the role of broadcast media in women mobilization during the 2015 general elections in Nigeria
3. The effect of advertising on consumer preference patterns for malt drinks in Enugu metropolis: a comparative study of Guinness Malta and amstel Malta
4. Customer relationship management and marketing performance in the Nigeria banking industry
5. Customer relationship management and company performance in the Nigerian food and beverages industry
6. A comparative analysis of consumer attitude towards different brands of motor oil lubricant products in Enugu urban
7. Corporate reputation and marketing performance of the alcoholic beverage industry in Port Harcourt
8. Brand identity and marketing performance empirical evidence from quoted commercial banks in Nigeria
9. An analysis of promotional techniques and their fit with some selected private sector organization in Kano metropolis
10. The effect of consumer protection on brand loyalty of fast-moving consumer goods in Ikeja, Lagos state.


POLITICAL SCIENCE:


1. The relevance of traditional rulers in contemporary Nigeria’s governance
2. Political development in Nigeria: a study of 3 senatorial districts of Akwa Ibom State
3. Marginalization and youth unrest in the niger-delta region of Nigeria
4. Effect of political instability on implementation of Nigeria policy on secondary school education
5. An appraisal of the role of the government in poverty alleviation in Nigeria
6. Gender inequality and women participation in politics: the Nigeria experience
7. Voter behavior and the electoral process in Nigeria
8. The effect of social media on voting behaviour in Nigeria
9. Impact of the refugee crisis on human security in West Africa
10. Grassroot democracy and youth development in local government administration

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION:

1. An assessment of the role and challenges of non-governmental organizations in rural development in Nigeria
2. A study into the problems and solution of the 2007 public procurement act on transparency and accountability
3. The role of NGOs in the management of the Okwangwo range of Cross river national park (forestry and wildlife resources management)
4. The influence of conflict management effectiveness on administrative staff productivity in tertiary institutions.
5. The influence of group pressure on adolescents behavioral problems in Nigeria secondary schools
6. Public policy and grass-root development in Nigeria (a critical appraisal of national poverty eradication program on Asari-Toru l. g. a of river state)
7. Combating corruption in Nigeria: a case study of the economic and financial crimes commission (fcc)
8. Factors militating the transformation of the name local government department of public administration
9. The relationship between parent social-economic growth and educational achievement of their children in the secondary school system in Jahngo local government, Taraba state.
10. Determination of the structure of income inequality and poverty in a rural household in Yala local government area of Cross River state


The list grows extensively, for final year project topics in any department you're your choice, please visit www.researchwap.com. We hope this article has been of immense help in giving final year students an idea of how their final year project topics should be effectively coined.

HOW TO DEVELOP EFFECTIVE AND UNIQUE PROJECT TOPICS



In each field of endeavor, what makes you stand out from others is the capacity to accomplish something contrastingly and uniquely so that successors will consistently recollect the prints you left on the ways of the world. In the academic segment, the uniqueness of thoughts and considerations is of fundamental significance particularly with regards to writing a project topic. Subsequently, we will inspect how to pick a unique project topic. In the first place, we will take a gander at the significance of having a unique topic

SIGNIFICANCE OF A UNIQUE TOPIC

• The topic directs the tune and tone of the whole project. In the event that the topic it shows to an enormous degree that the student will do a decent project.

• The topic makes in the brain of any individual who understands it, an early introduction. Such an impression may impact the general and last judgment of the work.

• A unique topic is a wellspring of inspiration for the researcher to continue and complete the research. Similarly, as a dull topic will be a wellspring of debilitation.

• A unique and great topic will be a wellspring of delight to the researcher for some future years to such an extent that you can generally flaunt it consistently and places without dread or terrorizing.


If anyone can investing time, cash and disregard family, companions and delight to accomplish a specific objective anytime, ought to be a final year student completing exploration on any project topic to investigate leaving issue and give an answer or suggestion to take care of the pattern issue.

Project topics for final year student in Nigeria and each student in African Country doing a logical way to deal with getting significant information to back up research, must understand WHY research is significant, REASONS for completing the student final year project, WHAT is the project topics investing on and how will it solve the exiting problem with the relevant information.
No research today is new, we are creating thoughts base on leaving information to produce a given points base on personal modification and understanding at that point. As information technology advances so are research moving from one level to high and serious stage to truly demonstrate a point that pertinent thoughts are added a year to year as final year student passes on to the labor market as a graduate of any field of study.
Project topics for final year students in Nigeria and students everywhere throughout the world give better opportunities to act naturally creative and educational investigator to acquire a given distinction as graduate. The sole point of this article is to drop as a primary concern reasons why final year project writing is significant

Coming up next are the 10 reasons why student final year project is significant

Self-confidence: Self-certainty is created dependent on the measure of information about a specific study plainly understood by you.

Self-confidence during defense as a final year student, you mostly gain in the event that you where the person who does the educational research project from the start to the completion.

Provide job employment: To each student who completes college neglect to understand that full information on research project writing can give nourishment on the table and fill in as a wellspring of pay. The territory where research gives work to a student in Nigeria is having decent information on Information Analysis, editing, structural substance improvement, and field information gathering.

Make student and supervisor relationship: To each student the most significant part in schools is the point at which you are near a supervisor, to understand why the person responds that path during the address, to know whether your opinion of Him or her is valid or bogus. A decent correspondence among student and supervisor relationships can make work mostly, make 80% consideration, make space for rectifications, advance educational understanding, and empower professional success.

Strengthening your center abilities: Research invigorates clear expertise includes in investigate procedure and technique to apply to create an ideal point.

Give the upper hand: The exhibition among you and the other students is how highly knowledgeable you present the research structure of your information. There is a contrast between a final year student writing project and a year one student starting college.

Give stage to self-articulation: student and numerous individual today in our general public is confronted with dread to stand up what we know and understand. Addressing masses today among students is an issue in college which has gobbled up the better piece of our character. Final year project writing gives space to self-articulation in the open to step up your capacity to address the crowd.

Expertise arranging: ability arranging in the research process ensure achievement, project arranging must start based on what is my topic, which zone or area will I research on, what is my exploration about, which populace is better, is case study needed? where will I get information and who is my supervisor. Then planning will lead to success for Student final year project writing.
Advance group working ability: all expertise during project research in bunch give space to the commitment of thought, initiative attitude, content improvement aptitude, introduction ability, advances bunch perusing, make common understanding among the following specialist in the final year

Proficient relational abilities: great correspondence during research is mostly connected with clear image, sign, and verbal sound to unmistakably educate the listener what you mean at that specific point in time.

Strength: intensity isn't delaying or frightful notwithstanding real or conceivable peril or rebuke; gallant and brave. The dread of disappointment during resistance is mostly expressed by the student because of the absence of intensity to stand up what they know and understand about the given topic on study.
Research is significant and consistently experience by all final year students in Nigeria and numerous nations. The project topics for final year students in Nigeria and how supervisors include themselves to ensure its quality and substance is up to the worldwide standard of research in today educational system.
All Student final year project should esteem research work, give complete consideration, energize collaboration and learn new thoughts which will make them not the same as others.

WELLSPRINGS OF A UNIQUE PROJECT TOPIC

• Personal experience and perception of the researcher: The student's very own perception, information or experience of certain issues that merit a project consideration could lead such a student to get a topic from such experience

• Relevant existing writing: information about some current speculations and project discoveries in a specific territory may uncover a lacuna in the information that should be filled. This is likewise where a researcher can enter into and draw out a unique topic.

• Interactions with speakers/associates: a project topic can likewise be borne out through conversations with a potential chief, an instructor or even among cohorts and partners on projectable territories.

PERTINENT QUESTIONS TO ASK YOURSELF BEFORE CHOOSING A TOPIC

• Is the proposed topic one that truly is limited in the degree to deliver a reasonable research project? On the off chance that the appropriate response is No, at that point don't continue further

• Will the proposed topic make a significant commitment to the information? On the off chance that truly, at that point continue. Assuming no, at that point stop.

• Has the topic gotten any insignificant inclusion in the diaries and other related scholarly productions? On the off chance that truly, at that point proceed with the investigation

• Do I have adequate enthusiasm for the project topic now and can such intrigue be supported all through the investigation? In the event that the response to this is No, at that point end the topic, however in the event that indeed, at that point proceeds.

• Can I assemble adequate information to complete this project? On the off chance that truly, proceeds, however assuming no, end.

• Can I succinctly and decisively express the targets, points, degree, avocation, and restrictions of the investigation? In the event that truly, proceed, however assuming no, suspend

STEPS TO CHOOSE A UNIQUE TOPIC

• Brainstorming: When you conceptualize, you are searching for thoughts regarding the specific topic. In conceptualizing, you pose some remarkable inquiries: do I have enthusiasm for that specific region? Is there a piece of specific information I need to include?

• Read wide: it is fundamental that you read a great deal of related writing from either the library or the web about the topic you need to expound on with the goal that you will have a solid balance to endure the hardships of the whole project.

• The title of your project ought to be brief and exact as would be prudent

• Look for catchphrases that you can assist you with formulating a decent and enamoring title. Convincingly, with all this information put in the right point of view, you will think of a decent project topic that will leave a permanent imprint for a long time into the future.

To choose a good research topic and make the procedure less frustrating, we recommend the accompanying method for the determination of the research project works:
1. Decide on a useful area or areas of essential interest, for example, accounting, banking, and finance, business administration, computer science, economics, education, marketing, mass communication et cetera.
2. Next, pick a sub-region from the practical territory. For example, a student who has an interest in human resources may pick a research topic on the hospital working environment or organizational behavior
3. Look for the possible research topic in that sub-region.
4. Familiarize yourself with the subject matter relating to the proposed project topic idea.
5. Evaluate any provisional topic you pick precisely and fundamentally. A student ought to have not less than three speculative topics. He ought to pick the topic which is most alluring to him or her among alternate topics having analyzed the upsides and downsides of every one of the case study.
6. Finally, present the chosen topics to the supervisor for facilitating discourse, clarifications, and elaborations if it requires.

CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING A RESEARCH PROJECT TOPIC

It is plainly making no sense to embark on a case study you know almost nothing or nothing about. Though, it can obviously be contended that the student can acquaint himself with the project topic idea over the span of the investigation or study. But there are somewhere around two issues with this: firstly, he/she might not be able to defend it before the supervisor. Secondly, he/she may discover later that the research topic is more troublesome than foreseen or that the required research project materials are not accessible. He could even lose interest in the research work because of any of these unexpected challenges. The accompanying criteria should along these lines be borne in the mind of the students:

1. INTEREST IN THE RESEARCH TOPIC

Numerous students have amidst their research, surrendered or abandon their research project topic for another one since they didn't have enough managing interest for it, in the first instance. For a few, they may have chosen it since it was proposed by the supervisor or some different people they couldn't state too. They may have felt that dismissing the project topic at that point would have added up to being ungrateful on their part which could be viewed as an affront to the supervisor. Whichever way, it is perilous to take a research title you are not so much inspired by in light of the fact that when it gets extreme, your interest in the research title is the thing that will support you more than some other things.

2. RESEARCHABLE RESEARCH TOPIC

What makes a research topic researchable is the point at which you can research solid information to answer the research questions. A project work that is researchable can be known to utilize available and scientific tools and techniques. Likewise, a research work might be un-researchable not on the grounds that the pertinent information doesn't exist, but rather in light of the fact that the student doesn't approach them.

3. ATTAINABILITY OF THE FINAL YEAR PROJECT

The possibility of the final year project alludes to what it will take the student to finish the research topic as far as the expense of the final year project, the monetary use, and the time allotment for the final year research. Thusly, it is vital that the student from the beginning, gauge that he has everything necessary to finish the research project regarding the fund and research materials, and furthermore that he will have the capacity to finish the final year research inside the time period allotted for it. In the event that the response to this is negative, at that point he should forsake the project topic before setting out on it.

WHAT IS RESEARCH AND HOW TO RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

I would love to begin by saying that a greater number of students are conducting research just for the sole purpose of acquiring their degrees in their field of studies. They involve solely for the acquisition of the degree such that they neglect or do not know the real meaning or what research is really about. In fact, there are two approaches or objectives for conducting research. The first one is the traditional way of conducting research which is conducting research for only filling the knowledge gap. This kind of people in doing the research consult only books, journals, conference papers and they try to find where the research gap is even if the research is trivial and not important the researcher will insist to conduct the research in the area. Unfortunately, most traditional researchers do this form of research, they just try to find only a gap in research especially in management and management information system, people try to find just a gap, for the reason of filling the gap and publish a paper and they say we have a research, we have available research, but I don’t think so, just to fill knowledge gap is not a big deal, hence it is not research.
On the other hand, other people feel that research is just to solve a problem. This kind of people, we can call them consultants. They look at the problem from different perspectives, they contact the company and understand the problem of the company and try to solve the problem of the company. Unfortunately, this kind of people don’t look at books as the others do, they try to write one or two books, four or five journals and that is it and they try to solve the problem from their own experience, however, they don’t look deep into literature review as the first group does. The problem here is that this person may end up repeating what others have done because they don’t know what others have done in that area and they have a major problem.
Therefore, as can be seen, the two groups are not purely right. The first group misses the problem-solving nature of every research, while the second group may end up repeating what others have done since they don’t engage in the thorough literature review. They end up not filling the knowledge gap. What then is real research?
The real research is being somewhere in between the two groups: “filling knowledge gap and solve a problem”. You can be anywhere in between but in most cases, you have a condition. The first condition is that you have to solve a problem but before solving a problem you must do REsearch. What is research? You have to search for books and papers to check if someone has solved a similar problem before, even if someone has done the research, you can criticize the person to find a knowledge gap.
Therefore, research involves solving a problem and filling a knowledge gap at the same time.
According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. Research involves inductive and deductive methods.” Careful consideration of the study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the observed phenomenon. Research involves inductive and deductive methods (Babbie, 1998). Inductive methods analyze the observed phenomenon and identify the general principles, structures, or processes underlying the phenomenon observed; deductive methods verify the hypothesized principles through observations. The purposes are different: one is to develop explanations, and the other is to test the validity of the explanations.
One thing that we have to pay attention to research is that the heart of the research is not on statistics, but the thinking behind the research. How we really want to find out, how we build arguments about ideas and concepts, and what evidence that we can support to persuade people to accept our arguments.
Inductive research methods are used to analyze an observed event. Deductive methods are used to verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative research.
Research is conducted with a purpose to understand:
• What do organizations or businesses really want to find out?
• What are the processes that need to be followed to chase the idea?
• What are the arguments that need to be built around a concept?
• What is the evidence that will be required for people to believe in the idea or concept?

Gall, Borg, and Gall (1996) proposed four types of knowledge that research contributed to education as follows:
1. Description: Results of research can describe the natural or social phenomena, such as its form, structure, activity, change over time, relationship to other phenomena. The descriptive function of research relies on instrumentation for measurement and observations. The descriptive research results in our understanding of what happened. It sometimes produces statistical information about aspects of education.
2. Prediction: Prediction research is intended to predict a phenomenon that will occur at time Y from information at an earlier time X. In educational research, researchers have been engaged in:
o Acquiring knowledge about factors that predict students' success in school and in the world of work
o Identifying students who are likely to be unsuccessful so that prevention programs can be instituted.
3. Improvement: This type of research is mainly concerned with the effectiveness of the intervention. The research approach includes experimental design and evaluation research.
4. Explanation: This type of research subsumes the other three: if the researchers are able to explain an educational phenomenon, it means that they can describe, can predict its consequences, and know-how to intervene to change those consequences.

Characteristics of research

1. A systematic approach must be followed for accurate data. Rules and procedures are an integral part of the process that sets the objective. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.
2. Research is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.
3. The data or knowledge that is derived is in real-time from actual observations in natural settings.
4. There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.
5. Research creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more opportunities for research.
6. Research is analytical in nature. It makes use of all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.
7. Accuracy is one of the most important aspects of research. The information that is obtained should be accurate and true to its nature. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the final result of the experiment.

What are the types of research?

Following are the types of research methods:
Basic research: A basic research definition is data collected to enhance knowledge. The main motivation is knowledge expansion. It is non-commercial research that doesn’t facilitate in creating or inventing anything. For example, an experiment to determine a simple fact.
Applied research: Applied research focuses on analyzing and solving real-life problems. This type refers to the study that helps solve practical problems using scientific methods. Studies play an important role in solving issues that impact the overall well-being of humans. For example: finding a specific cure for a disease.
Problem-oriented research: As the name suggests, problem-oriented research is conducted to understand the exact nature of a problem to find out relevant solutions. The term “problem” refers to multiple choices or issues when analyzing a situation.
For example, the revenue of a car company has decreased by 12% in the last year. The following could be the probable causes: there is no optimum production, poor quality of a product, no advertising, or economic conditions.
Problem-solving research: This type of research is conducted by companies to understand and resolve their own problems. The problem-solving method uses applied research to find solutions to existing problems.
Qualitative research: Qualitative research is a process that is about the inquiry. It helps create an in-depth understanding of problems or issues in their natural settings. This is a non-statistical method.
Qualitative research is heavily dependent on the experience of the researchers and the questions used to probe the sample. The sample size is usually restricted to 6-10 people. Open-ended questions are asked in a manner that encourages answers that lead to another question or group of questions. The purpose of asking open-ended questions is to gather as much information as possible from the sample.
The following are the methods used for qualitative research:
1. One-to-one interview
2. Focus groups
3. Ethnographic research
4. Content/Text Analysis
5. Case study research
Learn more: Qualitative Research Methods
Quantitative research: Qualitative research is a structured way of collecting data and analyzing it to draw conclusions. Unlike qualitative methods, this method uses a computational and statistical process to collect and analyze data. Quantitative data is all about numbers.
Quantitative research involves a larger population — more people means more data. With more data to analyze, you can obtain more accurate results. This method uses closed-ended questions because the researchers are typically looking to gather statistical data.
Online surveys, questionnaires, and polls are preferable data collection tools used in quantitative research. There are various methods of deploying surveys or questionnaires.
Online surveys allow survey creators to reach large amounts of people or smaller focus groups for different types of research that meet different goals. Survey respondents can receive surveys on mobile phones, in emails, or can simply use the internet to access surveys.
Learn more: What is Quantitative Research?

What Is the Purpose of Research?

There are three purposes of research:
1. Exploratory: As the name suggests, exploratory research is conducted to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a final conclusion to the perceived problem. It is conducted to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive research and data collection.
2. Descriptive: Descriptive research focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive studies are used to describe the behavior of a sample population. In a descriptive study, only one variable is required to conduct the study. The three main purposes of descriptive research are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a huge sum of money from the company profit.
3. Explanatory: Explanatory research or causal research is conducted to understand the impact of certain changes in existing standard procedures. Conducting experiments is the most popular form of casual research. For example, a study conducted to understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.
To understand the characteristic of research design using research purpose here is a comparative analysis:
Exploratory Research Descriptive Research Explanatory Research
Research approach used Unstructured Structured Highly structured
Research conducted through Asking research questions Asking research questions By using research hypotheses.
When is it conducted? Early stages of decision making Later stages of decision making Later stages of decision making
Learn More: Primary Research – Examples, Methods and Purpose
The research method is defined as the tools or instruments used to accomplish the goals and attributes of a study. Think of the methodology as a systematic process in which the tools or instruments will be employed. There is no use of a tool if it is not being used efficiently.
Research begins by asking the right questions and choosing an appropriate method to investigate the problem. After collecting answers to your questions, you can analyze the findings or observations to draw appropriate conclusions.
When it comes to customers and market studies, the more thorough your questions, the better. By thoroughly collecting data from customers through surveys and questionnaires, you get important insights into brand perception and product needs. You can use this data to make smart decisions about your marketing strategies to position your business effectively.

Types of research methods and research example

Research methods are broadly classified as Qualitative and Quantitative.
Both methods have distinctive properties and data collection methods.

Qualitative Methods

Qualitative research is a method that collects data using conversational methods. Participants are asked open-ended questions. The responses collected are essentially non-numerical. This method not only helps a researcher understand what participants think but also why they think in a particular way.
Types of qualitative methods include:
• One-to-one Interview: This interview is conducted with one participant at a given point in time. One-to-one interviews need a researcher to prepare questions in advance. The researcher asks only the most important questions to the participant. This type of interview lasts anywhere between 20 minutes to half an hour. During this time the researcher collects as many meaningful answers as possible from the participants to draw inferences.
• Focus Groups: Focus groups are small groups comprising of around 6-10 participants who are usually experts in the subject matter. A moderator is assigned to a focus group who facilitates the discussion amongst the group members. A moderator’s experience in conducting the focus group plays an important role. An experienced moderator can probe the participants by asking the correct questions that will help them collect a sizable amount of information related to the research.
• Ethnographic Research: Ethnographic research is an in-depth form of research where people are observed in their natural environment without This method is demanding due to the necessity of a researcher entering the natural environment of other people. Geographic locations can be a constraint as well. Instead of conducting interviews, a researcher experiences the normal setting and daily life of a group of people.
• Text Analysis: Text analysis is a little different from other qualitative methods as it is used to analyze social constructs by decoding words through any available form of documentation. The researcher studies and understands the context in which the documents are written and then tries to draw meaningful inferences from it. Researchers today follow activities on a social media platform to try and understand patterns of thoughts.
• Case Study: Case study research is used to study an organization or an entity. This method is one of the most valuable options for modern This type of research is used in fields like the education sector, philosophical studies, and psychological studies. This method involves a deep dive into ongoing research and collecting data.

Quantitative Research Methods

Quantitative methods deal with numbers and measurable forms. It uses a systematic way of investigating events or data. It is used to answer questions in terms of justifying relationships with measurable variables to either explain, predict, or control a phenomenon.
There are three methods that are often used by researchers:
• Survey Research — The ultimate goal of survey research is to learn about a large population by deploying a survey. Today, online surveys are popular as they are convenient and can be sent in an email or made available on the internet. In this method, a researcher designs a survey with the most relevant survey questions and distributes the survey. Once the researcher receives responses, they summarize them to tabulate meaningful findings and data.
• Descriptive Research — Descriptive research is a method that identifies the characteristics of an observed phenomenon and collects more information. This method is designed to depict the participants in a very systematic and accurate manner. In simple words, descriptive research is all about describing the phenomenon, observing it, and drawing conclusions from it.
• Correlational Research— Correlational research examines the relationship between two or more variables. Consider a researcher is studying a correlation between cancer and married Married women have a negative correlation with cancer. In this example, there are two variables: cancer and married women. When we say negative correlation, it means women who are married are less likely to develop cancer. However, it doesn’t mean that marriage directly avoids cancer.

Identifying Research Methodology

To choose the appropriate types of research, you need to clearly identify the objectives. Some objectives to take into consideration for your business include:
• Find out the needs of your clients.
• Know their preferences and understand what is important to them.
• Find an appropriate way to make your customers aware of your products and services.
• Find ways to improve your products or services to suit the needs of your customers.
After identifying what you need to know, you should ask what research methods will offer you that information.
Organize your questions within the framework of the 7 Ps of marketing that influences your company – product, price, promotion, place, people, processes, and physical tests.
A well-organized customer research process produces valid, accurate, reliable, timely, and complete results. Results that rigorously reflect the opinions and needs of your clients will help you grow your sales and improve your operations. To obtain the results, you need to establish and follow the processes that you have detailed out for your organization:

Set your goals

Consider the client’s objectives and define those that identify with yours. Make sure that you set smart goals and objectives. Do not presume the results of your surveys.

Plan your research

Good planning allows the use of creative and logical approaches to select the methods that gather the most accurate information. Your plan will be influenced by the type and complexity of the information you need, the skills of your market research team, and how soon you need the information. Your budget also plays a large role in your ability to collect data.

To complete this article, please click the link below -
https://researchwap.com/post/what-is-research-and-how-to-research

PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS FOR FINAL YEAR STUDENTS
Free Project Topics and Materials for Students. Trustworthy, Timely Delivery and 24/7 Customer Support. Call +2348037664978

https://researchwap.com

CHOOSING GOOD PROJECT TOPICS AND DEVELOPING TIPS

The educational curriculum states that the end goal is to be granted a degree after graduation. Before this, there is a need for students to carry out research in their field of studies. Consequently, this is done at the final year level in all university institutions. A considerable number of final year students have challenges with regards to choosing their project topics. This is because they lack knowledge on the rudiments of picking a decent research project topic with the end goal, such that most students score terrible marks at the end of it or even have to change the project topic halfway through. This article is therefore targeted at helping final year students to know the basics in regards to choosing and developing their final year project topics.
Research work is an essay that presents the results of a writer’s (students) investigation of a particular topic in print, electronic, or multimedia format. The skills involved—finding, evaluating, and assimilating the ideas of other writers—are essential in any field of study. They will also be useful to you in your career. Most of the writing you do on the job, especially if you are in management, it requires you to express in your own words the facts, opinions, and ideas of others.
Writing a research project work follows the same process as other kinds of writing, from planning through drafting to revising. The difference is that instead of relying exclusively on what you already know about a topic, you include source material—facts, data, knowledge, or opinions of other writers—to support your thesis. This section explains the different kinds of source material you can choose from and tells you the strengths and weaknesses of each. See How to Summarize, Paraphrase, and Quote from Sources on this article for information on how to integrate into your paper the information you have found.
A research project work is not simply a collection of what other people have said about a subject. It is your responsibility to shape and control the discussion, to make sure that what you include from your sources is interesting and relevant to your thesis, and to comment on its validity or significance. It is your project, your thesis, your key ideas. Ideas from other writers should be included as support for your topic sentences.
One of the challenges of writing a research project work is differentiating between your ideas and those you took from sources. Readers cannot hear the different “speakers,” so you have to indicate who said what. To separate your sources from your own ideas, research papers require documentation—a system of acknowledging source materials. Research works are usually longer than essays, and the planning process is more complex. For these reasons, the time you are given to complete a research assignment is usually longer than the time allowed for an essay. Don’t fool yourself into thinking you can put the assignment off for a few weeks. You will need all the time you’ve been given to find the sources you need, decide what you want to say, and then draft, revise, and polish your paper. Supervisors assign research papers so that they can assess not only your research skills but also your writing skills.


STEPS IN CHOOSING PROJECT TOPICS

To choose a good research topic and make the procedure less frustrating, we recommend the accompanying method for the determination of the research project works:
1. Decide on a useful zone or zones of essential interest, for example, accounting, banking and finance, business administration, computer science, economics, education, marketing, mass communication et cetera.
2. Next, pick a sub-region from the practical territory. For example, a student who has an interest in human resources may pick a research topic on the hospital working environment or organizational behavior
3. Look for the possible research topic in that sub-region.
4. Familiarize yourself with the subject matter relating to the proposed project topic idea.
5. Evaluate any provisional topic you pick precisely and fundamentally. A student ought to have not less than three speculative topics in. He ought to pick the topic which is most alluring to him or her among alternate topics having analyzed the upsides and downsides of every one of the case study.
6. Finally, present the chosen topics to the supervisor for facilitating discourse, clarifications, and elaborations if it requires.

CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING PROJECT TOPICS

It is plainly making no sense to embark on a case study you know almost nothing or nothing about. Though, it can obviously be contended that the student can acquaint himself with the project topic idea over the span of the investigation or study. But there are somewhere around two issues with this: firstly, he/she might not be able to defend it before the supervisor. Secondly, he/she may discover later that the research topic is more troublesome than foreseen or that the required research project materials are not accessible. He could even lose interest in the research work because of any of these unexpected challenges. The accompanying criteria should along these lines be borne in the mind of the students:

INTEREST IN THE PROJECT TOPIC

Numerous students have amidst their research, surrendered or abandon their research project topic for another one since they didn't have enough managing interest for it, in the first instance. For a few, they may have chosen it since it was proposed by the supervisor or some different people they couldn't state too. They may have felt that dismissing the project topic at that point would have added up to being ungrateful on their part which could be viewed as an affront to the supervisor. Whichever way, it is perilous to take a project topic you are not so much inspired by in light of the fact that when it gets extreme, your interest for the project topic is the thing that will support you more than some other things. One of the most important parts of doing a research work is choosing a topic. By choosing wisely, you can ensure that your research will go smoothly and that you will enjoy doing it when choosing a topic that you care about. A topic is a broad area of interest, such as AfricanAmerican history or animal behavior. One way to approach the search for a research topic is first to choose a general area of interest and then to focus on some part of it. Make sure that you have a real reason for wanting to explore the topic. Often the best project topics for research works are ones that are related to your own life or to the lives of people you know. If you are already keeping a “writing ideas” list in your journal or in your writing portfolio, you can refer to that list for possible topics. If you are not regularly listing your writing ideas, you might consider starting to do so now.

RESEARCHABLE PROJECT TOPIC

What makes a project topic researchable is the point at which you can research solid information to answer the research questions. A project topic that is researchable can be known to utilize available and scientific tools and techniques. Likewise, a research work might be un-researchable not on the grounds that the pertinent information doesn't exist, but rather in light of the fact that the student doesn't approach them. Your first step in writing a research work is the same as your first step in any writing task: select a suitable topic, preferably one you are convesant with. Whether you are assigned a topic or choose your own, don’t rush off to the library or log onto the Internet right away. A little preparation up front will save you a lot of time and possibly much grief later on.
First of all, if you’re not sure of what your supervisor expects from you, clarify what is required of you.
Next, consider what approach you might take in presenting your topic. Does it lend itself to a comparison? Process? Cause or effect? If the topic is assigned, often the wording of the research will suggest how your supervisor wants you to develop it. Deciding up front what kind of paper you are going to write will save you hours of work, both in the library and at your desk.
When you’ve decided, at least tentatively, on the approach you’re going to take, you are ready to focus on the kind of information you need to look for in your research. For example, if you’ve been asked to evaluate a contemporary Canadian novel, you won’t waste time discussing the history of the novel or its development since 1950. You can restrict your investigation to sources that contain information relevant to your specific subject.
Once you have an idea of the kind of information you need in order to develop your topic, it’s time to find the best sources you can.

FEASIBILITY OF STUDY

The possibility of the final year project alludes to what it will take the student to finish the research topic as far as the expense of the final year project, the monetary use, and the time allotment for the final year research. Thusly, it is vital that the student from the beginning, gauge that he has everything necessary to finish the research project regarding fund and research materials, and furthermore that he will have the capacity to finish the final year research inside the time period allotted for it. In the event that the response to this is negative, at that point he should forsake the project topic before setting out on it.

AVOID PLAGIARISM

Plagiarism is presenting someone else’s ideas as your own. It’s a form of stealing (the word comes from the Latin word plagiarius, which means “kidnapper”). There have been famous cases of respected journalists and academics who have been accused of plagiarizing the articles or books they have written. Suspected plagiarists who are found guilty often lose their jobs. Sometimes the accusation alone is enough to compromise an author’s reputation and thus prevent him or her from continuing to work as a scholar or writer.
Students who copy essays or parts of essays from source material, download them from the Internet, or pay someone else to write them are cheating. And, in so doing, they commit a serious academic offence. Sometimes, however, academic plagiarism is accidental. It can result from careless note-taking or an incomplete understanding of the conventions of documentation. It is not necessary to identify the sources of common knowledge (e.g., Margaret Atwood is one of Canada’s best-known authors; British Columbia is Canada’s westernmost province) or proverbial sayings (e.g., Love is blind), but when you are not sure whether to cite a source, it’s wise to err on the side of caution and provide documentation. Statistics should always be cited because the meaning of numbers tends to change, depending on who is using them and for what purpose.
If, after you have finished your first draft, you are not sure which ideas need documenting and which don’t, take your research notes and your outline to your supervisor and ask. It’s better to ask before submitting a paper than to try to explain a problem afterward. Asking saves you potential embarrassment as well as time.

TIPS ON WRITING A RESEARCH WORK

1. Even though your supervisor may be your only reader, think of your potential audience as the other students who are taking the course with you, those who took it in recent years, and those who will take it in the near future. This way, you can count on a certain amount of shared knowledge. For a course in economics, for example, you can assume your audience knows what the Phillips curve relationship is; a definition would be superfluous. For a course in literature, you won’t need to inform your readers that Jonathan Swift was an 18th-century satirist. Think of your readers as colleagues who want to see what conclusions you have reached and what evidence you have used to support them.
2. Manage your time carefully. Divide the work into a number of tasks, develop a schedule that leaves lots of time for revision, and stick to your schedule.
3. Choose a topic that interests you. Define it as precisely as you can before beginning your research, but be prepared to modify, adapt, and revise it as you research and write your paper.
4. If you cannot find appropriate sources, ask a reference librarian for help.
5. When making notes, always record the author, title, publication data, and page numbers of the source. For electronic sources, note also the URL, the name of the database or site, the name of the institution or organization sponsoring the site, either the date of publication or the date the source was last revised, and the date you accessed the site.
6. Use your source material to support your own ideas, not the other way around.
7. Document your sources according to whatever style your supervisor prefers.
8. Revise, edit, and proofread carefully. If you omit this step, the hours and weeks you have spent on your assignment will be wasted, not rewarded.

THE MOST EFFECTIVE METHOD TO WRITE A GOOD BUSINESS PROPOSAL

A proposal (business) is a written idea from a dealer to a - would - be purchaser, normally a key advance in the whole unpredictable deals process that places the purchasers necessities in a setting that favors the venders items and benefits and teaches the purchasers about the ability of the merchants to address their issues. A proposal can be officially requested, casually requested or spontaneous. Proposals are requested when they are written dependent on distributed commercial. The advert could be demand for proposal, demand for citation, greeting for offer or solicitation for data. Additionally, proposal is casually requested when it is an aftereffect of a discussion between a purchaser and a dealer and it can likewise be alluded to as a sole-source proposal. While proposal is spontaneous when it is conventional, insignificant market handout and there is no association between merchants needs and sellers prerequisites.

Loads of proposal are dismissed reason they don't keep the organization's necessary standard, consequently, this article give a sort of a check list on the prerequisites to compose a decent officially requested proposal that can contend all inclusive.

i. Clearly name your bundle requesting number: most occurrences proposals experience superfluous divisions and immaterial units in the firm since they don't have appropriate sales number. Firms get a lot of mail on day by day bases, so if your bundle doesn't have any sales number, your proposal may not get the required consideration. So to make it exceptionally direct and simpler for the firm and to guarantee your proposal goes to the correct organizer, naming your sales number is a perquisite.

ii. Make sure you incorporate your contact data: the firm may have an inquiry to get in touch with you and if there is no contact telephone number on it, the firm may not reach you.

iii. Make sure your bundle/sectionsis composed dependent on the standard set by the purchaser on the proposal demand. In most proposal demand, there is an area called proposal entries. It is in reality acceptable to follow carefully the proposal accommodation rules. This is fundamental in light of the fact that the assessment boards of trustees for the most part follow the rule in their assessment and they may miss some pertinent area if the rule isn't carefully followed while documenting the proposal.

iv. Make sure that your proposal is flawlessly composed: most occasions individuals go through days, many months to set up a proposal yet they mess it up when they present a disorderly proposal. Not sorting out your proposal imparts an off-base sign and may damage your odds of being chosen.

v. Make sure you present your proposal at the correct area

vi. Make sure you check the proposal accommodation necessity: it is useful to investigate the proposal accommodation prerequisite to ensure all the necessary reports are remembered for the accommodation

vii. Give yourself an opportunity to truly ensure that your proposal is finished, compact and it incorporates the portrayal for every accommodation thing.

viii. Make sure you accentuation the assessment criteria. On the off chance that the call has strategy for grant, ensure you study it and accentuation the focuses with the most noteworthy scores.

ix. Get explanation if need be from the specialized contacts in the call early

x. Make sure you present your proposal auspicious. Attempt however much as could reasonably be expected to bit the cutoff time.

All in all, these ten agendas are useful in a triumphant a proposal in any association.

https://researchwap.com/post/the-most-effective-method-to-write-a-good-business-proposal