₦airaland Forum

ContractKiller:
American policemen don't stand by the roadside threatening people with guns if they don't give them bribes. Only an idiot who has never lived in the US and who has no idea how the police system over there works will be thinking this sort of nonsense.

No, they only accost you and shoot you for no damn reason.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPQimBNWytY

Blue3k:
[s][/s]

Lol you must be trolling. The data was sourced in cooperation with Nigeria Bureau of Statistics. South Africa is the unofficial rape capital. Check their stats.

LIAR. If it was done with NBS why are their figures so wildly different from NBS figures?
Rubbish.

Abeg clear out of here with your fake World Bank BULLSHIT.

They will sit in their skyscraper in New York and tell us how many people are killed in Nigeria a year? Are they God? How do they know? They just wake up and estimate any rubbish that comes to their racist heads, and WE are supposed to accept unquestioningly? In your dreams.


Is it not the same world bank that says 80% of Nigerians live on ''less than a dollar a day'' or whatever garbage comes out of their rottens elves?

A farmer who eats correct pounded yam and egusi with meat that costs 20 dollars minimum in America, is said to live on ''less than a dollar a day'' because he does not declare his transactions and earnings in naira and dollars.

Rubbish.

Subzero047:
[s][/s]

You sound like an idiot

You sound like a tramp.

Hyperchi:
Leave that mumu wa post this topic. He loves backwardness, why not compare success u are comparing darkness. Ur type da like act witch for film.

No, YOU love backwardness. It is LIARS like you who drive away tourists and investors from Nigeria, increasing poverty and unemployment.

Why would anyone wish to visit Nigeria if all they hear from Nigerians like you is how supposedly ''dangerous'' and ''insecure'' the whole country is?

Americans highlight their best in every situation. Ever wondered why CNN doesn't report all those killings in the USA?

It is so that tourists and investors would flood their country and improve US lives, despite their internal problems as a country.

Nigerians rubbish their country day in day out, making the world flee. And you call THAT ''forward looking''?

I call that LOW IQ.

REALHEAVEN:
You need not rant or throw tantrums in your quest to make a point.

Be guided.

Are you people ''guided'' when you go around tarnishing the image of Nigeria daily with your lies and smears and name-calling, from ''zoo'' to ''shiithole''?

But when we expose you, we should be ''guided''.

Rubbish.

tsdarkside:
we were conditioned to believe black is bad....

and nigeria is the worst....

Don't mind them. Useless, conditioned people.

Even now that we've shown them the actual figures, some of them are still finding a way to defend their untenable, self-hating position.

REALHEAVEN:
At the italicised, are you for real?

I can't imagine a sensible person made such a claim....Jeeeez!!!! Are you waiting for your neighbour to be killed before you believe.

My friend will you keep shut!

What I said is 1000% FACT.

Majority of us do not know personally anyone that died as a result of a criminal activity. Most of us hear about it in the NEWS.

Fact.

How many of you personally know someone that died from Fulani herdsmen or Boko Haram attack?

I bet you less than 0.1% of you on this Nairaland.

QUOTE ME ON THAT ANYDAY, ANYTIME.

Yet the way you people post all this rubbish online, one would think herdsmen were outside your door banging it down to get at you this very minute..

DAMN FOOLS.

ContractKiller:
Firstly, the United States is a much bigger country than Nigeria with a population of 325 million compared to Nigeria's 200 million. So it is only expected that more crimes will be committed there.

Secondly, about 95% of crimes in Nigeria are not reported and when they are, they don't always end up in court. I worked with a Child's Right NGO in Lagos for about 3 years and while I was there, I can tell you that at least 8 out of every 10 perpetrators of child rape whom we reported to the police, ended up walking out of prison within just one week of being arrested because their families had "settled" the family of the victims and also settled the police. In fact the police will even get a bigger settlement than the victims family.

Thirdly, the Nigerian police is hands down possibly the worst and most incompetent law enforcement body in the world. Its men and women are poorly trained, poorly equipped and poorly motivated. The Nigerian police itself actually runs like a criminal organisation itself. They run several extortion rackets all over the country where they force motorists to part with money at gunpoint. That means when you're counting criminals in this country, you have to include the Nigerian police if you're being honest.

There's just no comparison between the United States and Nigeria. One is a well organized country, while the other is a joke pretending to be a country.

YOU ARE A LIAR, AND A REPRESENTATIVE OF SATAN.

IT IS YOUR EVIL TYPE THAT CONCOCT LIES ABOUT NIGERIA TO THE WORLD.

I REPEAT. IF 90,000 Nigerians are dying per year through CRIME, it CANNOT be covered up.

Don't those people have families?

Do you think 90,000 is a small number?

This is not about rap.e or whatever irrelevant shiit you mentioned. We are talking of actual deaths through crime.

YOU CANNOT LIE YOUR WAY OUT OF THIS.

NIGERIA IS FAR SAFER THAN THE USA. FACT.

SOFTENGR:
Are you now saying we should increase the killing to equal that record? Are you ok at all?
In this 21st Century, we should be talking about advancements in Agric, tech, etc and not killings.
Are you hungry for blood?
Are you not tired of senseless killings?
Are you ok?

Where did you get all this garbage from?

Use your damn head and follow the thrust of this thread, which is that Nigerians like YOU should stop LYING about this country, and should stop exaggerating its crime rate to the rest of the world.

blackboy:
No, no no...a country where killings go on every where and walk freely after the killings.

You killl an infidel and you are almost guaranteed of walking free.

You join cult and killl and you walk free unless the other cult group gets you.

Ritual killings etc

In the USA, DNA test, finger prints , cctv all help make arrests.

UTTER BULLSHIIIT

I just posted stats showing 90,000 Americans die through crime per year.

If you REALLY think that that horrendous crime death toll occurs in NIGERIA per annum by cultists or whatever rubbish you said, you are truly sick in the head!!!

Fcking LIARS.

Just shut up and admit that your country, Nigeria, is nowhere near as 'dangerous' as you claimed it was, instead of telling more lies to justify your error.

REALHEAVEN:
Though one mentally unstable idiot can just open fire killing dozens in the States, comparing it to Nigeria is the greatest joke.

In Nigeria Boko Haram, Fulani Herdsmen and even SARS are on a collabo on how to drastically reduce the population.

Nigeria isn't even safe for wild beasts...you can just get killed for nothing and nothing will happen.

You are a LIAR from the pits of hell.

I've just posted statistics that show you up to be a LIAR.

Why aren't you dead since Nigeria is so damn ''dangerous''?

Most of us do not personally know anyone who's been murdered by a fellow Nigerian, or killed by herdsmen or BH.

It's just something we read in the papers or see on TV news.

But go to America. EVERYONE there personally knows someone that's been shot. EVERYONE.

SOFTENGR:
Most killings here are either under reported or not reported. Boko, Fulani herdsmen, bandits, kidnappers, cultists, ritualists/yahoo boys, rapists, and most disappointing, police.

Absolute horse shit. If 90,000 people are being killed per year in Nigeria by crime, we would know.

The average Nigerian has never seen a gun in his life and will never see one, because Nigeria enforces her gun laws, restricting public access.

In the USA the reverse is the case. You can walk into a shop there and buy an automatic assault weapon (machine gun) with minimal checks, and in some states, no checks at all.

In America a casual argument with a guy on the street can easily end in bloody mayhem.

In fact, I recall an incident in Washington DC where a guy just walked up to a man sitting inside his car and blasted him to kingdom come.

When he was asked by the police why he shot the man, he said ''I didn't like the music he was playing in the car.''.

That's America for you.

NaijaDonCast:
Me too i can wake up brush my teeth chop better chaw and tell you Syria is safer than Nigeria

Please, cross the Sahara desert and go to Syria abeg... I'm pleading with you.

And when you pass through Libya, remember to offer yourself up for slavery like your fellow dumbass compatriots, ok? Pleasssee!

Honestly you won't be missed. We are even too many in Naija sef.

Worthless waste of space.

Approximately 17,000 Americans are shot dead annually in the USA by fellow Americans.

This is direct from the FBI:

''In 2018, the estimated number of murders in the nation was 16,214. This was a 6.2 percent decrease from the 2017 estimate, a 14.5 percent increase from the 2014 figure, and a 5.3 percent increase from the number in 2009.''

https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2018/crime-in-the-u.s.-2018/topic-pages/murder


When we say that you Nigerian youths are the dumbest, most uninformed, ignorant, self-loathing group of people on earth, you wonder why.

Nigeria is far safer than the USA, but the way you imbeci.les go online rubbishing Nigeria daily, and making out that she is the most dangerous and worst place on earth, talking every day about ''insecurity'' because you stupidly think everywhere outside Nigeria is paradise on earth. Is that not how you guys end up in slavery in Libya?

Today the whole world is scared of visiting Nigeria because of you people.

People think they will be killed by Boko Haram or 'Fulani herdsmen' the minute they step foot in Nigeria, courtesy of you SCUMBAGS that go around smearing this country.

Mumu people. Keep hating your country, you hear? Shebi Trump has banned you. Tomorrow may others follow suit. So that finally you will start to focus on investing in your own society, instead of hating it.

Americans suffer 10 times more ''insecurity'' than Nigerians, but how often do you see Americans blaming Trump, or condemning their nation online as a ''shiithole'', or ''zoo'', or ''failed state'', and all these hateful adjectives you imbecil.es use to describe Nigeria?

Idiots drowning in inferiority complex and self hate..

Oh and guess what. You think that US murder rate is high?

Wait till you see the annual death rate from drug ovedose:

''More than 70,200 Americans died from drug overdoses in 2017, including illicit drugs and prescription opioids—a 2-fold increase in a decade''

https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates

Those deaths could be ended tomorrow if the US govt was not run by corrupt people benefitting hugely from the drug trade. Those drugs pass through US borders! Bribery and corruption by US officials and senior politicians allows this to fester unchecked.

Is any of this comparable to the few hundred people killed by herdsmen and BH per year? Nope.

But foreigners believe Nigeria is 100 times more dangerous than the USA because of what NIGERIANS post about their own country online daily.

USELESS SET OF PEOPLE. YOU'RE YOUR OWN WORST ENEMIES.

InyinyaAgbaOku:
Yes I will attack Oyo if that happens. Nigeria even after colonially forces together didn't give the same effect as ethnic affiliation have to us which means the latter is deeper than you postulate. Buhari will remain more loyal to Fulani elsewhere than the rest of Nigerians. Me too.

Oga, throw this crap into the dustbin. Secession is a must

This thread is not about whether secession is ''a must'' or nor ''a must''.

Please take that elsewhere. If you have no points to counter the winning arguments I've made here, admit defeat and move on instead of reacting like a spoilt brat.

orisa37:
This man is preaching RIFA.

What's that?

princeEfi:
Having gone through a lot of post about SARs and their unprofessional way I saw this image post from this website and it got me thinking.. How did we get to this level as a country?

Is Nigeria now a joke to the world?

Pls let's share this viral picture till it gets to the appropriate authorities to reform this so call Nigerian police force or SARs


https://www.rapidgist.com/what-do-you-call-this-set-of-people/

What is wrong with the opicture?

If you saw American police in that attire you would sing their praises and ask why Nigerian police are not like that.

Self hater drowning in inferiority complex.

Cars and buses kill thousands of Nigerians every year.

500 times more than herdsmen.

Why don't we ban cars and buses?

Mumus.

Okowa, instead of STUPIDLY talking about banning beef, should work on setting up his own 'Amotekun', instead of making life harder for ordinary people. I'm sure during his beef ban he would be eating imported beef from America or Brazil in his state house, which the common man cannot afford.

Renforce:
To hell with beef. Pork is there

Pork is WHERE?

Thoughtless mumus. ''Pork is there''. Does your father rear pigs? How many pig farmers exist in your town or state? Just talking rubbish without thinking.

We have NOTHING like enough pig supplies to replace beef in Nigeria.

fineboynl:
goat meat is cheaper than beef. a kilo of frozen chicken is also cheaper, fish also cheaper

They will all become VERY EXPENSIVE AND UNAFFORDABLE if beef is banned as demand for them will increase, creating scarcity, which leads to inflation. Banning beef is an intensely stupid idea. I'm shocked that so many nairalanders support it.

You know what that article above is saying?

It is saying that each day you wake up and consider yourself ''an Igbo man'', or ''a Hausa man'', or ''a Yoruba man'', especially in opposition/rivalry to other 'ethnic groups', you are being UnAfrican. You are playing the role assigned to you by the European colonizers. You are being a slave to European colonial machinations and social engineering. You are being, in short, stupid, ignorant, brainwashed, manipulated, bamboozled, and DUMB.

Thank you.

Here is an amazing article by a Kenyan academic which supports my position 100%.
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AFRICAN ARGUMENTS.ORG
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Colonialists didn’t fail to root out Africa’s tribal politics. They created it.

...In the West, rulers used notions of race to subjugate black people. In Africa, they used ethnicity.



By Kamau Muiga

https://africanarguments.org/2019/08/06/colonialism-tribal-ethnic-politics-africa/


Standing in line at a Nairobi polling station to cast my ballot in Kenya’s 2017 presidential election, I struck up a conversation with fellow voters in the queue. The result was a foregone conclusion, said one of the gentlemen proudly. We had the numbers and our candidate was going to win. Everyone else agreed.

No one needed to ask which candidate we would be voting for. That was another foregone conclusion. We were speaking in Kikuyu, and the Kikuyus were voting for President Uhuru Kenyatta.

In the end, Kenyatta was indeed re-elected, winning almost the entire Kikuyu vote. His running mate did the same with the Kalenjin votes, the two men garnering over 95% in counties where their ethnic groups are the overwhelming majority. Their main challenger, Raila Odinga, got over 90% in counties where the Luo dominate.

In countries across Africa, similar patterns emerge in elections. From Kenya, to Sierra Leone, to Malawi, many votes cut heavily across ethnic or regional lines. Ethnic politics in Africa is commonplace.

This fact is often framed as a continent-wide struggle between the ancient and the modern, between Africa’s age-old tribal allegiances and its modern political institutions inherited from Europe. According to this narrative, African societies are yet to be fully reformed by modern life. When faced with elections therefore, voters continue to express old tribal solidarities rather than deciding based on ideology or policy.

This argument presents European colonialism as a civilising mission against the customary order, albeit one which failed to fully de-tribalise its subjects. The 1884 Berlin Conference, far from dividing Africa among European powers, becomes seen as a unifying exercise that brought tribes together into modern political entities. As foreign affairs commentator Jonathan Power wrote in a 2006 article for The New York Times:

“On Africa’s left it has been a common jibe that the Europeans ‘divided’ Africa. In fact they brought Africa together. Indeed – as in Nigeria, where Lord Lugard forced more than 250 ethnic groups involving today’s 130 million people into one political unit – you could argue that the colonialists went overboard in the quest for unity.”

African tribalism is contrasted with the ideal standard of Western modernity. This received narrative is deeply questionable.


Making race

To begin with, Africa is hardly the only place where ethnic or racial groups vote in blocs. In the US, for instance, African Americans have voted overwhelmingly for the Democratic Party for half a century. In the 2016 presidential election, 88% of African Americans voted for the Democratic candidate along with 65% of Hispanics and Asian Americans.

By contrast, however, these kinds of voting patterns in the West are examined differently to those in Africa. They are explained through the lens of modern political forces rather than by recourse to ancient cultural ones. Racial politics in the US, for instance, is usually tied to its modern history of racial discrimination and the ensuing struggle for civil rights.

The story goes as follows: America was a colony built on slave labour yet this fact contradicted its founding ideology that all human beings are “endowed by their creator” with an “inalienable right” to freedom. In the face of this, and with the South still deeply reliant on slavery, scientific racism stepped in claiming that black people are biologically inferior and distinct from white people. An alliance between this scientific authority and political power essentially invented biological race, codified it in law, and enforced it. In 1857, the Supreme Court, in Dred Scott v Sandford, declared that black people are “of an inferior order and altogether unfit to associate with the white race”. It declared that black people have “no rights which the white man was bound to respect”.

This history, which still reverberates today, shows politicised race in America to be a product of a deliberate political project aimed at subjugating and exploiting a social minority. The fatal flaw in the current understanding of politicised ethnicity in Africa today is the failure to recognise the same hand at work, only acting against the social majority.


Making tribe

In Africa, as in the US, the ruling powers faced the challenge of subjugating black people. Here, however, racial strategies were unsuited for the task at hand since a black majority with a united race consciousness would pose a threat to white minority control. European powers therefore turned towards a tribal strategy of creating and enforcing divisions in the majority. They entrenched the “tribe” as the basis of social, economic and political life through a policy known as indirect rule.

Before the colonial era, African ethnicities had been highly fluid and malleable phenomena. They did not exist as corporate entities. Boundaries were really shades of grey. People switched back and forth between groups. And, for the most part, no central authority enforced a shared set of laws through a monopoly of violence.

As historian Terence Ranger writes in The Invention of Tradition:

“Almost all recent studies of nineteenth-century pre-colonial Africa have emphasized that far from there being a single ‘tribal’ identity, most Africans moved in and out of multiple identities, defining themselves at one moment subject to this chief, at another moment as a member of that cult, at another moment as part of this clan, and at yet another moment as an initiate in that professional guild… the boundaries of the ‘tribal’ polity and the hierarchies of authority within them did not define conceptual horizons of Africans.”

Tribe, in other words, was not an exclusive political category before the onset of colonial rule. Ethnolinguistic groups – people who shared a language and ethnicity – did not necessarily constitute a political grouping known as tribe.

As the eminent scholar Mahmood Mamdani puts it in Define and Rule:

“Did tribe exist [in Africa] before colonialism? If we understand by tribe an ethnic group with a common language, it did. But tribe as an administrative entity that distinguishes between natives and non-natives and systematically discriminates in favor of the former against the latter – defining access to land and participation in local governance and rules for settling disputes according to tribal identity – certainly did not exist before colonialism.”

This messy and fluid picture was untenable to European intentions. What followed then was a process of legally defining and enforcing tribes, identities and customary laws. An alliance between scientific authority and political power, as in America, was needed for the task. What the biologist did for the racialisation project in the US, the anthropologist did for the tribalisation project in Africa.

Ethnolinguistic groups were legally defined as tribes, becoming legal and administrative categories for the first time. Disparate communities were collapsed into new creations of Shona, Yoruba, Luhya, Igbo. Even multiethnic states such as Ndebele in southern Africa were defined as a tribe, while some groups, like the Yaaku of East Africa, were simply left out and forced to integrate into adjacent demarcations.

Colonies were divided into administrative units that approximated boundaries between the defined tribes, and a “native authority” was put in charge to enforce customary law by force. Where a chief was identifiable, the British brought them into the colonial administrative structure and gave them absolute autocratic power. Where no chiefs existed, they invented them. The French, by contrast, destroyed all indigenous authorities and planted new administrative cadres but with the same function: to enforce customary law by brute force. Customary law was also a continuously creative definition; the customary was tweaked and nurtured to conform to European objectives of domination.

Far from “going overboard in their quest for unity”, Europe was very deliberate in its cultivation of divisive tribal nationalisms in Africa. Cross-group interaction and freedom of movement across “homelands” was heavily controlled. Any attempt to build cross-ethnic political movements or socioeconomic organisations was met with swift repression.


Ethnic politics post-independence

As colonial history progressed, an elite stratum emerged in each tribal enclave. This group’s basis of power was the tribal group and it helped reproduce political ethnicity. The “nationalist movements” that emerged as independence approached were not cross-tribal and grassroots, but rather coalitions of elites from their respective groups.

Upon independence in many African countries, the victorious ethnic coalition established a centralised state, creating a system of ethnic winners and losers. Colonial rule had been maintained by force, leaving behind no institutions; post-independence, the state’s only links to the collective were therefore also through sticks and carrots. The new rulers offered patronage to ethnic leaders in exchange for mobilising their group behind the ruling coalition.

Many of those left out expressed their grievances in terms of ignored ethnic interests and were suppressed by force. Under multi-party democracy, ethnic groups have had to form coalitions and vote together to install a common leader, a trend sustained and reinforced in each electoral cycle.

Kenya and certain other countries exemplify these trends to a staggering level, but not every nation in Africa met the same fate. In some places, colonisation took a different form, which did not create and emphasise tribal politics.

In mainland Tanzania, for instance, German authorities utilised the literate Swahili community along the coast to administer the colony. This led to a more unified Swahili culture across the territory and, after independence, a truly non-ethnic political movement in TANU found space to flourish. To this day, ethnic politics has never predominated in Tanzania.

Another example is Senegal. There, colonialists may have wished to impose tribal nationalisms, but ran up against the dominance of the marabouts, the religious leaders of the Sufi brotherhoods to which most of the population belong. Faced with this reality, the French authorities appeased the marabouts and drew on their support to consolidate control. This impeded the entrenchment of ethnic politics and, today, voters in Senegal do not vote along ethnic lines either.


Winners and losers

This history shows how both race politics (in the US and Europe) and ethnic politics (in Africa) are the result of politically-enforced orders. They were both the result of brutal attempts to control subjugated populations. In the West, black people were racialised. In Africa, they were tribalised.

The notion that ethnic politics are a result of “ancient” tribal affiliations in Africa that have resisted modernisation is therefore wrong-headed. It also suggests that the usual solutions put forward for fixing ethnic voting – such as increased literacy, urbanisation or voter education – are as misguided as recommending that racial politics in the US can be wiped out by “modernising” the American electorate.

The truth is that both electorates are similarly “modernised”. The problem is that this modernity created and politicised certain identities and built systems of privilege and deprivation based on those divisions. These systems affect the university-educated urban-dweller in Africa as much as it does the rural subsistence farmer. Ethnic tensions in Kenya flare up even in universities and among well-paid professionals.

In the US, race inequality and racism cannot be solved by teaching the electorate that race is a construct. Similarly, Africa cannot tackle ethnic divisions by enlightening individual minds. Rather, to tackle the problems of ethnic politics, countries where this dominates must reimagine the political system in such as a way as to dismantle ethnic privilege and deprivation and build a new system no longer based on winners and losers.

maiunguwar:
roskiki,we dey your matter for shrine,by fire by force you must appear.The ezemuo is ready.The gods must be appeased with your head.

The gods do not support lies and lying to yourself, so your juju could backfire on you. Beware.

I'm surprised you haven't eliminated Buhari and his cabinet with your unearthly powers.

0m0nnakoda:
You are an intellectual lightweight with an inflated sense of yourself.

You are a disgruntled scatterbrain who falsely thinks himself a judge of intellect.

Make up your mind are you talking of Nigeria or Africa
All over the world and throughout history identities have changed and been created under the influence of internal and external forces whether it be the US or Pakistan.

SO the hell what? We are are not talking of ''around the world'', you scatterbrain. We are talking of AFRICA. NIGERIA to be specific.
WE want to know where the rain began to beat us, to use the old Igbo proverb. Don't give us this trash that just because something happened in America or Europe, we should take its occurrence for granted in AFRICA, and simply accept it. Do those people use Africa or Nigeria as a yardstick, reference or paradigm when discussing their own societies? Hell no they don't. So face your own, Mr Scatterbrain follow follow.

Ekiti was not a " lineage" but a kingdom, ditto for Ijebus or Edos. If that evolves into new groupings in Nigeria how is that unAfrican?

It is UnAFRICAN that ''Ekiti'', ''Ijebu'', ''Oyo'', ''Ife'', all transformed into simply ''Yoruba people'' by virtue of deliberate COLONIAL disruption of our sense of identity designed to cause DIVISION, RIVALRY, and HATRED among our constituent regions, with such frictions having caused countless MILLIONS of lives since the inception of this country.

The modern nation state as we know it evolved from tiny groups which coalesced by force and other influences
The role of jihad in the Middle East,the Roman Empire,Christianity etc is well documented

Scatterbrain, this is not a debate on the ''evolution'' of the modern nation-state, or ''Jihad''. You have a desperation to display your ''intellect'' which makes you try to make this debate far more complex than it needs to be. FOCUS on the issue at hand and leave foreign lands and developments alone!!!

Are we to say then when large states started to emerge like France,Germany etc that they were unEuropean?
Even the English were Germanic in origin as are the Dutch,Flemish, Austrians and many other...

If the impulses that drove European monarchies/empires to become nation states arose from within Europe, or arose under European direction, then they are not UnEuropean.

The impulses that drove African communities, cities, towns, and lineages to coalesce into huge language blocs, termed ''ethnic groups'' were EUROPEAN. Hence they are UnAfrican.

Peoples are forced to form larger groups when their neighbours do the same.
Failure to do so leads to extinction.

''Igbos'', ''Yorubas'', and ''Hausas'' arose as ''ethnic groups'' because the COLONIALISTS named them as such and enforced policies that differentiated those peoples on the basis of language. It didn't happen by accident or by ''evolution'', or by one region being ''forced'' to self identify as 'Yoruba' because another region had identified itself as 'Igbo'. That is pure garbage. Ethnic groups arose as a direct result of colonial policy and declaration.


THE RECORD, ONCE AGAIN:

''Before European colonization, the Igbo were not united as a single people but lived in autonomous local communities.''

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Igbo


''The Yoruba have shared a common language and culture for centuries but were probably never a single political unit. They seem to have migrated from the east to their present lands west of the lower Niger River more than a millennium ago.''

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Yoruba


''Because of their wide geographical distribution and intermarriage and interaction with different peoples, the Hausa are a heterogeneous people, with a variety of cultural and physical features as well as diverse histories.'' [In plain English, they are not One people]

https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/people/hausa


''Edo-speaking peoples include not only the Edo proper but also the Ishan, the Etsako, the Ivbiosakon, the Akoko Edo, the Ineme, the Urhobo, and the Isoko.'' [in plain English, there's nothing like an ''Edo ethnic group'' or ''Edo tribe''. What we have are ''Edo-speaking peoples'']

https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/asia/japanese-political-geography/edo