₦airaland Forum

*SPECIAL APPRECIATION*

We at SEEDWORLD LTD wish to use this medium of the celebration of Christ to appreciate all our esteem customers all the country who have been patronizing us especially our established farmers from nairaland and prospective farmers alike even in the face of the COVID 19 Pandemic in 2020 and also entrusting us with your resources. We say thank you.We are very much greatful to you all and appreciate you for the trust .We look forward into 2021 to serving you better.

On behalf of SEEDWORLD LTD ,we wish you all a Merry Christmas and a Prosperous New year in advance. May the Joy of this season not depart from you and your loved ones in Jesus name. Once again we say thank you and a Merry Christmas to you all. Pls let us continue to stay safe in this season.

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SEEDWORLD LTD

Gdevening,Ogbono seedlings is available.We can establish it .Contact us on 07082638957 for further enquiries .

*****Soil Acidity****

Soil acidity is the measure of hydroxyl ion concentration in the soil. When the concentration of hydrogen ions is higher than the hydroxyl ions, the soil is said to be acidic.

When the concentrations of both the hydroxyl and hydrogen are the same, the soil is said to be neutral. When the soil is acidic, some elements are easily released to the crops while some are tied up.

A reversed condition occurs if the soil is alkaline. When the soil pH is 7, the soil is said to be neutral. When the soil pH is less than 7, the soil is said to be acidic when the pH is higher than 7, the soil is said to be alkaline. Crop nutrition is optimal when the soil pH is neutral.

Acidic soils are treated with lime (crushed limestone (Ca C03)), burned lime (Ca0) or hydrated lime Ca (OH)2. The active element in all the cases is the calcium.

The higher the acidity level, the greater is the quantity of lime required to neutral the soil. Soil acidity can also be treated with organic manure.

We shall stop here today to continue latter on
Soil Physical Characteristics.

Gdday all,we shall continue from our last lesson yesterday.

Pls correct contact 07082638957 (whatsapp

Contact us on 07082538957 (Whatsapp) for pricing and product pics

GeneralKoko:
What are the rates?
How do you sell them?

We shall look at soil acidity in our next lesson .

*****Soil Fertility****

A soil that contains large quantities of crop nutrients is said to be fertile. As mentioned earlier, a soil that is rich in macro and micro element in required quantities by the crops is a good soil for crop production.

The most crucial of these elements include: N, P, K, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo. and Zn. In all, sixteen (16) chemical elements are needed for crop growth and development.

These Are Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Sulphur, Magnesium, Boron, Manganese, Zinc, Iron, Molybdenum, Sodium, Copper, Chlorine, Aluminum, And Silicon.

Six (6) other elements are known to stimulate crop growth under certain conditions – these are: cobalt, arsenic, selenium, lead, lithium, and vanadium.

Carbon and additional oxygen are drawn from the air. Oxygen and hydrogen are supplied in water. All the above elements can be present in the soil, the rate at which they are made available to the crops depend on the soil acidity.

Soil fertility is where we are continuing from.

Gdeven all,we shall continue from.where we stopped in our last lesson.

For all those making enquiry ,do contact SEEDWORLD LTD on 07082638957(WhatsApp)

There is hybrid corn seed

GeneralKoko:
Good evening! Please I need hybrid corn seeds ASAP!

I stay in Rivers State .
I also need hybrid pumpkin seed.

No sir


[quote author=Shyluck post=97247169][/quote]

No rodeo,I have piquante hot pepper

*******Edaphic / Soil Factors******


Soil is the medium on which crops grow and maintain their existence ; in other words, soil forms the home of crops. Since soil varies in its composition – component constituents, its nature and reactions, the crops that do well in the different types of the soil also vary.

All plants and indeed crops need food to grow. Crop food in the soil is not an elaborated food as you and I put on our dinning tables. Crops like other plants manufacture their food from simple chemical elements through the use of sunlight and other energy sources.

Tissue analysis of crops reveal that crops need Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium Magnesium and Iron, Calcium, Sulphur in fairly large quantities. On the other hand, some elements as zinc, molybdenum manganese, boron, are needed in small quantities are therefore called micro / trace elements in crop nutrition.

Most of these elements are often present in the soil. However, they are not always available to the crops. The availability (rate of release) to the crops depend on very many variables as: soil acidity, soil water, soil air, and other soil properties (soil physics) as texture, structure, porosity, soil-water-air mixture, etc. In the following sub-units, you will read about some of the above identified variables of the soil.

We shall stop here and continue later on soil fertilizer.

iii) Fungi: Fungi cannot manufacture their food needs. They live on other plants albeit crops to perform their normal biological activities.

They attack crops to kill the parts so affected in order to feed on the dead rotten parts or they feed directly from the nutrients that the crops require or feed on the food reserves of the crops.

They are of different types. They all thrive better when the relative humidity is very high. This is because the available moisture assists in the rapid decay of the affected parts e.g. black pod disease of cocoa. .

Disorders may also be caused by lack of necessary nutrients in the soil.—such disorders may be called ‘nutritional diseases.

Gdday all.We wish to continue from our last lesson.

***PEST***

Pests are small animals that damage crops either on the field when growing or cause damage to crop products when they are in the store. Pests range from small insects as bugs, butterflies, locusts, midges, aphids, caterpillars to medium to large animals as rats, rabbits, grass-cutters and antelopes.

Some underground worms attack crop roots e.g. nematodes. They all cause physical damage to crops – roots, shoots, leaves, flowers, tubers, stems and seeds/fruits.

DISEASES


Diseases are caused by microscopic organisms in crops. Diseased crops are crops that cannot perform all the necessary biological functions at the optimal level of the crop. Oftentimes, the crops exhibit symptoms of stress dysfunction due to the disease. In some cases, dysfunction may be due to non-availability of some necessary nutrients in the soil.

***Causal agents of crop diseases****

Three major groups of organisms are responsible for crop diseases. These are: viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

(i) Viruses: They have no definite shape. They change forms and cause malfunction in crop nucleus, cytoplasm, protoplasm and tissues. This malfunctioning is through change in the original nature of the crop plant so affected.

They attack crop chromosomes and D.N.As to effect changes in their chemical nature to thus change the pathways and messages of life processes in the affected crop. There are different types of viruses.

All the types are very difficult to control because they constantly change form. They are not capable of independent existence i.e. they cannot live on their own . They cannot perform basic biological activities by themselves, as they do not possess all the parts that perform these basic functions.

However, as they gain entrance into any living tissues, they take over all the biological functions and distort as many of the processes as possible. They change the colour, shape and performance of the affected parts.

Examples of virus attack on crops are: cassava mosaic virus (CMV) , and rosettes in groundnuts.

(ii) Bacteria: These are living microorganisms that attack crops. Once they attack a crop, they rapidly multiply and make colonies on the crop parts so attacked. The parts so affected become damaged.

Sometimes the damaged parts cannot perform their normal function. In very common cases, the resultant effect is the death of the crop parts so affected. Crop products affected by diseases are not acceptable to most buyers and consumers of crop products. The bacteria can be divided with two major groups: Aerobic – these need oxygen to perform Anaerobic – they do not need oxygen to perform.

Gdm.All.

****Temperature****

The resultant effect of solar radiation on the earth’s surface is the temperature which is measured in degrees on Celsius or Fahrenheit scale. During the day, when the rays of the sun alight on the direct surface of earth, the temperature is often higher than what it is in the night.

During the night, the sources of heat are: reflections, refractions and radiation/emissions from heated earthly bodies. Heat and temperature affect the rate of transpiration.

Where available soil-water is not adequate, high rate of transpiration can lead to (temporary to permanent) wilting.

*****Relative Humidity****

Relative humidity is the measure of moisture present in the air (atmosphere) compared with the maximum moisture (saturation moisture) that the air can take at that particular temperature.

Relative humidity affects the assimilation, absorption, transportation and transpiration reactions taking place in crops. Most crops perform optimally when the relative humidity is low.

Disease causing organisms perform optimally when the relative humidity is high. Thus high relative humidity is not good for optimum crop performance.


****Winds****


All crops and indeed all living things need air. Air in motion is called wind. The wind may be mild or strong. Strong winds as storms and cyclones cause damage to crops depending on the nature of the crop.


Tender shoot crops as rice, wheat, oats, easily log(fall off) with the slightest storm . In plantation crops like rubber, banana, plantains, strong winds cause heavy damage. Gentle wind (breeze) is good for crops as it encourages good transpiration.

We shall stop here today to continue later on
PESTS and DISEASES...

Gdeven all

Will stop here for today ,to begin with temperature next time .

****Solar radiation*****Sunlight.

The solar system is made up of the sun at the centre and satellite objects rotating round it. The sun which is at the centre is a very large object that is burning away every second.

The heat and light generated by the burning sun is emitted to the circling satellite objects round it. The earth which is the third object in the solar system and the second to the sun derives its light and heat energy from the sun.

The earth goes round the sun in an orbit that has the shape of an eclipse . The amount of heat and length of the day varies with the exact positions of the earth in its orbit round the sun.

When the orbit is closer to the sun, the amount of heat that the earth receives is higher while length of day is shorter than when the earth is at the distal end of the eclipse.

Also, as the earth rotates on its own axis to give day and night, the orbiting of the earth round the sun gives rise to the seasons of the year-- rainy and dry seasons (in the tropics); while in the sub-tropical areas, there are four seasons .Summer, fall/autumn, winter and spring.

Similarly, the length of day varies with the seasons. The length of the day is determined by the time lag (in hours and minutes) between the sun rise in the east and when it sets in the west for a particular day.

Some crops are sensitive to day-length and the amount of heat that is available in the environment. Some crops require longer nights to initiate the process of flowering while some are day-length neutral.

Heavy clouds reduce the available light for light-reactions and photosynthesis. Therefore the amount of food that a particular crop can produce during its growing season is a function of the sunlight available for the crop, and other variables such as available nutrients, available soil-water, foliage, presence/absence of diseases.

**Rainfall /Precipitation**

This involves the collection of water vapour (moisture) in the sky in the form of cloud which leads to the formation of water droplets in the cloud. The cloud later releases it’s water droplets to the earth surface in the form of precipitation.

Collection of precipitations leads to rainfall. The total rainfall of any place is the total amount of precipitation that a place gets during a fiscal year of 365 days. It is measured in centimeters per square centimeters of land area.

In other words, the rainfall may occur during only three of the twelve months of the year. These months may be: January to March or September to November or June to September.

In the alternative, the rains may be evenly distributed within the twelve (12) months of the year. In some areas, the rains for the year may fall within just one month of the year.So rainfall patterns varies from place to place.

Crops vary in their requirements for water at different stages of the crop growth and production. While some crops require a large amount of water, some may not withstand nor survive when the precipitation or water level is high.

Gdday all.Sorry we had a program last week.But we are back to continue this week.

Yes Sir.

We shall stop here to continue tomm on Rainfall Presipitation.Gdeven all.Do have a wonderful Sunday Relaxation.

****CLIMATIC FACTORS****

What is Climate?

Climate is the average weather conditions of a place over a period of thirty five to forty (35- 40) years and beyond.


The major elements that make up weather are: rainfall/precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, wind, sunlight and solar radiation. The values of the above listed variables at any particular time constitute the weather of the place.

OBJECTIVES
We wish to achieve the following at the end of this study.

• Enumerate the factors that influence the production of crops.

• Distinguish between climatic and edaphic factors in crop production.

• Identify economic factors which influence the types of crops you will grow in your area.

• Distinguish between climate and weather.

• Describe crop types that are grown in your community and area.

• Associate particular crop (types) to particular areas and climatic conditions.

Gdday all,A Happy Sunday to you all.

INTRODUCTION

Crops are domesticated plants that we grow on our farms, orchards and gardens. These crops vary in their nutritional requirements, soil and weather needs; susceptibility to pests and diseases, etc.

Similarly, the parts of the crop that meet man’s need equally vary. What man needs from the crop may be the tuber, leaves, fruits or even the stem. Therefore, the cultivation and production of crops are based on principles which have inbuilt guidelines that meet the nature of each crop type.


In this guideline therefore, you will read and study the general principles of crop production. Some of the factors that influence crop production that you will deal with include: environmental, soil/edaphic and economic factors that you need to put into consideration before you embark on a particular crop production.

In addition, pests and diseases constitute threat to your production efforts; they therefore need to be considered before you finally decide on what crop(s) you will produce on your farm, orchard or garden.


We shall continue from here tomm.Gdeven all.

Gdeven great farmer's and prospective farmers.As we look into the next planting season especially for those who depend on rain fed farming.I believe it is important we bring some things to our notice as intending or potential farmers .We are going to be discussing about some areas of crop production very vital for beginners.We shall begin with topics below.


*FACTORS AFFECTING PERMANENT CROP PRODUCTION*


�Introduction.

�Objectives.

�Climatic Factors.

�Rainfall Precipitation.

� Solar Radiation

�Temperature .

� Relative Humidity.

�Winds .

�Pests and Diseases.

�Causal Agent of Crop Diseases.

�Edaphic/Soil Factors.

� Soil Fertility .

� Soil Acidity .

� Soil Physical Characteristics .

�Nature of Crops .

� Economic Factors .

�️ Technical Factors

� Demand/Supply and Price (Forces).