The research – in the British Medical Journal – looked at 1.2 million pregnancies in Sweden over 20 years
Men who had ICSI – a treatment specifically for male infertility – had an increased prostate cancer risk.

But Prostate Cancer UK said researchers must look at a much broader age range before concluding men who have fertility treatment are at higher risk.

Researchers from Lund University in Sweden used data from national birth and cancer registers.

They looked at more than a million births between 1994 and 2014, and at cancer cases.

Most babies – 97% – were conceived naturally, and 20,618 (1.7%) were conceived using IVF, although the data does not show if fertility issues lay with the man or the woman.

Some 14,882 (1.3%) births resulted from ICSI, where a single, good-quality sperm is selected and injected directly into an egg.


ICSI was first used in Sweden in 1992, with every case recorded by the register.

‘Offer the test’
Among the natural conception group, 3,244 (0.28%) were diagnosed with prostate cancer, compared with 77 (0.37%) in the IVF group and 63 (0.42%) among those who had ICSI.

Men in the ICSI group also had a higher risk of developing early onset prostate cancer, before the age of 55.

Prof Yvonne Lundberg Giwercman, who led the study, told the BBC: “The prostate cancer numbers are quite small, but these men are very young.

“They are a small, high-risk group, and we should be following them more closely.”

She said she hoped there would be further studies to investigate why the link existed.

Allan Pacey, professor of andrology at the University of Sheffield, said: “It has been proposed that male infertility might serve as a “canary in the coal mine” for men’s health, which both men and their doctors should be better attuned to.”

He added: “It is important to be clear that this is not because the techniques of assisted reproduction go on to cause prostate cancer, but probably because the two have a common cause in some way.

“Perhaps all men who are diagnosed with a fertility problem in their 20s and 30s should be given a leaflet explaining what this might mean for them in their 50s and 60s, so that they can be aware of possible future problems, and be encouraged to visit their GP a bit quicker than they often do.”

‘Little evidence’
But Simon Grieveson, from Prostate Cancer UK, said it was important not to “leap to any conclusions” on the basis of this study.

“Prostate cancer is more common in men over the age of 50. The men involved in this study were younger on average, and therefore already have a very low risk of prostate cancer.

“This study would need to look at a much broader age range to fully understand whether men who undergo fertility treatment actually have a higher risk overall.

“If this can be proven, more research would then need to be done to determine the underlying cause. Until then, there is little evidence that there would be any benefit in monitoring these men more closely.”

He added: “We believe it’s important that all men are aware of the risks of prostate cancer, and men concerned about the disease should speak to their GP. However, couples considering fertility treatment should not be put off by these results.”

source: http://sutured.com/male-infertility-linked-to-prostate-cancer-risk/
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A 25-year-old woman walked into an emergency department in Providence, Rhode Island, complaining of generalized weakness, fatigue, shortness of breath... and an unusual symptom you don't see every day.

She was turning blue. Literally.
Physicians Otis Warren and Benjamin Blackwood wrote about the case in a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine on Thursday.
They attributed her blueness to a numbing agent the woman was using, which deadens nerve endings in the skin.
"She reported having used large amounts of topical benzocaine the night before for a toothache," the two co-authors wrote.
CNN has reached out to Otis Warren, an emergency medicine physician at Miriam Hospital in Providence, Rhode Island, and is waiting to hear back.

It's caused by low oxygen levels
Warren and Blackwood wrote that the patient was "cyanotic," a clinical term for the blue appearance.
According to Healthline, "cyanosis is usually caused by low oxygen levels in the red blood cells or problems getting oxygenated blood to your body."
The woman was showing signs of "acquired methemoglobinemia."
Oxygen-rich blood is usually associated with a bright red color, but when blood has lower oxygen content it can appear blue, the site says.

source: http://sutured.com/a-numbing-medicine-turned-a-womans-blood-blue/
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Although doctors often tell pregnant women it’s safest to sleep on their left side, a new study suggests sleeping in other positions may not be a problem.



Researchers examined data on outcomes for 8,709 pregnant women who completed at least one sleep questionnaire before they reached 30 weeks’ gestation. Overall, 1,903 women, or 22%, experienced serious complications like dangerously high blood pressure, stillbirth or a newborn small for its gestational age.

Women who slept on their right side or on their back were no more likely to experience serious complications than women who slept on their left side, the study found.

These results should reassure many pregnant women who might worry about harming their baby by sleeping on their back, or moving into this position during the night, said Dr. Robert Silver, lead author of the study and chair of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Utah School of Medicine in Salt Lake City.

“There is downside to encouraging the avoidance of supine (back) sleep,” Silver said by email.

“Some women may have trouble sleeping on their left side and they cannot control movement during sleep,” Silver added. “Even with careful messaging, there is potential to increase anxiety in women who wake up on their backs and guilt, shame and self-blame in women suffering adverse pregnancy outcomes such as stillbirth.”

Previous studies have linked sleeping on the back or right side to an increased risk of serious pregnancy complications because these positions may compress blood vessels supplying the uterus, researchers note in Obstetrics and Gynecology.



Women in the current study were more likely to have serious pregnancy complications when they were overweight or obese, smoked or had high blood pressure or diabetes prior to pregnancy.

Neither the positions women were in when they went to sleep or woke up, nor the positions they might move to during the night appeared to impact the risk of complications.

Researchers also looked at objectively-measured sleep positions for a subset of women who underwent home sleep studies for nighttime breathing problems. For these women, there also was no meaningful difference in the risk of pregnancy complications based on whether they slept on their back more than half of the time, or less often.

The study wasn’t designed to prove whether or how sleep positions might directly impact pregnancy outcomes. It also didn’t look at the connection between sleep position and complications in the final weeks of pregnancy.

One limitation of the study is that there were only about a dozen stillbirths – which may have been too few to detect meaningful differences in this outcome based on sleep position, the study team notes.

Even so, women should be reassured by the results, said Dr. Nathan Fox, a clinical professor at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and vice president at Maternal Fetal Medicine Associates in New York City.

“Pregnant women should sleep in the position that they find most comfortable,” Fox, who co-wrote an editorial accompanying the study, said by email. “For the few that do experience complications of pregnancy they should be reassured that it was not due to their sleeping position.”

source: http://sutured.com/sleeping-on-back-may-not-lead-to-worse-pregnancy-outcomes/
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People who get even a small amount of exercise may be less likely to die prematurely than their more sedentary counterparts, a research review suggests.



Researchers examined data from 10 previously published studies that used accelerometers that track movement to measure the exact amount of active and sedentary time spent by more than 36,000 older adults. After an average follow-up period of 6.7 years, a total of 2,149 people died, or about 6% of the participants.

Compared to people who got virtually no exercise, people who got the most physical activity were 73% less likely to die during the study, regardless of how intensely they worked out. With even a little exercise, people were 52% less like to die.

When researchers looked only at people who did light workouts, they again found that even a little bit of low-intensity exercise was associated with a 40% lower risk of death during the study compared with doing nothing at all. People who got the most light-intensity exercise were 62% less likely to die.

“The finding that higher levels of light-intensity physical activity reduce the risk of death is novel and suggests that all physical activity counts,” said Ulf Ekelund, lead author of the study and a researcher at the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health in Oslo.

“This is of particular importance for elderly and those who may not be able to participate in physical activity at moderate and higher intensities,” Ekelund said by email. “The simple take-home message is to sit less, move more, and move more often.”



Physical inactivity has long been linked to an increased risk of premature death and a wide variety of chronic health problems, but much of this evidence has been based on surveys that might not provide an accurate picture of how much exercise people really get, the review team writes in The BMJ.

In the current analysis, participants were 63 years old, on average. All of them wore accelerometers for at least 10 hours a day for four or more days to track how much they moved, the intensity of their activity levels and how much time they were sedentary and not moving at all.

People who were sedentary for 10 hours a day were 48% more likely to die during the study than people who moved more. Twelve hours a day of sedentary time was associated with an almost tripled risk of death during the study.

When researchers excluded people who died within the first two years of follow-up – who might have been sicker than others, explaining their inactivity – the results didn’t change.

One limitation of the study is that it looked at men and women combined, making it impossible to determine if there are any sex-based differences in the connection between activity levels and longevity. Participants were also middle-aged and older, so it’s unclear if results would be similar for younger adults.

“By reducing sedentary time people increase activity, therefore, it is likely that both are not independent factors and that they represent two sides of the same coin,” said Jochen Klenk, author of an editorial accompanying the study and a researcher the Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry at Ulm University in Germany.

“Based in the results of the paper, is seems that any level of intensity is beneficial,” Klenk said by email.

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Nigeria marked three years free of endemic wild polio on Wednesday, with health officials saying the nation’s progress in fighting the crippling viral disease could result in the whole of Africa being declared polio-free early next year.

The three-year milestone sets in motion a continent-wide process to ensure that all 47 countries of the World Health Organization’s African region have eradicated the virus, the officials said.

Africa’s last case of wild polio was recorded in Nigeria’s Borno State in August 2016.

“We are confident that soon we will be trumpeting the certification that countries have, once and for all, kicked polio out of Africa,” the WHO’s regional director for Africa, Matshidiso Moeti, told reporters in a telebriefing.

Faisal Shuaib, who leads Nigeria’s National Primary Health Care Development Agency cautioned that the milestone was “one which we must delicately manage with cautious euphoria”.

Polio is a viral infection that attacks the nervous system and can cause irreversible paralysis within hours. Children under five are the most vulnerable, but people can be fully protected with preventative vaccines.

To keep the virus at bay and eventually wipe it out altogether, population immunisation coverage rates must be high and constant surveillance is crucial.



Wild polio remains endemic in Afghanistan and Pakistan, but case numbers worldwide have been reduced largely because of intense national and regional immunisation for babies and children.

At a briefing in Nigeria’s capital Abuja, Clement Peter, the WHO’s country representative, said the next six months would be “most critical” to whether Africa can be declared polio-free.

“As long as polio virus still exists in any part of the world – as it currently does in Afghanistan and Pakistan – all children are at risk. Therefore we must maintain the momentum,” he said.

Latest Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) figures show that there have been a total of 65 cases of wild polio worldwide so far in 2019 – 53 in Pakistan and 12 in Afghanistan.

The GPEI, which is backed by the WHO, Rotary International and others, began its push to wipe out polio in 1988, when the disease was endemic in 125 countries and was paralysing almost 1,000 children a day globally. Since then, there has been at least a 99 percent reduction in cases.

The WHO’s Peter said Nigeria would submit its final country data in March 2020, and “if the data confirms zero cases, the entire WHO (Africa) region could receive wild polio-free certification as soon as mid-2020.”

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Deodorant not enough to stop your body odor? A new futuristic-style bodysuit with live bacteria embedded in it could help combat those unpleasant smells.



The pale gray, long-sleeved “Skin II” contains healthy probiotic bacteria, reducing the smell of body odor, said its designer Rosie Broadhead.

“It’s not the sweat on your body that causes body odor, it’s the bacteria. So we’ve incorporated healthy bacteria into the textiles to enable a healthy microbiome which will help to reduce your body odor,” said Broadhead.

“This change in the microbiome is associated with reducing your body odor, encouraging cell renewal and is really good for the skin’s immune system,” she said.

Broadhead developed the garment as part of her postgraduate degree at London arts university Central Saint Martins.

She worked with Belgian microbiologist Chris Callewaert of Ghent University to develop Skin II. He provided her with the healthy probiotic bacteria that are commonly found on skin, and has himself done extensive research on the causes of body odor.

The two plan to commercialize Skin II, and Broadhead hopes to design a sportswear range with the same technology.



Broadhead said the sustainability of the bodysuit was another of its benefits. Reducing body odor reduces the need to wash the bodysuit so often. Testing showed that the bacteria in the bodysuit was able to survive a 30-degree wash.

“People are becoming more aware of sustainability and the environment. They’re concerned about the food that they are eating and the cosmetics that they’re putting on their skin. But less is known about the toxic chemicals that are in our clothing. So in time I think people will become more aware of wellness clothing,” Broadhead said.

source: http://sutured.com/body-odor-bacteria-embedded-bodysuit-may-help/
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Major surgery may be tied to a small decline in cognitive functioning when we are older – equivalent, on average, to less than five months of natural brain aging, a new study suggests.



“Our data suggest that, on average, major surgery is associated with only a small cognitive ‘hit,’” said Dr. Robert Sanders, an assistant professor in the department of anesthesiology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and the study’s senior author. “And while there was a doubling in the risk of substantial cognitive decline, this only affected a small number of patients. Nonetheless, this small potential for harm should still be considered when weighing the proposed health benefits of surgery during informed consent.”

Sanders and his colleagues decided to do the study because they feared some patients might be skipping surgeries out of concern it could impact their cognitive functioning afterward. “For 60 years a major concern has been that surgery might . . . drive long term changes in cognition,” the researchers write. “Our recent survey suggested that 65% of the public are concerned about postoperative deficits.”

To take a closer look at how large such harm might be, the researchers turned to data from the Whitehall II study, which has followed more than 10,000 British civil service workers since the late 1980s when they were between the ages of 35 and 55. A decade into the study, participants were asked to take a battery of cognitive tests, which were repeated up to four times over the next 10 to 20 years.

As reported in The BMJ, the researchers focused on 7,532 participants with at least one cognitive assessment. Of these, 1,250 were admitted to the hospital for a major surgery – defined as a procedure that required a stay of at least two nights – between their first and last cognitive tests. There were also 715 people admitted for more than two nights for major non-surgical illnesses, including strokes.

After accounting for trajectories of age-related cognitive decline in participants before hospitalization, the researchers calculated that major surgery was associated with a small additional decline equivalent to a little over four months of natural cognitive aging.

In contrast, non-surgical major hospital admissions were tied to the equivalent of 1.4 years of aging, and strokes in particular incurred the equivalent of 13 years of aging.



In 5.5% of surgical patients as well as 12.7% with major nonsurgical admissions, there was a more substantial cognitive decline following hospitalization. But 2.5% of participants who had no hospital admissions also experienced substantial cognitive declines. Compared to them, the researchers calculated, the risk of substantial cognitive decline was 2.3 times greater with major surgery.

The researchers don’t know exactly why there was a decline in cognition in the participants who had surgery. “It’s widely considered that anesthesia may affect long-term cognition, but this has not been strongly supported by the recent literature,” Sanders said in an email.

The new report offers “good news and bad news,” said Sandra Weintraub, a professor and clinical core director at the Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago.

The good news, is that for most people the decline “wasn’t that great,” Weintraub noted.

“Having said that, it really puts patients between a rock and a hard place if they’re told they need surgery and worry about losing mental function,” Weintraub said. “I’d like to see physicians take on a little more responsibility in helping make the risks clearer.”

Even better, Weintraub added, would be cognitive testing prior to surgery because the impact on the brain might be worse in patients who already are developing a brain disease such as Alzheimer’s but currently only have subtle symptoms.

“I would probably want to know what my mental function was prior to going in to surgery,” she added. “You don’t know if you are at risk if you’ve never had your memory measured.”

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Women who experience sexual dysfunction after menopause may feel more desire and pleasure when they use testosterone treatments, a recent study suggests.

Researchers reviewed data from 36 trials with 8,480 participants, most of whom had already gone through menopause. The trials randomly assigned some women to use testosterone treatment and others to take a placebo or an alternative hormone treatment like estrogen alone or in combination with progesterone.

Women who used testosterone experienced significantly increased sexual function and had satisfying sex more often than their counterparts who didn’t get this therapy, the study found. Testosterone caused spikes in desire, arousal, orgasm, and responsiveness as well as a decrease in distress related to sexual function.

“Testosterone acts directly in the brain and influences sexual functioning at a central level (sexual desire, fantasy, thoughts, etc.) and it also increases blood flow to the Instruments so women are more likely to feel sensation of arousal and orgasm,” said Susan Davis, senior author of the study and a researcher at Monash University in Australia.

Although best known as a male hormone, testosterone is important for female sexual health, contributing to libido and orgasm as well as helping to maintain normal metabolic function, muscle strength, cognitive function and mood, researchers note in the Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology.

Testosterone levels decline naturally over a woman’s lifespan and can also drop sharply following surgically-induced menopause. Prior research has suggested that testosterone therapy can improve sexual function in women, but the available formulations have been designed for men and evidence for their safety or for adverse side-effects in women is scant.

In the current study, side effects with creams and patches that apply testosterone through the skin included slight weight gain, mild acne, and increased hair growth. Oral testosterone appeared to increase low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, the “bad” kind that builds up in blood vessels and can lead to blood clots and heart attacks.

The study also looked at some other common reasons why women take testosterone and found no beneficial effects on cognitive measures, bone mineral density, body composition or muscle strength. No benefits were seen for depressive mood irrespective of menopausal status or in psychological wellbeing.

“This is the first study to refute the use of testosterone for anything other than low libido unless future studies show evidence of benefit,” Davis said by email. “Unfortunately there are a lot of women in the USA and Australia being treated with testosterone for fatigue, depression and other invalid reasons.”

There are no testosterone treatments approved specifically for use in postmenopausal women, Davis said. As a result, women use formulations made for men or use compounded, or custom-blended medicines, that may be unsafe or ineffective.

Still, results from the study should reassure women that they may benefit from using testosterone to treat sexual dysfunction after menopause, said Rossella Nappi of the University of Pavia in Italy.

“Testosterone is not an easy fix for sexual dysfunction but it should be considered …for low sex drive, arousal, etc.,” Nappi, author of an editorial accompanying the study, said by email.

Treatments with the hormone estrogen may also help women improve genital arousal and lubrication as well as vaginal dryness and pain during intercourse, Nappi said.

source: http://sutured.com/testosterone-improves-sexual-function-in-older-women/
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When your family member or friend is diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), it’s easy to feel helpless. But though the condition tends to worsen with time, there’s much you can do to make life easier. These tips will help you provide meaningful assistance when it’s needed most.



Clear the Air
Avoid using products that produce fumes—such as paint, insect spray, and strong cleaning products—in their presence. If their home is being painted or sprayed for bugs, offering them a place to stay in the meantime could be helpful. Keep windows and doors closed when they’re in your home.

Go for a Walk
Physical activity may be difficult for people with lung disease. But in many cases, it can help strengthen their breathing muscles and improve their overall health. With their doctor’s approval, you can assist them in starting and sticking with a gentle exercise program.

Watch for Warning Signs

Severe symptoms require emergency medical care. These include trouble speaking, blue or gray lips or fingernails, a fast heartbeat, and mental confusion. If you see these signs in someone with COPD—or if your loved one is having trouble getting his or her breathing under control by using recommended treatments—call for medical help right away

Steer Clear When You’re Sick
Colds and the flu might be inconvenient for you. For someone with COPD, these illnesses can cause serious problems, including additional lung damage. When you’re under the weather, keep some distance between you and your loved one. Encourage him or her to get a flu shot.

Be Patient

People with COPD may have to move a little more slowly to avoid losing their breath. Don’t rush them through everyday tasks. Offer to help, but give them space to maintain their independence. Be understanding when they must modify their routine—for instance, taking the elevator instead of the stairs.

Help Them Kick the Habit

The most important thing people with COPD can do for their health is quit smoking. Support them in their efforts. Be patient and positive, forgive them when they slip, and celebrate their successes, big and small. And definitely don’t smoke in front of them.

Lift Their Spirits

Coping with COPD can provoke feelings of anxiety, fear, stress and depression. Ask your loved one how he or she is feeling, and listen carefully to the response. In fact, active listening may be one of the most compassionate gestures you can offer a person in distress. Offer emotional encouragement and assistance in locating a support group or a mental health professional, if needed.

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The World Health Organization on Wednesday declared Congo’s Ebola outbreak an international health emergency, sounding a rarely used global alarm after the virus threatened to spread to a major city and into neighbouring countries.



Despite a highly effective vaccine and a swift international response after it was declared 11 months ago, the outbreak has proved tenacious in an unstable region beset by violence, becoming Congo’s worst ever, with almost 1,700 dead.

A vast campaign of vigilance and vaccination, with almost 75 million screenings, has kept the highly infectious virus almost entirely confined to two provinces in northeastern Congo. The emergency committee of international health experts that advises WHO had thrice declined to declare an emergency.

But this month a pastor died after travelling to Goma, a city of 2 million and a gateway to other countries in the region. On Wednesday, the WHO reported a fisherwoman had died in Congo after four vomiting incidents at a market in Uganda, where 590 people may be sought for vaccination.

“The committee is concerned that a year into the outbreak, there are worrying signs of possible extension of the epidemic,” the committee’s report said.

The committee had been under pressure from many experts who felt the scale of the outbreak and the risks meant it had to be given the emergency status – only the fifth such disease outbreak since the WHO introduced such designations in 2005.

“It shows no sign of coming under control,” said Peter Piot, a member of the team that discovered Ebola and is now director of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.

“I hope that today’s decision serves as a wake-up call to drive high-level political action, improved coordination, and greater funding to support DRC in their efforts to stop this devastating epidemic,” he said.

NO BORDER CLOSURES
The previous international emergencies, under a system introduced after the 2004 Asian SARS epidemic, were the 2013-2016 West African Ebola epidemic that killed over 11,300 people, the 2009 flu pandemic, polio in 2014 and the Zika virus that caused a spate of birth defects across Latin America.

The WHO committee’s chairman, Robert Steffen, tempered the outbreak’s designation as an emergency by saying it remained a regional, rather than a global threat, and stressed that no country should react to Ebola by closing borders or restricting trade.



The WHO has warned that the nearby countries of Rwanda, South Sudan, Burundi and Uganda are the most at risk, while Central African Republic, Angola, Tanzania, Republic of Congo and Zambia are in a second tier.

Earlier this week the WHO said hundreds of millions of dollars were needed immediately to prevent the outbreak billowing out of control and costing far more lives and money.

But WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, who convened the emergency committee after viewing the Goma case as a “potential gamechanger”, said the designation as an international emergency was not meant to suggest that some countries had been withholding funds and would now unlock them.

One priority was to accelerate production of the vaccine, which is in short supply. It is produced by Merck and still unlicensed, which means it can only be used in a clinical trial overseen by Congo’s health ministry.

WHO has already begun using smaller doses to ration supplies and the committee recommended taking “all measures to increase supplies”, including contracting supply to other manufacturers and transferring Merck’s technology.

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People who drink a lot of sugary drinks have a higher risk of developing cancer, although the evidence cannot establish a direct causal link, researchers said on Thursday.

The findings of a large study in France do suggest, however, that limiting intake of sugar-sweetened drinks may help to cut the number of cancer cases in a population, the scientists said.

Consumption of sugary drinks has risen worldwide in the last few decades and is linked to obesity, which itself increases cancer risk. The World Health Organization recommends that people should limit their daily intake of sugar to less than 10% of their total energy intake, but also says a further reduction to below 5%, or about 25 grams a day, would be healthier.

Many countries, including Britain, Belgium, France, Hungary and Mexico, have introduced, or are about to introduce, taxes on sugar with the aim of improving people’s health.

Published in the BMJ British medical journal, this study analysed data from 101,257 French adults – 21% of them men and 79% women – and assessed their intake or sugary drinks. It followed them for a maximum of 9 years, between 2009 and 2018, to assess their risk for all types of cancer, and for some specific types including breast, colon and prostate cancer.

The researchers also adjusted for several confounding cancer risk factors, including age, sex, educational level, family history, smoking and physical activity levels.

INCREASED RISK

The results showed that a 100 millilitre (ml) a day increase in consumption of sugary drinks was linked to an 18% increased risk of overall cancer and a 22% increased risk of breast cancer.

When the sugary drinkers were divided into those who drank fruit juices and those who drank other sweet drinks, both groups were also linked with a higher risk of overall cancer.

For prostate and colorectal cancers, no link was found, but the researchers said this might have been because the numbers of cases of these cancers in the study participants was limited.

Experts not directly involved in the work said it was a well-conducted and robust study, but noted that its results could not establish cause and effect.

“While this study doesn’t offer a definitive causative answer about sugar and cancer, it does add to the overall picture of the importance of the current drive to reduce our sugar intake,” said Amelia Lake, an expert in public health nutrition at Britain’s Teesside University.

“The message from the totality of evidence on excess sugar consumption and various health outcomes is clear – reducing the amount of sugar in our diet is extremely important.”


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Obesity now causes more cases of four common cancers in the UK than smoking, according to a charity.

Cancer Research UK says bowel, kidney, ovarian and liver cancers are more likely to have been caused by being overweight than by smoking tobacco.

It says millions are at risk of cancer because of their weight and that obese people outnumber smokers two to one.

But its new billboard campaign highlighting the obesity-cancer risk has been criticised for fat-shaming.
Cancer Research UK says it is not about blaming people for being overweight.

Nor is it suggesting that smoking and obesity are directly comparable in terms of cancer risk. Both increase a person's risk.

But it says being overweight or obese causes around 22,800 cases of cancer each year, compared to smoking which causes 54,300. For the four highlighted cancers:-

Bowel - Of around 42,000 new cases, being overweight or obese causes 4,800, smoking 2,900
Kidney - 12,900 in total; being overweight or obese causes 2,900, smoking 1,600
Liver - 5,900 in total; being overweight or obese causes 1,300 cases, smoking 1,200
Ovarian - 7,500 in total; being overweight or obese causes 490 cases per year, smoking 25
Smoking remains the UK's leading preventable cause of cancer overall. Obesity ranks second, says CRUK.

But while smoking rates are decreasing, obesity is increasing, which health experts agree is concerning.

Their warning comes as Tory leadership contender Boris Johnson vowed to not to extend the sugar tax without a review.

When asked about plans to extend the tax on soft drinks to milkshakes, Mr Johnson mocked his own weight and said he was "very, very reluctant" to imposes taxes that "clobber those who can least afford it".

He suggested we "encourage people to walk, cycle and generally do more exercise".

Just over one in four UK adults are obese.

In the UK, there are about:

13.4 million obese adults who do not smoke
6.3 million adult smokers who are not obese
1.5 million obese adult smokers
While the link between obesity and cancer is well established, the biological mechanisms behind it are not yet fully understood.

Fat cells make extra hormones and growth factors that tell cells in the body to divide more often. This increases the chance of cancerous cells being made.

Physical activity probably plays a role too, experts say.

Being overweight or obese does not mean a person will definitely develop cancer but it does raise their risk.

And this risk is higher the more weight a person gains and the longer they are overweight for.

According to Cancer Research UK, 13 different cancers are linked to obesity: • breast (in women after the menopause) • bowel • pancreatic • oesophageal (food pipe) • liver • kidney • upper stomach • gallbladder • womb • ovarian • thyroid • multiple myeloma (blood cancer) • meningioma (brain cancer)

The link between obesity and cancer is in adults only, although a healthy weight is important for children too.

Each year in the UK, the charity says, excess weight causes about:

1,900 more cases of bowel cancer than smoking
1,400 more cases of kidney cancer
460 more cases of ovarian cancer
180 more cases of liver cancer
Prof Linda Bauld, Cancer Research UK's prevention expert, said the government should do more to tackle the UK's obesity problem.

The government had been slow to restrict unhealthy food and drink ads, the British Medical Association said.

"While we are very much aware of the health risks associated with smoking, less effort has been thrown behind tackling obesity, which is now a major cause of cancer," it said,

NHS England chief executive Simon Stevens said: "The NHS can't win the 'battle against the bulge' on its own.

"Families, food businesses and government all need to play their part if we're to avoid copying America's damaging and costly example."

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The success of the HPV vaccination offers hope of one day eradicating cervical cancer, say scientists who carried out a major review of evidence.

Vaccination against the human papilloma virus, which causes most cervical cancers, began over a decade ago.

A Lancet review of 65 studies covering 60 million people showed a fall in HPV cases and in pre-cancerous growths.

Over decades, this should translate into a significant fall, and possible eradication, of the cancer they said.

Jo’s Cervical Cancer Trust said the data should boost faith in the jab.

What is the human papilloma virus (HPV)?

- HPV is the name for a common group of viruses; there are more than 100 types of HPV
- Many women will be infected with HPV over the course of their lifetime, with no ill effect
- Most cervical cancers are caused by infection from a high-risk HPV
- Others cause conditions including genital warts and cancers of the head and neck
- The vaccine, given as two injections to girls aged 12 and 13, protects against four types of HPV – 16 and 18, which are linked to more than - 70% of cervical cancers – and six and 11, which cause about 90% of genital warts
- Girls who miss the HPV jab at school can still get it for free on the NHS up to the age of 25
- It is also available privately, costing around £150 per dose
- Boys aged 12-13 will also be offered the jab from September this year
- The vaccine does not protect against all the types of HPV that can cause cervical cancer, so women still need to go for regular screening

There are 3,200 cases of cervical cancer and 850 deaths from the disease each year.


‘Real-world’ evidence

The review covered studies in 14 high-income countries, including the UK. They looked at HPV rates, plus cases of genital warts and pre-cancerous cells in the cervix called CIN.

It found that when rates were compared before vaccination started and eight years after:

- Cases of HPV 16 and 18 were down 83% in girls aged 15-19 – 66% in women 20-24
- Genital warts cases fell 67% in girls 15-19 – 54% in women 20-24
- Pre-cancerous growths were down by 51% in girls 15-19 – 31% in women 20-24

It also showed people who were not vaccinated benefited. Cases of genital warts in men aged 15-19 fell by almost 50%, and also significantly in women over 30.

Rates fell more in countries where a wider age group was vaccinated and where coverage was higher.

Public Health England principal scientist Dr David Mesher said: “We are seeing reductions in HPV strains and in cervical disease as well, so there is every suggestion there will be reductions in cervical cancers too.”

Prof Marc Brisson, from Laval University, Canada, who led the review, said: “We will see reductions in women aged 20-30 within the next 10 years.”

He said cervical cancer elimination – defined as fewer than four cases per 100,000 – “might be possible if sufficiently high vaccination coverage can be achieved and maintained”.

Jo’s Cervical Cancer Trust said the findings “clearly showed” the impact of HPV vaccination.

“This study furthers the growing evidence to counteract those who don’t believe that this vaccine works, which is now extremely encouraging,” said chief executive Robert Music.

“We sincerely hope this will boost public faith in the HPV vaccine, so that more lives can be saved and we get closer to a world where cervical cancer is a thing of the past.”

source: http://sutured.com/hopes-raised-of-cervical-cancer-eradication/
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France will not legalize the recreational use of cannabis but could consider authorizing its medical use, Transport Minister Elisabeth Borne said on Thursday.

“The position of the French state is clear. We are against legalizing cannabis for recreational use. There is an ongoing discussion about a medical use,” Borne told LCI television

Borne’s comments follow publication of a report on Thursday by French think-tank the Conseil d’Analyse Economique recommending legalizing cannabis for recreational use in France.

Several countries, including Germany, Italy and Denmark, already allow the prescription of medical cannabis and last year Canada became the second country in the world to fully legalize marijuana.

In France, GreenLeaf, a French hemp-based and cannabis healthcare company, recently said it had agreed to be bought by rival EMMAC Life Sciences Ltd, as the legal use of cannabis for medicinal purposes grows further.

Source: http://sutured.com/france-has-no-plans-to-legalize-cannabis-for-recreational-use-minister/
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Osteoarthritis of the knee is more common in people who’ve had injuries to the ligament or the cartilage that help stabilize the knee joint, a research review suggests.

Compared to people without knee injuries, individuals with injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) were more than four times as likely to develop knee osteoarthritis, the study found. People with injuries to the meniscus cartilage alone or in combination with an ACL injury were more than six times as prone to osteoarthritis, researchers note in the British Journal of Sports Medicine.

The estimates are drawn from analyses of 53 previously published studies with more than 1 million participants, including about 185,000 with these knee injuries.

“The injury itself damages the tissue and complete recovery of the knee is rarely gained,” said lead study author Erik Poulsen of the University of Southern Denmark in Odense.

“Cartilage and ligaments have much poorer healing capabilities due to limited blood supply,” Poulsen said by email. “This change in structure changes the biomechanics of the joint and can lead to osteoarthritis. Further, the often-substantial trauma not only tears the ligament or the meniscus but also causes damage to the cartilage and bone.”

The results suggest that meniscal injuries in isolation or in combination with ACL damage may be an even more important risk factor for osteoarthritis than an ACL injury alone, the study authors conclude. Many patients had surgery for ACL injuries, and this also didn’t appear to be as big a risk factor as a meniscal injury.

Eleven studies involving roughly 185,000 people investigated ACL injuries. Patients in these studies were 28 years old on average at the time of injury.



Another 22 studies focused on meniscal injuries. These studies included about 83,000 people with an average age of about 38 at the time of injury.

In 25 studies examining combined ACL and meniscal injuries, patients were 31 years old, on average, at the time of injury.

Most studies followed patients for at least a decade, and the risk of osteoarthritis associated with knee injuries appeared to increase over time.

A leading cause of pain and disability in older adults, knee osteoarthritis occurs when flexible tissue at the ends of bones wears down. While it can’t be cured, physical therapy or anti-inflammatory medications are often prescribed to relieve pain and improve mobility.

One limitation of the analysis is that some of the studies lacked data on whether patients had osteoarthritis before their knee injuries, the study authors note.

However, several factors can increase the risk of osteoarthritis after a knee injury, including muscle weakness, altered biomechanics, poor functional capacity like decreased ability to hop or jump, and being overweight or obese, said Adam Culvenor, a sports medicine researcher at La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia.

“Returning to sport after injury doesn’t seem to be associated with increased risk of osteoarthritis longer term, so we can educate our patients about the importance of optimizing muscle strength and function and maintaining a healthy weight and physical activity,” Culvenor, who wasn’t involved in the study, said by email. “But It is important to note that, to date, no data exists from high quality, randomized controlled trials to show that post-traumatic osteoarthritis can be prevented.”

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