Praise be to Allaah the Lord of the Worlds, and blessings and peace be upon
our Prophet Muhammad and all his family and companions.
The commands mentioned in the Qur'aan and Sunnah to follow the laws of
Allaah and His Messenger, and the prohibitions on introducing innovations
into the religion are quite clear. Allaah says (interpretation of the
meaning):
"Say (O Muhammad to mankind): 'If you (really) love Allaah, then follow me
(i.e. accept Islamic Monotheism, follow the Qur'aan and the Sunnah), Allaah
will love you and forgive you your sins'"
[Aal 'Imraan 3:31]
"Follow what has been sent down unto you from your Lord (the Qur'aan and
Prophet Muhammad's Sunnah), and follow not any Awliyaa' (protectors and
helpers who order you to associate partners in worship with Allaah), besides
Him (Allaah). Little do you remember!"
[al-A'raaf 7:3]
"And verily, this is My straight path, so follow it, and follow not (other)
paths, for they will separate you away from His path"
[al-A'naam 6:153]
And the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: "The most
truthful of speech is the Book of Allaah and the best of guidance is the
guidance of Muhammad, and the most evil of things are those which are
newly-invented." And he (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said:
"Whoever innovates anything in this matter of ours (i.e., Islam), that is
not part of it will have it rejected." (Narrated by al-Bukhaari, no. 2697;
Muslim, no. 1718). According to a version narrated by Muslim, "Whoever doe
anything that is not in accordance with this matter of ours (i.e., Islam),
will have it rejected."
Among the reprehensible innovations that people have invented is the
celebration of the birthday of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be
upon him) in the month of Rabee' al-Awwal. They celebrate this occasion in
various ways:
Some of them simply make it an occasion to gather and read the story of the
Mawlid, then they present speeches and qaseedahs (odes) for this occasion.
Some of them make food and sweets etc., and offer them to the people
present.
Some of them hold these celebrations in the mosques, and some of them hold
them in their houses.
Some people do not limit themselves to the actions mentioned above; they
include in these gatherings haraam and reprehensible things, such as free
mixing of men and women, dancing and singing, or committing actions of shirk
such as seeking the help of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be
upon him), calling upon him, seeking his support against their enemies and
so on.
Whatever form it takes and whatever the intentions of those who do this are,
there is no doubt whatsoever that it is an invented, haraam innovation which
was introduced by the Shi'a Faatimids after the three best centuries, in
order to corrupt the religion of the Muslims. The first person to do this
after them was the king al-Muzaffar Abu Sa'eed Kawkaboori, the king of
Irbil, at the end of the sixth century or the beginning of the seventh
century AH, as was mentioned by the historians such as Ibn Khalkaan and
others. Abu Shaamah said: the first person to do that in Mosul was Shaykh
'Umar ibn Muhammad al-Malaa, one of the well-known righteous people. Then
the ruler of Irbil and others followed his example.
Al-Haafiz Ibn Katheer said in al-Bidaayah wa'l-Nihaayah (13/137), in his
biography of Abu Sa'eed Kazkaboori: "He used to observe the Mawlid in Rabee'
al-Awwal and hold a huge celebration on that occasion, some of those who
were present at the feast of al-Muzaffar on some occasions of the Mawlid
said that he used to offer in the feast five thousand grilled heads of
sheep, ten thousand chickens and one hundred thousand large dishes, and
thirty trays of sweets, he would let the Sufis sing from Zuhr until Fajr,
and he himself would dance with them."
Ibn Khalkaan said in Wafiyaat al-A'yaan (3/274): "When it is the first of
Safar they decorate those domes with various kinds of fancy adornments, and
in every dome there sits a group of singers and a group of puppeteers and
players of musical instruments, and they do not leave any one of those domes
without setting up a group (of performers) there.
The people give up work during this period, and they do no work except
going around and watching the entertainment. When there are two days to go
until the Mawlid, they bring out a large number of camels, cows and sheep,
more than can be described, and they accompany them with all the drums,
songs and musical instruments that they have, until they bring them to the
square, On the night of the Mawlid there are performances of nasheed after
Maghrib in the citadel."
This is the origin of this celebration on the occasion of the Prophet's
birthday. More recently idle entertainment, extravagance, and wasting of
money and time have become associated with an innovation for which Allaah
has not sent down any authority.
What Muslims should do is to revive the Sunnah and put an end to bid'ah
(innovation); they should not do any action until they know the ruling of
Allaah concerning it.
Ruling on celebrating the Prophet's birthday
Celebrating the occasion of the birthday of the Prophet (peace and blessings
of Allaah be upon him) is forbidden and is to be rejected for a number of
reasons:
1 - it is not part of the Sunnah of the Messenger (peace and blessings of
Allaah be upon him) or of the khaleefahs who succeeded him. Since this is
the case, then it is a forbidden innovation, because the Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: "I urge you to follow my Sunnah and
the way of the rightly-guided khaleefahs after me; adhere to it and cling to
it firmly. Beware of newly-invented things, for every newly-invented thing
is an innovation (bid'ah) and every innovation is a going-astray." (Narrated
by Ahmad, 4/126; al-Tirmidhi no. 2676).
Celebrating the Mawlid is an innovation introduced by the Shi'a Faatimids
after the three best centuries in order to corrupt the religion of the
Muslims. If a person does anything in order to draw closer to Allaah which
was not done by the Messenger (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) or
enjoined by him, and was not done by the khaleefahs who succeeded him, this
action implies that he is accusing the Messenger of not explaining the
religion to the people, and that he disbelieves in the words of Allaah
(interpretation of the meaning):
"This day, I have perfected your religion for you"
[al-Maa'idah 5:3]
because he is adding something extra and claiming that it is a part of the
religion, but the Messenger (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) did
not bring this.
2 - Celebrating the birthday of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah
be upon him) is an imitation of the Christians, because they celebrate the
birth of the Messiah (peace be upon him). Imitating them is extremely
haraam. The hadeeth tells us that it is forbidden to imitate the kuffaar,
and we are commanded to differ from them. The Prophet (peace and blessings
of Allaah be upon him) said: "Whoever imitates a people is one of them"
(narrated by Ahmad, 2/50; Abu Dawood, 4/314). And he said, "Be different
from the mushrikeen" (narrated by Muslim, 1/222, no. 259) - especially with
regard to things that are the symbols or rituals of their religion.
3 - Besides being bid'ah and an imitation of the Christians, both of which
are haraam, celebrating the birthday of the Prophet (peace and blessings of
Allaah be upon him) is also a means that leads to exaggeration and excess in
venerating him, which even goes as far as calling upon him (making du'aa' to
him) and seeking his help, instead of calling upon Allaah, as happens now
among many of those who observe the bid'ah of the Mawlid, when they call
upon the Messenger instead of Allaah, and ask him for support, and sing
qaseedahs (odes) of shirk praising him, like Qaseedat al-Burdah etc. The
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) forbade going to
extremes in praising him, as he said: "Do not extol as the Christians
extolled the son of Maryam. For I am just His slave, so say, the slave of
Allaah and His Messenger" (narrated by al-Bukhaari, 4/142, no. 3445;
al-Fath, 6/551), i.e., do not exaggerate in praising me as the Christians
exaggerated in praising the Messiah and venerated him until they worshipped
him instead of Allaah. Allaah forbade them to do that when he said
(interpretation of the meaning):
"O people of the Scripture (Christians)! Do not exceed the limits in your
religion, nor say of Allaah aught but the truth. The Messiah 'Eesa (Jesus),
son of Maryam (Mary), was (no more than) a Messenger of Allaah and His Word,
("Be!" - and he was) which He bestowed on Maryam (Mary) and a spirit (Rooh)
created by Him"
[al-Nisaa' 4:171]
Our Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) forbade us to
exaggerate concerning him lest the same thing happen to us as happened to
them, so he said: "Beware of exaggeration, for those who came before you
were destroyed because of exaggeration" (narrated by al-Nasaa'i, 5/268;
classed as saheeh by al-Albaani in Saheeh Sunan al-Nasaa'i, no. 2863).
4 - Observing the innovation of the Prophet's birthday opens the door to
other kinds of bid'ah and being distracted by them from the Sunnah. Hence
you find that the innovators are very active when it comes to bid'ah and
very lazy when it comes to the Sunnah; they hate it and regard those who
follow it as enemies, until their entire religion is innovated anniversaries
and Mawlids. They have split into various groups, each of which commemorates
the anniversary of its imaam's birth, such as the births of al-Badawi, Ibn
'Arabi, al-Dasooqi and al-Shaadhili. No sooner do they end the celebration
of one birthday but they start the celebration of another. This results in
exaggeration concerning these dead people and others, and in calling upon
them instead of Allaah, believing that they can bring benefit and cause
harm, until they deviate from the religion of Allaah and go back to the
religion of the people of the Jaahiliyyah of whom Allaah says
(interpretation of the meaning):
"And they worship besides Allaah things that harm them not, nor profit
them, and they say: 'These are our intercessors with Allaah'"
[Yoonus 10:18]
"And those who take Awliyaa' (protectors, helpers, lords, gods) besides Him
(say): 'We worship them only that they may bring us near to Allaah'"
[al-Zumar 39:3]
Discussing the specious arguments of those who celebrate the Mawlid
Those who think that this bid'ah should be continued produce specious
arguments which are flimsier than a spider's web. These specious arguments
may be dealt with as follows:
1 - Their claim that this is veneration of the Prophet (peace and blessings
of Allaah be upon him):
The response to that is that the way to venerate him is to obey him, do as
he commanded and avoid that which he forbade, and to love him; he is not to
be venerated through innovations, myths and sins. Celebrating his birthday
is of this blameworthy type because it is a sin. The people who venerated
the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) the most were the
Sahaabah (may Allaah be pleased with them), as 'Urwah ibn Mas'ood said to
Quraysh: "O people, by Allaah I have visited kings. I went to Caesar,
Chosroes and the Negus, but by Allaah I never saw a king whose companions
venerated him as much as the companions of Muhammad venerated Muhammad
(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him). By Allaah, whenever he spat it
never fell on the ground, it fell into into the hand of one his companions,
then they wiped their faces and skins with it. If he instructed them to do
something, they would hasten to do as he commanded. When he did wudoo', they
would almost fight over his water. When he spoke they would lower their
voices in his presence; and they did not stare at him out of respect for
him." (al-Bukhaari, 3/178, no. 2731, 2732; al-Fath, 5/388). Yet despite this
level of veneration, they never took the day of his birth as an 'Eid
(festival). If that had been prescribed in Islam they would not have
neglected to do that.
2 - Using as evidence the fact that many people in many countries do this.
The response to that is that evidence consists of that which is proven from
the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), and what is proven
from the Prophet is that innovations are forbidden in general, and this is
an innovation. What people do, if it goes against the evidence (daleel),
does not prove anything, even if many of them do it.
"And if you obey most of those on the earth, they will mislead you far away
from Allaah's path"
[al-An'aam 6:116 - interpretation of the meaning]
Nevertheless, in every age, praise be to Allaah, there have always been
those who denounce this bid'ah and state clearly that it is false. Those who
persist in following it after the truth had been explained to them have no
proof.
Among those who denounced the celebration of this occasion was Shaykh
al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah, in Iqtidaa' al-Siraat al-Mustaqeem; Imaam al-Shaatibi
in al-'I'tisaam; Ibn al-Haaj in al-Madkhil; Shaykh Taaj al-Deen 'Ali ibn
'Umar al-Lakhami who wrote an entire book denouncing it; Shaykh Muhammad
Basheer al-Sahsawaani al-Hindi in his book Siyaanah al-Insaan; al-Sayyid
Muhammad Rasheed Ridaa wrote a separate essay on this topic; Shaykh Muhammad
ibn Ibraaheem Aal al-Shaykh wrote a separate essay on it; Shaykh 'Abd
al-'Azeez ibn Baaz; and others who are still writing and denouncing this
bid'ah every year in the pages of newspapers and magazines, at the time when
this bid'ah is being done.
3 - They say that by celebrating the Mawlid they are keeping the memory of
the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) alive.
The answer to that is that the memory of the Prophet (peace and blessings
of Allaah be upon him) is constantly kept alive by the Muslim, such as when
his name (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) is mentioned in the
adhaan and iqaamah and in khutbahs, and every time the Muslim recites the
Shahaadatayn after doing wudoo' and in the prayers, and every time he sends
blessings upon the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) in
his prayers and when he is mentioned, and every time the Muslim does a
waajib (obligatory) or mustahabb (recommended) action that was prescribed by
the Messenger (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him). In all of these
ways (the Muslim) remembers him and the reward equivalent to the reward of
the one who does that action goes back to the Prophet (peace and blessings
of Allaah be upon him). Thus the Muslim constantly keeps the memory of the
Messenger alive and has a connection with him night and day throughout his
life through that which Allaah has prescribed, not only on the day of the
Mawlid and things which are bid'ah and go against the Sunnah, for that puts
one at a distance from the Messenger (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon
him) and the Messenger will disown him because of that.
The Messenger (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) has no need of
this innovated celebration, because Allaah has already bestowed veneration
and respect upon him, as He says:
"and raised high your fame"
[al-Sharh 94:4]
For Allaah is not mentioned in the adhaan, iqaamah or khutbah, but the
Messenger (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) is mentioned after
Him; this is sufficient veneration, love and renewal of his memory, ad
sufficient encouragement to follow him.
Allaah did not refer to the birth of the Messenger (peace and blessings of
Allaah be upon him) in the Qur'aan, rather He referred to his Mission, and
says (interpretation of the meaning):
"Indeed, Allaah conferred a great favour on the believers when He sent
among them a Messenger (Muhammad) from among themselves"
[Aal 'Imraan 3:124]
"He it is Who sent among the unlettered ones a Messenger (Muhammad) from
among themselves"
[al-Jumu'ah 64:2]
4 - They may say that the celebration of the Prophet's birthday was
introduced by a knowledgeable and just king who intended thereby to draw
closer to Allaah.
Our response to that is that bid'ah is not acceptable, no matter who does
it. A good intention does not justify a bad deed and even if a person died
as a knowledgeable and righteous person, this does not mean that he was
infallible.
5 - They say that celebrating the mawlid comes under the heading of bid'ah
hasanah ("good innovation" because it is based on giving thanks to Allaah
for the Prophet!
Our response to that is that there is nothing good in innovation. The
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: "Whoever innovates
anything in this matter of ours (i.e., Islam), that is not part of it will
have it rejected." (Narrated by al-Bukhaari, no. 2697; al-Fath, 5/355). And
he said, "Every innovation is a going astray" (narrated by Ahmad, 4/126;
al-Tirmidhi, no. 2676). The ruling on innovations is that they are all
misguidance, but this specious argument suggests that not every bid'ah is a
going astray, rather there are good innovations.
Al-Haafiz ibn Rajab said in Sharh al-Arba'een: "The words of the Prophet
(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), 'every innovation is a going
astray' is a concise but comprehensive comment which includes everything; it
is one of the most important principles of religion. It is like his words
'Whoever innovates anything in this matter of ours (i.e., Islam), that is
not part of it will have it rejected.' (Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 3/167, no.
2697; al-Fath, 5/355). Whoever innovates anything and attributes it to Islam
when it has no basis in the religion, this is a going astray and is nothing
to do with Islam, whether that has to do with matters of belief ('aqeedah)
or outward and inward words and deeds."
(Jaami' al-'Uloom wa'l-Hakam, p. 233)
These people have no proof that there is any such thing as a "good
innovation" apart from the words of 'Umar (may Allaah be pleased with him)
concerning Taraaweeh prayers, "What a good innovation this is." (Saheeh
al-Bukhaari, 2/252, no. 2010 mu'allaqan; al-Fath 4/294).
They also said that things were innovated which were not denounced by the
salaf, such as compiling the Qur'aan into one volume and writing and
compiling the hadeeth.
The response to that is that these matters had a basis in Islam, so they
were not newly-invented.
'Umar said: "What a good bid'ah" meaning innovation in the linguistic
sense, not in the shar'i sense. Whatever has a basis in Islam, if it is
described as an innovation, is an innovation in the linguistic sense, not in
the shar'i sense, because innovation in the shar'i sense means that which
has no basis in Islam.
Compiling the Qur'aan into one book has a basis in Islam, because the
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) had commanded that the
Qur'aan be written down, but it was scattered, so the Sahaabah compiled it
in one volume so as so protect and preserve it.
The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) led his companions
in praying Taraaweeh for a while, then he stopped doing that, lest that
become obligatory on them. The Sahaabah (may Allaah be pleased with them)
continued to pray it separately during the life of the Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him) and after his death, until 'Umar ibn
al-Khattaab (may Allaah be pleased with them) gathered them behind one imaam
as they used to pray behind the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be
upon him). This was not an innovation introduced into the religion.
Writing down the hadeeth also has a basis in Islam. The Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him) ordered that some ahaadeeth should be
written down for some of his companions when they asked him for that. In
general terms writing it down during his lifetime was not allowed, for fear
that the Qur'aan might be mixed with things that were not part of it. When
the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) died, this fear was
no longer a factor, because the Qur'aan had been completed and arranged in
order before he died. The Muslims compiled the Sunnah after that in order to
preserve it and keep it from being lost. May Allaah reward them with good on
behalf of Islam and the Muslims, because they preserved the Book of their
Lord and the Sunnah of their Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon
him) from being lost or being tampered with.
We may also say to them: why was this act of thanksgiving, as they call it,
not done by the best generations, the Sahaabah, Taabi'een and followers of
the Taabi'een, who loved the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon
him) most and who were most keen to do good and give thanks? Are those who
introduced the innovation of the Mawlid more rightly-guided than them? Do
they give more thanks to Allaah? Definitely not!
6 - They may say that celebrating the birthday of the Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him) is indicative of their love for him; this
is one way of showing that, and showing love of the Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him) is prescribed in Islam!
The answer to that is that undoubtedly loving the Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him) is obligatory for every Muslim; he should
love him more than he loves himself, his child, his father and all the
people - may my father and mother be sacrificed for him - but that does not
mean that we should introduce innovations for doing so that have not been
prescribed for us. Loving him dictates that we should obey him and follow
him, for that is one of the greatest manifestations of love, as it is said:
"If your love is sincere then obey him; for the lover obeys the one whom he
loves."
Loving the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) implies
keeping his Sunnah alive, adhering firmly to it, and avoiding words and
deeds that go against it. Undoubtedly everything that goes against his
Sunnah is a reprehensible innovation (bid'ah) and a manifest act of
disobedience. That includes celebrating his birthday and other kinds of
bid'ah. A good intention does not mean that it is permissible to introduce
innovations into the religion. Islam is based on two things, purity of
intention and following [the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon
him)]. Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
"Yes, but whoever submits his face (himself) to Allaah (i.e. follows
Allaah's religion of Islamic Monotheism) and he is a Muhsin (a doer of good)
then his reward is with his Lord (Allaah), on such shall be no fear, nor
shall they grieve"
[al-Baqarah 2:112]
Submitting one's face to Allaah means being sincere towards Allaah, and
doing good means following the Messenger and implementing the Sunnah.
7 - Another of their specious arguments is when they say that by celebrating
the Mawlid and reading the biography of the Prophet (peace and blessings of
Allaah be upon him) on this occasion, they are encouraging people to follow
his example!
We say to them that reading the biography of the Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him) and following his example are required of
the Muslim all the time, all year long and throughout his life. Singling out
a specific day for that with no evidence for doing so is an innovation, and
every innovation is a going astray." (Narrated by Ahmad, 4/164; al-Tirmidhi,
2676). Bid'ah does not bear any fruit but evil and it leads to a person
distancing himself from the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon
him).
In conclusion, celebrating the birthday of the Prophet (peace and blessings
of Allaah be upon him), whatever form it takes, is a reprehensible
innovation. The Muslims should put a stop to this and other kinds of bid'ah,
and occupy themselves with reviving and adhering to the Sunnah. They should
not be deceived by those who promote and defend this bid'ah, for these types
of people are more interested in keeping innovations alive than in reviving
the Sunnah; they may not even care about the Sunnah at all. Whoever is like
this, it is not permissible to imitate him or follow his example, even if
the majority of people are like this. Rather we should follow the example of
those who follow the path of the Sunnah, among the righteous salaf and their
followers, even if they are few. Truth is not measured by the men who speak
it, rather men are measured by the truth.

The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: "Whoever among
you lives (for a long time) will see many differences. I urge you to follow
my Sunnah and the way of the rightly-guided khaleefahs who come after me.
Hold on to it firmly. Beware of newly-invented matters, for every innovation
is a going astray." (Narrated by Ahmad, 4/126; al-Tirmidhi no. 2676). So the
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) explained to us in this
hadeeth what we should do when there are differences of opinion, just as he
explained that everything that goes against his Sunnah, be it words or
deeds, is a bid'ah, and every bid'ah is a going astray.
If we see that there is no basis for celebrating the birthday of the
Prophet, whether in the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allaah (peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him) or in the way of the rightly-guided
khaleefahs, then it is one of the newly-invented matters, one of the bid'ahs
which lead people astray. This principle is what is implied by this hadeeth
and is what is indicated by the aayah (interpretation of the meaning):
"O you who believe! Obey Allaah and obey the Messenger (Muhammad), and those
of you (Muslims) who are in authority. (And) if you differ in anything
amongst yourselves, refer it to Allaah and His Messenger, if you believe in
Allaah and in the Last Day. That is better and more suitable for final
determination"
[al-Nisaa' 4:59]
Referring to Allaah means referring to His Book, and referring to the
Messenger (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) means referring to his
Sunnah after he has passed away. The Qur'aan and Sunnah are the reference
point in cases of dispute. Where in the Qur'aan or Sunnah does it indicate
that it is prescribed in Islam to celebrate the Prophet's birthday? Whoever
does that or thinks that it is good must repent to Allaah from this and from
other kinds of bid'ah. This is the attitude of the Muslim who is seeking the
truth. But whoever is too stubborn and arrogant after proof has been
established, then his reckoning will be with his Lord.
We ask Allaah to help us adhere to His Book and the Sunnah of His Messenger
until the Day when we will meet Him. May Allaah grant blessings and peace to
our Prophet Muhammad and his family and companions.
Huqooq al-Nabi (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) bayna al-Ijlaal
wa'l-Ikhlaal, p. 139
Shaykh Dr. Saalih ibn Fawzaan al-Fawzaan
Member of the Committee of Senior Scholars, Saudi Arabia.