The cervical opening external Os connects the vagina to the endocervical canal. It's surface has glands that secrete mucus in response to hormonal stimulation. The endocervical canal connects the external os to internal os.

The first transport of sperms after ejaculation occurs in cervical mucus, the consistency of which is dramatically changed during each cycle by estrogen and progesterone.

Vagina: The vagina is a fibromuscular canal about 7. 5cm long. It acts as a passageway for menstrual flow, for the foetus to be expelled and for the sperm to travel toward the ovum. The vaginal pH is acidic which decreases the growth of pathogens.

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The physiology of the female reproductive system is best understood in terms of the menstrual cycle, which comprises of two cycles..... the ovarian cycle and the endometrial cycle.

The two cycles progress simultaneously in the menstrual cycle. An ideal menstrual cycle comprises of 28days. The first 2-5days when bleeding occurs is known as the menstrual phase. This is followed by the follicular and proliferative phase. Ovulation occurs on day 14 in an ideal cycle and the postovulatory period is known to be the luteal and secretory phase.

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Talking about the ovarian cycle..... this consists of three phases which are the follicular phase
the ovulation phase
the luteal phase.

The follicular phase: In this phase, a few primary follicle s develop into secondary follicles out of which one ultimately develops into a graafian follicle containing a mature ovum. This development of follicles takes place under the influence of follicle stimulating hormone.

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Folliculometry: Monitoring follicular growth using ultrasound..... simply

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Get comprehensive ultrasound Atlas: obstetrics, gynecology and abdominal.( soft and hard copies available)

Standard First aid box packaged by seasoned clinicians for offices, schools, factories, cars, camping, companies and even home use

Medical equipment sales and delivery; manual and digital sphygmomanometer, patients wheelchair, stretcher, blood pressure monitor, syringes, cannula and catheters( 3 way catheters available), endoscopic devices, glucose monitors,ontology sponges, medical defibrillators, clinical swabs, stethoscopes and speculum,

Hospital/medical staffing and equipping; Get your hospital on the go with our staffing/ recruiting( Clinical and administrative staffs) packages and equipping to the best accepted standard.

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Ovulation : The high circulating levels of circulating estrogen from the graafian follicle simultaneously triggers the release of luteinising hormone (LH) another hormone from pituitary in a surge. The combined action of FSH and the mid cycle LH surge causes rupture of the graafian follicle and release of ovum outside the ovary. This process is termed OVULATION.

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Note that after ovulation, the ruptured graafian follicle changes into a solid pinpoint size structure called the corpus luteum...... Process known as the luteal phase.

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Let's talk about the endometrial cycle : This cycle concerns changes in the endometrium which is the inner lining of the uterus.

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Proliferative phase: At the end of menstruation, the endometrium is thin. By the second week of the cycle, hormonal production of estrogen in the ovary increases and the endometrium proliferates and become thicker.

The glands of the endometrium become more active, secretory and nutritive. This phase corresponds to follicular phase in the ovary.

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Secretory Phase: This phase comprises that last 2weeks of the cycle and corresponds to luteal phase in the ovary.

In continuation, under the influence of progesterone and estrogen the endometrial glands become more secretory, endometrium becomes vascular and filled with vacuoles and reservoirs of nutrient fluids in preparation for rupture of small arterioles. The passing of the sloughed endometrial layer with some blood clots through the vagina is termed as menstruation conception should it occur.

Menstrual phase: If conception does not occur, the function of the corpus lutein wanes and levels of progesterone and estrogen drop. The lining of the endometrium becomes ischemic and cell degeneration occurs. As the cells rupture, there is menstruation in effect allows the endometrial wall to be rebuilt with each monthly cycle, ensuring a fresh, new lining for each possible conception.

TODAY WE WILL TALK ABOUT THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The male reproductive organs consist of the testes and the accessory organs like the epididymis, vas deferens seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate gland and urethra. The supporting structures are the scrotum, penis and spermatic cords. These organs are involved in the production and ejaculation of sperm and thus are closely related to fertility in the male.