..colossal? What's colossal about black holes sef?
BLACK holes have recently seized the public's imagination. Books and documentaries (but fictional and otherwise) have been devoted to exploring this strange prediction of Einstein's equations,as is evident here on nairaland too, a lot of topics have been seen which attempts to decipher this......I don't know,just fill it your self , the final stage in the death of a collapsed star. Ironically, the public remains largely unaware of perhaps the most peculiar feature of black holes, that they may be gateways to an alternative universe..yes gateways ...be patient will get there in time

Well that is that about that...in summary I just want to contribute my own nonsense about black holes...

Enjoy the movie

To understand black holes, we must first understand what makes the stars shine, how they grow, and how they eventually die

So let's explore the charming stars

A star is born when a massive cloud of hydrogen gas many times the size of our solar system is slowly compressed by the force of gravity. The gravitational force compressing the gas gradually heats up the gas, as gravitational energy is converted into the kinetic energy of the hydrogen atoms. Normally, the repulsive charge of the protons within the hydrogen gas is sufficient to keep them apart. But at a certain point, when the temperature rises to 10 to 100 million°K, the kinetic
energy of the protons (which are hydrogen nuclei) overcomes their electrostatic repulsion, and they slam into one another. The nuclear force then takes over from the electromagnetic force, and the two hydrogen nuclei "fuse" into helium, releasing vast quantities of energy

In summary- a star star is a nuclear furnace, burning hydrogen fuel and creating nuclear "ash" in the form of waste helium. A star is also a delicate balancing act between the force of gravity, which tends to crush the star into oblivion, and the nuclear force, which tends to blow the star apart with the force of trillions of hydrogen bombs. A star then matures and ages as it exhausts its nuclear fuel

Our sun is an ordinary yellow star, consisting mainly of hydrogen. Like the original Big Bang, it fuses hydrogen and forms helium. However, because the protons in hydrogen weigh more than the protons in helium, there is an excess of mass, which is converted into energy via Einstein's E = mc^2 formula. [b]This energy is what binds the nuclei together. This is also the energy released when hydrogen is fused into helium. This is why the sun shines

However, as the hydrogen is slowly used up over several billion years, a yellow star eventually builds up too much waste helium, and its nuclear furnace shuts off. When that happens, gravity eventually takes over and crushes the star. As temperatures soar, the star soon becomes hot enough to burn waste helium and convert it into the other elements, like lithium and carbon.. In other words, it is still possible to burn waste helium (in the same way that ordinary ash can still be burned under certain conditions). Although the star has decreased enormously in size, its temperature is quite high, and its atmosphere expands greatly in size. In fact, when our own sun exhausts its hydrogen supply and starts to burn helium, its atmosphere may extend out to the orbit of Mars. This is what is called a red giant

See picture 1 and 2 for the beautiful red gaint

Wow...after the red gaint what's next ??

Finally, when the helium is used up, the nuclear furnace again shuts down, and gravity takes over to crush the star. The red giant shrinks to become a white dwarf a miniature star with the mass of an entire star squeezed down to about the size of the planet earth.

Imagine what a white dwarf will look like

See picture 3 and 4. For what they look like

Let take a short break..the movie continues shortly

Blackholes are the prisms that hold digital archives of every particle in the universe.

Back again with my trouble..oya where did we stop ....yes white dwarfs

So in continuation this alludes to the fact that Our sun will eventually turn into a white dwarf and, over billions of years anyways , slowly die as it exhausts its nuclear fuel. It will eventually become a dark, burned-out dwarf star. However, it is known that if a star is sufficiently massive (several times the mass of our sun), then most of the elements in the white dwarf will continue to be fused into increasingly heavier elements, eventually reaching iron

And then??

Yes Once we reach iron, we are near the very close to end of the tunnel. because,We can no longer extract any more energy from the excess mass, so the nuclear furnace shuts off. Gravity once again takes over, crushing the star until temperatures rise explosively a thousandfold, reaching trillions of degrees. At this point, the iron core collapses and the outer layer of the white dwarf blows off, releasing the largest burst of energy known in the galaxy, an exploding star called a SuPERNOVA also referred to as a dieing star

Again image 1 and 2 shows what supernovae(plural) are like

In the aftermath of the supernova, we find a totally dead star, a NEUTRON StAR the densities in a neutron star are so great that, crudely speaking, all the neutrons are "touching" one another. Although neutron stars are almost invisible, they can be detected with suffisticated instruments. Because they emit some radiation while they are rotating, they act like a cosmic lighthouse in outer space. Otherwise referred to as a blinking or winking star , or pulsar.

See picture 3 and 4 for our neutron stars

So from,, red giant-----»white dwarf-----»supernova(ae)-----»neutron star........then what??

Yes,, black holes

....watch out for part 2 ..to be continued shortly

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falcon01:
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lol bruh..ure wicked oh

OK we've come a long way..and finally we've arrived at our destination
black holes
If a star was ten to 50 times the size of our sun, then gravity will continue to squeeze it even after it becomes a neutron star. Without the force of fusion to repel the gravitational pull, there is nothing to oppose the final collapse of the star. At this point, it becomes the famous black hole. In some sense, black holes must exist. A star, we recall, is the byproduct of two cosmic forces: gravity, which tries to crush the star, and fusion, which tries to blow the star apart like in a hydrogen bomb. All the various phases in the life history of a star are a consequence of this delicate balancing act between gravity and fusion. Sooner or later, when all the nuclear fuel in a massive star is finally exhausted and the star is a mass of pure neutrons, there is nothing known that can then resist the powerful force of gravity. Eventually, the gravitational force will take over and crush the neutron star into nothingness. The star has come full circle: It was born when gravity first began to compress hydrogen gas in the heavens into a star, and it will die when the nuclear fuel is exhausted and gravity collapses it

The density of a black hole is so large that light, like a rocket launched from the earth, will be forced to orbit around it. Since no light can escape from the enormous gravitational field, the collapsed star becomes black in colour. In fact, that is the usual definition of a black hole, a collapsed star from which no light can escape


To understand this, we note that all heavenly bodies have what is called an escape velocity. This is the velocity necessary to escape permanently the gravitational pull of that body. For example, a space probe must reach an escape velocity of 25,000 miles per hour in order to leave the gravitational pull of the earth and go into deep space. space probes like the Voyager have ventured into deep space and have completely left the solar system (carrying good-will messages to any aliens who might pick them up) have reached the escape velocity of our sun. (The fact that we breathe oxygen is because the oxygen atoms do not have enough velocity to escape the earth's gravitational field. The fact that Jupiter and the other gas giants are made mainly of hydrogen is because their escape velocity is large enough to capture the primordial hydrogen of the early solar system. Thus escape velocity helps to explain the planetary evolution of the planets of our solar system over the past 5 billion years

newton theory of gravity, in fact, gives the precise relationship between the escape velocity and the mass of the star. The heavier the planet or star and the smaller its radius, the larger the escape velocity necessary to escape its gravitational pull. As early as 1783, the English astronomer John Michell used this calculation to propose that a super massive star might have an escape velocity equal to the speed of light. The light emitted by such a massive star could never escape, but would orbit around it. Thus, to an outside observer, the star would appear totally black. Using the best knowledge available in the eighteenth century, he actually calculated the mass of such a black hole.* Unfortunately, his theory was considered to be crazy and was soon forgotten. Nevertheless, today scientists tend to believe that black holes exist because their telescopes and instruments have seen white dwarfs and neutron stars in the heavens

so why are black holes black

There are two ways to explain this

1: from the pedestrian point of view, the "force" between the star and a light beam is so great that its path is bent into a circle

2: or from the Einsteinian point of view, in which case the "shortest distance between two points is a curved line." Bending a light beam into a full circle means that space itself has been bent full circle. This can happen only if the black hole has completely pinched a piece of space-time along with it, so the light beam is circulating in a hypersphere. This piece of spacetime has now disconnected itself from the space-time around it.

Einstein-rosen bridge
The relativistic description of the black hole comes from the work of Karl Schwarzschild. In 1916, barely a few months after Einstein wrote down his celebrated equations, Schwarzschild was able to solve Einstein's equations exactly and calculate the gravitational field of a massive, stationary star

Schwarzschild's solution has several interesting features. First, a point of no return surrounds the black hole. Any object that comes closer than this radius will inevitably be sucked into the black hole, with no possibility of escape. Inexorably, any person unfortunate enough to come within the Schwarzschild radius would be captured by the black hole and crushed to death(spagettification) This distance or limit to the black schwarzchild radius or horizon(the farthest visible point)

Second, anyone who fell within the Schwarzschild radius would be aware of a "mirror universe" on the "other side" of space-time

Einstein was not worried about the existence of this bizarre mirror universe because communication with it was impossible. Any space probe sent into the center of a black hole would encounter infinite curvature; that is, the gravitational field would be infinite, and any material object would be crushed. The electrons would be ripped off atoms, and even the protons and neutrons within the nuclei themselves would be torn apart. Also, to penetrate through to the alternative universe, the probe would have to go faster than the speed of light, which is not possible. Thus although this mirror universe is mathematically necessary to make sense of the Schwarzschild solution, it could never be observed physically.

Consequently, the celebrated Einstein-Rosen bridge connecting these two universes (named after Einstein and his collaborator, Nathan Rosen) was considered a mathematical quirk.hence it remained forgotten

Things began to change with the work of New Zealand mathematician Roy Kerr, who in 1963 found another exact solution to Einstein's equations. Kerr assumed that any collapsing star would be rotating. Like a spinning skater who speeds up when bringing in his or her hands, a rotating star would necessarily accelerate as it began to collapse. Thus the stationary Schwarzschild solution for a black hole was not the most physically relevant solution of Einstein's equations

Kerr found, however, that a massive rotating star does not collapse into a point. Instead, the spinning star flattens until it eventually is compressed into a ring, which has interesting properties. If a probe were shot into the black hole from the side, it would hit the ring and be totally demolished. The curvature of space-time is still infinite when approaching the ring from the side. There is still a "ring of death," so to speak, surrounding the center. However, if a space probe were shot into the ring from the top or bottom, it would experience a large but finite curvature; that is, the gravitational force would not be infinite

This rather surprising conclusion from Kerr's solution means that any space probe shot through a spinning black hole along its axis of rotation might, in principle, survive the enormous but finite gravitational fields at the center, and go right on through to the mirror universe without being destroyed by infinite curvature. The Einstein-Rosen bridge acts like a tunnel connecting two regions of space-time; it is a wormhole. Thus the Kerr black hole is a gateway to another universe

I

butterfly88:
..colossal? What's colossal about black holes sef?
BLACK holes have recently seized the public's imagination. Books and documentaries (but fictional and otherwise) have been devoted to exploring this strange prediction of Einstein's equations,as is evident here on nairaland too, a lot of topics have been seen which attempts to decipher this......I don't know,just fill it your self , the final stage in the death of a collapsed star. Ironically, the public remains largely unaware of perhaps the most peculiar feature of black holes, that they may be gateways to an alternative universe..yes gateways ...be patient will get there in time

Well that is that about that...in summary I just want to contribute my own nonsense about black holes...

Enjoy the movie

To understand black holes, we must first understand what makes the stars shine, how they grow, and how they eventually die

So let's explore the charming stars

A star is born when a massive cloud of hydrogen gas many times the size of our solar system is slowly compressed by the force of gravity. The gravitational force compressing the gas gradually heats up the gas, as gravitational energy is converted into the kinetic energy of the hydrogen atoms. Normally, the repulsive charge of the protons within the hydrogen gas is sufficient to keep them apart. But at a certain point, when the temperature rises to 10 to 100 million°K, the kinetic
energy of the protons (which are hydrogen nuclei) overcomes their electrostatic repulsion, and they slam into one another. The nuclear force then takes over from the electromagnetic force, and the two hydrogen nuclei "fuse" into helium, releasing vast quantities of energy

In summary- a star star is a nuclear furnace, burning hydrogen fuel and creating nuclear "ash" in the form of waste helium. A star is also a delicate balancing act between the force of gravity, which tends to crush the star into oblivion, and the nuclear force, which tends to blow the star apart with the force of trillions of hydrogen bombs. A star then matures and ages as it exhausts its nuclear fuel

Our sun is an ordinary yellow star, consisting mainly of hydrogen. Like the original Big Bang, it fuses hydrogen and forms helium. However, because the protons in hydrogen weigh more than the protons in helium, there is an excess of mass, which is converted into energy via Einstein's E = mc^2 formula. [b]This energy is what binds the nuclei together. This is also the energy released when hydrogen is fused into helium. This is why the sun shines

However, as the hydrogen is slowly used up over several billion years, a yellow star eventually builds up too much waste helium, and its nuclear furnace shuts off. When that happens, gravity eventually takes over and crushes the star. As temperatures soar, the star soon becomes hot enough to burn waste helium and convert it into the other elements, like lithium and carbon.. In other words, it is still possible to burn waste helium (in the same way that ordinary ash can still be burned under certain conditions). Although the star has decreased enormously in size, its temperature is quite high, and its atmosphere expands greatly in size. In fact, when our own sun exhausts its hydrogen supply and starts to burn helium, its atmosphere may extend out to the orbit of Mars. This is what is called a red giant

See picture 1 and 2 for the beautiful red gaint

Wow...after the red gaint what's next ??

Finally, when the helium is used up, the nuclear furnace again shuts down, and gravity takes over to crush the star. The red giant shrinks to become a white dwarf a miniature star with the mass of an entire star squeezed down to about the size of the planet earth.

Imagine what a white dwarf will look like

See picture 3 and 4. For what they look like

Let take a short break..the movie continues shortly

you're always on point..op

Amory:
LET ME SIT DOWN PROPERLY AND READ THIS STUFF

;Dhope you don grab popcorn

phensbassey:
you're always on point..op

...kudos to physics for being so on point...thanks bro

I.

bro...mention please anytime your topics....interesting

taurus25:
bro...mention please anytime your topics....interesting

..ok bro...tenks