₦airaland Forum

Hey, finestboi this is a World event

https://www.nairaland.com/1469051/2013-nobel-prize-physiology-medicine

Alfred Nobel - the Man behind the Nobel
Prize
Spoke 5 languages fluently at the age of
17.
Worked as chemist, engineer,
industrialist.
Invented dynamite.
Left 31 million SEK (today about 265
million dollar) to fund the Nobel Prizes.[b]

Now[i][/i] https://www.nairaland.com/1469051/2013-nobel-prize-physiology-medicine#18646694 .

https://www.nairaland.com/1469051/2013-nobel-prize-physiology-medicine#18646694

Guess what Thomas C. Südhof said -

"Are you serious? "

The Nobel Prize is any of the annual prizes awarded in Literature, Peace, Medicine - established by Alfred Nobel

Well for this years Nobel Prize awarded yesterday (Monday) 7th October, by 11:30am -

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2013 was awarded jointly to James E.
Rothman , Randy W. Schekman and Thomas
C. Südhof "for their discoveries of
machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a
major transport system in our cells" .

Sulemanmathew: HI.
I am a BDS student of LASU. I
opened this thread cos I noticed there isn't any that
is specially for dental students, medical students, physiotherapy students, Pharmac. Stdnts and BMSci. Stdnts and I believe this is
an opportunity for all docs in the making to meet, chat,
share experiences, ask questions, and even make new
friends!
Jambitos who wish to study medicine are also
welcome...
So, let the anastomoses begin!!!!

Congrats 4 dubbing Lagusta's opening statement. Thumbs up

The Male hostel at Idi-araba looks more cool. Below are
some pics........
Source: http://iclemency..com

The Male hostel at Idi-araba looks more cool. Below are some pics........


Source: http://iclemency..com[i][/i]

3trillion This guys!

QUALITY EDUCATION/LECTURES - NO!

DO THEY ENHANCE ADMISSION - NO!!

TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH - NO!!!

COMFORTABLE LECTURE HALLS - NO!!!!

EMPOWER STUDENTS? - NO!!!!

What exactly do the CONTRIBUTE to (Asides there deep pockets) ? In fact in one word, they are

EMBEZZLERS!

As for me couldn't even use it. All I saw was **PARSING ERROR**

Or is anyone still using it? Cos It's been blocked...

It's been heard from the University of Lagos Mobile, that the School is withdrawing from the chronic ASUU strike inorder for the students to write exams.
After two weeks of intensive lecture...

Can anyone confirm this ?

"Beta" served as the beginning of Android mobile operating system.

Since 2009, Android OS versions have been
developed under a codename and released
according to Alphabetical order:

Cupcake (1.5),

Donut (1.6),

Eclair (2.0–2.1),

Froyo (2.2–2.2.3),

Gingerbread (2.3–2.3.7),

Honeycomb (3.0–3.2.6),

Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0–4.0.4),

Jelly Bean (4.1–4.3)

and KitKat (4.4).

On 3 September 2013 Google
announced that 1 billion activated devices now use
the Android OS worldwide.

The most recent major Android update was Jelly Bean 4.3, which was released on commercial devices on 24 July 2013 .

On 3 September 2013, Google announced Jelly
Bean's successor as Android 4.4, KitKat, with a
release date yet to be announced.

But who knows if there might be a possibility of an Android OS called "Blackberry 4.5"

tender92: I bet u are d foolish 1..
Y can't u make a simple quotation widout being so sarcastic...

I can as well post a thread n put BBC or CNN as a source..d*ckhead. !!!

Really sorry for u. so you can now create a link to BBC. SMH

Few people don't use their BRAIN while typing - just HANDS. So that stupid comment , should not be strange.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
I INTRODUCTION
Human Immunodeficiency VirusThe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), principally attacks CD4 T-cells, a vital part of the human immune system. As a result, the body’s ability to resist opportunistic viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoal, and other infection is greatly weakened. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is the leading cause of death among people with HIV infection, but the incidence of certain types of cancers such as B-cell lymphomas and Kaposi’s sarcoma is also increased. Neurological complications and dramatic weight loss, or “wasting,” are characteristic of endstage HIV disease (AIDS). HIV can be transmitted sexually; through contact with contaminated blood, tissue, or needles; and from mother to child during birth or breastfeeding. Full-blown symptoms of AIDS may not develop for more than 10 years after infection.Luc Montagnier/Institut Pasteur/CNRI/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), human viral disease that ravages the immune system, undermining the body’s ability to defend itself from infection and disease. Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), AIDS leaves an infected person vulnerable to opportunistic infections—infection by microbes that take advantage of a weakened immune system. Such infections are usually harmless in healthy people but can prove life-threatening to people with AIDS. Although there is no cure for AIDS, new drugs are available that can prolong the life spans and improve the quality of life of infected people.


V SYMPTOMS OF AIDS

Without medical intervention, AIDS progresses along a typical course. Within one to three weeks after infection with HIV, most people experience flu-like symptoms, such as fever, sore throat, headache, skin rash, tender lymph nodes, and a vague feeling of discomfort. These symptoms last one to four weeks. During this phase, known as acute retroviral syndrome, HIV reproduces rapidly in the blood. The virus circulates in the blood throughout the body, particularly concentrating in organs of the lymphatic system.

The normal immune defenses against viral infections eventually activate to battle HIV in the body, reducing but not eliminating HIV in the blood. Infected individuals typically enter a prolonged asymptomatic phase, a symptom-free period that can last ten years or more. While persons who have HIV may remain in good health during this period, HIV continues to replicate, progressively destroying the immune system. Often an infected person remains unaware that he or she carries HIV and unknowingly transmits the virus to others during this phase of the infection.

When HIV infection reduces the number of CD4 cells from around 500 to 200 per microliter of blood, the infected individual enters an early symptomatic phase that may last a few months to several years. HIV-infected persons in this stage may experience a variety of symptoms that are not life-threatening but may be debilitating. These symptoms include extensive weight loss and fatigue (wasting syndrome), periodic fever, recurring diarrhea, and thrush, a fungal mouth infection. An early symptom of HIV infection in women is a recurring vaginal yeast infection. Unlike earlier stages of the disease, in this early symptomatic phase the symptoms that develop are severe enough to cause people to seek medical treatment. Many may first learn of their infection in this phase.

A Opportunistic Infections

If CD4 cell levels drop below 200 cells per microliter of blood, the late symptomatic phase develops. This phase is characterized by the appearance of any of the opportunistic infections and rare cancers known as AIDS-defining conditions. The onset of these illnesses is a sign that an HIV-infected person has developed full-blown AIDS. Without medical treatment, this stage may last from several months to years. The cumulative effects of these illnesses usually cause death.

Often the first opportunistic infection to develop is pneumocystis pneumonia, a lung infection caused by the fungus Pneumocystis carinii. This fungus infects most people in childhood, settling harmlessly in the lungs where it is prevented from causing disease by the immune system. But once the immune system becomes weakened, the fungus can block the lungs from delivering sufficient oxygen to the blood. The lack of oxygen leads to severe shortness of breath accompanied by fever and a dry cough.

In addition to pneumocystis pneumonia, people with AIDS often develop other fungal infections. Up to 23 percent of people with AIDS become infected with fungi from the genus Cryptococcus, which cause meningitis, inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain. Infection by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum affects up to 10 percent of people with AIDS, causing general weight loss, fever, and respiratory complications.

Tuberculosis, a severe lung infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, typically becomes more severe in AIDS patients than in those with a healthy immune system. Between the 1950s and the late 1980s, tuberculosis was practically eradicated in North America. In the early 1990s, doctors became alarmed when incidence of the disease dramatically escalated. This resurgence was attributed to the increased susceptibility to tuberculosis of people infected with HIV. Infection by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium can cause fever, anemia, and diarrhea. Bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract contribute to wasting syndrome.

Opportunistic infections caused by viruses, especially members of the herpesvirus family, are common in people with AIDS. One of the herpesviruses, cytomegalovirus (CMV), infects the retina of the eye and can result in blindness. Another herpesvirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), may cause certain types of blood cancers. Infections with herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 or 2 may result in sores around the mouth, genital area, or anus.

Many people with AIDS develop cancers. The destruction of CD4 cells impairs the immune functions that halt the development of cancer. Kaposi’s sarcoma is a cancer of blood vessels caused by a herpesvirus. This cancer produces purple lesions on the skin, which can spread to internal organs and cause death. B cell lymphoma affects certain cells of the lymphatic system that fight infection and perform other vital functions. Cervical cancer is more common in HIV-infected women than in women free from infection.

A variety of neurological disorders are common in the later stage of AIDS. Collectively called HIV-associated dementia, they develop when HIV or another microbial organism infects the brain. The infection produces degeneration of intellectual processes such as memory and, sometimes, problems with movement and coordination.

B Symptoms in Children

HIV infection in children progresses more rapidly than in adults, most likely because a child’s immune system has not yet built up immunity to many infectious agents. The disease is particularly aggressive in infants—more than half of infants born with an HIV infection die before age two. Once a child is infected, the child’s undeveloped immune system cannot prevent the virus from multiplying quickly in the blood, and the disease progresses rapidly. In contrast, when an adult becomes infected with HIV, the adult’s immune system generally fights the infection. Therefore, HIV levels in adults remain lower for an extended period, delaying the progression of the disease.

Children develop many of the opportunistic infections that befall adults but also exhibit symptoms not observed in older patients. Among infants and children, HIV infection produces wasting syndrome and slows growth (generally referred to as failure to thrive). HIV typically infects a child’s brain early in the course of the disease, impairing intellectual development and coordination skills. While HIV can infect the brains of adults, it usually does so toward the later stages of the disease and produces different symptoms.

Children show a susceptibility to more bacterial and viral infections than adults. More than 20 percent of HIV-infected children develop serious, recurring bacterial infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. Some HIV-infected children suffer from repeated bouts of viral infections, such as chicken pox. Healthy children generally develop immunity to these viral illnesses after an initial infection.

VI DETECTING AND MONITORING HIV INFECTION

Since HIV was first identified as the cause of AIDS in 1983, a variety of tests have been developed that help diagnose HIV infection as well as determine how far the infection has progressed. Other tests can be used to screen donated blood, blood products, and body organs for the presence of HIV.

Doctors determine if HIV is present in the body by identifying HIV antibodies, specialized proteins created by the immune system to destroy HIV. The presence of these antibodies indicates HIV infection because they form in the body only when HIV is present. HIV antibodies form anywhere from five weeks to three months after HIV infection occurs, depending upon the individual’s immune system. The antibodies are produced continually throughout the course of the infection.

The standard test to detect HIV antibodies in the blood is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this test, a blood sample is mixed with proteins from HIV. If the blood contains HIV antibodies, they attach to the HIV proteins, producing a telltale color change in the mixture. This test is highly reliable when performed two to three months after infection with HIV. The test is less reliable when used in the very early stage of HIV infection, before detectable levels of antibodies have had a chance to form. Doctors routinely confirm a positive result from an ELISA test by using the Western Blot test, which can detect lower levels of HIV antibodies. In this test a blood sample is applied to a paper strip containing HIV proteins. If HIV antibodies are present in the blood, they bind to the HIV proteins, producing a color change on the paper. The combination of the ELISA and the Western Blot test is more than 99.9 percent accurate in detecting HIV infection within 12 weeks following exposure.

Once tests confirm an HIV infection, doctors monitor the health of the infected person’s immune system by periodically measuring CD4 cell counts in the blood. The progressive loss of CD4 cells corresponds to a worsening of the disease as the immune system becomes increasingly impaired. Doctors also measure the viral load—the amount of the virus in the blood—using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology. PCR tests measure the level of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA), or HIV particles, in an infected person’s blood to determine how actively the virus is replicating and how fast the disease is progressing. Knowing the viral load helps doctors make decisions about the treatment and its effectiveness.

A modified ELISA test that detects p24 antigen, a protein produced by HIV, can determine if specific drug treatments are having a positive effect on a patient. Blood banks, plasma centers, clinical laboratories, private clinics, and public health departments also use this p24 antigen test to screen for the presence of HIV in blood, blood components, and organs before they are used in medical procedures.

VII DIAGNOSING AIDS

Physicians prefer to differentiate between people who have HIV infection and those who have AIDS. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), based in Atlanta, Georgia, recommends that physicians reserve the diagnosis of AIDS for HIV-infected individuals whose CD4 count falls below 200 cells per microliter of blood. A diagnosis of AIDS can also be made without confirmation of CD4 levels if someone who has no other reason for immune system damage develops an opportunistic disease.

VIII TREATMENT

While no medical treatment cures AIDS, in the relatively short time since the disease was first recognized, new methods to treat the disease have developed rapidly. Health-care professionals focus on three areas of therapy for people living with HIV infection or AIDS: antiretroviral therapy using drugs that suppress HIV replication; medications and other treatments that fight the opportunistic infections and cancers that commonly accompany HIV infection; and support mechanisms that help people deal with the emotional repercussions as well as the practical considerations of living with a disabling, potentially fatal disease.

A Antiretroviral Therapies

Understanding the specific steps in the HIV replication cycle is critical in order for scientists to develop drugs that attack vulnerable stages within the cycle. HIV belongs to a unique group of viruses known as retroviruses, so named because these viruses reverse the usual flow of genetic information within an infected cell. Most viruses store their genetic material in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the double-helix structure that makes up genes. When a virus infects a cell, the viral DNA forms the template for the creation of messenger RNA, a type of ribonucleic acid. This messenger RNA directs the formation of specific proteins, and these proteins, in turn, build new virus particles (see Genetics). In HIV, however, genetic material is stored in two single-stranded RNA molecules. When HIV infects a cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase copies the genetic instructions in the virus’s RNA and moves it into the DNA. This movement of genetic information from RNA to DNA is the opposite of that which occurs in most cells during protein synthesis.

Another HIV enzyme, called integrase, helps the newly formed viral DNA to become part of the structure of the infected cell’s DNA. The viral DNA then forces the infected cell to manufacture HIV particles. A third HIV enzyme, called protease, packages these HIV particles into a complete and functional HIV virus. Over the last decade researchers have created a variety of drugs that block the action of some of the enzymes used in HIV replication. The main classes of drugs used against HIV are nucleoside analogues, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, and fusion inhibitors.


Contributed By:
John G. Bartlett
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.