₦airaland Forum

still thinking of what to say....

Calbarian:
Yeah. There normally used to be a daily black out of between 30mins and 7hrs but for the past month or so, it's been pure bliss.

No be today wey rain start nau.

In any case sha, all man gats dey hopeful

I see u wanted to contact me.. please reach me via Timothymaxwell149@gmail.com. thanks

Adenugay:
We have given the job to someone for the following categories. to www.nairaland.com/Pseudonomer . Again is not the token but the passion for it

4. Mobile Applications, 8.Internet, 10.Startups, 11.Merchant, 7. Operating Systems.

We are still looking for 2 more people

I still haven't got an email from you yet... like I said I don't need the pay, atleast not for nw. email is Timothymaxwell149@gmail.com..

i am interested .. won't mind writing without pay.. like u listed above , "passion" is my reason. please drop the necessary guidelines for me via Timothymaxwell149@gmail.com and I will start sending u original articles at no cost. though I may not make the 2 pay requirement , but u won't be disappointed.

K

.

Write this after getin the setbacks, be patient 4 nw
References:
1. "where it all began". FIFA official website. Retrieved 17th may 2015. Fifa.com
2."stewart, mark Soccer: A history of worlds most popular game." New york: F. Watts, 1998. Print.
3. "FIFA World cup origin"- FIFA media release. Fifaworldcup.yahoo.com
4. "Lisi, Clemente Angelo; A History of the world cup, 1930-2010". Page 44.
5."Scotland and The 1950 world cup". BBC. bbc.com
6. "sambafoot.com:Maracana the Largest stadium of the world". Sambafoot.com
7."1930-2010:History of the world cup". Sportsnet.ca
8."First World Cup-JULY 13, 1930". History.com
9."History of The FIFA World Cup-wikipedia". en.wikipedia.com.

Dnt write this yet!
Historical setbacks.
The world Cup has had it glory moment, but just like many other human activities through history It has been plagued with setbacks.
Perhaps, the most obvious is a 12 year hiatus due to the second world war (WW2). Germany and brazil had both applied to be host of the 1942 Fifa world cup. The only problem however was that it never happened. The world cup was called off due to global hostilities caused by the war. FIFA struggled to stay financially afloat, but this appeared to a herculean task due to adverse economic realities during that period.
Another issue that affected the World Cup was geopolitics and political inteference. The later was mainly due to inexperienced state leadership, dictators in power and a perceived need for state involvement in the games. Geopolitics however was more damaging,diplomatic immaturity manifested itself through this medium as nations who had fought each during wartime bluntly refused to play matches against each other. This led to irregularities in match fixture patterns and dealt a resounding blow to the spirit of the game.
Furthermore, then came the rather controversial "goal line disputes" which caused soccer matches during the world cup to be punctuated with unhealthy and sometimes voilent arguments. whenever a player tries an attempt at goal and due to obscured view or wrong angle of view, the referee adjudicates either a goal or no goal, the unfavoured side protested the referee's decision which mostly led to disputes. But luckily for every one the goal line technology was introduced in the 2014 world cup to solve the problem and it worked quite well.
In continuation, another silent but harm causing issue was late completion of stadiums or put simply unreadiness of stadiums for the games. The most recent occurence was at the Brazil 2014 world cup were stadiums such as 'Porto Allegro' were not ready barely days to the kick off of the world cup. The near catastrophy was averted on by a rapid pace of work on the stadium due to pressure on contractors by FIFA and soccer fans.
Finally, logistical problems, player injuries among others have historically been a setback to the world cup. However things have improved greatly over the years, but even with setbacks experienced, the focus of all national team and players alike have remained unchanged: the gleaming golden trophy.

1978[edit]
The 1978 World Cup was held in Argentina, causing controversy as a military coup had taken place in the country two years earlier. Allegations that Dutch star Johan Cruijff refused to participate because of political convictions were refuted by him 30 years later.[18] and none of the teams decided to stay away. Iran and Tunisia were first time participants. Tunisia won their first match against Mexico 3–1 and became the first African team to ever win a world cup game. There was some on-field controversy as well. During the second round Argentina had an advantage in their match against Peru since the kick off was several hours after Brazil's match with Poland. Brazil won their match 3–1, so Argentina knew that they had to beat Peru by four goals to advance to the final. Trailing 2–0 at half-time, Peru simply collapsed in the second half, and Argentina eventually won 6–0. Rumors suggested that Peru might have been bribed into allowing Argentina to win the match by such a large margin. Argentina went on to win the final 3–1, Mario Kempes scoring twice, with the Dutch being runners-up for the second time in a row.

1982–2014[edit]
1982[edit]
Spain hosted an expanded 1982 World Cup which featured 24 teams, the first expansion since 1934. The teams were divided into six groups of four, with the top two teams in each group advancing to the second round, where they split into four groups of three. The winners of each group advanced to the semi-finals. Cameroon, Algeria, Honduras, New Zealand and Kuwait were the debutants. The group match between Kuwait and France was stage of a farcical incident. As the French were leading 3–1, the Kuwaiti team stopped playing after hearing a whistle from the stands which they thought had come from referee, as French defender Maxime Bossis scored. As the Kuwaiti team were protesting the goal, Sheikh Fahid Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah, president of the Kuwaiti Football Association, rushed onto the pitch and gave the referee a piece of his mind, who proceeded to disallow the goal. Bossis scored another valid goal a few minutes later and France won 4–1. Also during the group stages Hungary beat El Salvador 10–1, which has been the only occasion to this day that a team scored 10 goals in a World Cup match. The group match between West Germany and Austria later resulted in a change of World Cup rules, after both teams visibly aimed to keep the qualification ensuring 1–0 scoreline over 80 minutes. The semi-final between West Germany and France saw another controversy when German keeper Harald Schumacher's challenge took out Patrick Battiston, with the score at 1–1. Schumacher escaped a red card, and Germany won in a penalty shoot-out, after coming back to level from having gone 1–3 down. The final was won by Italy, making Italian captain Dino Zoff the oldest player to win the World Cup and Alessandro Altobelli to become the first substitute player to score in the final. Italian striker Paolo Rossi, who was making his comeback after a match-fixing scandal and the ensuing ban, was the tournament top-scorer with six goals including a classic hat-trick against Brazil.

1986[edit]
Mexico became the first nation to hold two World Cups by hosting the 1986 World Cup. The format changed again, with the second round being replaced by a pre-quarterfinal, knockout competition, for which 16 teams would qualify. It was also decided that the final two matches in all groups would kick off simultaneously, to ensure complete fairness. Canada, Denmark and Iraq made their first finals. José Batista of Uruguay set a World Cup record being sent off after a mere 56 seconds into the game against Scotland. The quarterfinal match between England and Argentina is remembered for two remarkable Diego Maradona goals, later regarded as player of the tournament, the first, the controversial handball goal, and the second, considered to be the Goal of the Century, in which he dribbled half the length of the field past five English players before scoring. In the final, Argentina beat West Germany 3–2, inspired by Diego Maradona, who set up Jorge Burruchaga for the winner.

1990[edit]
The 1990 World Cup was held in Italy. Cameroon participating in their second World Cup, made it to the quarter finals after beating Argentina in the opening game. No African country had ever reached the quarter finals before. Mexico was unable to compete in the 1990 World Cup preliminary competition as a result of a two-year ban for age fraud at a youth championship; the United States qualified for the first time since 1950. An unpleasant episode marred the South American preliminaries: during the match between Brazil and Chile, a firework landed close to the Chilean goalkeeper Rojas, who then feigned injury by cutting his own face with a razor blade he had hidden in his glove. His team refused to continue the match (as they were down a goal at the time). The plot was discovered and resulted in a 12-year suspension for Rojas and to Chile being banned from the World Cup in 1994. The final featured the same teams as in 1986. After finishing runners-up in the two previous tournaments, West Germany beat Argentina 1–0 in the final to record their third title. The Republic of Ireland also made their first appearance in the tournament, reaching the quarter-finals without winning a single game (4 draws, with a penalty shoot-out win over Romania in the second round). This is the furthest a team has ever advanced in the World Cup without winning a game.


1994[edit]
The 1994 World Cup, held in the USA, saw the first World Cup final to be decided on penalties, with Brazil edging out Italy. Yugoslavia was excluded due to UN sanctions in connection with the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Russia (taking the place of USSR which had disintegrated over 1990 and 1991) played their first World Cup competition as a new country, with Greece, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia as the other first-timers. Along with disgrace – Diego Maradona being banned mid-tournament after testing positive for recreational drugs. Without him, Argentina were eliminated in the last 16 by Romania — the tournament also saw tragedy when Colombian defender Andrés Escobar was murdered 10 days after his own-goal against the hosts in their first round match that eliminated Colombia. The total attendance for the final tournament of nearly 3.6 million remains the greatest in World Cup history. Oleg Salenko of Russia became the first player to score five goals in a single World Cup finals game in his country's 6–1 group stage win over Cameroon. The same match, 42-year old Roger Milla scored the only goal for Cameroon, becoming the oldest player ever to score in a World Cup match. At the 1994 World Cup, Stoichkov was awarded the World Cup Golden Boot as the joint top goal scorer of the tournament (with Oleg Salenko), with six goals, as well as earning the Bronze Ball award. He led Bulgaria past Germany in the quarterfinals 2-1, a shock result as Germany were the then-defending champions; in the semi-finals, they lost 2–1 to Italy. They subsequently lost the third place play-off to Sweden, 4–0.

1998[edit]
The 1998 World Cup was held in France, and had an expanded format featuring 32 teams. Iran beat the Maldives in qualification by the widest margin in World Cup history – 17–0. In the finals, the second round match between France and Paraguay witnessed the first Golden Goal in World Cup history, as Laurent Blanc scored to give the hosts a 1–0 victory. Hosts France won the tournament by beating Brazil 3–0 in the final, as the scorer of four goals in the tournament, Ronaldo, appeared to be less than a hundred percent in the match, and was unable to make any impact. Debutants Croatia finished a commendable third.

2002[edit]
The 2002 World Cup was the first to be held in Asia, and was hosted jointly by South Korea and Japan. Togolese Souleymane Mamam became the youngest player ever to take to a World Cup preliminary game field at 13 years, 310 days in Lomé in May 2001. Australia defeated American Samoa 31–0 in a preliminary match – a new record for the margin of victory, and the highest-scoring match ever. The tournament was a successful one for teams traditionally regarded as minnows, with South Korea, Senegal and USA all reaching the last eight. Brazil beat Germany 2–0 in the final for their fifth title.

2006[edit]
The 2006 World Cup was held in Germany. It was the first World Cup for which the previous winner had to qualify; the host nation(s) continue to receive an automatic berth. Four African teams also made their debut in the world cup finals Togo, Côte d'Ivoire, Angola and Ghana who impressively made it to last 16 by beating the Czech Republic, third ranked in the world, 2–1, along with the USA 2–0, before losing to the defending champions Brazil 0–3.

First seed and holders Brazil and second seeded England were initially English bookmakers' favourites. A strong performance by Germany brought them as far as the semifinals. However, the final match-up was between Italy and France, in which French captain Zinedine Zidane was sent off in the last 10 minutes of extra time for a headbutt to the chest of Italian central defender Marco Materazzi. Italy went on to win 5–3 in a penalty shootout, the score having been 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time.

2010[edit]
The 2010 World Cup was held in South Africa. It was the first cup hosted on African soil, and the cup was won by Spain. The tournament was noted for its highly defensive opening matches, controversies surrounding goal-line technology, and the introduction of vuvuzelas. Though considered as one of the tournament favorites, the Spaniards won the cup despite scoring only 8 goals in 7 games and losing their opening match to Switzerland. David Villa led the squad in scoring with 5 goals. In a final which saw a record number of yellow cards distributed and what some considered violent play from the Dutch side, the 10-man Netherlands squad were defeated 1–0 in the 116th minute of extra time by an Andrés Iniesta goal.

1962-1974

Chile hosted the 1962 World Cup. Before play began, an earthquake struck, the largest ever recorded at 9.5 magnitude, prompting officials to rebuild due to major damage to infrastructure. When the competition began, two of the best players were in poor form as Pelé was injured in Brazil's second group match vs Czechoslovakia. Also, USSR saw their goalkeeper Lev Yashin show poor form including a 2–1 loss to hosts Chile as that team, inspired by team spirit captured third place.

The competition was also marred by overly defensive and often violent tactics. This poisonous atmosphere culminated in what was known as the Battle of Santiago first round match between Italy and Chile in which Chile won 2–0. Prior to the match, two Italian journalists wrote unflattering articles about the host country. In the match, players on both sides made deliberate attempts to harm opponents though only two players from Italy were sent off by English referee Ken Aston. In the end, the Italian team needed police protection to leave the field in safety.

When the final whistle blew, Brazil beat Czechoslovakia for the second World Cup in a row by a final of 3–1 led by Garrincha and Amarildo, in Pelé's absence, and retained the Jules Rimet trophy.

In this tournament, Colombia's Marcos Coll made World Cup history when he scored a goal direct from a corner kick (called an Olympic Goal in Latin America) the only one ever made in a World Cup and to the mythical goal keeper Lev Yashin.

1966[edit]
The 1966 World Cup, hosted by England (UK), was the first to embrace marketing, featuring a mascot and official logo for the first time. The trophy was stolen in the run-up to the tournament but was found a week later by a dog named "Pickles".[16] South Africa was banned for violating the anti-discrimination charter (apartheid). The ban remained in effect until 1992 when the South Africa Football Association was finally accepted by FIFA. The qualifying rounds of the tournament saw a controversy when the African nations decided to withdraw in protest of only one qualifying place allocated by FIFA to the regions of Asia, Oceania and Africa. The eventual qualifiers from the zone, North Korea, became the first Asian team to reach the quarter-finals, eliminating Italy in the process. England won the tournament, although Joao Havelange (former FIFA President from 1974 to 1998) claimed that the 1966 and 1974 World Cups were fixed so that England and Germany would win respectively.[17] Geoff Hurst became the first and to this day the only player to score a hat-trick in a World Cup Final and Eusébio, whose team Portugal were taking part in their first World Cup, was the tournament top-scorer, with 9 goals to his name.

1970[edit]
The qualification stages of the 1970 World Cup were coincidental with the Football War between Honduras and El Salvador. The finals were held in Mexico. Israel had been with Europe, but due to political issues, it was becoming harder to place them adequately in the qualifying rounds. They were grouped in Asia/Oceania. Korea DPR then refused to meet them, even though this meant automatic disqualification. The group stage clash between defending champions England and Brazil lived up to its billing, and is still remembered for England goalkeeper Gordon Banks' save from a Pelé header on the six-yard line, arguably the best save ever. The tournament is also remembered for the semi-final match between Italy and West Germany, in which 5 goals were scored in extra time, and Franz Beckenbauer played with a broken arm, since Germany had used up all their allowed substitutions. Italy were the eventual 4–3 winners, but were defeated 1–4 in the final by Brazil, who became the first nation to win three World Cups, and were awarded the Jules Rimet trophy permanently for their achievement.

1974[edit]
A new trophy was created for the 1974 edition, held in West Germany. After a draw in their first UEFA/CONMEBOL Intercontinental play-off match against Chile in the qualifiers, the Soviet Union refused to travel to the Chilean capital for the return fixture for political reasons, and in accordance with the regulations, Chile were awarded a victory. East Germany, Haiti, Australia and Zaire made their first finals. The tournament also saw a new format, where the two top teams from each of the earlier four groups were divided into two groups of four each again, the winner of either group playing each other in the final. The West German hosts won the competition by beating the Netherlands 2–1 in the final, but it was also the revolutionary Total Football system of the Dutch that captured the footballing world's imagination. The very well-playing Poland finished third, after defeating Brazil 1–0 (and after defeating Argentina 3–2 and eliminating Italy 2–1 in the initial group play), having barely lost in terrible rain in the semifinals to West Germany 0–1.

[quote a[sub][/sub]uthor=shakazuldadon post=33962947]Lazy poster[/quote
fuckoff am experimenting on something. thank you for noticing.

HISTORY OF THE WORLD CUP
Humans have always enjoyed kicking a ball about even a thousand years ago. Scientific evidence does not only prove this but also proves to what extent the admiration for the game reached. The world cup has a considerably long history , traced back decades ago. Just like any other sporting event of that era the world cup was plague by a plethora of social maladies from fouls issues to equipment deficiency.
Nevertheless, things have a lot from well laid down rules to sophisticated technologies. But just how did and event riddled with political interference, procedural inconsistencies and equipment deficiency metamorphose to an event that does not only captivate minds but also trap them in a magical spell?
This rich an fertile volume seeks to explore in depth the gradual transformation and historical development of the world cup by elucidating historical origins of its core elements: soccer, as well as historical developments and setbacks using readily available and freely sourced historical facts and empirical evidence , verbatim ac literatim. It seeks to explain not just when and how but also why(why it occurred) of each occurring historical element of the world cup.
THE ORIGINS OF SOCCER
Soccer is the world game and the world cup is its showcase event. The history of the world cup is not entirely complete without diving into the history of its core element:soccer. The game of soccer predates the world cup itself,as would be discoursed it spans hundred of years. A search down the centuries reveals atleast half a dozen different game varying to different degrees, snd to which to the historical development of footba have been traced back, whether this can be justified in some instances is disputable.
The earliest form of soccer for which there is a scientific evidence was an exercise from a military manual dating back to the second and third century BC in china known as Tsu chu. According to one variation of the exercise the player was not permitted to aim at the target unimpeded , but had to use his feet chest,hand and shoulders while trying to withstand the attack of his opponent use of hands were not permitted.
Another form of the game originatin from the far east was the Japanese kamari which began some 500-600 years later and is still played today. This form however lacked the compitive element of the Chinese variant with no struggle for the possession involved.
In the contrary the greek ‘episkyros’ of which very few concrete details survived was much livelier. As with the greek influenced roman ‘haspertum’. The latter was played out with a smaller ball on a rectangular field marked by boundary lines and some elements of rules, this form looked much like the modern game of soccer.
All three historical origins had one thing in common, the were all cradles for a sport(soccer) that will form the nucleus of what will later be the worlds greatest sporting event:THE WORLD CUP.
Historical development
Ever since the first tentative competition in Uruguay in 1930, FIFA's flagship has constantly grown in popularity and prestige.

A group of visionary French football administrators, led in the 1920s by the innovative Jules Rimet, are credited with the original idea of bringing the world's strongest national football teams together to compete for the title of World Champions . but history of World Cup Soccer goes back to the start of FIFA, which
was formed in 1904. History tells us seven European soccer
associations from Denmark, France, Spain, Belgium, Switzerland and
the Netherlands met in Paris, France and created the Fédération
Internationale de Football Association. FIFA’s headquarters eventually
moved to Geneva, Switzerland and the first World Cup held in 1930.
There have been 18 World Cup tournaments as of 2006.

However, World Cup Soccer History really owes its beginnings to Jules
Rimet who became President of the World Football Association in the
year of 1921. He proposed an international tournament to unite the
world and of course the various soccer federations. Rimet, along with
other officials organized the first World Cup Soccer tournament for 1930.
The history of World Cup Soccer truly was formed through the World
Football Federation’s efforts after World War I to bring forth Rimet’s
vision that “soccer could reinforce the ideals of a permanent and real
peace.” This vision was planted in 1926, and by May 26th, 1928 five
European countries and the host country of Uruguay made history by
planning the first World Cup Soccer tournament. They attempted to
keep the World Cup Soccer tournaments between the years of the
scheduled summer and winter Olympic games. The first World Cup
game was played on July 13th, 1930 in Pocitos Stadium with France
beating Mexico 4-1. And so, the history of World Cup soccer games
began.

The first World Cup games had European teams France, Romania,
Yugoslavia and Belgium compete along with South American teams of
Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay and Peru and the
North American teams of Mexico and the United States. This gave the
World Cup thirteen teams to compete for the trophy which bore Jules
Rimet’s name, with Uruguay eventually beating out Argentina for the
Cup. The history of the early World Cup games ended abruptly for twelve
years due to World War II. Three tournaments were played before the
war, but when the World Cup resumed it rapidly grew in interest and
status, again. From 1958 through 1998, the World Cup was held
alternately between Europe and the Americas, until history of the game
changed again. Then, Korea and Japan were selected as co-hosting
countries for the 2002 World Cup Soccer games.

1934-1938

The 1934 World Cup was hosted by Italy, and was the first World Cup to include a qualification stage. 16 teams qualified for the tournament, a number which would be retained until the expansion of the finals tournament in 1982. Uruguay, the titleholders from 1930, still upset about the poor European attendance at their World Cup in 1930, boycotted the 1934 World Cup. Bolivia and Paraguay were absent, allowing Argentina and Brazil to go to the finals in Italy without having to play any qualifying matches. Egypt became the first African team to compete, but lost to Hungary in the first round. Italy won the tournament, becoming the first European team to do so.

The 1938 World Cup competition was also held in Europe, much to the consternation of many South Americans, with Uruguay and Argentina boycotting. For the first time the title holders and the host country were given automatic qualification. Following a play-off match against Latvia, Austria had officially qualified for the final round, but because of the Anschluss in April 1938 with Germany, the Austrian national team withdrew, with some Austrian players being added to the German squad (the combined German squad was eliminated in the first round for the only time in the World Cup's history). Austria's place was offered to England, but they declined. This left the Finals with 15 nations competing. France hosted, but for the first time the hosts did not win the competition, as Italy retained their title, beating Hungary in the final. Polish striker Ernest Willimowski became the first player to score four goals in a World Cup game during Poland's 6–5 loss against Brazil; his record was later equalled by other players, but was bettered only 56 years later in the 1994 World Cup.


1950-1958

Competition resumed with the 1950 World Cup in Brazil, which was the first to include British participants. British teams withdrew from FIFA in 1920, partly out of unwillingness to play against the countries they had been at war with, and partly as a protest against a foreign influence to football, but rejoined in 1946 following FIFA's invitation. However, England's involvement was not to be a success. The English failed to make the final group round in a campaign that included a surprise 1–0 loss to the United States.


The tournament also saw the return of 1930 champions Uruguay, who had boycotted the previous two World Cups. For political reasons, Eastern European countries (such as Hungary, the Soviet Union, and Czechoslovakia) did not enter. Title-holder Italy did take part, despite the Superga air disaster of 1949 in which the entire Grande Torino team (many who were national team players) were killed. The 1950 World Cup was the only tournament not to stage a final tie, replacing knockout rounds with two group phases. However, the last match of the second group phase is sometimes referred to as a "final", as the group standings meant the winners would be the overall winners.

Uruguay were surprise victors over hosts Brazil, with a final score of 2-1 (the would later be known as Maracanazo), and became champions for the second time. This game also held the record for the highest attendance at any sporting match, at roughly 200,000.[15]


The 1954 World Cup, held in Switzerland, was the first to be televised. The Soviet Union did not participate because of their dismal performance at the 1952 Summer Olympics. Scotland made their first appearance in the tournament, but were unable to register a win, going out after the group stage. This tournament set a number of all-time goal-scoring records, including highest average goals per game and highest-scoring team (Hungary), and most goals in a single match (Austria's 7–5 quarter-final victory over Switzerland). West Germany were the tournament winners, defeating Olympic champions Hungary 3–2 in the final, overturning a 2–0 deficit in the process, with Helmut Rahn scoring the winner. The match is known as the Miracle of Bern in Germany.


Brazil won the 1958 World Cup, held in Sweden, and became the first team to win a World Cup outside their home continent (only 4 teams have done this to date – Brazil in 1958, 1970, 1994 and 2002, Argentina in 1986, Spain in 2010 and Germany in 2014). The Soviet Union participated this time, most likely due to their win at Melbourne 1956. For the first (and so far only) time, all four British teams qualified for the final round. Wales was able to take advantage of a situation in the Africa/Asia zone, where the amount of withdrawals would give Israel qualification without having played a single qualifying match. This prompted FIFA to rule that qualification without playing was not allowed (despite allowing this to happen in earlier years of the Cup), and so Israel were ordered to play against one of the teams finishing second in the other groups. A tie was created, and Wales defeated Israel 2–0 twice in 1958. It was the first (and so far the only) time that a country played a World Cup final round after having been eliminated in the regular qualifiers. The tournament also saw the emergence of Pelé, who scored two goals in the final. French striker Just Fontaine became the top scorer of the tournament with a still standing record of 13 goals.

your welcome, i did chose the erong section knowingly, didnt want people copying and pasting it etc. And its to help someone though....

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICS AND METAPHYSICS
INTRODUCTION
In the late 18th and 19th century some scientific albeit technological concepts was seen as unrealistic, crazily ambitious and perhaps was another science fiction thriller on the big screens of cinemas. But then came physics and subsequently metaphysics with a conscious attempt to fix this. Their simultaneous appearance would make it seem like the are birds of a feather but in modern reality this two have a mutually exclusive relationship. Putting a lid on the relation between these two concepts as just mutually exclusive would be a fallacy. Before one can understand why, how, and where physics and metaphysics relate with each other, one must understand exactly what is meant by physics and metaphysics.
Physics is “the study of matter, energy, and the interaction between them”, but what that really means is that physics is about asking fundamental questions and trying to answer them by observing and experimenting.
The Greek word meta can mean either "after" or "beyond." Metaphysics is a term coined by Aristotle, who used it to mean simply the facts he wrote after he wrote about physics.
Metaphysics is not easily defined. The term itself can mean "beyond physics" but it's tricky to get more precise without inviting controversy. In modern usage, however, metaphysics has come to refer to the study of objects outside the scope of purely scientific knowledge. The central questions of metaphysics include questions about ontology, the study of existence, and epistemology, the study of how humans acquire knowledge.
This brief but rich volume tries to elucidate the relationship between the two concepts by resolving contradictory physics concepts that negate metaphysical beliefs.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………add a summary of how yo do yours if any………………………………….
Metaphysics as a branch of Philosophy.
Philosophy as a search of wisdom in science
For the ancient Greeks, philosophy was more an attitude or an activity of people looking for wisdom than a "discipline" to be taught or learned. Disciplines were properly the sciences, or the organized content of sciences such as mathematics or physics (remember that mathematics etymologically means discipline or teaching).
For Aristotle, studies which we can call empirical, like biology or mineralogy, at a certain level are engaged in a specific empirical inquiry wherein they deserve the name of quia science. Today we would say that they are sciences concerning the how and not the why. This preliminary level of research is meant to record the facts, in order to ascertain "what it is" (it is concluded quia est, that something is). Real science is the propter quid science that tells us why something is in this way and not otherwise. Nevertheless, Aristotle was flexible and acknowledged the existence of quia sciences, which await some fuller understanding in a higher propter quid science. A descriptive science can be "explained" by an etiological science.
The clue to the concept of subordination between sciences in Aristotle and Aquinas is just this point: a higher etiological level affords insight into the deeper reasons of a more phenomenological level of research. The beautiful sounds of music are due to some mathematical proportions, since order is more beautiful than disorder. The thunder as a "sound in the clouds" is scientifically understood as a "sound caused by the extinction of fire in the clouds", according to Aristotle. This is the transition, operated by demonstration, from phenomena to their cause, and only at this last level do we properly "understand" the thing or the events (scire): when we know why they are produced, keeping in mind that this why has several meanings (a point which was lost in modern science).
Not unlike Plato, Aristotle in the Posterior Analytics placed mathematical reasoning on a propter quid level, referring to plain descriptive physics. The cause of the physical structure of the rainbow, for example, is to be found in the laws of geometrical optics. From this point of view, as professor Wallace has validly demonstrated(1), the Aristotelian epistemological causal paradigm is not discordant with modern science, particularly with the science of Galileo and Newton. The reason is that Aristotle is open to the Pythagorean vision of science.
In this epistemological framework there is no place for a distinction between science and philosophy as we understand it today. It makes no sense. The relevant distinction is rather between sciences concerned with different areas of being, like celestial bodies, earthly substances, mathematical entities, and the "science that is being sought," which would provide for Aristotle, as we know, the ultimate explanation of everything, the first philosophy that seeks to attain the principle and the first cause of beings, God as the pure self-understanding Intellect, separate in esse .
In this respect, the ancient and medieval distinction concerns the group of particular sciences dealing with particular principles of the several parts of the universe, on the one hand, and the "meta-science" of metaphysics, on the other hand, dealing with the most universal and intelligible aspects of the world which can be directly related to the ultimate explanation of everything. Theology adds to metaphysics the revelation of God in Himself, particularly if theology is understood in continuity with the speculative insights of the human mind and with its peculiar tension to the vision of God. Both metaphysics and theology can be considered to be a wisdom, though metaphysics, in the Socratic fashion, could be called rather a search for wisdom, which is the philosophical enterprise. In a certain way, we could say here that metaphysics is identical with philosophy, but the other particular sciences are likewise philosophical, inasmuch as they are not closed in themselves but include the dynamic search for the ultimate truth, rooted in the heart of the wise man or woman.


Understanding Metaphysics
There seems to be an eternal gray area between the realms of what physics can explain and what spirituality terms as logic. This land will always be dominated by the insatiable thirst for knowledge of how, or rather why, things are the way they are, and why do some acts in the universe leave us with our mouths open. Such is the concept of metaphysic
When put in paradigm, physics is the understanding of what we see, while metaphysics is the attempt to understand what we don't. Physics tells you the 'How' of all that you see around you. Metaphysics deals with the 'Why' of all things, around you and within you. Metaphysics aims to provide the definitive link between the apparent and the spiritual, without making concepts overly religious. Physics will define to the fullest, what can be observed and changed; anything beyond the observable, doesn't exist. The answer to the exactness of metaphysics is not describable, but can be understood from the classic question: "If a tree falls deep within a forest with no one around, does it still make a sound?". Whenever something happens within our surrounding, we may notice it with our senses. But when something happens outside this circle of knowledge, do we, or should we, believe that it has indeed happened? Now, if this occurrence from the unknown somehow affects the state of something within our circle of knowledge, how can we explain the chain of events? It is this that metaphysics wants to solve. So, while physics rules the plane of all known, physically realized phenomenon, metaphysics and all its branches sew together the universe of obscure and the phenomenon unexplained by physics. Physicist Stephen Hawking, who yearns to be in the know, said, "My goal is simple. It is a complete understanding of the universe, why it is as it is and why it exists at all". A point to be noted here is that metaphysics, or even ontology (the study of 'being') is not to be related or confused with the deviant sciences like occultism (the study of 'Forbidden knowledge') or esotericism (the study of alternative or secretive knowledge).

Physics
Physics is what has been defined, disproved and restated through ages of human research of all things around us, the keyword being around. People concur or debate over everything under, inside and far away from the Sun. They will deduce theorems and when found logical, term them as axioms. Then every once in a while, there comes along a thought or a phenomenon previously unaccounted for. It tinkers with the shackles with which we bind all happenings we know and understand. A classic example would be the statement on the earth being flat, later being evidently disproved and concluded with the new statement that the earth is indeed, round. There are so many similar comments and theories that have been cemented as fact, waiting for a 'spirited' sprite to set release them, only to have a new one to be found out and bound down.

The Difference Between Physics and Metaphysics
• So what would be the primary point of distinction between the two? The answer has already been mentioned above, it is the difference between asking 'How' and 'Why'. Physics will always relate itself strictly to the functioning of a concept or a phenomenon, no matter its magnitude. Metaphysics will wrap itself around the reason of a concept's existence. It will keep asking, "What is the need of its creation?"; "What is its purpose?"; and "How will the matter affect other matter in the spiritual sense?". Or simply, thinking about the concept of thought itself. Metaphysics can also be called the study of the relationship between mind and matter.
• This point might be thought as ironic: religion. Ironic, because both physics and metaphysics refrain from going too close and actually fathom the deep end of religion. Religious discourses point to the existence of a Greater entity - God, and the purpose and reason of the existence of life - Creationism. Physics will refuse to acknowledge (or simply be indifferent towards) theology (the rational study of religion) altogether, concentrating on simply the nature and existence of all things. Physics may even disbar religion from its inner sanctums. Metaphysics will accept certain words from religion, in an attempt to explain what physics cannot. But even metaphysics will not accept the totality of God or the deviance from the theory of evolution.
• The set of rules that govern each side are a far cry from each other. While physics depends on reductionist laws and formulas, metaphysics is bound (or rather unbound) by its own rules; like the law of control (where the level of self-esteem of a person is directly proportional to the person's level of control over something), or the law of accident (where self-esteem depends on whether we are the victim of an occurrence uncontrolled by us).
• Physics will never jump outside a defined boundary of reason in search of a solution. Instead, it will make do with the things at hand and make the most of them, deriving a result agreeable by all within the boundary. But it's not that physics, by itself cannot expand its own boundaries. You can see breakthroughs that redefine classical physics everywhere. And then you'll also have metaphysics that always tends to push its own boundaries in search of truth, consequently establishing a new line of sight beyond what was initially imagined. This, in turn, creates even more questions about the new boundary, thereby requiring new answers. The cycle may never end and will probably encompass all aspects of knowledge, from the logical to the subconscious unknown, to the very ends of the universe itself.
• The definitive nature of physics that we know today rarely allows much miscalculations, making some theorems absolute (until of course, we know better). Metaphysics may always fall into a state of constant revision, until a final answer is attained or a new question poses itself. Metaphysics will always be an ever changing field due to its nature.
Conflicts and Points of Convergence
In the Western world prior to the scientific revolution, metaphysics was considered the primary source of knowledge about the world. Any theories in physics that seemed to contradict metaphysical knowledge — in this case religion — was considered heretical. The most famous example of this conflict between physics and metaphysics was in the life of the 16th century scientist Galileo Galilei, who proposed that Earth revolved around the sun, rather than the other way around. He spent much of his life under house arrest as a result of this belief. Since that time, however, there has been a greater acceptance of scientific ideas that may seem to contradict experiences and metaphysical beliefs. The work of Galileo and of later physicists, such as Isaac Newton, has held up relatively well under further scrutiny. As a result, of many metaphysicists are willing to modify their beliefs, without fully discarding them, in response to scientific advances.
The discovery of quantum particles, special relativity and other modern physics phenomena have caused many people to re-evaluate their understandings the relationship between physics and metaphysics. Quantum particles, unlike larger units of matter, behave in ways that are unpredictable and that stretch preexisting categories of light and matter. Some theorists have argued that the existence of quantum particles negates deterministic metaphysics, though others disagree. Many people have drawn ideas from modern physics about the interconnectedness of all objects, which may inform their metaphysical assumptions or spiritual experiences. Most scientists, however, regard these simply as metaphors rather than as realities.


Despite the differences, there are some angles from which physics and metaphysics do seem alike. Physics may be hard-and-fast, but it will still be growing and changing. There can only be so long till when the laws of Newtonian physics will suffice. When you reach that point, you enter the world of modern physics. This is where all aspects of metaphysics that can be explained by physics fall under. Of course, the more things we try to prove something right, the more amendments we make. Modern physics too will fall against metaphysics at certain points. This cannot be helped though, knowledge and wisdom will always be counterparts of a larger mechanism. Some will believe the truthfulness of the EPR paradox, while some won't. While one half will state that man possesses free will, the other half asks where in the process of evolution did we gain it (Hawking and Mlodinow, The Grand Design). Some will claim that there is an ultimate purpose of all life, while some will say that there is nothing beyond matter. Stephen Hawking, in an interview with 'The Guardian' newspaper, compared the human brain to a computer, that it will stop working when its components fail. He said: "There is no heaven or afterlife for broken down computers; that is a fairy story for people afraid of the dark."

Whatever be your point of view, it is important to keep moving forward, for I believe there will be the discovery of the truth in due time. There are still many things we need to learn and understand about what goes on within us and around us. So, when Einstein can say, "The man of science is a poor philosopher", Aristotle might say, "The Gods too, are fond of a joke".

Combating computer banking fraud in Nigeria; prospects and challenges
Computer banking fraud is a crime that has been around almost as long as computer banking itself. Anytime there is a large amount of money floating around there are always going to be people trying to figure out ways to get it, Nigerians are not an exception. Olatunji a Lagos based trader is currently apprehensive of using his card for transaction. He explains that fraudsters blocked his mobile phone in order to make it difficult for his bank to communicate with him, before invading his computer banking platform and transferring $13,000 to a ghost account. Attempts to get his bank to rectify the issue was fruitless as his bank blamed him for negligence.
However just like olatunji a lot of other customers have also had similar harrowing experiences. Perharps more disappointing is the fact that the perpetrators of such heinous acts generally go unscathed and victims frustrated by inability to pursue legal actions against such individuals or organisations. It will be pretentious to assume that with the few computer banking fraud convictions achieved by the Economic and Financial Crime Commission to date in Nigeria, we are achieving much in our fight against computer banking fraud. The main bottleneck obstructing a decisive war against such computer banking fraud in Nigeria all boils down to legislation, some are elucidated hereunder.
The Nigerian constituition does not define computer banking fraud. Section 36(12), 1999 constituition of the federal republic of Nigeria (as amended) provide thus:
“A person shall not be convicted of a criminal offence unless that offence is defined and the penalty thereof prescribed in a written law: and a written law refers to an act of the national or the law of a state”. Thus computer banking fraud being undefined by and uncodified in the Nigerian constituition means that such crime is not punishable. This is clearly a major hindrance in combating computer banking fraud in Nigeria.
Similarly, the Nigerian constituitions clearly prescribes punishment for attempt to commit crime, most popurlarly,attempt to commit murder. This is not the case in fraud cases. Fraud generally speaking is an act commited with and intention to deceive in order to gain undue advantage of someone. In order for it to be fraud in the legal sense, the person on whom the fraud was sought to be commited should have necessarily fallen prey to it. If an attempt of fraud was made but the person concerned was not deceived, it is not fraud as understood legally and such a person cannot be persecuted and convicted by a law court. This in in simplest form means that individuals or organisations caught trying to commit computer banking fraud will almost certainly not be convicted of such crimes as it is not punishable under Nigerian laws.
As a result of the aforementioned legislative ineffiencies, law enforcement agencies are condemned to persecute computer banking fraud by the repertoire of traditional crime legislation. These traditional provisions most popularly section 4, subsection 1, paragraph 9 of the Nigerian criminal code act which are used to persecute fraud related cases is grossly archaic anddoes not take into consideration current technological realities and would most probably pass for a cold war relic fit for the museums.

Hawlahscho:
can it be here then?

here? Damn yes!

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I dnt do vb, bt this shouldnt be an issue at all, first what are prime numbers? With the definition, u can deduce the following algorithm;

to check whether numbers from an input source say an array name NumBer_s is a prime number you simply say (java example):

for(int n=0;i<NumBer_s.length;i++ )
{for(int i=2;i<NumBer_s[n];i++){
if(NumBer_s[n]%i != 0)
{System.out.println(NumBer_s[n] + "is prime";}
}

use this algo for ur vb solution!

Jasi7:
Can u please classify the following as either numeric variable,string variable or invalid variable;HOD(with a dollar sign after the D),AGE,N1,2BOOKS,VAT RATE,SELL(with dollar sign in front of S),PETS,DATA,EYE2EYE(dollar sign in front of the last E),B-SHOW...thanks

your question is not easily understood, its still rather vague;
bt i will in you in the a direction: case 1: if you are refering to the type of leterals or value the variables you mentioned above would likely hold, then, Age could hold a value of type byte, integer, i.e numeric variable, vat rate could hold a value of type double or float which is also a numeric variable. Same goes for the strings....

SIRKLEM:
PLEASE I WANT TO LEARN JAVA PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

your post is to ambiguos! Please be specific on what you want, by the the way google, introduction to programming with java, javanotes 7.0, and teach your self java in 21 days, all pdfs! Goodluck

Javanian:
Post your entire code so i can reproduce the exception.

apart from my Main class which am just supposed to call this method( i.e one with issues) this is the entire code for the class, other codes are unrelated, you can re-implement the method if you want.
§ all i want to do is create an object from the readfile class and use that object to read a text file, split into words, store in an array and out a sorted array!

Hawlahscho:
I know the algorithm, and I'v the written programme for it in c++ language. Can we make it on chat whatsapp or bbm

sorry, am not the social type of guy, dnt do whatsapp, or bbm, dnt even knw whether its still in my phone anyway, so i suggest u establish other channels

Javanian:
brb

if this is your idea of bailing on me! Sorry ur busted! Brb since when? Waiting...

AZeD1:
Have you tried debugging using break points to know the line/statement causing the error?

i tried doing that, bt am no master at breakpoint issues, and i have no way to get the loop variables at each program state, just after the series of state(process of looping ends) have been completed, would appreciate any help

Hawlahscho:
pls, not could do what I want to do,
This is what I want to do, an application that'll be able to calculate a student GP.
it'll give an option to input name, Mauric Number, courses, units, grades, etc then after pressing a button.. it shud calculate d Matric Number. pls I think that shud be possible.

i think you need to first develop and tell us the algorithm you use to Derive GP (I personally dont knw, neva went to uni anyway), then i think it will be much eaiser to develop a pseudocode and subsequently an implementation of the algo in java for, i dnt do android for starters, bt i "indulge in java".

Kimon! Guys! Why fustrating a newbie like this, oh yee @javanian whey art thou, i pray thee to have mercy on a newbie!

Nigerdeltaboi:
could be the new NAF jets ,su 30 and JF thunder.....NAF recently took delivery of them.

please expansiate, i hav been hearing the rumor, the article suggest the chinese F7-NI, But a strike at lake chad? We need su-30 or problably jf17 for that, though the super tucano and f7 can do da job depending on operational and tactical conditions.