₦airaland Forum

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The human papilloma virus HPV is a family of viruses, there are over 110 different types of HPV and more than 50 types that affect the genitals.
Different types of HPV are either high risk or low risk, depending on the conditions they can cause.

Some types of HPV can cause warts or verrucas. Others are associated with cervical cancer. Infection with low-risk HPV causes no symptoms and goes away without treatment. But infection with some high-risk types of HPV can cause abnormal tissue growth and cell changes that can lead to cervical cancer.

HPV infection is spread during sexual intercourse, it has been linked with reduced semen quality and lower pregnancy rates. Sexually transmitted infections STIs are associated with lower fertility, but vaccinated women with an STI history had about the same chance of becoming pregnant as unvaccinated women who had never had an STI.

Infection with other types of HPV may cause genital warts, skin warts, verrucas, vaginal cancer or vulval cancer. There is no adverse effects of HPV vaccination on fertility.

HPV is common, almost all sexually active men and women get the virus at some point in life. Having HPV can increase the risk of cervical cancer and removing cancerous or precancerous cells from cervix can reduce fertility.
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Asthma is a chronic disease that frequently aggravates and narrows the airways, leading to wheezing, coughing, breathlessness and a tight chest.

According to National Institute of Health, contact with cats, dogs, mice and cockroach at three months lowers chance of having asthma by age seven. Exposure to certain bacteria in house dust during infancy was also associated with a reduce risk.

According to a study, exposing children to pets and germs early reduces their risk of developing asthma. Exposure to allergens early in life, before asthma develops, has a preventive effect.

Early-life environment can influence the development of certain health conditions, preventing asthma before it develops is the best method of preventing it. Exposure to different indoor allergens, bacteria and bacterial products early in life may reduce the risk of developing asthma.

Researchers discovered that higher concentrations of cockroach, mouse and cat allergens present in dust samples collected from the children's homes at three months were linked to a lower risk of asthma by age seven.
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The protein complex known as Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 PRC1. PRC1 activates specific germline genes and the production of healthy sperm. It is responsible for production of health male sperm.

Male mammals are born with all the reproductive germline cells and inheritable genetics needed to make healthy fertile sperm and offspring. But the sperm isn't fertile at childhood.
PRC1 also blocks the specific genes and the activation of fertile sperm production until reproductive age.

Researchers show in their current study that when mice reach reproductive age, the PRC1 protein complex changes. It sheds reproductive germline gene components that block fertile sperm production and substitutes in a component that start spermatogenesis.

The repressor of sperm production, PRC1 also promotes gene activation to produce sperm at maturity. The scientists also found that when PRC1 is disrupted, such as in male mice bred to not express PRC1, the animals have smaller testes and are unable to produce healthy sperm or offspring.
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Lupus is an incurable autoimmune disease that causes kidney inflammation and can affect many organs in the body like joints, skin, blood cells, brain, heart, lungs and kidney.

Lupus can be difficult to diagnose because lupus flares can be as minor as a rash, but can also come with muscle pain, joint pain and fatigue. Severe flare ups can cause fluid to build up around the heart and cause kidney failure.

Women who have post traumatic stress disorder PTSD or have experienced trauma may develop lupus. There is a correlation between PTSD and lupus in women than any other risk factor.

PTSD has been associated with other autoimmune diseases like cardiovascular problems. PTSD creates constant state of anxiety and defense. In these states, the heart rate goes up, and cortisol release is less controlled, which leads to an inflammation. This stress response causes lupus.

Lupus is an enigmatic disease; it affects different organs, the disease can be genetic, it may be triggered by infections, drugs and sunlight. Presently, there is no cure for lupus, the available treatments can control the symptoms.
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HIV patients who smoke cigarettes are more likely to die from lung cancer than from HIV, antiviral drugs increased the life span of HIV patients
but there is no drug for preventing lung cancer that is as effective as antiretroviral therapy ART for HIV.

According to researchers, lung cancer prevention through smoking cessation should be a priority in taking care of people living with HIV. Researchers examined people with HIV who were current, former and never smokers.

They discovered that people who consistently take their anti-HIV medications but continue to smoke will die of lung cancer. Lung cancer is one of the leading killers of people with HIV, smoking and HIV put them at risk of developing lung cancer at a rate higher than smokers not infected with HIV.

Smoking and HIV are bad combination when it comes to lung cancer. Smoking cessation is one of the most important things that people living with HIV can do to improve their health and live longer. It will reduce their risk of lung cancer, heart attack, stroke, and emphysema.
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Intense physical activity that cause breathlessness creates a chemical release in the body. This releases compounds called catecholamines and epinephrine suppress the growth of tumour cells.

Exercise training and epinephrine did not completely prevent tumor formation, but induced reduction.
Exercise training can not replace anti-cancer therapy, but could be an effective supportive strategy and improves cancer treatment.

Researchers used experimental mice implanted with human breast cancer tumors as well as tumor cells in test tubes to investigate how serum samples from healthy women and breast cancer patients before and after exercise affect the development of the breast tumor cells, and the mechanism involved.

They discovered that serum samples taken after exercise reduced the ability of tumor cells to grow in test tubes or in mice. Less than half of mice with tumors steeped in post-exercise serum developed tumors, compared with 90 percent of mice with tumors not exposed to post-exercise serum.

The researchers traced the anti-tumor activity to a rise in epinephrine and norepinephrine that occurs with moderately intense exercise. Studies have shown that regular fitness can reduce risk of breast cancer and reoccurrence in those who already have it.
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Third-hand smoke exposure can damage brain, liver, increase the risk of neurodegenerative diseases, and destroy metabolism. The research team analyzed how people were affected by inhaling smoke from smoker's clothes, hair, home, or car.

Being a third-hand smoker for one month can cause type 2 diabetes, hyperactivity, liver and lung damage, and wound-healing complications.
Exposure for two months resulted in further molecular damage, and at four to six months caused more damage, long-term exposure can leads to insulin resistance.

Researchers discovered that stress hormones, such as epinephrine, increased in one month of exposure.
Additional stress hormones are seen at two months, four months, and six months, eventually leading to immune fatigue.

Contaminants can be absorbed through the skin and through breathing. Exposure to tobacco smoke deposited on surfaces in homes and dust is a new form of toxicity. Noxious chemicals in tobacco smoke once deposited change in chemistry to become even more toxic and carcinogenic.
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Having low levels of Prevotella bacteria in stools prevents weight loss, regardless of whether you are consuming fruits and vegetables or junk foods. Prevotella is associated with plant-based diets- rich in fruit, vegetables, leafy greens, seeds, nuts, beans and lentils with little or no animal products.

However change in bacteria will not be effective immediately, Prevotella may aid weight loss by influencing fat storage and how people respond to hunger hormones. Eating more fruits, vegetables, fibres and whole grains may be effective for weight loss in some people but not every body will benefit from this.

Researchers analysed some people with an increased waist circumference over six months, some of the participants ate a diet rich in whole grains and fibre, the rest consumed red meat and confectionery.

The results reveal that eating foods rich in fibre causes weight loss, participants with high levels of the strain of Prevotella bacteria lost more weight. Those with lower amounts of Prevotella did not lose weight after eating high amounts of whole grains and fibre.

Prevotella is associated with plant-based diets made up of fruits, nuts vegetables, whole grain, pulses and seeds, with little or no animal products.
It can take a long time of adopting a particular diet before gut bacteria levels adapt to the change. Regular physical activity can work for those that have less Prevotella bacteria.
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Vaccines work by imitating an infection and setting up a memory B-cell response in advance of an actual infection. In HIV infection, the body mounts a very strong antibody response in the first few weeks that partially works, reducing the viral load from millions to thousands. However it does not control viral replication any further or eliminate HIV infection, and eventually weakens so that the viral load increases again

An effective HIV vaccine may be a short step away, scientists have overcome a major stumbling block hindering its development. The inability to generate immune cells that stay in circulation long enough to stop the virus from spreading is a big problem in providing cure for HIV.

The problem can be solved by unblocking a process linked to an HIV protein that was preventing the production of antibody-generating B-cells from the immune system. For a vaccine to work, its effects need to be long lasting, improving B-cell responses to an HIV vaccine is the key to HIV cure. The new method produced desired immune system responses that lasted more than a year in the laboratory experiment.

Producing vaccines that stimulate long-lasting B-cell responses against HIV is the solution to HIV treatment. B-cells need time to make highly effective neutralising antibodies, but in previous studies B-cell responses were so short lived, they disappeared before they had the time to make all the changes necessary to kill HIV.
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The current analysis revealed genetic evidence of many infectious viruses found in semen. Semen provides a hiding place and breeding ground for many dangerous viruses.

Zika, Ebola, Marburg, Lassa fever, Chikungunya, Mumps, Epstein-Barr and Chhicken pox are present in human semen. Non-sexually transmitted viruses can persist in semen, and this increases the risk of sexual transmission.

The presence of viruses in semen does not mean that every virus can be sexually transmitted, common viruses in semen are: hepatitis viruses, herpes viruses, and range of other viruses that can be pass from person-to-person via blood, saliva or other means.

It is easy for viruses to get in to the semen, but relatively hard for the immune system to kill the viruses, the immune system recognized sperm as foreign objects in the body and this subject sperm to attack from the immune system.

For sperm to survive, the testes are immunologic locations in the body, where the immune system does not have much access to, this immunological location can also protect dangerous viruses.

Zika is cleared from the bloodstream within one week of treatment, but can persist in semen for months, Ebola survivors can reigniting an outbreak because the virus remained latent and active in their testicles.
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Brain performs a complex calculation that works like the Global Positioning System, the brain is organized to help us move to different direction in life. The parietal cortex is the part of the brain that takes decisions and implements it. It integrates information coming in from various senses and helps us to understand what action to take.

Single cells in parietal cortex take in streams of sensory information to help us get oriented, but those individual cells also cluster together in larger modules that work together. Those modules in the parietal cortex generate a physical response and, at the same time, are able to reconfigure themselves as we learn and make memories.

These different modules are communicating to each other and seem to be changing their connections just like single cells change their connections. Large groups of cells are connected in different ways as we learn and remember how to take series of actions every day.

Brain always links previous actions with certain places, that is why it is easy to locate a place you have visited before, breaking down of this process leads to Alzheimer's disease and neurological disorders.
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Phthalates are compounds found in plastics and personal care products. Exposure to phthalates disrupts some hormones and it is associated with changes in male reproductive measures of semen quality and androgen levels.
DNA methylation, one mechanism of epigenetics, is a chemical tag on DNA that does not change the gene sequence but is involved in controlling gene expression.

Father's environmental health contributes to reproductive success. For sperm to mature in three months, it shows that the preconception time-period may represent an important developmental window by which environmental exposures may influence sperm epigenetics early life development.

The researchers examined men's urine samples at the IVF clinic the same day they donated sperm, measured 17 metabolites from 8 different phthalate parent compounds in that sample, then performed DNA methylation analyses on sperm cells to examine statistical associations.

DNA was extracted and analyzed on a genomics system that examines many sites for DNA methylation on sperm used for IVF. Researchers identified many regions of interest in assessing a correlation between phthalate metabolite exposure and DNA methylation.

Some of the region examined were associated with at least one of the phthalate metabolites, most of the phthalates that were associated with sperm DNA methylation were known or suspected to be anti-androgenic compounds, which means they can influence hormones. After examining the biological pathways, or common links between genes, that might be affected in these regions that were identified.

Researchers discovered that many of the regions were related to genes involved in growth and development and cellular function and maintenance.
Some of the sperm DNA methylation regions were associated with poor blastocyst stage of embryo quality as defined by the IVF clinic's standards related to embryo quality before transfer into the uterus of the female partner to establish a pregnancy.

Sperm carry some of environmental legacy to the next generation. What the sperm cell encounters during development can influence these DNA methylation and it may have an effect on the developing embryo and offspring.
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Excess abdominal fat may be the result of excess consumption of sugar and simple white carbohydrates. However,
sleep deprivation, stress or wrong exercise can leads to abnormal fat.

Having abdominal fat increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and heart problems.
Cortisol, the stress hormone, plays a part in laying down central adipose tissue. You can avoid stress by engaging in yoga practice and mindfulness to your daily routine.

High-sugar diet can increase abdominal fat, cut down on sugar, saturated fats and white refined foods such as white bread, pasta, rice and potatoes, as they metabolise quickly, resulting in elevated blood sugar levels that promotes fat storage.

Eat more of lean meats, vegetables, fruits, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, such as those found in nuts and avocados. Avoid eating fruit after a meal, as fruit can cause food to ferment in your stomach, leading to bloating and lots of gas.

Fat can play a vital role in weight loss, by slowing the release of nutrients into the bloodstream, add little fat to your meal. Hormonal disruption can affect fat distribution, seek medical help.
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Nicotine is a nitrogen-containing chemical, which is made by different types of plants, including the tobacco plant. E-cigarettes contain nicotine, increase blood pressure and cause heart disease.

Arterial stiffness is associated with e-cigarette because of nicotine. Regular vaping with nicotine liquids or being exposed to other people’s vapours could cause damage to blood circulation.

Stiffer arteries make it harder for the heart to pump blood round the body, this increases strain on the heart and increases the risk of damage to the heart muscle.

The condition is associated with high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Exposure to active and passive cigarette smoking causes a permanent increase in arterial stiffness.
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The colon and rectum are parts of the digestive system, they make up the large intestine, most of the large intestine is made up of the colon.
Colorectal cancer is a cancer that starts in the colon or the rectum.

Physical activity protects against colon cancer. Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers, it is possible to prevent the cancer by eating healthy diet. Diet and lifestyle have a major role in colorectal cancer prevention.

Foods containing fiber decreases the risk of this cancer. People who are more physically active have a lower risk of colon cancer compared to those who do very little physical activity.

Maintaining healthy weight, avoiding smoking and drinking of alcohol, proper exercise, limiting red and processed meat and eating more whole grains and fiber would lower the risk.

Eating whole grains daily, such as brown rice or whole-wheat bread, eating foods rich in vitamin C like oranges, strawberries and spinach can reduce colorectal cancer risk. Hot dogs, bacon and other processed meats consumed regularly increase the risk of the cancer.
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According to neuroscientists, long term use of smartphones can hinders brain development, the use of technology is reducing hard work and accumulation of knowledge.

Human brain has a ‘use it or lose it policy’, the ability to store facts may become diminished through lack of regular practice to recall information without checking the internet.

Time spent in a screen-based world displaced time spent ‘learning, playing and socialising in the real world’.
Outsource thinking to smartphones and other digital devices will leads to loss of brain muscles.

Technological dependence on internet for information could have profound effects on how we routinely make sense of complex arguments, logical reasoning and creativity.
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Blood pressure is the pressure of the blood in the arteries that is required to keep the blood flowing all over the body. High blood pressure occurs if the walls of the larger arteries lose the natural elasticity and become rigid, and the smaller blood vessels become narrower.

Taking a 300mg magnesium tablet supplements reduce blood pressure, this can lowers hypertension and boosts blood flow. Magnesium cream could be used as an alternative to medication for high blood pressure. The cream boosts levels of magnesium in the blood.

Magnesium is a mineral that’s found naturally in many foods like leafy vegetables, almond, spinach, cashew, peanut, wheat cereal, soy milk, black beans and banana.

Magnesium in the body is responsible for production of protein, healthy bone formation, maintaining healthy heart and controlling blood sugar.
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Taking folic acid during the window around conception reduced the risk associated with pesticides, researchers examined many children who had been diagnosed with ASD, the researchers interviewed their mothers about their household pesticide exposure during pregnancy, folic acid and B vitamin intake.

Children whose mothers took 800 or more micrograms of folic acid and other prenatal vitamins had a lower risk of developing autism spectrum disorder ASD even when their mothers were exposed to household or agricultural pesticides.

Mothers who took less than 800 micrograms and encountered household pesticides had higher risk of having a child who developed an ASD than their counterparts who took 800 micrograms of folic acid or more and were not exposed to pesticides.

The risk increased for women exposed several times, women with low folic acid intake who were exposed to agricultural pesticides during a window from three months before conception to three months afterward were at higher risk. Folic acid can reduce the risk of developing autism but it can not prevent it completely. Avoiding chronic pesticide before and during pregnancy can prevents ASD.

Folate plays a critical role in DNA methylation- a process by which genes are turned off or on, as well as in DNA repair and synthesis. These are important during periods of rapid growth when there are lots of cells dividing in developing fetus. Taking folic acid can improve genomic functions.[url]haleplushearty..com[/url]

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Some habits are useful and healthy like drinking enough water everyday, eating of fruits and vegetables while habits like eating a cookie every day after work, smoking after meal and excess consumption of alcohol are not healthy.

Neuroscientists have identified a single type of neuron in the brain that serves as a master controller of habits. The team found that habit formation increases the activity of this influential cell, and that shutting it down with a drug is enough to break habits in sugar-seeking mice.

This cell exerts its control through a web of connections to more populous cells that are known to drive habitual behavior. This cell is a relatively rare cell but heavily connected to the main neurons that relay the outgoing message for this brain region. We find that this cell is a master controller of habitual behavior, and it appears to do this by re-arranging the message sent by the outgoing neurons.

The scientists trained healthy mice to receive a tasty treat every time they pressed a lever. Many mice developed a lever-pressing habit, continuing to press the lever even when it no longer dispensed treats. The team compared the brain activity of mice who had developed a lever-pressing habit with those who hadn't. They focused on an area deep within the brain called the striatum, which contains two sets of neural pathways: a "go" pathway, which incites an action, and a "stop" pathway, which inhibits action.

They discovered that the go and stop pathways were stronger in habit-driven mice. Habit formation also shifted the relative timing of the two pathways, making the go pathway fire before the stop. The fast-spiking interneuron in striatum FSI might serve as master conductor of the widespread changes in the outgoing neurons activity. The FSI belongs to a class of neurons responsible for relaying messages located between other types of neurons in a particular brain region.

Though FSIs make up about only one percent of the cells in the striatum, they grow long branch-like tendrils that link them up to the 95 percent of neurons that trigger the stop and go pathways. Forming a habit appeared to make the FSIs more excitable. After giving the mice a drug that decreases the firing of FSIs, they discovered that the stop and go pathways reverted to their previous brain activity patterns, and the habit behavior disappeared. Harmful behaviors like compulsion and addiction in humans might involve corruption of the normally adaptive habit -learning mechanisms.
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Listening to joyful music may generate innovative solutions compared to listening to other types of music.
Creativity and new ideas lead to generation of innovative solutions for wide range of problems.

To investigate the effect of music on creative cognition, some participants completed questionnaires about their choice of music and researchers divided them them into experimental groups.

Each group listened to one of four different types of music that were categorized as calm, joyful, sad, or anxious, depending on their emotional valence while one control group listened to calm music.

While listening to the music, participants performed various
cognitive tasks that tested their divergent and convergent creative thinking. Participants who came up with the most original and useful solutions to a task scored higher in divergent creativity, while participants who came up with the single best possible solution to a task scored higher in convergent creativity.

The researchers discovered that listening to joyful music, called classical music has positive valence and high in arousal, facilitates more divergent creative thinking compared to other types of music.

The variables involved in the joyful music may enhance flexibility in thinking, so that additional solutions might be considered by the participant that may not have occurred to them as readily if they were performing the task without listening to music.
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Tooth decay occurs when acid in the mouth dissolves the enamel and dentine of the teeth causing formation of holes or cavities. The acid is produced by bacteria that are found within the plaque and thin film that builds up on the teeth.

Aspirin could reverse the effects of tooth decay by triggering teeth to self-reported, reducing the need for filling.
The drug can form new dentine, the hard tooth structure that is usually damaged by decay.

When we eat sugar it interacts with the bacteria within the plaque to produce the destructive acid. If the plaque is allowed to build up, the acid can begin to break down the surface of tooth, causing holes.

After the damage, the cavity begins to eat away at the second level of tooth material that lies beneath the enamel: the dentin. Tooth decay can lead to tooth abscesses, which may result in the tooth having to be removed.

A filling can be used to stop the bacteria in order to prevent the cavity from reaching the tooth's pulp. Fillings may fail and may need to be replaced many times during the life time of the tooth.

Low dose of aspirin increased the rebuilding of minerals which restores strength and function of the tooth, it also stimulated existing stem cells in the tooth to regenerate the damaged tooth structure.
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Tooth decay occurs when acid in the mouth dissolves the enamel and dentine of the teeth causing formation of holes or cavities. The acid is produced by bacteria that are found within the plaque and thin film that builds up on the teeth.

Aspirin could reverse the effects of tooth decay by triggering teeth to self-reported, reducing the need for filling.
The drug can form new dentine, the hard tooth structure that is usually damaged by decay.

When we eat sugar it interacts with the bacteria within the plaque to produce the destructive acid. If the plaque is allowed to build up, the acid can begin to break down the surface of tooth, causing holes.

After the damage, the cavity begins to eat away at the second level of tooth material that lies beneath the enamel: the dentin. Tooth decay can lead to tooth abscesses, which may result in the tooth having to be removed.

A filling can be used to stop the bacteria in order to prevent the cavity from reaching the tooth's pulp. Fillings may fail and may need to be replaced many times during the life time of the tooth.

Low dose of aspirin increased the rebuilding of minerals which restores strength and function of the tooth, it also stimulated existing stem cells in the tooth to regenerate the damaged tooth structure.
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According to new research, mobile phone use during pregnancy is unlikely to have any adverse effects on child neurodevelopment. Exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields associated with maternal use of mobile phones during pregnancy is not linked to neurodevelopment in children.

The concern for harm to the foetus caused by radio frequency electromagnetic fields, such as those emitted by mobile phones, is mainly driven by reports from experimental animal studies with inconsistent results. The researchers analysed range of data collected from mothers and children during and after pregnancy about the use of phone.

They discovered that mobile phone use may actually have a positive impact. More specifically, mobile phone use in pregnancy was associated with lower risk of the child having low language and motor skills at 3 years of age.

Children of mobile phones users had a 27% lower risk of having lower sentence complexity, 14% lower risk of incomplete grammar and 31% lower risk of having moderate language delay at age 3, compared to children of mothers who reported no mobile phone use.

They also found that children born to mobile phone users had an 18% lower risk of low motor skills at age 3, compared to children born to non-users of mobile phones.
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The most important variables involved in a successful IVF cycle are a healthy egg, normal, functional sperm, and a uterus that is capable of nurturing the growth of a baby.

The human egg is a very complex structure, it is prone to damage and this can render it nonfunctional which may leads to abnormal distribution of chromosomes and nonviable embryo.

During IVF, cell stage, embryo grade and the rate of cell division will determined embryo selection, embryos that have developed to at least the 6 cell stage have a much better prognosis for success than embryos that have 5 or fewer cells on day three.

The egg retrieval and the embryo transfer to correct location are very important to the success of an IVF cycle. Retrieving fewer eggs than expected, or failure to retrieve any eggs can affect the success rate.

The IVF laboratory factors can lead to failure of IVF. If the equipment are not functioning properly, poor control of oxygen concentration, carbon dioxide concentration, and other factors such as humidity, PH, temperature and light.
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There is no reliable way to predict whether a woman with a normal pregnancy will go into labor before 37 weeks. After analyzing the properties of cervical mucus, the researchers found that cervical mucus from women who delivered early was different from that of women who delivered later.

This analysis could predict the risk of early labor, potentially allowing doctors to try to intervene earlier to prevent preterm births. The distinctive chemical and mechanical properties of mucus, and how those properties help it to perform many critical roles as part of the body's first line of defense against infection.

Early births are believed to be caused by infections that occur when microbes reach the uterus through the cervical which is made of mucus and normally blocks access to the uterus. Cervical mucus from pregnant women at high risk of early labor was mechanically weaker and more elastic than that of low-risk pregnant women.

Mucus is formed from polymers known as mucins, and the composition and arrangement of these mucins determine how porous the gel is. Researchers collected samples from two groups of patients; the low-risk group included pregnant women and high-risk group included women who went into labor early, between 24 and 34 weeks.

Doctors were able to prevent labor in high-risk women, and the samples were taken after they were stabilized. Researchers tested the ability of negatively charged spheres about 1 micron in diameter to travel through the mucus, and found a small but statistically insignificant difference in porosity between the high- and low-risk samples.

They then decided to do the same test with charged peptide probes, which are small enough to avoid getting stuck in the mucus network but are sensitive to the biochemical modifications of the mucus. With these peptide probes, the researchers found a significant differences in mucus permeability and adhesiveness: The peptides were able to pass through samples from high-risk women much more easily.

Cervical mucus from women at high risk for early labor may be more susceptible to invasion by potentially harmful bacteria and microbes, making it more likely that those women will experience an infection that leads to preterm birth. The altered mucus may be less able to retain healthy immune system components such as antibodies or antimicrobial peptides, which would normally help to combat infection.

Mucins display immunologically active factors that may also lose when the adhesive properties change, this loss of adhesion might be caused by changes in molecular structure of the mucins, in particular, changes in the number and types of sugar molecules that comprise part of their structure.

Measuring the length of cervix is the common way to predict the risk of preterm birth, a shortened cervix is correlated with higher risk, there are also many cases where a shortened cervix does not lead to preterm birth.
Another test involves measuring levels of fetal fibronectin, a material that essentially "glues" the fetal membranes to the uterine wall, in vaginal secretions.
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For a woman to get pregnant, her reproductive organs like ovaries, uterus and fallopian tubes need to be in good condition and function properly. Conditions that affect these organs may render a woman infertile. Looking at
polycystic ovary syndrome - a condition which causes irregular or no menstruation.

Another problem is functional hypothalamic amenorrhea - a condition caused by low body weight or excessive exercise. Premature ovarian insufficiency - a condition which causes a woman's ovaries to cease to function before age 40.

Infertility in men can be determined through a semen analysis, which studies a man's sperm count, the motility and shape of sperm. If a man's testicular or ejaculatory functions are disrupted, this may cause infertility. These disruptions can be caused by
varicoceles - a condition which causes the veins on a man's testicles to overheat.

During IVF treatments, woman’s eggs are extracted and fertilized outside of her body. The resulting embryos are then implanted in her uterus. One IVF cycle lasts about two weeks, receiving IVF treatments increases a woman's chances of conceiving, it does not always result in pregnancy.

Having more than one round of IVF can increase the chance of becoming pregnant, women can prepare their body for pregnancy by getting acupuncture two to three times a week before IVF treatments.

Acupuncture leads to better blood flow, which will result in higher quality eggs. Engaging in exercise can also ease women's stress levels, which will help the process to work better. Avoid any stressful activities and reduce work load, eat balanced diet regularly especially fruits and vegetables, avoid fish. Take folic acid and vitamin D in moderation.
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Stress reduction therapy is very important for cancer patients, stress hormones during treatment can prevent the cancerous cells in the body from dividing and reacting.

These hormones prevent the growing tumors from being treated by the cancer drugs that are used for the patients. Stress reduction therapy is essential during cancer treatment to promote the success of the drugs and cancer treatment.

Chemotherapy method of cancer treatment targets rapidly dividing cells, cells exposed to stress hormones such as cortisol and norepinephrine generate destructive DNA damaging free radicals molecules.

This causes the cells temporarily to stop their relentless cell division as DNA repair mechanisms starts and protects the tumors from the lethal effects of chemotherapy.

Stressed mice with breast cancer produced higher levels of a nitric oxide-generating enzyme iNOS in their tumors. Greater iNOS activity leads to more aggressive breast cancer.
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Low-fat diets could increase the risk of an early death, fats have protective effect on human health, people with the lowest fat intake may die young.

Human body needs fat; it carries vitamins and provides essential acids.
Low levels of fat in the body will affect important vitamins and minerals in the body.

Eating excess fat is not healthy, low fat intake is malnutrition, moderation is the key when you are eating fatty foods. Replacing fat with other food is not good for proper body metabolism.

Limiting total fat consumption may have adverse effects on health, high carbohydrate intake increases the risk of mortality while higher intake of fats, including saturated fats, are associated with lower risk of mortality.

Low fat diets increased the risk of cardiovascular disease, moderate consumption of healthy fatty foods would be a healthy choice for longevity.
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Insulin is the hormone that manages glucose, the blood sugar that reaches unhealthy levels in diabetes patients is caused by insulin not working properly.

Failure of beta cells to produce insulin can leads to diabetes, the body of diabetes patients either doesn't produce enough insulin or doesn't process blood sugar properly.

Researchers have discovered certain compounds in cocoa that can aid the release of more insulin and respond to increased blood glucose. Beta cells work better and remain stronger with an increased presence of epicatechin monomers, compounds found in cocoa.

Researchers fed animals with the cocoa compound, they discovered that adding the compound to their diet decreases the level of obesity in the animals and increases their ability to regulate increased blood glucose levels.

This showed that cocoa compounds called epicatechin monomers enhanced beta cells' ability to secrete insulin by protecting the cells and increase their ability to deal with oxidative stress.

The epicatechin monomers are making the mitochondria in the beta cells stronger, which produces more ATP which leads to more production of insulin.
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Insulin is the hormone that manages glucose, the blood sugar that reaches unhealthy levels in diabetes patients is caused by insulin not working properly.

Failure of beta cells to produce insulin can leads to diabetes, the body of diabetes patients either doesn't produce enough insulin or doesn't process blood sugar properly.

Researchers have discovered certain compounds in cocoa that can aid the release of more insulin and respond to increased blood glucose. Beta cells work better and remain stronger with an increased presence of epicatechin monomers, compounds found in cocoa.

Researchers fed animals with the cocoa compound, they discovered that adding the compound to their diet decreases the level of obesity in the animals and increases their ability to regulate increased blood glucose levels.

This showed that cocoa compounds called epicatechin monomers enhanced beta cells' ability to secrete insulin by protecting the cells and increase their ability to deal with oxidative stress.

The epicatechin monomers are making the mitochondria in the beta cells stronger, which produces more ATP which leads to more production of insulin.
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Eating stimulates brain's endogenous opioid system to signal pleasure and satiety. It leads to widespread opioid release in the brain, signalling feelings of satiety and pleasure.

Eating a delicious food led to increase of pleasant feelings, while consumption of calorie-matched nutritional drink did not. However, both types of meals induced significant release of endogenous opioids in the brain.

Opioids are associated with pleasure and euphoria. The study revealed that a significant amount of endorphins is released in the entire brain after eating delicious and tasteless meal.

The study was conducted using positron emission tomography PET. The participants were injected with a radioactive compound binding to their brain's opioid receptors.

Radioactivity in the brain was measured three times with the PET camera: after a delicious meal, after non delicious meal and after an overnight fast.

The magnitude of the opioid release was independent of the pleasure associated with eating. The results showed that endogenous opioid system regulates both feelings of pleasure and satiety.

The results suggest that overeating may continuously overstimulates the opioid system, this can contributes to development of obesity.
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