₦airaland Forum

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Calories restrictions extends lifespan and prevents sicknesses and diseases. Fasting has been used for thousands of years for health benefits. It can improve glucose tolerance. Insulin resistance is generally caused as a result of the body's reduced ability to remove excess glucose from the blood either because insufficient insulin is released or the glucose receptors have become less sensitive.

Excess glucose will be converted to fat and stored in tissues not suitable for fat storage. As the body uses fat as a fuel during intermittent fasting, fat stores will reduce allowing the cells to regain insulin function and glucose sensitivity.
Intermittent fasting can improve pre-diabetic and insulin resistant.

Short term intermittent fasting may be a safe and tolerable dietary intervention for those already diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes and may improve body weight and reducing glucose levels. Fasting diet in a healthy way improves skin health. Intermittent fasting's ability to reduce weight will result in lower body fat. This improves heart function, prevents cancer and improves immune system.

Eat healthy foods during intermittent fasting to ensure the body's processes are taking place efficiently and effectively. Add fruits, vegetables, healthy fats and protein to every meal.
Reduce intake of junk foods and carbohydrates such as bread, pasta, potatoes and rice. The simple concept is to aim to fast every day for 16-18 hours a day and only consume food in the remaining six to eight hours.

Increase the gap between dinner and breakfast; if you eat dinner at 6pm, then you would not eat your next meal until 12pm the following day, allowing an 18-hour fast in between. People that are underweight, sick or using drugs must not fast. Children, pregnant women and nursing mother should avoid fasting.
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Sugar can cause cravings, binges and withdrawal symptoms similar to a drug addiction. Sugar could be just as addictive as cocaine, cocaine and sugar have similar effect on the brain.

Cutting sugar out may lead to depression and behavioural disorders such as ADHD, refined sugar and opioid drugs trigger a similar response from the brain's reward system, both releasing dopamine and other pleasure-inducing chemicals.

Getting used to this feeling leads to craving for more to get the same response, leading to addiction.
Consuming sugar produces effects similar to that of cocaine, altering mood by inducing reward and pleasure

Experiments on rats showed that sugar was more addictive than opioid drugs.
Withdrawal symptoms can include behavioural problems or depression. Lack of dopamine in the brain during periods between sugar consumption has lead to ADHD-like symptoms.

During off sugar period, a mild state of depression may ensue due to dopamine deficiency, which can be temporarily relieved by consuming more sugar.
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Enhanced natriuretic peptide NP signaling in adipose tissue protects against obesity and insulin resistance. Boosting levels of NPs in adipose tissue may reduce the risk of metabolic disease. NPs control blood pressure and can promote the conversion of energy-storing 'bad' white fat into energy-burning 'good' brown fat.

Atrial and B-type natriuretic peptides NPs are hormones that were originally discovered to modulate salt and water to control blood pressure. These peptides transmit their signals through natriuretic peptide receptor NPRC. Natriuretic peptide receptor C (NPRC) removes NPs from circulation.

Researchers studied mice with NPRC receptors selectively knocked out in either adipose or skeletal muscle tissue. While deleting NPRC in muscle provided no protection from a high-fat diet, eliminating the receptor in adipose tissue improved insulin sensitivity, prevented obesity and increased sugar uptake in metabolism-boosting brown fat.

The adipose knockout mice showed higher energy expenditure and less inflammation. In mice without NRPCs in adipose tissue the liver was completely clean and completely devoid of stored lipids, which leads to their improved overall metabolic performance.

Slim people tend to have higher NP concentrations in their blood while NP clearance tends to rise in fat tissue, removing these peptides from the blood and making it more difficult for effective NP signaling to occur. Obesity increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, fatty liver disease and other conditions. Exploring NPs as therapeutic targets can prevents obesity.
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Protein released from fat in the body can change a non-cancerous cell into a cancerous one. The lower layer of abdominal fat is responsible for releasing the protein and increasing tumour growth.

Obesity has been linked to several types of cancers including breast, colon, prostate, uterine and kidney. Abdominal obesity and levels of a protein called fibroblast growth factor-2 may be an indicator of cells becoming cancerous.

There are two layers of belly fat: the top layer, known as subcutaneous fat, lies right under the skin, the layer under that, called visceral fat is harmful and cancerous. High fat diet produce larger amounts of the fibroblast growth factor-2, FGF2, protein when compared to the subcutaneous fat.

FGF2 stimulated certain cells that were already vulnerable to the protein and caused them to grow into tumours. When fat secretions have more of the FGF2 protein, more of the cells formed cancerous tumours.

Humans can make a non-tumorigenic cell malignantly change into a tumorigenic cell by eating high fatty foods. Healthy lifestyle, eating fruits and vegetables, regular exercise, avoiding smoking and drinking of alcohol can prevents fat belly and reduce risk of developing cancer.
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Belching is the expelling of gas generated in the gut during digestion. Frequent belching may be a symptom of dangerous health condition.

Excess gas like burping, bloating and flatulence can be reduce by eating slowly, avoiding fizzy drinks and not talking while eating.

Acid reflux may cause burping or gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. The sphincter in the gullet fails to stay closed so stomach, food splash up, causing irritation and inflammation.

Burping is caused by the loose valve at the bottom of the oesophagus, which cannot withstand pressure from the stomach, so gas escapes upwards. It can also be a symptom of bowel conditions including irritable bowel syndrome, coeliac disease and lactose intolerance.

Avoid these foods to reduce wind production: beans, peas, lentils and other pulses, bran cereal, cabbage, cauliflower, carrots, broccoli, egg, radishes, shellfish, milk, muesli, jacket potato skins, leeks, swedes, apples, coffee, parsnips, onions, dried fruits and junk foods.
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HIV drugs target the virus, the virus is not stable; it always mutates because the virus can become resistant to effective drugs, directing the immune system to kill the disease is better than targeting the virus with drug.

Some people are okay with HIV suppressing treatment, but more people are experiencing drug resistance. HIV- 1 is the most widespread, HIV can be classified into R5 and X4 viruses.

R5 viruses are linked with primary infection while X4 viruses occur in later stages of HIV diseases in some HIV patients. Detection of X4 is an indication that the patient's HIV infection has progressed to dangerous state.

Immune system protein suppresses damaging HIV strains, X4, by preventing the virus from infecting cells can be improve on, strengthening the immune system to kill the virus will be more effective because viruses cannot escape the body's immune system.
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Probiotics are live bacteria that are good for digestive system. Probiotics are said to keep gut and digestion healthy by replacing the bad bacteria with good one.

Synbiotics combined a probiotic bacterial strain with prebiotics, which actually feed and increase the good bacteria in the gut.
Probiotics can not survive for a long periods of time, heat and stomach acid can kill them, making them ineffective before digestion.

Synbiotics are the best way to ensure a maximum benefit from the ingested probiotics. It is the combination of probiotics and prebiotics to feed the human microbiome. Synbiotics could have beneficial effects on obesity and diabetes.

Research has linked our gut health to a range of conditions like obesity, depression, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Probiotics may prevent and treat fatty liver disease and keep it from advancing to liver cancer.

Pre-and pro-biotics work together to provide a combined benefit, while the probiotic settles in and pushes out the bad bacteria, the prebiotic feeds the growth of positive strains.

A healthy, balanced microbiome breaks down foods, protects human from infection, trains immune system and produces vitamins K and B12. It also controls mood, anxiety and appetite.
Imbalances in the gut are linked to a range of conditions.

The composition of human gut microbiota is determined by genes but it can also be influenced by lifestyle factors such as diet, alcohol intake, exercise, and medications.
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According to a new study, high-dose and long-term use of vitamins B12, B6 and smoking increase the risk of lung cancer. Using high dose of vitamin B6 and B12 may leads to development of lungs cancer.

Researchers analyzed data from some patients and evaluate vitamin and other mineral supplements in relation to cancer risk. They discovered that men who take high-dose of vitamin B6 and B12 supplements for a decade had higher risks for developing lung cancer.

Human body needs vitamins B6 and B12 to ensure red blood cells are healthy and to process proteins, fat and carbohydrate. Foods rich in vitamin B are: meat, fish, cheese, eggs and milk, and fortified cereals.

Some vitamin B supplements contained doses which were higher than the daily recommended amount, eating foods rich in vitamin B is enough for vitamins required. The discovery shows that taking high doses of B6 and B12 for a long period of time could increase the risk of developing lung cancer.
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Immune system can become so over-activated when fighting infections that the resulting inflammatory response can lead to death. Excessive response by the immune system can be modulated by targeted manipulation of the sugar metabolism to produce an immune response that eliminates the pathogens without causing any harmful to the immune system.

Using 2-Deoxy-D-glucose 2-DG during the infection make this possible, adding 2-DG, that prevents glycolysis, causes increased production of interleukin-12 IL-12, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, while suppressing the production of interleukin-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine.

IL-12 triggers a specific T-cell immune response, which is part of the cellular immune response, to specifically boost the defence mechanisms that serve to eliminate intracellular pathogens like listeria. Addition of 2-DG changes the nature of the immune response and the intensity of the inflammatory process, inflammation is controlled so that the immune system is able to manage the situation without allowing the infection to leads to a deadly outcome.

This prevents excessive inflammatory responses, following addition of of 2-DG, only p40 is upregulated, while no p35 is produced. This modified cytokine profile, there is also a simultaneous increase in IL-23 expression which could subsequently bring about modified recruitment of immune cells and hence have a decisive influence on the intensity of the immune response.

The metabolic increased production of activating mediators with simultaneous inhibition of immunosuppressive mediators. Manipulation of the sugar metabolism and associated modulation of the immune system could open up new options for treating specific infections and autoimmune diseases.
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Food and Drug Administration approved Besponsa for the treatment of adults with relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. ALL.

B-cell precursor ALL is a rapidly progressing type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many B-cell lymphocytes, an immature type of white blood cell.

Besponsa is a targeted therapy that is thought to work by binding to B-cell ALL cancer cells that express the CD22 antigen, blocking the growth of cancerous cells.

Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should not take Besponsa because it may cause harm to a developing fetus or a newborn baby.

Side effects of Besponsa include low levels of platelets, low levels of certain white blood cells, infection, low levels of red blood cells, fatigue, severe bleeding, fever, nausea, headache, low levels of white blood cells with fever, liver damage, abdominal pain, high levels of bilirubin in the blood,
decrease in blood cell and platelet production, infusion-related reactions and problems with the heart’s electrical pulses.
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Faulty stem cells in bone marrow often multiply, increasing the growth of fatal tumours. The diseases can lead to anaemia and bleeding as abnormal stem cells multiply in the bone marrow and interfere with blood cell production.

Vitamin C can kill and prevents the spread of the tumours. Vitamin C found in high levels in kale, oranges and peppers could prevents blood cancer but it is impossible to get the required amount through fruits and vegetables in high quantities.

High quantities of vitamin C required for killing the tumours can be given by injecting cancer patients intravenously, the patients can get up to 500 times the amount they would get through eating fruit and vegetables.

Vitamin C prevents the breakdown of glucose, the mitochondria - the strength of the cancer cells are unable to gain vital energy it needs to grow with vitamin C injection.

Researchers discovered that vitamin C suppressed the growth of leukaemia cancer stem cells from human patients implanted into the mice. Combining vitamin C with a cancer drug is more effective in cancer treatment.
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Breakfast is the most important meal of the day, starting the morning with a meal is important for teenagers and children. Skipping breakfast could leads to low brain function. Children who did not eat breakfast each day lacked proper nutrients that are essential for healthy growth.

Skipping breakfast can leads to iron, folate, calcium and iodine deficiencies which can leads to development of different diseases. Iron circulates oxygen throughout the body, iron deficiency leads to less oxygen circulation which can affect red blood cells.

Inadequate oxygen leads to fatigues, children become tired easily with poor oxygen circulation. Not having enough oxygen can affect how well their brain functions as well as their immune system's ability to keep the body healthy.

Iron is essential in maintaining healthy cells, hair and skin. The amount of iron that children need depends on their age. Calcium is necessary for strong bones and teeth. Calcium deficiency can cause problems with a child's hormone release and their muscle contractions.

Iodine is important for good thyroid health. Children who do not get proper amounts of iodine can experience slow mental development. Skipping breakfast daily leads to low levels of folate. Folate is essential for proper nutrients absorption
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Regular exposure to higher levels of outdoor light at night may increase the risk of developing breast cancer. The link was stronger among women who worked at night, exposed to light at night and night shift work contribute to breast cancer risk through circadian disruption.

Lighting during the night can disrupt circadian rhythms, reducing circulating melatonin levels and resetting of the circadian. Reduced melatonin may increase breast cancer risk, increased estrogen production and altered estrogen receptor function.

Melatonin is a hormone that plays a role in regulating the body's sleep cycle. Melatonin production is high at night and is lower during the day. When women work at night or if they're exposed to external light at night, their melatonin levels tend to stay low.

As levels of outdoor light at night increased, so did breast cancer rates.
The association between outdoor light at night and breast cancer was found among women who were premenopausal and those who were current or past smokers.
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Nutritional modifications can reduce risk of developing cancer, there is a proven link between obesity and some types of cancer. Dietary energy density DED contributes to cancer risk. DED is a measure of food quality and the relationship of calories to nutrients. The more calories per gram of weight a food has, the higher its DED.

Whole foods like vegetables, nuts, seeds, fruits, lean protein, and beans are considered low-DED foods because they provide a lot of nutrients using very few calories. Processed foods like cake, burger and pizza are considered high-DED foods because you need to eat larger amount to get necessary nutrients. Regular consumption of foods high in DED contributes to weight gain in adults.

Women who consumed a diet higher in DED were ten percent more likely to develop an obesity-related cancer, independent of their body mass index.
Obese people may develop different kinds of cancer like oesophagus, kidney, bowel, breast and pancreas cancer.

Weight management alone may not be effective in preventing obesity-related cancers if a women eats diets high in energy density regularly. Higher DED in normal-weight women may cause metabolic dysregulation that is independent of body weight, which increase the cancer risk.
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Testing for Zika requires that a blood sample be refrigerated and moved to a laboratory, this delay diagnosis and treatment. The researchers tested blood samples taken from people infected with Zika virus and compared it to blood from people that do not have the virus.

Blood from Zika-infected patients tested positive while blood from Zika-negative controls did not. The assay produced no false-positive results.

Zika infection is either asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic; people infected with Zika don't know they're infected, many people don't become sick after being bitten by an infected mosquito.

Testing is particularly important for pregnant women because Zika infection can cause congenital Zika syndrome, which contributes to several neurologic problems in the fetus or newborn infant.

Population screening is the effective way of diagnosing the diseases. Using of gold nanorods mounted on paper to detect Zika infection within a few minutes is faster and better than the current method.

The test relies on a protein made by Zika virus that causes an immune response in infected individuals. The protein is attached to tiny gold nanorods mounted on a piece of paper.

The paper then is completely covered with tiny, protective nanocrystals. The nanocrystals allow the diagnostic nanorods to be shipped and stored without refrigeration prior to use.

To use the test, a technician rinses the paper with slightly acidic water, removing the protective crystals and exposing the protein mounted on the nanorods. Then, a drop of the patient's blood is applied. If the patient has come into contact with the virus, the blood will contain immunoglobulins that react with the protein.

Immunoglobulins persist in the blood for a few months, and when they come into contact with the gold nanorods, the nanorods undergo a slight color change that can be detected with a hand-held spectrophotometer. With this test, results and treatments will be immediate.
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Food preservatives are added to foods to preserve them for long-term use.
Scientists tested the effects of endocrine disruptors on humans. The three chemicals tested are: Butylhydroxytoluene BHT, Perfluorooctanoic acid PFOA and tributyltin TBT.

Butylhydroxytoluene BHT, is an antioxidant commonly added to breakfast cereals and other foods to protect nutrients and keep fats from turning rancid.

Perfluorooctanoic acid PFOAis a polymer found in some cookware, carpeting and other products.

Tributyltin TBT is a compound in paints that can make its way into water and accumulate in seafood.

Scientists used hormone-producing tissues grown from human stem cells to demonstrate how exposure to these chemicals can interfere with the digestive system and the brain.

These chemicals enable people to continue eating, causing them to gain weight. Each of these chemicals damaged hormones that communicate between the gut and the brain.

BHT produced some of the strongest detrimental effects, these compounds can disrupt hormones that are critical to gut-to-brain signaling and preventing obesity.

Scientists obtained blood samples from adults, and then, by introducing reprogramming genes, converted the cells into induced pluripotent stem cells.

Then, using these stem cells, they grew human epithelium tissue, which lines the gut, and neuronal tissues of the brain's hypothalamus region, which regulates appetite and metabolism.

Scientists exposed the tissues to BHT, PFOA and TBT, one by one and also in combination, and discovered that the chemicals disrupted networks that prepare signaling hormones to maintain their structure and be transported out of the cells, thus making them ineffective.

The chemicals also damaged the cellular structures that convert food and oxygen into energy and drive the body's metabolism. Because the chemical damage occurred in young cells, a defective hormone system could impact a pregnant woman and her fetus.
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Scientists have come up with better plant-based Zika vaccine that is more potent, safer and cheaper. It's based on key Zika protein. The vaccine works against a part of a Zika viral protein, called DIII, the part of the virus that infect people.

All flaviviruses have the envelope protein on the outside part of the virus. It has three domains. The domain III has a unique stretch of DNA for the Zika virus, this is used to generate a protective immune response that is unique for Zika.

Scientists carried out immunization experiments in mice, which induced antibody and cellular immune responses that have been shown to confer 100 percent protection against multiple Zika virus strains in a mouse.

The envelope protein were grew in bacteria, then switched to prepare the DIII protein domain in tobacco plants.
Producing plant-based vaccines, especially in tobacco plants, is safer than using chemical-based.

The protein-based vaccine uses the smallest and most unique part of the Zika virus that can still draw out a potent and good immune response.

Scientists made a pseudovirus- fake virus. The pseudovirus displays only the DIII part of the envelope protein on the surface. Making the full native envelope protein as the basis for a vaccine, it induced antibodies against DI, DII and the DIII domains of the protein.

Women were advised not to become pregnant because Zika virus can cause abnormalities in babies. It can cause
severe brain defect known as microcephaly, in which the head and brain don't develop properly.

It can also cause vision, hearing defects and learning disabilities associated with less severe infections. Gullian-Barre syndrome in adults has also been linked to Zika virus.
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Researchers used single photon emission computed tomography SPECT to spot the differences between the brains of men and women. Using functional neuroimaging tools like SPECT, are essential for brain treatments.

The brains of women in the study were significantly more active in many more areas of the brain than men, especially in the prefrontal cortex, involved with focus and impulse control, and the limbic or emotional areas of the brain, involved with mood and anxiety.

The visual and coordination centers of the brain were more active in men. SPECT can measure blood perfusion in the brain. Images acquired from subjects at rest or while performing various cognitive tasks will show different blood flow in specific brain regions.

Researchers examined healthy participants and patients with different psychiatric conditions such as brain trauma, bipolar disorders, mood disorders, psychotic disorders, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD.

A total of 128 brain regions were analyzed while performing a concentration task. Understanding these differences is important because brain disorders affect men and women in different ways.

Women have significantly higher rate of depression, which is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and anxiety disorders, while men have higher rates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD and incarceration.

Their is an increased prefrontal cortex blood flow in women compared to men, this may be the reason why women tend to exhibit greater strengths in the areas of empathy, intuition, collaboration and self-control.

Researchers also found increased blood flow in limbic areas of the brains of women, which may be the reason why women are more vulnerable to anxiety, depression, insomnia, and eating disorders.
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Researchers have developed a new technology called Tissue Nanotransfection TNT, it can generate any cell type for treatment within the patient's body. This technology can be used to repair injured tissue or restore function of aging tissue like organs, blood vessels and nerve cells.

Researchers reprogram skin cells to become vascular cells in injured legs that lacked blood flow. Within one week, active blood vessels appeared in the injured leg, the leg was healed at the second week.

The technology also reprogram skin cells in the live body into nerve cells that were injected into brain-injured mice to help them recover from stroke.
The device delivers new DNA or RNA into living skin cells to change their function.

This technology can convert skin cells into elements of any organ with a touch. It takes less than a second and is non-invasive. The chip does not stay permanently in the body after use and the technology keeps the cells in the body under immune surveillance.

TNT technology has two major components: nanotechnology-based chip designed to deliver cargo to adult cells in the live body and the design of specific biological cargo for cell conversion.

This cargo converts an adult cell from one type to another. TNT doesn't require any laboratory-based procedures and may be implemented at the point of care.
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Mitochondria are the power plants of cells, breaking down molecules from sugars, fats and proteins to generate energy for the human body.

Mitochondrial disease is an inherited chronic illness that can be present at birth or develop later in life. It causes debilitating physical, developmental, and cognitive disabilities.

Common symptoms are loss of muscle coordination, muscle weakness, pain, seizures, hearing loss, learning disabilities and organs failure.

Genetic analysis could improve diagnostic rates for children with fatal mitochondrial diseases. Mitochondrial diseases can affect babies, older children and adults.

Scientists have shown a new approach to UK baby Charlie Gard who suffered from mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome. New diagnostic methods like whole exome sequencing can quickly sequence a person's entire genetic blueprint.

Scientists have discovered a new cause of mitochondrial disease, which affects the ability of the mitochondria to operate as the body's power plant and converting food into energy.

Researchers found mutations in a gene called MRPS34, in six patients with the most common form of childhood mitochondrial disease. They used quantitative proteomics which involves sampling all the proteins in a cell at once to identify any problems with the cellular machinery, this reveals what is going on in the cells.

The MRPS34 gene is one of 80 components of the mitochondrial protein synthesis machinery, called 'mitoribosome'. Scientists carried out the quantitative proteomics technique, examining cellular proteins in the patient's cultured skin cells, against healthy skin cells.

They discovered that the cells could not make the key proteins encoded by mitochondrial DNA. It also showed that two of the five major components of the power plants are falling apart, causing the machinery that fuels the body's energy to break down.

MRPS34 was the 25th mitochondrial disease gene discovered by scientists and one of the first in the world to show that quantitative proteomics could play a key role in improving diagnostic rates.

This discovery can put an end to wrong diagnosis of children suspected of mitochondrial and other inherited diseases. Early diagnosis improves the chance for early intervention. It can also provide the opportunity to enrol patients with mitochondrial diseases into clinical trials to test many new promising therapies on them.
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Inflammation is the body's way of healing itself after an injury and protecting itself from infection; but chronic inflammation is associated with different kinds of diseases.

During exercise like running, jumping, jogging, swimming and walking muscle cells release a small protein known as Interleukin 6, IL-6, which fights an inflammation. Any forms of exercise that you can think of will produce the same Interleukin 6. It has several anti-inflammatory effects; it lowers levels of a protein called TNF alpha, which triggers inflammation in the body.

It prevents the effects of a protein known as interleukin 1 beta, which triggers inflammation that can damage the cells in the pancreas. The quantity of IL-6 release by muscles is determined by quality of time spent during exercise, the longer you engage in exercise, the more IL-6 will be released into your body.

Regular exercise induces a strong anti-inflammatory effect on the body and it prevents an inflammation. It also increases levels of protein, known as Interleukin-15 (IL-15), in muscle cells. IL-15 regulates the accumulation of abdominal fat, with higher levels of IL-15 providing protection against abdominal fat buildup.

Regular exercise should be used as part of the treatment for chronic inflammatory diseases. Exercise serves as natural, anti-inflammatory and metabolism-improving 'drug'. It can be useful for treating type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
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A pioneering test could be used to predict whether breast cancer will return. Patients with clustered immune cells, called hotspot were 25 per cent more likely to relapse within 10 years.

The probability of the cancer returning within five years was 23 per cent higher in women with the hotspot. The new method gives doctors the opportunity to provide better preventative drugs to prevent the cancer.

The automated computer tool made an assessment of the risk of relapse based on how cells are organised spatially.
People with dispersed immune cells have better chance of fending off the cancer.

Pioneering test also predict patients that will respond to immunotherapy.
The immune system has a key role to play in how breast cancer responds to hormone treatment.

Measuring the immune response to cancer could be important in the future to identify patients who could benefit from immunotherapy. The immune tool could be added to existing prognostic tests to identify women that are at high risk of their breast cancer coming back.
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Periodontitis is an inflammation around the tooth, it is a gum disease that damages the soft tissue and bone that supports the tooth. Common risk factors for periodontal disease are : smoking, diabetes, genetics and hormonal changes in women.

Periodontal - gum disease may be linked to an increased cancer risk. Postmenopausal women who have a history of gum disease have a higher risk of developing cancer.

The risk associated with periodontal disease is very high for esophageal cancer. The esophagus is very close to the oral cavity, periodontal pathogens may move to the esophageal mucosa and increase the cancer risk.

Gallbladder cancer risk was also high in women who had history of gum disease. Some periodontal bacteria promote inflammation.

Hormonal changes in women during
puberty, pregnancy and menopause can also increase the risk of developing periodontal disease.
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Dangerous class of flame retardant chemicals commonly found in furniture and household products damages children's intelligence, leading to loss of intelligent quotient IQ points.

Exposure to Polybrominated diphenyl ethers' PBDE lowers children's intelligence.Researchers discovered that increase in a mother's PBDE levels led to a drop of IQ points in her child.

Regular exposure of pregnant woman to PBDEs a lowers her child's IQ. There is a link between PDBE exposures and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD in children.

PBDEs and common flame retardants are not chemically bonded to the foams they protect, but they are merely mixed and they leach out from the foam and into house dust, food, and human body. Dust, old furniture, and electronic equipment are common PBDEs reservoirs.
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Blue light increases alertness and regulates our internal body clock. This artificial light activates photoreceptors known as intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells ipRGCs, which suppresses melatonin.

The blue light emitted from digital devices could contribute to the high prevalence of sleep dysfunction, it contributes to decrease in sleep quality.

Study participants wore short wavelength-blocking glasses three hours before bedtime for two weeks, while still performing their nightly digital routine.

Results showed that some of the participants melatonin levels increase. Melatonin is a chemical that gives body signals to sleep.

Wearing activity and sleep monitors 24 hours a day increases sleep duration.
The largest source of blue light is sunlight, it's also found in most LED-based devices like computers, mobile phones and television.

Limiting screen time, applying screen filters, wearing computer glasses that block blue light, or using anti-reflective lenses to reduce the effects of artificial light at nighttime can prevent the effects of blue light.
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How long we will live is encoded in our genome. Researchers have identified 16 genetic markers associated with a short lifespan. This reveals computational framework to uncover the genetics of our time of death and disease. It explained why some people live longer than others.

About 30 percent of the variation in human lifespan comes down to our genome. Changes in particular locations in our DNA sequence, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), could be responsible for some of the reasons for our longevity.

Changes in the DNA is linked to age-related diseases. About 1 in 10 people carry some configurations of these markers that shorten their life by over a year compared with the population average. Those who inherited a lifespan-shortening version of one of these SNPs may die earlier than their mate.

The researchers explore how the DNA changes affected lifespan in a holistic way. They discovered that most SNPs had an effect on lifespan by impacting more than a single disease or risk factor, for example through being more addicted to smoking as well as through being predisposed to schizophrenia.

The discovered SNPs and gene expression data, allowed the researchers to identify that lower brain expression of three genes neighbouring the SNPs- RBM6, SULT1A1 and CHRNA5, involved in nicotine dependence was linked to increased lifespan. These three genes could therefore act as biomarkers for surviving beyond 100 years.
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Researchers have discovered mechanism in the damaged spines of zebrafish that helps nerve connections to regrow. Zebrafish have the remarkable ability to regain full movement within four weeks of injury to their spinal cord.

Damage to human spinal cord leads to paralysis. After injury to the spinal cord in zebrafish, wound-healing cells called 'fibroblasts' move into the site of damage.

The fibroblasts produce a molecule called collagen 12, which changes the structure of the support matrix that surrounds nerve fibres.

This enables the damaged fibres to grow back across the wound site and restore the lost connections.
Scientists found that fibroblasts are instructed to make collagen 12 by a chemical signal called 'wnt'.

Understanding these signals could hold clues for therapies to heal the spinal cord after injury. This connections between the brain and muscles of the body lost after spinal cord injury in humans can be used to provide better treatment.
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