Several electrical signals and impulses are transmitted in the brain for it to function properly. (These impulses travel between nerve cells). Epilepsy is a disorder that disrupts the transmission of these electric signals in the brain.

It can develop at any age but it is more common in children and adults above age 65 years.


CAUSES
An Epileptic Seizure occurs when uncontrollable and sudden bursts of electrical signals are produced and the normal communication between the nerve cells becomes confused and this leads to uncontrolled thoughts and movement for a short period of time.
A generalised seizure can also cause the person to fall over, be unconscious or make the muscles jerk.
These factors may cause Epilepsy

1. Head injuries
2. Tumours
3. Lack of oxygen to the brain after a stroke
4. Family history of seizures
5. Excessive alcohol an use of certain drugs
6. Infections E.g meningitis
7. Abnormalities in developing brain
8. Degenerative conditions E.g Alzheimer's Disease

HOW TO DIAGNOSE
Blood test, CT scan, MRI scan or the use of Electrocephalogram are very useful to confirm the diagnosis of seizures of Epilepsy.

TREATMENT
Drugs do not cure epilepsy but most seizures can be prevented by taking medications regularly as prescribed.

WHAT TO DO WHEN YOU SEE SOMEONE HAVING SEIZURES
1. Keep Calm
2. Check the person's breathing and circulation
3. Protect him/her from injury
4. Once the seizure is over, roll the person on their side and loosen any tight clothing
5. Do not put anything in their mouth and d not try to restrain the person
6. If the seizure lasts more than 5 minutes, or if another seizure starts, or if the person stops breathing during seizure, please call a doctor or rush to the hospital.


www.pharmradio..com

Everyone experiences bad breath at one time or the other which is expected to improve after brushing, flossing and rinsing the mouth with alcohol free mouth wash (I.e taking care of the general oral health).

This foul smell originates in the mouth, throat or the tonsils (a set of lymphatic tissues located at the back of the throat) and it is caused by the waste excreted by the bacteria that helps in breaking down protein into amino acids.

These bacteria feast on proteinous substances such as food, mucus, phlegm, blood, diseases oral tissue etc and release sulphur compounds from the back of the tongue and throat and if unchecked the breath becomes worse and worse as long as the bacteria has something to feed on.

CAUSES OF BAD BREATH
1. Dry Mouth
2. Certain Food E.g Onions, Garlic which contains sulphur compounds
3. Poor Dental Hygiene which leads to build up of bacteria on the teeth and gums.
4. Diseases such as Diabetes, kidney diseases, yeast infections can lead to dry mouth hence bad breath

HOME CURE FOR BAD BREATH
1. Brush and floss your teeth at least twice daily
2. Prevent having dry mouth by drinking water or chewing sugar free gums when needed
3. Stop Smoking and reduce your intake of alcohol
4. Avoid consuming highly processed food E.g cookies etc
5. Consume fibrous fruits and vegetables E.g Apple.
source: http://pharmradio..com

Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynaecological problems in women. It is the medical term for the painful cramps that may occur immediately before or during the menstrual period. Dysmenorrhea is divided into primary dysmenorrhea and secondary dysmenorrhea.

The Primary dysmenorrhea is idiopathic (of unknown cause) and it is associated with camp-like abdominal pain at the time of menstruation with no identifiable organic pelvic disease. Cramps mostly usually begin about one to two years after a woman starts getting her period which can be mild or even sometimes severe. Common menstrual cramps often start shortly before or at the beginning of the period and continues for about one to three days. This cramp becomes less painful as a woman ages and may disappear after a woman's first baby.
The Secondary dysmenorrhea is usaually associated with pelvic pahology (disorder or disease of the female reproductive organ).
Etiology/pathophysiology of Primary Dysmenorrhea

The cause of primary dysmenorrhea is not fully known, but it is known to be related to increase in prostaglandin levels. The prostaglandins stimulate uterine contractions and cervical narrowing and release vasopressin (a hormone that constricts blood vessel). Leukotrienes (inflammatory mediator known to cause vasoconstriction and uterine contraction) are also released. The increased level of these hormone and inflammatory mediator result in uterine ischemia and pain.

During normal menses, contaction pressure is about 50-80mmhg and each contraction lasts about 15-30 seconds and 1-4 contractions in every 10minutes. these normal contractions help to expel menstrual fluids. With Dysmenorrhea, however, contraction pressure can exceed 400mmhg and may last longer than 90seconds and the time between contractions may be less than 15seconds. Both intrauterine pressure and the frequency of uterine contractions contribute to ischemia and tissue hpoxia and thus, to pain.
read more from the source: www.pharmradio..com

He drew it live and direct...don't even tink of saying he didn't draw it...

Mologi:
He might not be the one that did the drawings but he had the business IDEA to meet Songs through that....



#Dntaskmewhatamsaying#

Wonders, they say shall never end.. Some human beings will just do anything for money. I was walking through a particular street in Lagos. Suddenly, I saw a group of young children running. I was so curious and really wanted to know the reason for the panic. Eventually, I could see what made these children run with so much fear.. Honestly, you wouldn't believe what I saw..

''Grown up men dressed in masquerade suits'', literately begging for money from any one they laid their hands on... like seriously People still do this?
more picture from the source http://pharmradiong..com/2015/08/see-crazy-thing-this-man-is-doing-just.html:www.pharmradiong..com

It was a Sad Monday for the Occupants(Students) of a
particular room in a hostel for boys popularly known as
Block2 who lost virtually all their possessions and some vital documents.. The cause of the fire may have been due to the epileptic power supply which may have caused a spark that then resulted to the inferno..
Check out more pictures from the source:
[url]pharmradiong..nl/2014/08/pictures-from-male-hostel-that-caught_6.html?m=1[/url]

All I can see is d woman. Where is d bird

A Georgian kick-boxing coach breaks a Guinness World Record that he created Himself in December 2011, for having the most spoons stuck on the human body
Etibar Elchyev, 41, dubbed the ‘magnet man’, managing to secure 53 metal spoons
around his neck and chest setting the world record for the most spoons balanced on a human body.Elchiyev, who llives in Tbilisi in Georgia, created the spoon record in 2011.But he has no plans to stop there. "When the time comes I am going [to move] an airplane, then an empty train carriage, something like this, I won't reveal all my cards at once," he said
see video below:
http://pharmradiong..com/2014/01/magnetic-man-breaks-his-own-record-video.html

Malky Mackay, Cardiff City manager has been sacked
by the club owner Vincent Tan just two days after
christmas.
Vincent Tan last week
sent him an email demanding he resign or be sacked
The saga over Malky Mackay's future at Cardiff City
has come to an end after the club confirmed the Scot
had been relieved of his duties.
Source: http://www.pharmradiong..com/2013/12/cardiff-city-sacks-coach.html?m=1

We just want to wish you a Merry Christmas with
this Mathematical Equation..
pharmradiong..com/2013/12/picture-of-day_24.html?m=1

See what a Nigerian Mother did to her child.. Lol

Source:pharmradiong..com/2013/12/picture-of-day_23.html?m=1

Should we call this the Power of Make up....or should
we just say its a trap??..what a Transformation....
Source:www.pharmradiong..com/2013/12/see-what-make-up-can-do_22.html?m=1

Elisha-Wigwe Shallom,a 300level Medical student of the College of Medicine, University of Lagos has been given
the star prize of a mini cooper car which she won in the GTBank’s
loyalty reward promo raffle draw which took place at the bank’s headquarters in Lagos.
The car was presented to her at the grand finale of the promo which held
on Wednesday December 18, 2013 at the Unilag Indoor Sport hall with performance from Nigerian Artiste Wizkid.
The elated student who was contacted through a
telephone call after several efforts to reach her could
not believe she has won a car as she was arguing with
the bank’s official who called her.
The promo, which commenced in March, 2013, has
rewarded account holders with gifts such as
Blackberry phones, ipods, laptops, Samsung Galaxy
tab, LED Tv and mini fridges in its monthly zonal
draws.
Congratulations Shallom, we are proud of you.. Check the source for more pictures..

Source: www.pharmradiong..com

The College of Medicine of the University of Lagos yesterday 11th December, 2013 (11/12/13) held one of the Biggest Carnivals in Lagos.. The Carnival tagged COMPSSAbration 2013 was a colourful one and it had quite a number of people in attendance.. Several departments represented different Countries in the world to show "Unity in Diversity".. The Department of Medicine and Surgery representing Egypt came out with the best performance, Department of Medical Lab Science representing India were second while Physiotherapy came third representing Trinidad and Tobago.. Other Departments were not left out too Pharmacy represented Jamaica, Nursing Represented Brazil, Radiography represented Nigeria and a lot of other representatives..
for more pictures, check the source
source: [url]www.pharmradiong..com [/url]

I've always wondered what my eyebrow was used for..is it for just beautification or its has a special function.. Pls who knows??..

The on-going ASUU strike which is over 4months now seems to have been faced with another obstacle.. the union members are asking for their 4 months outstanding salaries which i dont think the government is ready to pay.. who do we blame ASUU or F.G.... do you think F.G should pay or do you think it isn't right for ASUU to ask for money they didn't work for..

Just like any part of the body, keeping a healthy vagina means taking care of surface areas, avoiding chemicals and listening to your body when something feels out of place.

Wash It:
Wash with hot water only. It may seem counterintuitive, but washing your vagina with soap, whether it's bar soap or liquid, isn't the best way to keep clean. The vagina actually stays quite clean on its own without the help of outside cleansers. Like other parts of the body, the vagina has a pH level that needs to be maintained within a certain range - 3.5 and 4.5, to be specific - in order to prevent the growth of unhealthy bacteria and facilitate the growth of good bacteria. Using harsh cleansers can upset the balance, leading to infection, irritation, and even bad smells.People often refer to the entire area "down there" as the vagina, but remember that the vagina is actually the tube-like muscle located inside your body. The vulva, the skin outside the vagina, may be cleansed with no-frills bar soap, as long as you don't find that it irritates your skin. If you do end up washing your vagina with soap, make sure to thoroughly rinse it with warm water so that no traces of soap are left behind. Soap left inside the vagina can cause irritations. Stay away from liquid body washes because they often irritate the vulva area and can lead to burning or itching. Also, you don't have to wash your vagina with a soap-based substance every time you go to the wash-room -- over-cleaning can also cause irritation.

DON'T Aim To Smell Like Flowers:
"Avoid all sprays, lotions and deodorants in this area. It is not supposed to smell like flowers," Lyon says. Some baby wipes and feminine hygiene wipes could lead to irritation. Do not use pads and panty-liners everyday to feel fresh. "Constant use causes skin irritation and prevents the skin from breathing in the area."


Wipe From The Front:
Always wipe from front to back. . "Wiping wrong drags butt bacteria forward and it can get in the wrong spot creating irritation and an infection.

Avoid Certain Lubricants:
Avoid using Vaseline, rubbing alcohol and other heavy-duty lubricants in the area. "Choose water-based lubricants or silicone-based lubricants.

Look For Change:
"The main signs of an imbalance are change in odour, discharge, appearance, itching or pain during intercourse.

Stay Cautious:
If you're heading to a waxing salon for a bikini or Brazilian wax, make sure you do your research. "Make sure you're seen by a licensed esthetician and that they don't double-dip the wax application stick."

Take A Look Yourself:
It's your vagina -- make sure you know everything about it. Look, touch and feel for changes.

Talk To Your Doctor:
Visit your gynecologist at least once a year for a health check-up. You may also want to consider getting a pap smear depending on your age and history.
source: [url]pharmradiong..com[/url]

The University of Lagos has now released the registration procedure for the newly admitted students 2013/2014 session both UTME and DIRECT ENTRY.

UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS, NIGERIA 2013/2014 ACADEMIC SESSION
REGISTRATION PROCEDURE FOR UTME/DIRECT ENTRY
CANDIDATES
All newly admitted undergraduate students are requested to report at the
Multipurpose Hall of the University for registration as from 8.30am on Monday 18th November, 2013 following the underlisted registration procedure strictly.
CLICK THE LINK FOR MORE DETAILShttp://unilag.edu.ng/newsdetails.php?NewsID=1384
Source:www.pharmradiong..com

Sure, it may seem like infidelity is a guy thing.

But according to research from the Archives of Sexual Behaviour, women are just about as guilty of straying, and in fact, women are cheating more than ever.


what is your take on this? do you think the guys cheat more or is it the ladies?
PLEASE DROP YOUR COMMENTS....

The Hostel is no longer like that.. That picture is old

Gonorrhea is a very common sexually transmitted
disease (STD) that is caused by a bacterium called
Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It is spread during sexual
intercourse- vaginal, oral, and anal. Most often,
gonorrhea is found in younger people (aged 15-30
years) who have multiple sex partners. It can also be
spread from mother to child during pregnancy or
child birth.
Gonorrhea does not always cause symptoms. In men, it can cause pain and burning sensation when
urinating, and discharge from the penis. In women,
gonorrhea can cause pain when urinating, bleeding
between periods, and yellowish discharge from the
vagina. If left untreated, it can lead to complications
like epididymitis in men and pelvic inflammatory
disease in women, which causes infertility.
Laboratory tests like gram stain, culture tests or DNA tests are useful to diagnose gonorrhea. Gonorrhea can be cured with antibiotics. Correct usage of latex condoms greatly reduces, but does not completely eliminate the risk of transmission of gonorrhea.
CAUSES
A person can get infected with gonorrhea by having
any kind of sexual contact with an infected person. It can also be spread from an untreated mother to her baby during childbirth. The bacteria (Neisseria
gonorrhoeae) can grow and multiply quickly in moist, warm areas of the body such as the cervix, uterus and fallopian tubes in women, and in urethra in both the sexes. It can also grow in the mouth, throat, eyes or rectum.People who are more likely to develop this infection are-
· Those with multiple sexual partners.
· If one of the partner has a past history of any
sexually transmitted infection.
· People whose indulge in unsafe sex and do
not use a condom during sex.
· Those who indulge in alcohol or use illegal
substances.
SYMPTOMS
About 10-15% of infected men and 80% of infected
women may have no symptoms. Symptoms of
gonorrhea usually appear within 2 to 14 days after
infection. About 10-15% of men and about 80% of
women may have no symptoms.
They may be totally unaware that they have caught
the infection. This increases the risk oftransmission.
Symptoms of gonorrhea in men include-
· Painful and burning urination
· Increased urinary frequency
· Pus discharge from the penis
· Pain in the testis
· Swollen testicles
· Anal itching and occasional painful bowel
movements with fresh blood on the feces
· Mouth sores
· Sore throat (gonococcal pharyngitis)
Symptoms of gonorrhea in women include-
§ A yellowish vaginal discharge
§ Redness and swelling of the genitals
§ Burning or itching of the vaginal area
§ Excessive bleeding during menstrual period or
bleeding between periods.
§ Painful and burning urination
§ Painful intercourse
§ Pain in the lower abdomen
§ Symptoms of rectal infection in both men and
women include-
§ Pus like discharge from the anus
§ Pain in the anal region
§ Constipation and bleeding
§ If the infection spreads to the bloodstream, it
may cause fever, joint pain and sparse
peripheral rash.
TREATMENT
Gonorrhea is treated with antibiotics. Gonorrhea can be cured with proper treatment. Medicines will stop the infection but will not repair any permanent
damage done by the disease. Penicillin derivative
antibiotics such as ampicillin or amoxicillin are
recommended for the treatment of gonorrhea. Since
resistance to penicillin is increasing, other antibiotics
can be given like ceftriaxone or spectinomycin.
Women who are pregnant should not be given
doxycycline and are usually given an alternative
antibiotic such as erythromycin.
All medications should be taken as prescribed, and
the infected person should refrain from sexual
intercourse during the course of treatment. It is also
important to locate and test the sexual partners of
the infected person; and treat them to prevent further spread of gonorrhea.
Source: http://www.pharmradiong..com

Gonorrhea is a very common sexually transmitted
disease (STD) that is caused by a bacterium called
Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It is spread during sexual
intercourse- vaginal, oral, and anal. Most often,
gonorrhea is found in younger people (aged 15-30
years) who have multiple sex partners. It can also be
spread from mother to child during pregnancy or
child birth.
Gonorrhea does not always cause symptoms. In men,
it can cause pain and burning sensation when
urinating, and discharge from the penis. In women,
gonorrhea can cause pain when urinating, bleeding
between periods, and yellowish discharge from the
vagina. If left untreated, it can lead to complications
like epididymitis in men and pelvic inflammatory
disease in women, which causes infertility.
Laboratory tests like gram stain, culture tests or DNA
tests are useful to diagnose gonorrhea. Gonorrhea can
be cured with antibiotics. Correct usage of latex
condoms greatly reduces, but does not completely
eliminate the risk of transmission of gonorrhea.
CAUSES
A person can get infected with gonorrhea by having
any kind of sexual contact with an infected person. It
can also be spread from an untreated mother to her
baby during childbirth. The bacteria (Neisseria
gonorrhoeae) can grow and multiply quickly in moist,
warm areas of the body such as the cervix, uterus and
fallopian tubes in women, and in urethra in both the
sexes. It can also grow in the mouth, throat, eyes or
rectum.People who are more likely to develop this
infection are-
· Those with multiple sexual partners.
· If one of the partner has a past history of any
sexually transmitted infection.
· People whose indulge in unsafe sex and do
not use a condom during sex.
· Those who indulge in alcohol or use illegal
substances.
SYMPTOMS
About 10-15% of infected men and 80% of infected
women may have no symptoms. Symptoms of
gonorrhea usually appear within 2 to 14 days after
infection. About 10-15% of men and about 80% of
women may have no symptoms.
They may be totally unaware that they have caught
the infection. This increases the risk oftransmission.
Symptoms of gonorrhea in men include-
· Painful and burning urination
· Increased urinary frequency
· Pus discharge from the penis
· Pain in the testis
· Swollen testicles
· Anal itching and occasional painful bowel
movements with fresh blood on the feces
· Mouth sores
· Sore throat (gonococcal pharyngitis)
Symptoms of gonorrhea in women include-
§ A yellowish vaginal discharge
§ Redness and swelling of the genitals
§ Burning or itching of the vaginal area
§ Excessive bleeding during menstrual period or
bleeding between periods.
§ Painful and burning urination
§ Painful intercourse
§ Pain in the lower abdomen
§ Symptoms of rectal infection in both men and
women include-
§ Pus like discharge from the anus
§ Pain in the anal region
§ Constipation and bleeding
§ If the infection spreads to the bloodstream, it
may cause fever, joint pain and sparse
peripheral rash.
TREATMENT
Gonorrhea is treated with antibiotics. Gonorrhea can
be cured with proper treatment. Medicines will stop
the infection but will not repair any permanent
damage done by the disease. Penicillin derivative
antibiotics such as ampicillin or amoxicillin are
recommended for the treatment of gonorrhea. Since
resistance to penicillin is increasing, other antibiotics
can be given like ceftriaxone or spectinomycin.
Women who are pregnant should not be given
doxycycline and are usually given an alternative
antibiotic such as erythromycin.
All medications should be taken as prescribed, and
the infected person should refrain from sexual
intercourse during the course of treatment. It is also
important to locate and test the sexual partners of
the infected person; and treat them to prevent further
spread of gonorrhea.

What is Migraine
Migraine is a chronic disorder characterized by headache; and nausea, vomiting or sensitivity to light and sound. Many are unable to differentiate migraine from other headaches.
A typical migraine headache is usually felt on one side of the head and patients describe it as throbbing or pulsating kind of pain.These headaches are ‘episodic headaches’ means they can occur anywhere from once or twice a year to 1-4 times a month but in between, there are prolonged pain free intervals. Migraine is three times more common in women than men.
It generally appears for the first time between 10-45 years of age
What are the Causes of Migraine?
The underlying cause of migraine is still unknown. It is thought to run in families. Certain factors are known to trigger the attack. Migraine attacks are triggered by-
Stress and anxiety Lack of food or sleep
Exposure to bright and flickering lights
Menstruation,
hormonal changes,
use of oral contraceptives (in women) Certain foods like chocolate, cheese, red wine, onions, meat, smoked fish, foods containing monosodium glutamate (MSG) and alcohol can trigger an attack.
Certain odours or perfumes
Changes in the weather Excessive noise
Smoking (active or passive)
What are the Symptoms of Migraine?
A migraine attack can last for few hours or days. There are many forms of migraine headaches. The classic migraine and the common migraine are the two main types. Classic Migraine- Prodrome symptoms or ‘aura’ can be seen in some patients. This warns of an approaching migraine attack. The patient may feel a change in the eyesight. Bright spots or zigzag lines will be seen. The change in eyesight is often followed by numbness and tingling of the lips, face, hands (on one or both sides), weakness of an arm or leg, dizziness, unsteadiness in walking, drowsiness, slight confusion of thinking, and inability to speak or slurred speech. Many patients will not have most of these symptoms. They will have one or two of these symptoms. The symptoms may last for 5 to 15 minutes or more. As these symptoms disappear, a throbbing headache begins on one side of the head.They will also experience nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and noise.
Common Migraine- This type comes without any warning signs. A throbbing headache begins and the location of the headache varies. The pain may be on both sides of the head, or it may shift from side to side. Nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and noise usually accompany the headache. Postdrome symptoms or migraine hangover can be seen in some patients.
Symptoms include- Cognitive difficulties Pain in the head and/or neck Increased desire to rest or sleep Mood changes
How is Migraine Treated?
Diagnosis of migraine is usually done by assessing the pattern of development of headache, family history of migraine and the response to analgesics taken to stop the headache. Once diagnosed the most important thing is to avoid the triggering factors of migraine. Women who have migraines just prior to their menstrual period should reduce salt in their diet. This helps to decrease water retention associated with precipitating attacks. Avoid alcoholic beverages. Alcohol causes the blood vessels in the body to widen, which contributes to the pain of migraines. If stress triggers the onset of a migraine, relaxing and reducing the stress can be helpful. A regular schedule for sleep is necessary if fatigue leads to attacks.
Regular exercise (e.g., walking and swimming)
and relaxation techniques (e.g., yoga, meditation) can be helpful. Treating a migraine attack- Several medications may be advised to relieve symptoms. The response of migraine to medications is highly variable. Analgesics may reduce pain if they are taken early in the development of the headache. Resting in a darkened room without any noise often reduces the severity of symptoms. If this does not help then the doctor can prescribe triptans (relieves pain and nausea), ergotamines or corticosteroids. Other medications used to treat the symptoms of migraine- Anti-emetics- to reduce nausea and vomiting. Sedatives Narcotic pain killers Preventive Migraine Drugs- Antidepressants- amitriptyline or venlafaxine Blood pressure medicines- beta blockers (propanolol) or calcium channel blockers (verapamil) Seizure medicines- valproic acid, gabapentin and topiramate Alternative Therapies- Acupuncture Physiotherapy Yoga Meditation Herbs like 'Fewerfew'
source:http://pharmradiong..com

The pain can be dull or throbbing usually in the lower
abdomen or pelvis. It may start several days before
menstruation or may accompany it. The intensity of
pain varies from woman to woman. It can be mild or
severe enough to interfere with daily activities.
Dysmenorrhea can be primary or secondary. Primary dysmenorrhea - refers to menstrual pain that does
not involve any physical abnormality. Thepain is not
related to any specific problems with the uterus or
other pelvic organs.
Secondary dysmenorrhea - is
menstrual pain that is attributed to some underlying
physical cause such as Endometriosis, Pelvic
inflammatory disease or Uterine fibroids.
Menstruation has always been a point of much
discussion among various communities in the world
and the start of menstruation is often associated with
religious rituals.
CAUSES
Prostaglandins cause
contraction of the uterus and their levels are found to be higher in women with menstrual pain.
"Prostaglandin theory" adequately explains the
reason for the pain. Prostaglandins are hormone like substances that are produced by the uterus and bring about contraction of the muscles of uterus. Their levels are found to be higher in women with
menstrual pain. A number of factors may be involved for pain during menstruation. However recent research has confirmed that the Prostaglandins -»Trigger the contraction of muscles of uterus -»Narrowing of diameter of small blood vessels of uterus -» Temporary shut down of blood supply to uterus -» Depriving muscles of oxygen -» Menstrual cramps
The release of prostaglandins is mainly due to
the hormone progesterone, released by the corpus
luteum (a product of the ovaries). There maybe no
pain during the first year of menarche, as in over
60% of the initial menstrual cycles there is no
production of the egg (called anovulatory phase).
Since ovulation is associated with the release of egg
and normal corpus luteal activity, it is associated
with painful menstruation. The Risk factors for
primary dysmenorrhea include – Early onset of
menarche, Never having carried a pregnancy
(Nulliparity), Obesity, Cigarette Smoking Family
history Secondary dysmenorrhea is attributed to a
number of causes, some of which include-
Prostaglandins- The concentration of prostaglandins in the endometrium is increased in the presence of intrauterine contraceptive devices like -Copper T, Multiload device and in conditions like fibroid uterus.
Obstructive and anatomical factors –Acute uterine
ante flexion or retro flexion, cervical stenosis,
pedunculated sub mucous fibroid and endometrial
polyps can cause secondary dysmenorrhea. Other less common causes are— Endometriosis, Adenomyosis and Blind uterine horn. The risk factors for secondary
dysmenorrhea are sexually transmitted diseases and
Endometritis.
SYMPTOMS
Primary dysmenorrhea
usually presents during adolescence and begins
within three years of menarche. Pain begins with the
onset of menstruation and lasts for a few hours and
can be spasmodic and colicky. There can also be a
feeling of an ache or heaviness in the lower middle
section of the abdomen and sometimes may radiate
to the lower back and legs. The first day of
menstruation is the worst when the pain is most
severe. Numerous symptoms accompany, including
nausea, vomiting headache, loose stools, dizziness
and fatigue. The cramps tend to decrease in intensity
and completely disappear after childbirth. In
secondary dysmenorrhea the onset of symptoms is
later in life. The symptoms usually begin a few days
before the onset of menstruation and last several days
after the start of bleeding.
TREATMENT
Treatment
of dysmenorrhea is by giving analgesics that work by suppressing prostaglandin production. In secondary
dysmenorrhea treatment depends upon the
underlying cause. Primary Dysmenorrhea is usually
treated with anti prostaglandins medication. Most
patients show improvement with drugs called - Non- steroidal anti – inflammatory (NSAID) drugs.
Certain general measures can help to reduce the
severity of the symptoms and avoid medications.
General measures
Heat – Apply a heating pad to the lower abdomen.
Self-massage – Do circular massage with the fingertips around lower abdomen.
Exercise – Walk or exercise regularly.
Diet – Eat light and frequent meals. Increase intake of complex carbohydrates and decrease intake of salt, sugar, alcohol and caffeine.
Stress reduction – Practicing techniques like meditation and yoga can reduce stress. Drugs Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors
drugs called - Non-steroidal anti – inflammatory
drugs (NSAID) In secondary Dysmenorrhea
treatment depends upon the underlying cause. This
could include Treating with antibiotics for pelvic
infection Surgical removal of fibroids or polyps in
uterus. Dilatation of a narrow cervical canal. Treating endometriosis.
Source: pharmradiong..com

Amnesia, is a neurogenerative disease and its common symptom is memory loss. Diagnosis of amnesia may involve a range of blood tests and scans but its treatment does not require hospitalization. Prognosis of amnesia depends on the underlying cause.

Amnesia, in ordinary terms, means profound memory loss.

It can be caused by a physical injury inflicted on the brain, by brain damage caused by a traumatic or an emotional experience or by an infection.

In many cases, amnesia is associated with neurodegenerative diseases in which the primary symptom is memory loss. In most cases the amnesiacs are quite aware of their memory loss problem.

There are several types of amnesia, the main symptoms include an inability to recall old memories or an inability to remember new ones.

Diagnosis ranges from physical examination and blood tests to MRI brain scans. The treatment for amnesia depends on the cause but in the vast majority of cases hospitalization is generally not required.

The prognosis of this condition varies with the underlying cause, for instance, curbing alcohol intake in a person can revive his memory in a very short period, if that is the original cause of his memory loss.

Amnesia

However, in case of severe brain injury, without permanent damage, it may take up to months or even years, before the person recovers. In some unfortunate cases amnesia is life long as it never goes away.

Brain researchers have always sought the help of amnesiacs to determine the memory-processing function of the brain. Contrary to what was believed earlier that memory is a single entity, recent research reveals that the brain has multiple systems for storing, processing and drawing on one’s memory.

The most important factors causing amnesia are --
Alcohol/malnutrition -In Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome, the memory centers of the brain are damaged due to excessive use of alcohol, or malnutrition, depriving the brain cells of vital nutrients.
Infections - Encephalitis and herpes induce brain tissue damage that could result in amnesia.
Psychological – Amnesia can be caused by psychological factors when it is referred to as psychogenic.
Injury- Amnesia is most commonly associated with brain damage through injury caused by an accident, fall or a blow to the head.
Age -Degeneration of brain cells in dementia is another major cause for amnesia. As in physical injury, the brain cells that are damaged in a dementia patient cannot be replaced.
Stroke – Memory loss can be brought about by stroke which results in impairment of brain cells in regions associated with memory loss.
SYMPTOMS:
Disoriented / Confused
Difficulty recalling previously learned information
Difficulty learning new things
De personalization
In certain types of amnesia symptoms include headache, dizziness or nausea.
These symptoms cause problems for the amnesiacs, be it at school, work or in the society. In some cases the symptoms are severe enough to warrant supervised living.
TREATMENT AND PREVENTION:
Treatment of amnesia depends on its fundamental cause. However, all amnesiacs need to undergo cognitive rehabilitation to deal with memory impairment. Hospitalization is usually not required.
Alzheimer’s disease/ Dementia- related amnesia will benefit from appropriate medication and tender care
A person who has developed amnesia due to trauma is likely to benefit from sedation, psychotherapy, medications that include Amytal (sodium amobarbital) and, lots of affection.
Alcoholism / malnutrition - related amnesia can be addressed by abstinence in the case of former and proper nutrition in the event of the latter.
Concussion –related amnesia needs medication and rest
Transient Global Amnesia (TGA)can be managed by avoiding the triggering activity. Some doctors recommend the use of aspirin to increase blood flow. This is based on some claims that a reduced blood flow causes memory loss.
Prevention of amnesia is not possible in all the cases; however, amnesia caused by a brain injury can be minimized by wearing a helmet, using automobile seat belts, and avoiding drunken driving. In case of brain infections, strokes, brain aneurysms, or transient ischemic attacks the patient must be given immediate medical attention.
source: http://pharmradiong..com

The easiest way to lose friends is having a bad breath. When
you see people turning away while you talk to them – keep
your palm close to your mouth and inhale the breath you
blow out. You will be the best judge.
Causes for Bad Breath:
Bad dental hygiene is one of the main reasons of bad
breath. When food particles are stuck between tooth cavities
they can smell bad.
Gum disease-gingivitis- is also a major cause and a dentist
should be consulted at the earliest.
Certain food that contains strong pungent seasoning with
onions and garlic cause a bad breath.
At times when the mouth has been closed for very long the
bacteria grows and begins to stink.
Fasting causes bad breath.
Constipation and an upset stomach also cause bad breath.
Natural Cures for Bad Breath:
Brush teeth two to three times a day.
Massage the gums and the tongue with the toothbrush, or
use a tongue cleaner. Floss teeth well.
Mix 1 teaspoon of salt to a glass of water and gargle with
this three times a day.
Mix a pinch of baking soda to your toothpaste – it keeps
away bad breath.
Mix ½ teaspoon salt to 1 teaspoon of mustard oil and
massage the gums with this, it tightens the gums and
prevents gum disease and keep away bad breath.
After eating food that has cheese, onion or garlic you need
to brush or chew a fresh mint.
Dilute ½ teaspoon of apple cider vinegar in a glass of
water and use as a mouthwash. It is very effective to rid bad
breath.
Eating an orange, lemon or grapefruit is an interesting way
of fighting bad breath as the acid in the fruit stops formation
of bacteria.
Chewing on fresh mint leaves or parsley leaves is one of
the best known remedies for bad breath.
Drink a cup of unsweetened black tea, as this also removes
the mouth bacteria.
Carry some spices like cardamoms’ or cloves, and chew on
them often.
Source: pharmradiong..com

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When bedbugs bite you, they inject a chemical that acts as an
anesthesia on the area of the bedbug's bites. Chances are you
won't feel a thing while the bedbugs are feasting on your
blood. This explains why you can have multiple, even
hundreds of bedbug bites and not wake up.
People vary in sensitivity to this chemical injected while a
bedbug bites. The amount you suffer from bedbug bites is
unique, depending on your body's reaction to them. Some
people are very allergic to the chemical, and break out in a
rash. The rash (and possibly raised welts that might appear in
each spot you received bedbug bites) may last as long as a
few weeks before completely clearing up. If you are lucky,
you'll only get the raised, itchy welts that disappear in a few
days.
It's important not to scratch the bites. Scratching bedbug bites
can expose your skin to infection, which can in turn lead to
complications like scarring. Treat the bedbug bites with a
topical itch relief cream or oral antihistamine to relieve the
itching. See a doctor for something prescription-strength if
you are having a lot of difficulty.
Bedbug bites and the accompanying rash are not contagious,
although you may get a lot of strange looks from people. (In
fact, victims of bedbug bites report the reaction from friends
and family to their appearance and their subsequent paranoia
about bedbugs is the worst part of the ordeal.) Also, bedbugs
do not spread disease by their bites, as insects like mosquitoes
do. You can rest assured that a bedbug infestation, whether in
your house or in a hotel, is not caused by dirt. Bedbugs can
live in perfectly clean environments, as long as they have a
live host to bite.
SOURCE: http://pharmradiong..com

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