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Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script - Culture (2) - Nairaland

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History Of Nsibidi The Ancient Igbo Alphabets Britain Destroyed Ibo Civilization / Where Is The Origin Of The "Nsibidi" Form Of Writing? / Original Nigerian Inhabitants? (2) (3) (4)

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Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by christopher123(m): 10:14am On Nov 18, 2014
WISE MEN WILL ALWAYS COME FROM THE EAST,

THE IGBO HAD THEIR BANKING SYSTEMS, WRITING SYSTEM, POLITICAL SYSTEM AND EVEN JUDICIARY SYSTEM DIFFERENT FROM THE WHITES AND NO WONDER THEY WERE NOT COLONISED DIRECTLY UNLIKE OTHER NIGERIRIANS


THEY EVEN FOUGHT WARS WITH THE COLONIALS LIKE ARO WARS AND EKUMEKU WARS


I KNOW ABOUT THE NSIBIDI WRITING



MissMeiya:
Inspired by the Hausa Ajami vs. Latin alphabet thread. Someone mentioned Nsibidi and it reminded me of this project...


From Wikipedia:

"Nsibidi (also known as nsibiri, nchibiddi or nchibiddy) is a system of symbols indigenous to what is now southeastern Nigeria that is apparently an ideographic script, though there have been suggestions that it includes logographic elements. The symbols are at least several centuries old: Early forms appeared on excavated pottery as well as what are most likely ceramic stools and headrests from the Calabar region, with a range of dates from 400 to 1400 CE.

Aspects of colonisation such as Western education and Christian doctrine drastically reduced the number of nsibidi-literate people, leaving members of the Ekpe leopard secret society (also known as Ngbe or Egbo), as some of the last literate in the symbols. Nsibidi was and is still a means of transmitting Ekpe symbolism. Nsibidi was transported to Cuba and Haiti via the Atlantic slave trade, where it developed into the anaforuana and veve symbols, respectively."

From the Nsibiri Project:

"The mission of the Nsibiri Project ('nsibiri' is the Igbo variation of nsibidi) is to record and appropriate nsibidi ideographic symbols for a writing system to be used by the Igbo language and Cross River languages such as Efik, Ibibio and Ejagham. This is being done by transitioning nsibidi into a morphographic script. Nsibidi is also meant to inspire and encourage learning of the languages it will be used in.

Why not just the current ọ́nwụ́ script?
I don't know about you, but I know quite a few fluent Igbo speakers that have trouble reading a sentence in the ọ́nwụ́ Latin-derived alphabet. If you give an average Igbo speaker a novel in Igbo, even with all the diacritics in place, they will not be able to read it as fluently as an English speaker reading an English book. The problem, for Latin, is that Igbo is a tonal language and it has limited grapheme's (symbols) to represent the many different tones, phonemes (sounds) and syllables that Igbo utilises. Latin was never made for Igbo, it was there for the convenience.

Chinese, and some other tonal languages are read by billions of people with logographic writing systems. To a certain extent, Igbo/Ibibio was using some logographic symbols. Logographic symbols do not require you to pronounce individual parts of a word, but, rather, to identify the word as a whole which is important in languages with lots of homophones (where multiple words have the same sound). Ákwà, Àkwá, Ákwá are popular examples of Igbo tonality. Let's not forget the issue of Igbo language dialectal intelligibility and Standard Igbo; nsibidi could almost provide a solution to the issue of Igbo literature being unintelligible to certain Igbo languages, and the perceived bias towards certain languages by leaving open the pronunciation and variation of certain words and their tones. Nsibidi also cuts down words/sentences in Igbo, or those new/translated words that are actually sentences and that cannot be understood in one word using the Latin alphabet.

With a logographic script, backed by a simpler yet relevant syllabary (now alphabet) derived from the design of nsibidi, Igbo writing can go places that it may have never gone before."

Mockups of Nsbidi in use, from Nsibidi Wikia:


(me)
Onye wetara oji, wetara ndu.
Mum e achuki lipel, achu le liyil. (my language)
He who brings kola nut, brings life.


(me)
What is mbé?


(Gin)
Street sign


(Gin)
Rise of the Planet of the Apes movie poster


(omenalamarketplace.com)
E-commerce website


(me)
Anansi the Spider book cover (unfinished)

4 Likes

Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by lekinz(m): 10:14am On Nov 18, 2014
Okay.....

But what the hell does that mean .... Cos am from Italy
Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by festwiz(m): 10:16am On Nov 18, 2014
grin cheesy grin cheesy



Make i break leg if i read this post




cheesy cheesy cheesy grin
Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by henryobinna(m): 10:18am On Nov 18, 2014
wow...
Missmeiya you finally made fp.
its worth it sha
Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by Nobody: 10:18am On Nov 18, 2014
.
Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by christopher123(m): 10:19am On Nov 18, 2014
Nsibidi is a system of symbols indigenous to what is now southeastern Nigeria that is apparently an ideographic script, though there have been suggestions that it includes logographic elements. The symbols are at least several centuries old: Early forms appeared on excavated pottery as well as what are most likely ceramic stools and headrests from the Calabar region, with a range of dates from 400 to 1400 CE. There are thousands of nsibidi symbols, of which over 500 have been recorded. They were once taught in a school to children. Many of the signs deal with love affairs; those that deal with warfare and the sacred are kept secret. Nsibidi is used on wall designs, calabashes, metals, leaves, swords, and tattoos. It is primarily used by the Ekpe leopard secret society, which is found across Cross River among the Ekoi, Efik, Igbo people, and other nearby peoples. Outside knowledge of nsibidi came in 1904 when T.D. Maxwell noticed the symbols. Before the British colonisation of the area, nsibidi was divided into a sacred version and a public, more decorative version which could be used by women.

There are thousands of nsibidi symbols, of which over 500 have been recorded. They were once taught in a school to children. Many of the signs deal with love affairs; those that deal with warfare and the sacred are kept secret.[7] Nsibidi is used on wall designs, calabashes, metals (such as bronze), leaves, swords, and tattoos.[2][8] It is primarily used by the Ekpe leopard secret society (also known as Ngbe or Egbo), which is found across Cross River among the Ekoi, Efik, Igbo people, and other nearby peoples.

Outside knowledge of nsibidi came in 1904 when T.D. Maxwell noticed the symbols.[4] Before the British colonisation of the area, nsibidi was divided into a sacred version and a public, more decorative version which could be used by women.[8] Aspects of colonisation such as Western education and Christian doctrine drastically reduced the number of nsibidi-literate people, leaving the secret society members as some of the last literate in the symbols.[9] Nsibidi was and is still a means of transmitting Ekpe symbolism. Nsibidi was transported to Cuba and Haiti via the Atlantic slave trade, where it developed into the anaforuana and veve symbols.[10][11]


Court Cases - "Ikpe"[edit]

The Ikpe from Enyong written in nsibidi as recorded by J. K. Macgregor
Nsibidi was used in judgement cases known as 'Ikpe' in some Cross River communities. Macgregor was able to retrieve and translate an nsibidi record from Enyong of an ikpe judgement.

The record is of an Ikpe or judgement case. (a) The court was held under a tree as is the custom, (b) the parties in the case, (c) the chief who judged it, (d) his staff (these are enclosed in a circle), (e) is a man whispering into the ear of another just outside the circle of those concerned, (f) denotes all the members of the party who won the case. Two of them (g) are embracing, (h) is a man who holds a cloth between his finger and thumbs as a sign of contempt. He does not care for the words spoken. The lines round and twisting mean that the case was a difficult one which the people of the town could not judge for themselves. So they sent to the surrounding towns to call the wise men from them and the case was tried by them (j) and decided; (k) denotes that the case was one of adultery or No. 20.[15]

2 Likes

Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by abachaphilo(m): 10:23am On Nov 18, 2014
LET ME GO HOME AM COMING
Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by Talkcentral: 10:27am On Nov 18, 2014
umm...soldiers

PHOTO: Soldiers Protecting Ali Modu Sheriff in Borno State

>>>http://www..com.ng/soldiers-protecting-ali-modu-sheriff/
Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by Slickest(m): 10:31am On Nov 18, 2014
Kilo ko wa bayi?...
Its nice 2 know we av such in naija buh who cares.....? Do u..?
Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by paulshakur: 10:39am On Nov 18, 2014
Good to know
Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by Heart2heart(m): 10:40am On Nov 18, 2014
I prefer NokiaTorch to Blackberry Torch here in China.
Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by Nobody: 10:42am On Nov 18, 2014
Fulaman198:
Wow, this looks really cool and interesting. I'm amazed and impressed. Nsibidi looks really fascinating and I believe it is something that should be used primarily over the latin alphabet. Chances of that happening though due to Westernisation? 0% sadly. I would really like to see it develop.

I'm envious of how Slavic countries use the Cyrillic alphabet and how Oriental countries like Japan for instance have their Kanji symbols.

I'm equally jealous of scripts like Hindi Devanagarii (अब, दुख की महान सत्य है), Eastern African Ge'ez (አስምዕኩ፡ቃላተ፡ነቢይነ፡ለንቡራነ፡ሀገርየ፡ወባሔቱ፡ኢየብከይዎሙ።), alphabets Greek (Το αρχαιότερο όνομα της περιοχής αυτής), Cyrillic (Древнее название этой области), Korean hangul (이 지역 의 고대 이름), Japanese hana (この地域の古代の名前), and all the alphabets, syllabaries, and logograms inbetween.

And of course, the Chinese logographic system (该地区的古名), which is closest to what Nsibidi was meant to be, if it had been developed.

Not only are they beautiful, but they are a strong symbol of national identity. Do you know, I'm working on a project that requires me to find elements and symbols that Nigerians can universally identify with. Something that wordlessly says "Nigeria". And I can't find a single thing. I've been mashing up Yoruba-Igbo-Hausa words, studying the national coat of arms, searching for a national monument--I even resorted to a brief foray into the life of Fela Kuti as a symbol, the way Bob Marley is for Jamaica. I'm not coming up with much. Someone actually suggested garri to me. And that's not even wholly ours.

You'll often find me in the midst of such projects, as I believe things like Eurocentric history, language, and cultural studies to be detrimental to our psyche as Nigerians. Our culture IS worthy and equal, just as we are as a people.

Westernisation doesn't just mean wearing less clothing or personal liberation (which, ironically, is the utter, polar opposite of European, and especially uptight, rigidly disapproving, overly reserved, sanctimonious British culture, and arguably is our original way of being). Today's Nigeria is a virtual mirror image of Victorian England in values, ideals, and even speech! (e.g. "taking tea" is an antiquated British word usage)

But is it too late to reverse? I don't know. Change is the only constant in life. Everything has a beginning.

4 Likes

Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by Nobody: 10:43am On Nov 18, 2014
henryobinna:
wow...
Missmeiya you finally made fp.
its worth it sha

I've made FP before.
Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by notobs: 10:45am On Nov 18, 2014
[b]Nsibidi is the sacred Language of the Sacred Ekpe cultural society practiced by Efik/Ibibio people of cross river and Akwa Ibom State. This is well documented in history. The Ekpe culture were also exported to cuba, brazil and the carribean by the Efik ibibio Ancestral people through slaverywith it sacred language for the initiates of that society, In Cuba It was called Abakua where the practice was suprisingly preserved after all these years. and in 2004/2005 the Abakua of cuba Came to calabar for a cultural exchange where the ekpe dance, songs and Nsibidi the language of communication were compared to the Ekpe display of the calabar and the similarities were glaring and the Abakua were able to communicate effectively with the calabar ekpe using the sacred language Nsibidi to the Amazement of the initiates of both countries http://afrocubaweb.com/efik.htm

The Igbos do not have anything to do with Ekpe, nor Nsibidi its sacred language. The author of this piece is deceptive and wallowing in revisionist history. The Igbos have their own rich cultural heritage, they should rejoice in that, and not try to hijack what doesn't belong to them.
[/b]

3 Likes 1 Share

Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by LordReed(m): 10:48am On Nov 18, 2014
This script looks so complicated. To learn the logical flow of it's writing looks like it will require years to master. MissMeiya how long did it take you to learn how to write it?
Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by myproperty(m): 10:51am On Nov 18, 2014
Radoillo:


No, it didn't originate with the Efik.

The " Nsibidi".originates from the Efik/ibibio and uptil today it is still being used only amongst the Ekpe cultural group of Cross river and Akwa-Ibom state . Nsibidi is a sacred language used by the Ekpe culrural group of.Cross River and Akwaibom State and as no linkage whatsoever with the igbo historically, except by adoption by trying to adopt it now

3 Likes

Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by iamord(m): 10:53am On Nov 18, 2014
MissMeiya:
Inspired by the Hausa Ajami vs. Latin alphabet thread. Someone mentioned Nsibidi and it reminded me of this project...


From Wikipedia:

"Nsibidi (also known as nsibiri, nchibiddi or nchibiddy) is a system of symbols indigenous to what is now southeastern Nigeria that is apparently an ideographic script, though there have been suggestions that it includes logographic elements. The symbols are at least several centuries old: Early forms appeared on excavated pottery as well as what are most likely ceramic stools and headrests from the Calabar region, with a range of dates from 400 to 1400 CE.

Aspects of colonisation such as Western education and Christian doctrine drastically reduced the number of nsibidi-literate people, leaving members of the Ekpe leopard secret society (also known as Ngbe or Egbo), as some of the last literate in the symbols. Nsibidi was and is still a means of transmitting Ekpe symbolism. Nsibidi was transported to Cuba and Haiti via the Atlantic slave trade, where it developed into the anaforuana and veve symbols, respectively."

From the Nsibiri Project:

"The mission of the Nsibiri Project ('nsibiri' is the Igbo variation of nsibidi) is to record and appropriate nsibidi ideographic symbols for a writing system to be used by the Igbo language and Cross River languages such as Efik, Ibibio and Ejagham. This is being done by transitioning nsibidi into a morphographic script. Nsibidi is also meant to inspire and encourage learning of the languages it will be used in.

Why not just the current ọ́nwụ́ script?
I don't know about you, but I know quite a few fluent Igbo speakers that have trouble reading a sentence in the ọ́nwụ́ Latin-derived alphabet. If you give an average Igbo speaker a novel in Igbo, even with all the diacritics in place, they will not be able to read it as fluently as an English speaker reading an English book. The problem, for Latin, is that Igbo is a tonal language and it has limited grapheme's (symbols) to represent the many different tones, phonemes (sounds) and syllables that Igbo utilises. Latin was never made for Igbo, it was there for the convenience.

Chinese, and some other tonal languages are read by billions of people with logographic writing systems. To a certain extent, Igbo/Ibibio was using some logographic symbols. Logographic symbols do not require you to pronounce individual parts of a word, but, rather, to identify the word as a whole which is important in languages with lots of homophones (where multiple words have the same sound). Ákwà, Àkwá, Ákwá are popular examples of Igbo tonality. Let's not forget the issue of Igbo language dialectal intelligibility and Standard Igbo; nsibidi could almost provide a solution to the issue of Igbo literature being unintelligible to certain Igbo languages, and the perceived bias towards certain languages by leaving open the pronunciation and variation of certain words and their tones. Nsibidi also cuts down words/sentences in Igbo, or those new/translated words that are actually sentences and that cannot be understood in one word using the Latin alphabet.

With a logographic script, backed by a simpler yet relevant syllabary (now alphabet) derived from the design of nsibidi, Igbo writing can go places that it may have never gone before."

Mockups of Nsbidi in use, from Nsibidi Wikia:


(me)
Onye wetara oji, wetara ndu.
Mum e achuki lipel, achu le liyil. (my language)
He who brings kola nut, brings life.


(me)
What is mbé?


(Gin)
Street sign


(Gin)
Rise of the Planet of the Apes movie poster


(omenalamarketplace.com)
E-commerce website


(me)
Anansi the Spider book cover (unfinished)
And she has started with the sensible threads cheesy
A very good read here.. I hope those that have lost their roots and look down on africa are taking note.

Btw what does nsibidi have to do with anansi?? Hmm
Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by iamord(m): 10:55am On Nov 18, 2014
LordReed:
This script looks so complicated. To learn the logical flow of it's writing looks like it will require years to master. MissMeiya how long did it take you to learn how to write it?

It looks similar to the chinese. If its implemented. In the coming generations. Everyone will speak and write if fluently
Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by Trailblazer1(m): 11:01am On Nov 18, 2014
Ok
Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by j4sure(m): 11:02am On Nov 18, 2014
We gat a lot of talents in Nigeria. God help Us







DONT MISS THIS TRAINING
http:///pg3wztv.
Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by Fresia01(f): 11:02am On Nov 18, 2014
I learnt about nsibidi in university.... more of an igbo thing

11 Likes

Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by christopher123(m): 11:06am On Nov 18, 2014
myproperty:


The " Nsibidi".originates from the Efik/ibibio and uptil today it is still being used only amongst the Ekpe cultural group of Cross river and Akwa-Ibom state . Nsibidi is a sacred language used by the Ekpe culrural group of.Cross River and Akwaibom State and as no linkage whatsoever with the igbo historically, except by adoption by trying to adopt it now

WHO TOLD YOU, ONLY THE NAME NSIBIDI, IS AN IGBO NAME, NSIBIDI IS JUST AS IGBO AS THE NAME CAN BE, MIND YOU IGBO AND EFIKS SHARE A LOT CULTURALLY AND LINGUISTIXCALLY...DO YOU KNOW THAT EKPE IS STILL PRACTISED IN SOME PART OF IGBO LAND LIKE ARO

AND AROS ARE SCATTED IN IGBO LAND

THERE IS A MASQUARADE CALLED EKPO


NOW HOW DARE YOU SAY SUCH...YOUR HATRED FOR IGBO IS SOMETHING



IGBO HAD A ROBUST CIVILIZATION EVEN BEFORE THE WHITE MAN V VIA THE ANCIENT KINGDOM OF BIAFRA


so do not rewrite history

9 Likes

Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by pak: 11:08am On Nov 18, 2014
MissMeiya:
FP EDIT: To forestall any ignorance, Please do not derail the thread with tribalism. Thank you.

I once subtitled a music video in Nsbidi. Just wanted to see what it would look like.




P-Square's record label took it off YouTube though, and I don't have the file anymore. It was a long time ago.


Wow !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Am extremely impressed by this. You must be a very very intelligent person ! Thumbs UP.

Please I have a few questions for you MissMeiya

* What nationality are you ?
* Where were you born ?
* Where did you school and what course ?
* Wher do you work and what do you do presently.

Don't mind my 'plenty' questions just impressed by your knowledge, works and that has made me curious
Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by waternogetemeny: 11:09am On Nov 18, 2014
Nsibidi is primarily used by the Ekpe leopard secret society (also known as Ngbe or Egbo), which is found across Cross River among the Ekoi, Efik, Igbo people, and other nearby peoples.



notobs:


Igbos do not practice ekpe fact, how can you speak a language of a cultural society you are not a part of?


Ekpe, also known as Egbo (Ibibio: Leopard), is a secret society flourishing chiefly among the Efiks of the Cross River State, the Oron, of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, Igbos in Abia State, as well as Southeastern Nigerians Igbo/Efik/Oron in the diaspora, such as in Cuba.

3 Likes

Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by notobs: 11:10am On Nov 18, 2014
Radoillo:


No, it didn't originate with the Efik.
This is the problem of Igbo people - longer throat! since when did igbos practice Ekpe? Nsibidi is the language of Ekpe. and Ekpe only exist with the Efiks of cross river and ibibios of Akwa Ibom. You can only decieve those who are not in the know.

You cannot steal a people culture no matter how much you try Ekpe and its sacred practice and Unique language Nsibidi has existed for centuries and will outlive this usless revisionist, Igbo people have not yet learnt their lesson on overextending their reach,This was why the civil war was truncated because of the over grab of the igbos!

1 Like

Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by notobs: 11:12am On Nov 18, 2014
waternogetemeny:
Nsibidi is primarily used by the Ekpe leopard secret society (also known as Ngbe or Egbo), which is found across Cross River among the Ekoi, Efik, Igbo people, and other nearby peoples.

Igbos do not practice ekpe fact, how can you speak a language of a cultural society you are not a part of?

1 Like

Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by oluwalfa: 11:13am On Nov 18, 2014
MissMeiya:



Westernisation doesn't just mean wearing less clothing or personal liberation (which, ironically, is the utter, polar opposite of European, and especially uptight, rigidly disapproving, overly reserved, sanctimonious British culture, and arguably is our original way of being). Today's Nigeria is a virtual mirror image of Victorian England in values, ideals, and even speech! (e.g. "taking tea" is an antiquated British word usage)

But is it too late to reverse? I don't know. Change is the only constant in life. Everything has a beginning.

I can see that you haven't been to Essex recently, but I digress. cheesy

On the topic, we are suffering today because we already abandoned that which made us what we are. A very beautiful autograpgh like Nsibidi is kept in secret societies and we twist our tongues to pronounce English words. Well, I blame our parents.

You are wrong in looking for what makes us Nigerians because Nigeria only exists as a geographical expression. Nothing else. We are currently glued together by crude oil and western weapons but it's coming to an end. The east can develop further with Nsibidi. If China adopted the western writing system, it will not be where it is today.

2 Likes

Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by Nobody: 11:14am On Nov 18, 2014
notobs:

This is the problem of Igbo people - longer throat! since when did igbos practice Ekpe? Nsibidi is the language of Ekpe. and Ekpe only exist with the Efiks of calabar and ibibios of Akwa Ibom. You can only decieve those who are not in the know.

You cannot steal a people culture no matter how much you try Ekpe and its sacred practice and Unique language Nsibidi has existed for centuries and will outlive this usless revisionist, Igbo people have not yet learnt their lesson on overextending their reach,This was why the civil war was truncated because of the over grab of the igbos!

Before you start having a convulsion over what I never said, Nsibidi originated from the Ekoi/Ejagham people and spread from there to the Efik/Ibibio and the Eastern Igbo.

And you should get some education before coming here to say that the Eastern Igbo do not/did not practise Ekpe.

10 Likes

Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by simplynola(m): 11:15am On Nov 18, 2014
Nsibidi - The Lost Script, taken back to China after the Igbos gained independence from China in the year eighteen eighty something.
Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by notobs: 11:16am On Nov 18, 2014
christopher123:


WHO TOLD YOU, ONLY THE NAME NSIBIDI, IS AN IGBO NAME, NSIBIDI IS JUST AS IGBO AS THE NAME CAN BE, MIND YOU IGBO AND EFIKS SHARE A LOT CULTURALLY AND LINGUISTIXCALLY...DO YOU KNOW THAT EKPE IS STILL PRACTISED IN SOME PART OF IGBO LAND LIKE ARO

AND AROS ARE SCATTED IN IGBO LAND

THERE IS A MASQUARADE CALLED EKPO


NOW HOW DARE YOU SAY SUCH...YOUR HATRED FOR IGBO IS SOMETHING

Nonsense be proud of your own igbo culture and stop trying to steal other people cultural identity.


IGBO HAD A ROBUST CIVILIZATION EVEN BEFORE THE WHITE MAN V VIA THE ANCIENT KINGDOM OF BIAFRA


so do not rewrite history
Re: Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script by Orikinla(m): 11:16am On Nov 18, 2014
I know Nsibibi which means the beginning in Igbo.
I have used in my my symbolic artworks.

3 Likes

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