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Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica - Culture (13) - Nairaland

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A Brief Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica / Ooni Of Ife: The Igbo Race Is First In The World To Discover, Nurture Wealth / Igbo OR Ibo? What You Should Know. (2) (3) (4)

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Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by djon78(m): 6:06pm On Jan 22, 2018
SIRTee15:


I'm Yoruba but I absolutely agree with u....
U cant claim civilisation without anything to show for it....
An advanced civilisation goes beyond conquering n subjugating ur neighbours....
There must be both physical n social evidence of such empire visible to all.....
I live in canterbury and I marvel at the city walls, cathedrals, castles etc built hundreds of years ago by its inhabitants.....
Thousands come from all over the world just to visit these monuments.....
Where is the contemporary of such in ancient African civilisation....
None bothered to invent the wheel to make transportation easier....
None made effort to have an organised n structured religion strong enough to resist foreign ones.....
None of the traditional healers made any effort whereby knowledge of herbs could be taught n passed on in a structured manner in order to prevent abuse n corruption of the practice.... .
Ancient civilisation has a standard definition n redefining it to suit to own ego is unacceptable.....
Rather, let's learn from our ancestors n ensure we build a proper African civilisation we can proudly bequdeath to our children.

Thank you so much, you are indeed a learned man. I salute you. What most of this people don't understand is that when you compare our so called civilization as Africans to other past civilizations from around the world, you may even begin to feel that we are inferior.

A highly learned friend was arguing with me one day and I asked him to tell me one black African tribe that had a form of written language. The guy couldn't talk again because the language we write today was given it to us by colonialists.
But check many languages today Arabic, Hebrew, Chinese, Korean, Japanese etc there languages was dated more than 2000years ago

When I was residing overseas I took interest in one Korean drama named dae joyoung, it was dated like 1500 years ago. It showed there kings, dynasties and how each kingdom were fighting against the other one. These kings had tactitians, strategists, philosophers, generals, they were highly organized. They had libraries and books. Then come back to our African civilization, was there anything like that. That is why there is so much backwardnes. And am sorry to say it Nigeria and many African nations will continue to be in perpertual mess because majority of the populace don't think, don't use their brain, not creative etc infact less than 1percent actually use there brain. Just very few and that's why a nation like ours is in the mess she is in today.

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Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by Malawian(m): 6:30pm On Jan 22, 2018
Unripe Plantain in my dialect is called "Unyere" I dont known anything like ogede.

1 Like

Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by djon78(m): 6:39pm On Jan 22, 2018
Originalsly:
I hear you.Hmmm...so during this period of war he was exploring... and knew they were Igbos...maybe they were Albinos?...or offsprings of his fellow European travellers who sexually exploited the natives?...like they do today? So what happened to those light skinned Igbos he said he saw?...they became extinct?
No offence....I just happen to be a critical thinker!


Are igbos not light skinned? My mum is light skinned, as fair as Caroline danjjuma, three of my sisters carry her complexion. My dad is dark brown me I am chocolate color, not too light. And all of us are full igbos. My mums grandma was very light skinned, I never met her, she died in the late sixties and she died in her late 90s age meaning she was born in late 1800s. My mum and 3 of her sisters got the light skinned genes from there grandma and my mum passed that same gene to her children.

Igbos have a lot of light skinned people among black Africans. And it had been like that from past, and we never had contacts with the Europeans then,

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Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by RedboneSmith(m): 6:49pm On Jan 22, 2018
BabaIbo:



sorry for saying this, I doubt it, you are not igbo...

is there any proof to back what you mentioned above

You people's problem is that you argue without any sense of history whatsoever. You think because rice is widely grown in Ebonyi today it was always so. Potato is an Irish staple today, but it was only five hundred years ago or so that it was learnt from Latin America, and the name was adapted from Native American words.

African rice and millet and other African cereals were first domesticated in the savanna area of West Africa, among the Mande peoples, and then passed through other savanna peoples like the Hausa before reaching people living in the forested regions to the south (e.g., the Igbo).

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Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by Odingo1: 6:59pm On Jan 22, 2018
djon78:



Are igbos not light skinned? My mum is light skinned, as fair as Caroline danjjuma, three of my sisters carry her complexion. My dad is dark brown me I am chocolate color, not too light. And all of us are full igbos. My mums grandma was very light skinned, I never met her, she died in the late sixties and she died in her late 90s age meaning she was born in late 1800s. My mum and 3 of her sisters got the light skinned genes from there grandma and my mum passed that same gene to her children.

Igbos have a lot of light skinned people among black Africans. And it had been like that from past, and we never had contacts with the Europeans then,



I guess that guy doesn't understand the light skin the white man is talking of, not the light skin like Europeans, but Igbos have alot of yellow skin people just like Fula people but fulas have more of light skin people than Igbos.

1 Like

Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by djon78(m): 7:00pm On Jan 22, 2018
Malawian:
Unripe Plantain in my dialect is called "Unyere" I dont known anything like ogede.

My own dialect we call it unere
Rice-osikapa, agbalumo is udara in igbio
Masquerade - mmuonwu
Evil spirit - ajomuo
Holy Spirit - muonso
Holy - nso
Sin - njo
Ugly - njo obasanjo in igbo can be termed obusonjo meaning he is so ugly (hahaha) abeg I dey respect baba, it is just the tone of his name in igbo.

Then olaniyi in igbo means someone that is on the path of destruction onaananiyi or onalaniyi in some other dialect

1 Like

Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by Odingo1: 7:04pm On Jan 22, 2018
djon78:


My own dialect we call it unere
Rice-osikapa, agbalumo is udara in igbio
Masquerade - mmuonwu
Evil spirit - ajomuo
Holy Spirit - muonso
Holy - nso
Sin - njo
Ugly - njo obasanjo in igbo can be termed obusonjo meaning he is so ugly (hahaha) abeg I dey respect baba, it is just the tone of his name in igbo.

Then olaniyi in igbo means someone that is on the path of destruction onaananiyi or onalaniyi in some other dialect



grin grin grin grin grin grin grin grin grin grin grin grin grin grin grin grin grin grin grin grin grin grin grin grin grin grin grin
Olaniyi

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Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by djon78(m): 7:14pm On Jan 22, 2018
Odingo1:

I guess that guy doesn't understand the light skin the white man is talking of, not the light skin like Europeans, but Igbos have alot of yellow skin people just like Fula people but fulas have more of light skin people than Igbos.

Yes you are right. Because the Europeans thought all black Africans are very dark but they were surprised to see very light skinned ones among the igbos then. Yeah you are right about
Fulani people, very light skinned

1 Like

Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by SakuraSimiola: 7:14pm On Jan 22, 2018
Many of the slaves came from Arochukwu to Jamaica.

WATCH and EDUCATE yourself on Igbo history.



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=463L0sbXu34
Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by Originalsly: 7:17pm On Jan 22, 2018
djon78:


Thank you so much, you are indeed a learned man. I salute you. What most of this people don't understand is that when you compare our so called civilization as Africans to other past civilizations from around the world, you may even begin to feel that we are inferior.

A highly learned friend was arguing with me one day and I asked him to tell me one black African tribe that had a form of written language. The guy couldn't talk again because the language we write today was given it to us by colonialists.


Why should we feel inferior? What past civilization was superior to that of the African? Don't the Pyramids not represent the past?....the very pyramids that present day enlightened and technologically superior other civilizations are still figuring out how they were built?...and cannot do the same today?
On Africans not having written records..... Africans are of an oral tradition....and yes...there is structure. You shouldn't condemn it because it is unlike others. Your lineage can be traced via your name......destroy the books and writings of the others and you will be erasing their history. It's the reason why with the invasion of Iraq and other countries by the West.... they always destroy museums and historical records. To destroy the history of Africa you have to kill all Africans.
On religion....FYI...Christianity is not a European religion.... in fact.... none of the major religions is of European origin. Christianity...Ethiopian period.
I must agree with you that we are not trying to preserve our history like the others.... in fact... we seem to be ashamed of ours but are so willing and able to proudly adapt and promote those of others.

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Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by OMANBALA1: 9:08pm On Jan 22, 2018
maclatunji:


Awwww... It's gets better with time.

You still havent showed me where it was documented the Bini conquered ,dominated nor sujugated the Igbo nation. I dont want to drag your tribe into this because even your tribesmen ignored you here ,which shows Yoruba has intelligent people unlike an inferior like you. You think you have the balls to stand up to the Igbos ? Next time chose your fight because even Bini kingdom has nothing to show with all the hype....They couldnt conquer the Agbor who speak a dialect of Igbo as we speak. You are womanliness a.ss nigga!

You think you can jump in here and run your mouth without getting brutally checked like SOMEGIRL did to you...You should be her bbitch for owning your a.ss.... grin grin grin

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Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by OMANBALA1: 9:11pm On Jan 22, 2018
Malawian:
Unripe Plantain in my dialect is called "Unyere" I dont known anything like ogede.

unele in Idenmili ,Umuoji precisely.

1 Like

Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by Customer80: 9:59pm On Jan 22, 2018
Akara is Igbo work not Yoruba
RedboneSmith:
'Imu oso' is not a Jamaican patois expression. The post where you got this from misinterpreted the source material.

'Akara' is also not Igbo. It is Yoruba.

Other Igbo words in Jamaican Patois that could have been added are:

Attoo (chewing stick) from Igbo 'atu' and chinch/chink (bedbug) from Igbo 'chinchi.'
Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by Customer80: 10:24pm On Jan 22, 2018
scholes0:
Igbos laying claim to Yoruba words they use everyday is akin to Igbos laying claim to the word Papa meaning (Father) because they now use it in Igbo language.

Papa was never part of the Igbo language from antiquity but now it is.
Such is life.
Papa isn't Igbo an Igbo word but French cum Latin, papa mean nna in Igbo language

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Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by Customer80: 10:27pm On Jan 22, 2018
maclatunji:


Benin and the Slave Trade

The kingdom of Benin (not to be confused with the modern Republic of Benin) was amongthe earliest, longest lasting, and most active participants in the European trade on the SlaveCoast, including the trade in slaves. From "pre-European" times, Benin was one of themightiest powers on the eastern Slave Coast. The Portuguese probably reached Benin in1472, but established strong relations with the kingdom only in 1485/86, when they founded atrade “factory” at the port of Gwato.

Europeans demanded slaves from the very beginning of trade with Benin, and it was there that the Portuguese purchased their first large slave cargoes.Portugal (until the mid-16th century), the Netherlands (late 16th– early 18th centuries), andGreat Britain (mid-18th–19th centuries, culminating in the occupation of the country in 1897)successively became the dominant European powers in the Benin region, although the French,Germans, and others also intermittently established presences there. Before the mid-17th century, Benin exported slaves not only to the New World, but also to Europe and the GoldCoast.

In 1506, a slave typically cost between twelve and fifteen manillas (brass bracelets); by 1517, the price had risen to 57 manillas. After the 1520s, cowry shells replaced manillasas the most popular “money” in the slave trade (in 1522, fifty manillas were equal to 6,370cowries). Goods such as hats, beads, etc. were also bartered for slaves. From the late 16th
to the late 17th century, Benin never sold its own citizens, but only female captives (including Igbo, Sobo, Ijaw, and others) captured in war or purchased from neighboring peoples. From the mid-17th to 18th centuries, however, slaves became the principal trade “goods” acquired byEuropeans, and foreign male prisoners and eventually citizens of Benin itself were also soldabroad. In the heyday of the slave trade, Benin supplied 3,000 slaves a year. A contemporaryrelated that “The West India planters prefer the slaves of Benin … to those of any other partof Guinea…”

Source: http://www.academia.edu/1903485/Benin_and_the_Slave_Trade

You guys can be combative and boastful but know that it is not everybody that doesn't know history or their left from their right.

Somegirl1, there is the academic basis for my position. It didn't take much to figure it out, Benin had great influence over the adjoining area. It was the major power to contend with, any other Kingd om could not afford to fight it directly.
You don't fail to show your hatred for anything Igbo. Islamic fanatic
Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by mabea: 10:29pm On Jan 22, 2018
RedboneSmith:


I clearly remember some Eastern Yoruba people here saying no one says 'Esusu' where they come from. So it isn't general, even if through contact etc, everyone in Yorubaland now understands what it refers to.

Everyone in Igboland also understands and uses Soso. Even if one part uses it more.
Stop saying what you dont know. Soso cuts across all igbo land. In my place we use soso more than we use nani and im not from anambra
Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by mabea: 10:55pm On Jan 22, 2018
scholes0:


See this one, no one is arguing the presense of some Arabic and Hausa words in Yoruba due to centuries of contact.. We all know what words in Yoruba are of Hausa origin via Nupe and others.

Besides there are Hausa words of Yoruba origin as well, such as Ashishi (Eshinshin) Housefly, Agwaluma (Agbalumo) African star apple, Alade (Elede) Pig Etc. There is many more.

So Yoruba and Hausa borrowing goes both ways.

There are plenty Hausa words in Igbo too don’t lie and pretend as if Hausa words exist only in yoruba, lol- that means the Igbo language is the most deficient in nigeria, cause they pick words from every corner.
The bone of contention here are YORUBA authentic words that have diffused into languages like Igbo which they now claim today like AKARA, EGUSI, etc.

Very soon, Igbos will claim Kpomo, Gele, Ogede and many more Yoruba words.

Just watch.
kpomo is kanda in igbo

1 Like

Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by Chukazu: 11:13pm On Jan 22, 2018
RedboneSmith:


One of those shared words. Around Anambra it is 'soso', too. In much of Imo it is 'naani'.

Nothing like Anambra or Imo

"Soso" means" only you "

"Naani" means "you alone "

The same general Ibo
Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by OMANBALA1: 11:56pm On Jan 22, 2018
Chukazu:


Nothing like Anambra or Imo

"Soso" means" only you "

"Naani" means "you alone "

The same general Ibo

Imo and Abia doest not use soso. And naani and soso mean the same thing . Dont teach people what you dont know

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Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by Probz(m): 12:21am On Jan 23, 2018
mabea:
kpomo is kanda in igbo

In Abia and Imo. No one upland uses kanda over kpomo. Not in a million years.

1 Like

Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by maclatunji: 12:36am On Jan 23, 2018
OMANBALA1:


You still havent showed me where it was documented the Bini conquered ,dominated nor sujugated the Igbo nation. I dont want to drag your tribe into this because even your tribesmen ignored you here ,which shows Yoruba has intelligent people unlike an inferior like you. You think you have the balls to stand up to the Igbos ? Next time chose your fight because even Bini kingdom has nothing to show with all the hype....They couldnt conquer the Agbor who speak a dialect of Igbo as we speak. You are womanliness a.ss nigga!

You think you can jump in here and run your mouth without getting brutally checked like SOMEGIRL did to you...You should be her bbitch for owning your a.ss.... grin grin grin

Brag! Brag!!! Brag!!!

E pain am. Sorry, I am not the one that wrote history and only pointed out an historical fact. #Pele
Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by maclatunji: 12:40am On Jan 23, 2018
Customer80:
You don't fail to show your hatred for anything Igbo. Islamic fanatic

Actually, I was busy minding my business pointing out an historical observation until some of your kinsmen I imagine started making noise. That post makes you feel somehow?

Sorry, your whiney friends asked for textual evidence, I simply supplied it. One is still chestbeating #Smiling.

I am definitely not hating on Igbos but seemingly, you guys don't learn from history.When and if you do, you can unlock your obviously great potential.
Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by bigfrancis21: 1:34am On Jan 23, 2018
scholes0:


that sounds so Yoruba already, mr.
Ogun Iba is the word.

Ogun - Medicine
Iba - Malaria/High fever

Ha- Igbos don steal all our terms finish ooo shocked

Malaria in Igbo comes from the full term, 'ibanwaochananya', referring to the discoloration of the eye during the extreme stages of the sickness, shortened to 'iba' for short. Just as 'ibi' means 'enlarged scrotum' in Igbo, etc.

Igbo and Yoruba share many words in common. To claim that shared words must be Yoruba in origin clearly shows you're subjectivity and bias towards objective reasoning.

It's even been proven that Igbo civilization is hundreds of years older than the earliest Yoruba's. Nri civilization is the oldest than any other tribal civilization in the south. Carbon dating evidence proves this.

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Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by bigfrancis21: 1:35am On Jan 23, 2018
Oh boy, where was I when this thread was vibrating red? cheesy

Probz nwanna, I siro ka I kpo mu? cheesy

5 Likes

Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by Probz(m): 1:38am On Jan 23, 2018
bigfrancis21:
Oh boy, where was I when this thread was vibrating red? cheesy

Probz nwanna, I siro ka I kpo mu? cheesy

You’ve been spending too much time in that your Visa thread the past few months though haven’t you.

2 Likes

Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by bigfrancis21: 1:40am On Jan 23, 2018
Probz:


You’ve been spending too much time in that your Visa thread the past few months though haven’t you.


Haha...you for mention me at least na make I enter here finish people like scholes0 tongue cheesy

It's amazing how these people come back to life on Igbo threads. cheesy Honestly speaking, 'Igbo' should be the miraculous word to wake up many people up from the dead. cheesy

5 Likes

Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by Probz(m): 1:46am On Jan 23, 2018
bigfrancis21:



Haha...you for mention me at least na make I enter here finish people like scholes0 tongue cheesy

It's amazing how these people come back to life on Igbo threads. cheesy Honestly speaking, 'Igbo' should be the miraculous word to wake up many people up from the dead. cheesy

baby124 and aljhareem are the worst for it. Apparently our egusi ogbaloti is a Yoruba style. Don’t just mind them o jare.

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Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by Probz(m): 1:51am On Jan 23, 2018
This thing’s just a snippet in a whole book about the Igbo traditional food system.

You can see how deeply rooted legumes are in our cuisine. At least upland.

Who is it who says we no get beans again?

5 Likes 1 Share

Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by banku: 2:31am On Jan 23, 2018
So there are people still this ignorant.

Why don't you educate yourself?

This is exactly what white people say until one of them said it out in a conference where he was thouroghly lectured and disgraced. People known as Barbarian calling Africans illiterate that wrote and read when they were still in stone ages. No woner they destroyed your civilization and claimed it for themselves. After all the education you get on Nairaland, you are still saying nonsence. You are one of the people that claim the article is too long and someone should summarize them.

Go back and do your own research and come back to us with what you learn.

Hints: check the most sophisticated ship bigger than the old one found in Egypt. Africa's oldest known boat” the Dufuna

Iron ore, terra cotta, Iwo Eleru,

African ancient writings, closer to you than you think http://www.taneter.org/writing.html

Ancient Africans were writers http://www.gamji.com/article10000/NEWS10454.htm

You want to be spoon fed the way your colonizers did with their own civilization. Honestly some of you are just a disgrace.

There is another guy here that spent so much time and labor trying to educate you guys, yet you come out here talking nonsence.

Who is going to open your head and pour it there. You visited Europe, how many villages have you visited in Africa?


SIRTee15:


I'm Yoruba but I absolutely agree with u....
U cant claim civilisation without anything to show for it....
An advanced civilisation goes beyond conquering n subjugating ur neighbours....
There must be both physical n social evidence of such empire visible to all.....
I live in canterbury and I marvel at the city walls, cathedrals, castles etc built hundreds of years ago by its inhabitants.....
Thousands come from all over the world just to visit these monuments.....
Where is the contemporary of such in ancient African civilisation....
None bothered to invent the wheel to make transportation easier....
None made effort to have an organised n structured religion strong enough to resist foreign ones.....
None of the traditional healers made any effort whereby knowledge of herbs could be taught n passed on in a structured manner in order to prevent abuse n corruption of the practice.... .
Ancient civilisation has a standard definition n redefining it to suit to own ego is unacceptable.....
Rather, let's learn from our ancestors n ensure we build a proper African civilisation we can proudly bequdeath to our children.
Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by SIRTee15: 3:01am On Jan 23, 2018
banku:
So there are people still this ignorant.

Why don't you educate yourself?

This is exactly what white people say until one of them said it out in a conference where he was thouroghly lectured and disgraced. People known as Barbarian calling Africans illiterate that wrote and read when they were still in stone ages. No woner they destroyed your civilization and claimed it for themselves. After all the education you get on Nairaland, you are still saying nonsence. You are one of the people that claim the article is too long and someone should summarize them.

Go back and do your own research and come back to us with what you learn.

Hints: check the most sophisticated ship bigger than the old one found in Egypt. Africa's oldest known boat” the Dufuna

Iron ore, terra cotta, Iwo Eleru,

African ancient writings, closer to you than you think http://www.taneter.org/writing.html

Ancient Africans were writers http://www.gamji.com/article10000/NEWS10454.htm

You want to be spoon fed the way your colonizers did with their own civilization. Honestly some of you are just a disgrace.

There is another guy here that spent so much time and labor trying to educate you guys, yet you come out here talking nonsence.

Who is going to open your head and pour it there. You visited Europe, how many villages have you visited in Africa?



First ancient Egyptians are not black Africans ok....
So we are going to leave them out of this discuss....
It's dishonesty to claim credit for what u are not....
Now pictoral symbols n signs mainly used in occultic practice and sometimes for artistic decorations cannot pass as a form of written language....
I didn't say africa never had ancient civilisations....
The question is what unique thing did they bequeath to us....
Nothing much, I'm afraid.....
The white man came n used logic to destroy whatever institution they had....
Because those institution were too weak n primitive to resist foreign domination....
They collapsed just because they couldn't stand the test of time.....
That's the crux here n the lesson we present generation must learn....
Re: Red Ibo In Jamaica: A Profile Of The Igbo People Of Jamaica by banku: 4:04am On Jan 23, 2018
Sir,

The only reference I made to Egypt is a boat older than that of Egypt.

If you have been following great minds on this forum, you would have known most of the credit given to Egypt came from Sudan, not Egypt. Please type in anything you want, on Nairaland or Google may educate you. You do not even seem to understand or check the hints I gave you. No wonder you missed so much on this forum where great minds sneak in to educate internet generation.



SIRTee15:


First ancient Egyptians are not black Africans ok....
So we are going to leave them out of this discuss....
It's dishonesty to claim credit for what u are not....
Now pictoral symbols n signs mainly used in occultic practice and sometimes for artistic decorations cannot pass as a form of written language....
I didn't say africa never had ancient civilisations....
The question is what unique thing did they bequeath to us....
Nothing much, I'm afraid.....
The white man came n used logic to destroy whatever institution they had....
Because those institution were too weak n primitive to resist foreign domination....
They collapsed just because they couldn't stand the test of time.....
That's the crux here n the lesson we present generation must learn....

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