For newbies and beginners I have some video resources that will help you in this line, the videos come with a project you can work on after learning. This videos were compiled from season instructors from freecode camp, udemy, edureka. I have video on
HTML
CSS
JavaScript
My SQL
ReactJS
NodeJS
Jquerry
You can reach me on 08024775320, if you are interested.
Good day, please what programming languages are useful in civil engineering?
GoddyOra: Have you finally decided to settle for computer programming as your career path? Are you new to the whole concept of coding and you're struggling to pick the right programming language to begin with? Which one of Java or JavaScript, Python or C would suffice? Choosing the perfect language for every newbie programmer is one of the most difficult decision to make due to the numerous options available. There are hundreds of different programming languages with each of them having its personal strengths, weaknesses, complexities and best area of application. In truth, your choice of language will depend heavily on the segment of software development you are keenly interested in. In this article we will look at the various divisions of software development and recommend the best language (/s) suited for each category.
FOR WEB APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT :
This involves the creation of application programs that reside on remote servers and are delivered to the user’s device via the Internet. Examples of web applications include: Online forums like qoura.com, dogforum.com; or Ecommerce websites like amazon.com, Ebay.com; or your popular online blogging platforms like TechCrunch, Moz, Huffington Post etc. For better clarity, we are going to divide Web Applications Development into two parts, namely: 1. Front-end development and 2. Back-end development.
Front-end Web development : Front-end Web development involves the building of the visual elements of a web application that users can see and interact with. In simple terms, a front-end developer is mainly concerned with the appearance of a website like its font size, forms, web page layouts etc. In order to become a well skilled front-end developer, we recommend you learn HTML5, CSS3 and JavaScript combination. HTML and CSS are friendly and easy to learn while JavaScript is a popular programming language that is very efficient in every web related applications.
Back-end Web development : Back-end Web development deals with the skeleton (called the “back-end”) of your web applications. It is more concerned with the functionality of the website. Take for instance a web application like LinkedIn or Facebook, the front-end deals with the different pages layouts and designs while the back-end application deals with things like the search query panel in which a user can search for a unique profile out of millions of registered users’ profiles. In order to become a full stack web developer, you need to be well grounded in both the Front-end and Back-end sects of Web development. Our recommended languages for Back-end Web development include: JavaScript, Python, PHP, and Go. JavaScript: How will web developers cope without JavaScript? Well, that’s a question for another day. According to Stack Overflow’s 2020 Developer’s Survey: JavaScript is the most popular programming language among developers for the eighth year running! While JavaScript is mostly used in conjunction with HTML and CSS for front-end development, it can still be used solely to build the back-end part of web applications using popular frameworks like Node.js which is compatible with every Operating System. Figuratively speaking, sticking with JavaScript (via Node.js) means you only need to master one programming language for both front-end and back-end web development.
Python: is a multi-purpose programming language that works brilliantly for Back-end web development via some of its popular web frameworks like Django and Flask. With Django (coded in Python) you can quickly develop a web application way quicker compared to other programming platforms. Django comes with a wide range of in-built packages such as admin panel, content administration, site Maps, SQL injections for data management and many more. Your popular media sharing platform – Instagram - and sites like Spotify and Mozilla were created using Django framework.
PHP: is a recursive acronym for Hypertext Preprocessor. Its popularity among Back-end developers is gradually fading as newer languages outsmart PHP in building better functionalities on web applications. Since it is a scripting language, PHP is somewhat similar to HTML making it is relative easier to learn.
Go (also known as Golang): is a newer language as it was only released in 2009. As a low-level language, Go performs almost the same functionality as C and C++ with a simpler and more readable syntax compare to the other two. The lightness of this language makes it perfect for building complex web applications through frameworks such as Gin, Martini or Revel.
VERDICT : For an absolute beginner with zero prior knowledge on programming, we are going to suggest JavaScript for both Front-end and Back-end Web development. It is always advisable to start your learning from the Front-end part of Web development then you gradually work your way to the more difficult sect (Back-end). As you master your craft, you can easily switch to other programming languages based on the kind of project you’re working on.
FOR GAME DEVELOPMENT :
This involves the creation of games whether in 3D or 2D format, video or motion graphics, or for computer/mobile devices. To be a good game developer you have to possess a strong background in mathematics, sciences or engineering field due to their critical applications in high-level game development. A career in this segment, in most cases requires a bachelor’s degree in computer science/engineering or other equivalent fields. The best programming languages for game development are: low-level languages like C++ and C# (incorporated with Unity). High-level language like Python (using PyGame) or Java (in building mobile games for Android devices) can also be used for making quick prototypes of your game and building lighter video games but they both have their limitations in game development especially when it comes to the game graphics and memory management.
VERDICT : For beginner game developers, we recommend coding with C# via Unity for its relative ease of learning compared to C++.
FOR MOBILE APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT :
The mobile app development sector is a half a trillion dollars industry with room for more growth. If you have settled for a career in building mobile apps for a living then it’s best to follow our guide to picking the perfect beginner’s language for your training. Most of the aforementioned languages for desktop app development are also handy for mobile apps too but our top programming language choices for Mobile Applications Development are: Java, Swift (in conjunction with Objective-C), and Kotlin.
Java: is one of the most popular and used languages in the programming world. It is a flexible and dynamic language that is used in developing Android applications for your mobile phone. As of today, Android has over 70% of the total mobile OS market implying that the future is still very much bright for Java. The best place to start with learning Java is by going through Google’s Android Developer Library which is well-documented and has a comprehensive set of learning materials. Another advantage Java has over other mobile app development languages is its cross-platform app development which means it can also handle Apple’s iOS and Windows apps. Java truly rules the mobile app world!
Swift (in conjunction with Objective-C): Swift is a newer language intended to work with Objective-C to build mobile applications for Apple’s iOS. It’s even quickly becoming an accepted language for general purpose programming. Swift is an open-source language meaning: any app developer using a Linux OS can operate on it to develop iOS applications. In simple terms, let say you have say a Windows Computer but you want to build an app for iPhones. You can install a Linux OS on your PC and start developing iOS mobile applications that would run just perfectly using Swift! This feature has made Swift to be increasingly popular among iOS app developers.
Kotlin: is a programming language introduced by JetBrains, the official designer of the most intelligent Java IDE, named IntelliJ IDEA. Kotlin was designed to work with Java as an open-source language which runs on Java Virtual Machine (JVM). In basic terms, Kotlin is like the simplified version of Java with better readability, more improved syntax and most importantly: it is way easier to learn. If you want to start creating Android apps in a few days time then Kotlin is your best bet. It works perfectly on Android Studio which is the most popular desktop application used for building Android mobile apps.
VERDICT : Java is our go-to language here while you can learn Kotlin along with it as you expand your learning into building actual Android mobile applications. Or you can simply go for Swift if you are only interested in becoming a specialized iOS developer as even Java has its own limitations in iOS app development.
FOR SYSTEMS PROGRAMMING :
Well this is a broad and intricate aspect of software development which is not advisable as the starting point for newbie programmers. System programming involves the development of computer programs that allows the hardwares of a computer to interface with the programmer or the user thereby making the entire computing system to function as a single unit. Such software programs affect the functionality of every other softwares when installed or uninstalled. Thinking of diving into systems programming? Then think big like developing an entirely new operating system (OS) or game engines. In order to be a systems programmer, you have to be well skilled in any low-level language of your choice like C++, Rust or Go.
VERDICT : Personally we recommend Go (also known as Golang) for beginner systems programmers.
For our recommendation on other Software development sectors like Desktop Application Development, AI and Machine, or for those who are still yet to decide on which sector to specialize in you can visit http://www.gorablog.com/best_programming_language_to_learn.html for the full article.
Python has ended up being one of the famous programming languages for making both small as well as big scale software applications. SSDN Technologies delivers best python training in delhi by industry experts, with real time experience.
chayilz15: Good day, please what programming languages are useful in civil engineering?
Civil engineering?
Sorry I am not well versed in the engineering field particular civil engineering. But I have reasons to believe that the most engineering friendly languages are MATLAB, Python, Ruby and any of the C family (C, C++).
I will recommend Matlab and Python for you as the best for you though. So just start with Python, you can never go wrong from there.
chayilz15: Good day, please what programming languages are useful in civil engineering?
Well!! Choosing the right javascript framework will help you to build the application successfully, here are the top Javascript frameworks you can check.
chayilz15: Good day, please what programming languages are useful in civil engineering?
PHP is the web’s most used language for programming, running prominent social networking sites, and Wikipedia. According to W3Techs’ data, PHP is used by 78.9% of all websites with a known server-side programming language. Also, you can check here top PHP frameworks for web development in 2021
Just like me, I'm at work and at the same time self studying on AWS CCP which is even the fundamentals and the elementary aspect of AWS yet it feels like I'm not only wasting my time but also deceiving myself by thinking that this will ever make sense to me but I have decided that either I learn this damn thing and add more value to myself or I learn it since I'm not quitting
This is how I study and you can also adapt same strategy.
Strategy #1: listen or watch the entire tutorials with the all the hands on (lab demos) from the beginning to the end without taken any notes or try practicing the hands on, just watch.
Strategy #2: Repeat strategy #1
Strategy #3: Watch keenly the entire lectures from beginning to the end and start doing the hands on along with the instructors. This time around, you will realize that certain concepts are beginning to make sense and you are also beginning to retain some of the things you are learning.
Strategy #4: Repeat strategy #3 and you will discover that you are retaining more than before and your confidence level has really grown and do more of the hands on.
Strategy #5: Repeat Strategy #4 and start attempting the quizzes or simulated exam questions in other to get a feel of how the exams looks like.
Strategy #6: Repeat strategy #5 and learn from the mistakes and wrong answers from strategy #5 by getting more correct answers this time around.
Strategy #7: Repeat strategy #6
Final level: Sit for the exams and blast it hopefully on your first attempt.
This strategy has always worked for me which eventually did build my confidence level to the point that I now know and do genuinely believe that anything can be learned depending on the level of one's dedication.
Here in the US, there is a saying that goes like this " How Much Do You Want It? " and "Go For It Like Your Life Depends On It "
Yes you can
As a newbie trying to turn into the programming field, what do you advise I get to know if I want to ultimately learn docker and kubernetes? And what resources do you recommend for this, and how can I get them?
remi1444: take a break. I'm restarting html and CSS again. I feel like I don't know shit about it, last night I was trying to link a CSS file with html and I couldn't remember simple <link rel="stylesheet" type=" text/css" href="the css file path"> and it's not funny. But will I give up, not at all.
With vscode it is easier, just type link and enter. You shouldn't be memorizing code, rather just understand it.
daryur01: When talking about the best programming language to learn. It all depends on what you plan to do with programming or I should rather say, the aspect if programming you are going into. For web developers hoping to create the best advance websites soon, JavaScript is never left out. That's the language of the web as I suppose.
JavaScript is now the mist relevant language any web designer or developer should learn as it is gaining popularity amongst other programming language.
Mist people will tell you Python. That's good and true but believe me I'll always recommend JavaScript for a web developer. That's because it allows you to create dynamic web pages in the front-end and also allows to do your back-end using Node.js
You can be a full stack web developer knowing just JavaScript with HTML and CSS. That doesn't mean you don't have to learn about other technologies but at least you won't be learning another programming language. What you'll be learning will be a query language, a framework or something else. And by so doing, you won't have to conflict the working principles of a programming language with another.
If you're a beginner and you are interested in learning web development, start with the regular HTML, CSS and JavaScript.
Try at least to learn those three and you'll be good to start getting web development clients but you'll be limited to the front-end but you'll be making money already. Though I'll advice to never stop at those three. Make sure any tutorial you take is an interactive one and the one you think is best for you. If you are a beginner, I'm holding a WhatsApp class for free where I'll be dropping videos for you. Even if what you have to practice now is your smartphone, you won't lack behind. I'll be sharing with you some useful tools you can use to code just like you would do if you were using your PC. The class is for beginner web developers or I should rather say aspiring web developers. Join as soon as possible if you're interested. My WhatsApp contact - 08102890799
Hello Gurus Please I need a guide. I just made decisions to go for programming and probably full stack that would enable me get a remote job. I’m an idealistic person so I would love something that would be able to make me develop my ideas. Especially in fintech industry.
I need help cos I want to focus on this.
Please help me out, advice, links, leads, critics is needed.
I just want to start something very meaningful with myself.
Thank you.
PS. If you see this on another topic, it’s me I’m just looking for where to get genuine answers. Thanks. .
GoddyOra: Have you finally decided to settle for computer programming as your career path? Are you new to the whole concept of coding and you're struggling to pick the right programming language to begin with? Which one of Java or JavaScript, Python or C would suffice? Choosing the perfect language for every newbie programmer is one of the most difficult decision to make due to the numerous options available. There are hundreds of different programming languages with each of them having its personal strengths, weaknesses, complexities and best area of application. In truth, your choice of language will depend heavily on the segment of software development you are keenly interested in. In this article we will look at the various divisions of software development and recommend the best language (/s) suited for each category.
FOR WEB APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT :
This involves the creation of application programs that reside on remote servers and are delivered to the user’s device via the Internet. Examples of web applications include: Online forums like qoura.com, dogforum.com; or Ecommerce websites like amazon.com, Ebay.com; or your popular online blogging platforms like TechCrunch, Moz, Huffington Post etc. For better clarity, we are going to divide Web Applications Development into two parts, namely: 1. Front-end development and 2. Back-end development.
Front-end Web development : Front-end Web development involves the building of the visual elements of a web application that users can see and interact with. In simple terms, a front-end developer is mainly concerned with the appearance of a website like its font size, forms, web page layouts etc. In order to become a well skilled front-end developer, we recommend you learn HTML5, CSS3 and JavaScript combination. HTML and CSS are friendly and easy to learn while JavaScript is a popular programming language that is very efficient in every web related applications.
Back-end Web development : Back-end Web development deals with the skeleton (called the “back-end”) of your web applications. It is more concerned with the functionality of the website. Take for instance a web application like LinkedIn or Facebook, the front-end deals with the different pages layouts and designs while the back-end application deals with things like the search query panel in which a user can search for a unique profile out of millions of registered users’ profiles. In order to become a full stack web developer, you need to be well grounded in both the Front-end and Back-end sects of Web development. Our recommended languages for Back-end Web development include: JavaScript, Python, PHP, and Go. JavaScript: How will web developers cope without JavaScript? Well, that’s a question for another day. According to Stack Overflow’s 2020 Developer’s Survey: JavaScript is the most popular programming language among developers for the eighth year running! While JavaScript is mostly used in conjunction with HTML and CSS for front-end development, it can still be used solely to build the back-end part of web applications using popular frameworks like Node.js which is compatible with every Operating System. Figuratively speaking, sticking with JavaScript (via Node.js) means you only need to master one programming language for both front-end and back-end web development.
Python: is a multi-purpose programming language that works brilliantly for Back-end web development via some of its popular web frameworks like Django and Flask. With Django (coded in Python) you can quickly develop a web application way quicker compared to other programming platforms. Django comes with a wide range of in-built packages such as admin panel, content administration, site Maps, SQL injections for data management and many more. Your popular media sharing platform – Instagram - and sites like Spotify and Mozilla were created using Django framework.
PHP: is a recursive acronym for Hypertext Preprocessor. Its popularity among Back-end developers is gradually fading as newer languages outsmart PHP in building better functionalities on web applications. Since it is a scripting language, PHP is somewhat similar to HTML making it is relative easier to learn.
Go (also known as Golang): is a newer language as it was only released in 2009. As a low-level language, Go performs almost the same functionality as C and C++ with a simpler and more readable syntax compare to the other two. The lightness of this language makes it perfect for building complex web applications through frameworks such as Gin, Martini or Revel.
VERDICT : For an absolute beginner with zero prior knowledge on programming, we are going to suggest JavaScript for both Front-end and Back-end Web development. It is always advisable to start your learning from the Front-end part of Web development then you gradually work your way to the more difficult sect (Back-end). As you master your craft, you can easily switch to other programming languages based on the kind of project you’re working on.
FOR GAME DEVELOPMENT :
This involves the creation of games whether in 3D or 2D format, video or motion graphics, or for computer/mobile devices. To be a good game developer you have to possess a strong background in mathematics, sciences or engineering field due to their critical applications in high-level game development. A career in this segment, in most cases requires a bachelor’s degree in computer science/engineering or other equivalent fields. The best programming languages for game development are: low-level languages like C++ and C# (incorporated with Unity). High-level language like Python (using PyGame) or Java (in building mobile games for Android devices) can also be used for making quick prototypes of your game and building lighter video games but they both have their limitations in game development especially when it comes to the game graphics and memory management.
VERDICT : For beginner game developers, we recommend coding with C# via Unity for its relative ease of learning compared to C++.
FOR MOBILE APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT :
The mobile app development sector is a half a trillion dollars industry with room for more growth. If you have settled for a career in building mobile apps for a living then it’s best to follow our guide to picking the perfect beginner’s language for your training. Most of the aforementioned languages for desktop app development are also handy for mobile apps too but our top programming language choices for Mobile Applications Development are: Java, Swift (in conjunction with Objective-C), and Kotlin.
Java: is one of the most popular and used languages in the programming world. It is a flexible and dynamic language that is used in developing Android applications for your mobile phone. As of today, Android has over 70% of the total mobile OS market implying that the future is still very much bright for Java. The best place to start with learning Java is by going through Google’s Android Developer Library which is well-documented and has a comprehensive set of learning materials. Another advantage Java has over other mobile app development languages is its cross-platform app development which means it can also handle Apple’s iOS and Windows apps. Java truly rules the mobile app world!
Swift (in conjunction with Objective-C): Swift is a newer language intended to work with Objective-C to build mobile applications for Apple’s iOS. It’s even quickly becoming an accepted language for general purpose programming. Swift is an open-source language meaning: any app developer using a Linux OS can operate on it to develop iOS applications. In simple terms, let say you have say a Windows Computer but you want to build an app for iPhones. You can install a Linux OS on your PC and start developing iOS mobile applications that would run just perfectly using Swift! This feature has made Swift to be increasingly popular among iOS app developers.
Kotlin: is a programming language introduced by JetBrains, the official designer of the most intelligent Java IDE, named IntelliJ IDEA. Kotlin was designed to work with Java as an open-source language which runs on Java Virtual Machine (JVM). In basic terms, Kotlin is like the simplified version of Java with better readability, more improved syntax and most importantly: it is way easier to learn. If you want to start creating Android apps in a few days time then Kotlin is your best bet. It works perfectly on Android Studio which is the most popular desktop application used for building Android mobile apps.
VERDICT : Java is our go-to language here while you can learn Kotlin along with it as you expand your learning into building actual Android mobile applications. Or you can simply go for Swift if you are only interested in becoming a specialized iOS developer as even Java has its own limitations in iOS app development.
FOR SYSTEMS PROGRAMMING :
Well this is a broad and intricate aspect of software development which is not advisable as the starting point for newbie programmers. System programming involves the development of computer programs that allows the hardwares of a computer to interface with the programmer or the user thereby making the entire computing system to function as a single unit. Such software programs affect the functionality of every other softwares when installed or uninstalled. Thinking of diving into systems programming? Then think big like developing an entirely new operating system (OS) or game engines. In order to be a systems programmer, you have to be well skilled in any low-level language of your choice like C++, Rust or Go.
VERDICT : Personally we recommend Go (also known as Golang) for beginner systems programmers.
For our recommendation on other Software development sectors like Desktop Application Development, AI and Machine, or for those who are still yet to decide on which sector to specialize in you can visit http://www.gorablog.com/best_programming_language_to_learn.html for the full article.
Hello Gurus Please I need a guide. I just made decisions to go for programming and probably full stack that would enable me get a remote job. I’m an idealistic person so I would love something that would be able to make me develop my ideas. Especially in fintech industry.
I need help cos I want to focus on this.
Please help me out, advice, links, leads, critics is needed.
I just want to start something very meaningful with myself.
Thank you.
PS. If you see this on another topic, it’s me I’m just looking for where to get genuine answers. Thanks.
Well my findings suggest otherwise. The survey suggest otherwise. PHP online community suggest otherwise. A language that is declining is ASP.NET but it's still in play.
I agree with you on javascript due to it's frameworks. They have jquery, react, angular etc but when it comes to back-end for web, PHP is the first they call.
Hello Gurus Please I need a guide. I just made decisions to go for programming and probably full stack that would enable me get a remote job. I’m an idealistic person so I would love something that would be able to make me develop my ideas. E.g in 2014, I wrote down in my jotter the need to create a digital money saving app. I told a friend in 2015 but he’s afraid he didn’t wanna get involved with anything money. I think that same year, piggybank was created. In 2016, I still shared this to a friend who went behind me and Partner with a tech bro to create their own company here in Lagos. I won’t disclose his name cos it’s a well known coy.
So please my bosses, I need help, I want to learn things that would make it easy to transfer money from a phone to another phone through our bank account of course, even though I might eventually end up partnering with another developer , I want to learn these things too at least be very good at something.
I need help cos I want to focus on this.
Please help me out, advice, links, leads, critics is needed.
I just want to start something very meaningful with myself.
Thank you.
PS. If you see this on another topic, it’s me I’m just looking for where to get genuine answers. Thanks.
They do o. Just aim countries that have very easy route to getting visa sponsorship. I can't be aiming to get a visa sponsorship Job in the USA. It's a waste of time but I can get a visa sponsorship Job to Germany I can get to Austria. Both countries even have job seeker visas where you can go there to seek work. I can get to Mexico, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, Japan, south Korea, south Africa et Al. There's a lot of those jobs o. You can check linkedin jobs. Check for Salesforce jobs in Europe. Most of the developer jobs come with visa sponsorship.
Salesforce has like 4 paths to it. The administration path is practically drag and drop. The development path is very different. It involves building full scale applications with the Salesforce languages. Salesforce uses lightning for its frontend a Java like language called apex for backend. A Java/HTML syntax called visual force for its pages and something like jsx called aura for its lighting components. How many developers have even heard of such? That shit is scarce.
That's the tutorial. But if you want to write the exam that one isn't enough. Head over to force.com to buy the subscription and practice. I finished the admin path to get a knowledge of how Salesforce works but I am not taking the exams just developer certifications so I am on that now.
Kennyking1234: Started python from beginning again. We move.
Hi You shared a google drive link containing learning resources on a similar thread.
Kennyking1234: Python during my ss2 days. Still learning though.
..if you want to learn programming, I have resources to give for free. Quote me.
EDIT(1): wow! i got more quotes than expected. Rather than attending individually let me place the resources here. NOTE; YOU MUST BE ON TELEGRAM! FOR THOSE WILLING TO LEARN PYTHON SEARCH AND JOIN THIS CHANNEL @pythonlbooks YOU WOULD BE OVERWHELMED WITH HUNDREDS OF BOOKS, SIMPLY SEARCH FOR THIS BOOK IN PARTICULAR " Python Crash Course" ITS A GOOD START.
EDIT(2) ANOTHER GOOD CHANNEL IS @javaebooks . IT HAS BOOKS ON DIFFERENT PROGRAMING LANGUAGES. FROM PYTHON TO C ETC...
EDIT(3) FULL COURSE ON PYTHON... Google Drive Link: [DesireCourse.Net] Udemy - Complete Python Developer in 2020 Zero to Mastery https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1iKNamoVgD8rgRbc8z34VQpF6Uyed2z8X (15.01GB) #REQUEST ACCESS AND TRY LATER. FOR THOSE THAT DONT HAVE DATA TO DOWNLOAD AT ONCE YOU CAN DOWNLOAD IN SMALLER CHUNCKS
EDIT(3) 4 HOURS VIDEO ON BEGINNING PYTHON(FREECODE CAMP).
Chinedu1994: I have a ton of tutorials on Web development and Python, I learnt these to an extent but I lost interest. I am a fvcking computer science student.
Maybe if school resumes, I will get back at it though. It's boring and tiring when you learn alone. I haven't written a code in months. My computer is now for watching movies. I am tired of this world and it's problems sef.
There's nothing I haven't dabbled in. I have tried beat making. I currently have a beat making software on my computer, but I don't learn it anymore.
I have Android studio installed, but I don't learn with it anymore.
I have pycharm installed, but I don't use it anymore.
I have C++ compiler installed, but I don't learn with it anymore.
I have blender installed, but I don't learn animation making anymore.
I have eclipse installed, but I haven't opened it for months.
Then I created 5 blogs, but I lost interest.
I AM TIRED!
Go and learn C Mr Man. If you are ready self I can teach you. Here's my email address: richarderalt@gmail.com. send me a mail, I don't understand nairaland's primitive DM system.
Go and learn C Mr Man. If you are ready self I can teach you. Here's my email address: richarderalt@gmail.com. send me a mail, I don't understand nairaland's primitive DM system.