₦airaland Forum

Good morning,

My name is Sulyman Adam

I need your advice on this issue

I wrote my JAMB this year but my WAEC result, I had D7 in English and am not sure if am going to take NECO.

The question is that if I don't take NECO June/July which exam can I take that will be useful for me to gain admission?

If I don't take any exam what is that possibility of getting admission into Usman Danfodio University, Sokoto to study Economics?

Please your advice is highly welcome.

How to Make Money on YouTube – (A Step By Step Guide for Beginners in 2019)

Is it possible to make money on YouTube? – This is one question I feel so many people would be interested and eager to hear the answer. Without wasting much of your time, I like to say, it is possible to make money even more on YouTube.

But, just knowing the answer to the above question isn’t what you are looking for. Trust me, you will want to know how to make money on YouTube, and that’s exactly why I created this content that has taken me weeks to build.

Here, you will be given all the necessary information you need to get started. Follow this guide diligently and start earning.


Step 1. Set up your YouTube channel.


The first thing you’ll need to do is actually creating your YouTube channel, and YouTube makes it incredibly easy to do. Your channel is your personal presence on YouTube.

Each YouTube account is associated with a channel. A YouTube account is the same as a Google Account and creating a YouTube account will give you access to other Google products, such as Gmail and Drive.

Create your new Google account or use your existing one.
Then Sign in to YouTube and click the user icon at the top right of the screen
Click the gear icon to get the YouTube settings in your account
Click Create new channel

Then select “Use a business or other name”
Add a brand name and click create
Congratulations! You’re done creating your brand new YouTube channel.

Next on the line, is adding keywords. Add keywords to help people find your channel. You can add keywords by going to the Advanced section of your channel settings. Make sure your keywords are relevant to your content.

Your username may also work for or against you. If it’s short, easy to remember and original, people will be more inclined to remember you. Be sensitive enough while choosing a username for your account.

[b]Step 2. Add relevant contents to your channe[/b]l.

Try uploading high quality contents and not too long. Also, try to upload regularly and stay consistent with your uploads. Even if your content is not good at first, keep it up. Practice makes perfect. Try to make each video better than the previous one. You will often learn as you go.

Improve your content by using a better camera or by testing better software or editing techniques. Also, try to improve the way things are filmed. Use a tripod, have a friend help you or better illuminate your scenes. All help for a better end product that, in turn, helps to obtain a better audience.

By uploading regularly you can help maintain an audience. People are more likely to subscribe if they add content on a regular schedule and keep that schedule as long as possible.

Be sure to tag your videos with keywords that describe the content, as well as a striking (eye-catching) description. This will help attract people to your video from YouTube searches

Step 3. Build and grow your audience.

You need to find your viewers, start building relationships with them, create a community around your vlog (channel) and continue to deliver value (as content) before you will be able to build long term income from your vlog.

Building an audience is key to increasing earnings. You need people who will watch your ads to make any money from them. There is no secret to getting more subscribers, just make the best content you can and they will come to you.

Keep uploading content and try to attract people. Send your videos out on Twitter and Facebook. Share it with people. Share it elsewhere on the Internet. Subscribers are required to become a partner.

Interact with your viewers to respond to comments and occasionally capture videos that are directly related to comments and viewer issues. Connecting with your community will bring more members to that community.

Step 4. Monetize your video.


To start earning money with your videos, you must enable monetization. This means that you are allowing YouTube to place ads on your video. This also means that you acknowledge that there is no copyrighted material in your video.

So, how can you do this?

Go to www.youtube.com and click on “My channel” on the website.
Click on the link called “Video Manager” in the top bar.
Click on the channel and Enable monetization.
You need at least 4,000 watch hours in the previous 12 months and 1,000 subscribers to start earning money. You can monetize a video while it’s uploaded by clicking the Monetization tab and clicking the “Monetize with ads” box.

To monetize a video after upload, open the video manager and click the “$” sign next to the video you want to monetize. Check the box next to “Monetizing with ads” box.

Step 5. Set up Google AdSense.


You can set up Google AdSense for free on the AdSense website >>> https://www.google.com/adsense. Click on the Register now button to start creating your account. You must be 18 years or older to create your own account. If you are younger than that, you will need an adult to help you.

You need PayPal or a bank account and a valid mailing address, as well as other information so that AdSense can verify who you are and whom to send the money. You only earn money per ad click and a smaller amount per view, but it accumulates over time. That’s why having an audience is key.

Step 6. Study your Analytics

Once you have some videos online, monetized and viewed, you can view the analytics on them to see how they are performing. Click Analytics in the channel menu. Here you can review estimated earnings, ad performance, video views, demographics, and more.

Use these tools to see how your content responds to your audience. You can change your content or marketing if you find that you do not attract the users you want.

Step 7. Extend your video reach.

Building a successful business online takes more than selecting brands, providing relevant contents and having the best monetization strategy. Even the best business ideas can fail if you do not drive enough traffic to your site.

Do not put your videos only on YouTube! Start a blog, create a website or publish them on other video sites or social networks. The more views you have, the better. By sharing the link or embedding the video on the Internet, it increases the possibility of being noticed.

If you need a little help creating a blog/website, follow our guide: How to Start a Blog – (A Step By Step Guide for Beginners in 2019), in which we explain all the step you need to get started.

Step 8. Increase your revenue with affiliate marketing.

Affiliate marketing is when you’re paid a commission to promote the products and services of other people or company. In affiliate marketing you are given a tracking link to any product. Then you can share this link, when someone clicks on it and buys any item, you will get a commission. Your first step will be to join an affiliate network.

Here are few of the many affiliate networks you can join: Bluehost, Alidropship, Amazon Affiliate, Commision Junction, Linkshare, ShareASale, ebay Partner Newtork, ClickBank, Jumia, Konga.

You can become an affiliate for any of the above brands and receive residual passive income through the commissions of each sale you generate through your channel. This works especially well if you review products as part of your YouTube channel.

YouTube Affiliate Marketing is the process of creating videos and placing affiliate links in the actual videos (via annotations) or in video descriptions. If someone makes a purchase using your affiliate link, you get a commission for sale.

Step 8. Become a YouTube Partner.

YouTube partners are YouTube members who have monetized videos with a large number of viewers. Partners get access to more content creatives (content creation tools) and can win prizes for the number of viewers they have. Partners also gain access to much greater support and community advice.

You can sign up for a YouTube partnership at any time on the YouTube Partner page. To get access to the most powerful partner programs, you need to have 15,000 cumulative watch hours for your channels in the last 90 days.

The Bottom Line


By now, you should be in fantastic shape on your journey to make money on YouTube, and the question: How to Make Money on YouTube? Must have been trashed.

I wrote this guide to learn how to make money on YouTube, because helping others make money online is something I always love, there is nothing more rewarding for me than seeing the excitement and satisfaction of my wonderful audience.

And I believe you too will be more confident to take good advantage of this great opportunity and get started. I hope this guide proves immensely to you.

https://www.mmoinstitute.com/2019/04/23/make-money-on-youtube/

Please look into this advice and take it serious.

Sulyman2326@gmail.com

Alex Iwobi wants to match his uncle Austin ‘Jay-Jay’ Okocha by winning the Africa Cup of Nations with the Super Eagles at his first attempt.

Okocha was part of the winning Eagles team in 1994 at his maiden appearance at the AFCON finals.

The 22-year-old was born in Lagos to Okocha’s sister and arrived in the UK aged four.


The Arsenal winger is expected to play a key role for Nigeria at the 2019 AFCON finals this summer in Egypt, which will be his first appearance.

“I’ve seen some of his highlights from 1994 and it would be cool to achieve that as well,” Iwobi told BBC Sport.

“I’m excited, I have always dreamt of participating and representing my country at the Africa Cup of Nations, but it won’t be easy for us in Egypt.


“Both dreams are coming true, hopefully I can get to play in Egypt.”

Nigeria, who won a third title in 2013 but have missed the last two tournaments, will start the AFCON finals in June from Group B against Guinea, Madagascar and Burundi.

Iwobi admits that he is still learning about just how passionate Nigerian fans are.

“I thought I understand what playing for Nigeria truly means, but the more I play in Nigeria and travel home, the more they (fans) make me believe bigger than I have always dreamt of,” he added.

“The more I see the passion, the hunger that everyone wants for us to get there and do well. I think when I get there I will understand a bit more than I do now.”


Iwobi represented England at U-16, 17 and 18 levels before switching allegiance to Nigeria, and has made 27 appearances for the West African nation.


He has since produced some stunning rainbow flicks and tricks that has conjured images of Okocha in his pomp and showcased his nephew’s undoubted ability.

Despite saying he wants to be his own man, the local media and fans continue to liken him to the former Super Eagles captain and Iwobi is unruffled.


“I can never get tired of people comparing us. I see my uncle as an idol, someone I have always looked up to as a footballer,” he said.

“When people compare me to him… it’s like ‘wow’ maybe they see me on his level but I don’t believe I am there yet.

“It is what it is, he’s a skilful player, I’m quite skilful myself so they are always going to compare me to him especially that he’s my uncle.



“I still have a long way to go, maybe one day I can be on his level or greater.”

The Super Eagles had a disappointing 2018 World Cup – where he was one of the more talented players in a Nigeria squad that was the youngest (with an average of 25) of all the teams in Russia.

The Nigerian fans had hoped that Iwobi would play a key role in Russia but were left disappointed that the Arsenal player was only given a half against Croatia and late substitute appearances against Iceland and Argentina.

He is hoping for a better campaign in Egypt as Nigeria chase a fourth title at the newly expanded finals.

“We were unfortunate not to go past the group stage in Russia, I think the team did well,” Iwobi said.

“Unfortunately, I didn’t play as much as I would’ve liked to but I can only look to helping the team when needed.

“We’ve heard people say stuff like going there to win it and some have pointed out that as a young and inexperienced squad it will be a huge pressure.

“I don’t see it as pressure; I think if we can continue to play like we did during the qualifiers, we’d have a successful tournament.

“Collectively we picked lessons in Russia and we need to make it count now.”

In October 2015 Iwobi made his debut against DR Congo in a friendly in Belgium and has scored five goals including one in the 2-1 friendly defeat to England at Wembley last year.

https://punchng.com/iwobi-hopes-to-emulate-okocha-by-winning-afcon/

Check this.

Interested

BeautifulMind2:
Densely populated state use your brain

Hey, no abuse, talk decently

BeautifulMind2:
Maybe because you are using phone you can see Olodo on the link I posted

Your link still leads to Ladupo and Idol not Olodo. Take a look here.

Basoenewokoma:
I said some path

Okay

Jus say I some part of Nigeria not all.

BlackfireX:
R l P

Shru Sani still dey alive ooo

Sank was arressted and jailed for protesting the annulment of June 12, 1993 presidential election

40 Interesting Facts you did not know about Ìbàdàn



Ìbàdàn was created in 1829 as a war camp for warriors coming from Oyo, Ife and Ijebu. A forest site and several ranges of hills, varying in elevation from 160 to 275 metres, offered strategic defence opportunities.

Ìbàdàn is the largest indigenous city in West Africa and is located in the South-Western part of Oyo State of Nigeria. It is the capital city of Oyo State and is located about 145 km North-East of Lagos, the commercial capital of Nigeria. Its population of 2,550,593, according to the 2006 census results, includes 11 local government areas. The population of central Ìbàdàn, including five LGAs, is 1,338,659 covering an area of 128 km².

Image of Anna Hinderer Church and Mission House at Ibadan.
Anna Hinderer Church and Mission House, Ìbàdàn, 1854.
Ancient Ìbàdàn

1. Ìbàdàn is a city built on seven hills. It was founded by the Yoruba in 1750. It became a Yoruba military headquarters in 1829 and came under British rule in 1893 as part of the Niger River Delta Protectorate.

2. Ìbàdàn has no “ancestral father” or founder; it only maintained an indirect link with Ile-Ife which was regarded by most of the older states as their orírun (original home), from which their princes obtained the adé ìlẹ̀kẹ̣̀ (beaded crown) that symbolised their right to rule and from which they also developed a spirit of brotherhood that bound a number of Yoruba rulers together.

3. Ìbàdàn was founded by “iron and blood” and right from the beginning a military aristocracy was set up where most of the notable warriors of the 1830s controlled the reins of government.

4. The first leader was Oluyedun, a distinguished warrior who took the title of Àare-̣Ọ̀nà-Kakanfò meant for the Oyo war general. His lieutenants and subordinates were selected in accordance with their valour. Lakanle, who had been the commander-in-chief of the Ìbàdàn ad hoc army, then acclaimed “the bravest of the brave,” became the Ọ̀tún Kakanfò while Oluyole who was reputed to be the next most powerful man, was made the Òsì Kakanfò.

5. The reign of Basọ̀run Oluyole from the mid-1830s to 1847 further emphasised that a powerful military leader was in control. He was feared by his subjects and chiefs for his firmness and toughness which was often excessive and bordered on oppression and wickedness. In fact, so well did he succeed that Ìbàdàn became known as Ìlú Olúyọ̀lé (“town of Oluyole”) long after his reign, to this present day.

Geographical Location

6. Long-established Ìbàdàn oral traditions speak of “three Ìbàdàns”, the first two being smaller settlements inhabited by some migrants from other parts of Yorubaland, including the Egba Gbagura who were later to move to Abeokuta. Among these people were the descendants of Lagelu, the ancestral founder of the first Ìbàdàn who migrated from Ile-Ife.

7. The first Ìbàdàn disintegrated as a result of destruction; the second suffered from defeat and desertion; and the third has remained in existence ever since.

8. Ìbàdàn began as a temporary settlement and war camp (bùdó ogun) for the allied armies of Ijebu, Oyo, and Ife who had gone to participate in the Owu War.

9. The Egba, Ife and Oyo were the original inhabitants of Ìbàdàn. Egba left in 1829 for Abeokuta while Oyo expunged Ife under the leadership of Máyè ̣Okunade in 1833 and Oyo became the sole inhabitant of the land.

10. In the 19th century, Ìbàdàn offered a natural protection. This was why the settler settled at Oke Mapo (Mapo Hill) and clustered around its brow. Thus, Ìbàdàn was referred to as ìlú orí òkè (the city on the hill).

11. There was no ààfin (palace) centrally located to the town since there was no Ọba. Consequently, the various compounds were not built to look towards the direction of any ruler’s compound as was the case in older towns where houses were built to face, as much as possible, the palace. Instead, they were built on slopes of hills to face whatever direction the owner found convenient and to avoid the ridges where erosion and flooding could wash their houses away.

Commerce and Trade

12. While the people were predominately farmers, some engaged in trading. The central market at Ojaoba was the economic nerve centre of the town. Traders from the neighbouring countries of the Egba and Ijebu attended the market at Ìbàdàn, bringing coastal goods like salt, dried fish, and European commodities. Female Ìbàdàn traders, too, left the town to attend the markets in Apomu, Ikire, and some villages in the Ife kingdom.

13. To facilitate the movement of traders entering and leaving Ìbàdàn from different places, the town wall had sixteen gates, all in the direction of the sixteen highways entering the town. The system of many gates was considered unique and described as the first of its type in the whole of Yorubaland.

14. Four of Ìbàdàn’s gates were of special importance because of the traffic on them and the importance attached to their maintenance and security. These were the gates leading to Abeokuta, Ijebuland, Oyo, and Iwo. Both Abeokuta and Ijebu gates linked Ìbàdàn with the coast while the others linked the people with their kinsmen in Oyo-Yoruba towns and villages.

15. The location of Ìbàdàn also favoured trading activities. Ìbàdàn had the economic advantage of being located on a network of communication routes. It could easily be linked with the older Yoruba states and with the ports in Lagos, Porto Novo, and Badagry through the Egba, Egbado, and Ijebu territories. These three ports were important because of the lucrative trade in slaves and later in agricultural products with the Europeans on the coast. Ìbàdàn succeeded in exploiting this advantageous location to establish trade contacts with many other parts of Yorubaland.

Internal Relations

16. In less than two decades after its establishment, Ìbàdàn had grown into a big commercial centre. From the small settlement of the 1830s, it rapidly expanded to such an extent that the second town wall had to be built in the late 1840s, and the third in 1858 to protect its almost one hundred thousand dwellers.

17. Ìbàdàn maintained an open door policy to strangers, attracting and welcoming them irrespective of their places of origin. Many were lured into the town by its great commercial potentialities, its liberal and accommodating attitude towards strangers, and the opportunities it provided the hardy and the adventurous to make use of their talents.

18. Unlike the older states which were founded by just a few people and took hundreds of years to grow, Ìbàdàn had a large and rapidly expanding population right from the beginning. This made an impact on the economy. Farmlands had to be rapidly expanded to meet the food requirements of the people. More tools and cloths had to be provided and this led to the phenomenal expansion of the crafts industry. The exchange economy had to be developed too.

19. Ìbàdàn provided an unparalleled security to all its inhabitants and this created in the minds of its citizens a spirit of invulnerability. Anybody who set his foot on Ìbàdàn territory was sure that, except for war or civil rebellion—the two conditions that were capable of subverting peace in Ìbàdàn—he was completely safe from the hands of invaders. For, it was believed “ogun kò lè kó Ìbàdàn” (“Ìbàdàn can never be plundered in war”).

Economy

20. Apart from its strategic location which gave it a natural protection, it boasted of many distinguished warriors who could successfully defend the town against attack from any part of Yorubaland.

21. With an expanding economy characterised by a high degree of specialisation, Ìbàdàn rapidly grew into a big, urban centre. This rapid transformation of the town is in line with the “functional specialisation theory of urbanisation” which stresses that an economy based on specialisation and division of labour, as obtained in Ìbàdàn, is capable of transforming a small settlement into an urban centre.

22. Based on this economic theory, its numerous farmers operated far above the subsistence level; its military rulers provided the necessary peace and control over the economy; and its exchange sector allowed for the distribution of surplus local items and imports.

23. Many Ìbàdàn traders grew wealthy by exchanging local products and by participating in the clearing of higher-value goods from different sources. This generated considerable employment for many people as retailers, wholesalers, food sellers, and in other nonagricultural occupations. It also brought more revenue to the military rulers.

24. Thus, by around 1850, Ìbàdàn had become an urban centre with a population of about 60,000 to 100,000 people living within the town, which covered about sixteen square miles.

25. It had also established an identifiable social, political, and economic structure which sustained it for the remaining fifty years of the century.

Modern Ìbàdàn

26. Ìbàdàn (Yoruba: Ìbàdàn or fully Ìlú Ẹ̀bá-Ọ̀dàn, the town at the junction of the savannah and the forest), the capital of Oyo State, is the second largest city in Nigeria by population after Lagos and the largest in geographical area. At independence, Ìbàdàn was the largest and the most populous city in Nigeria and the third in Africa after Cairo and Johannesburg.

Image of The Cocoa House, Ibadan.
The Cocoa House, Ibadan.

Completed in July 1965, it is the 3rd tallest building in Nigeria and the 78th tallest building in Africa as at June 2017.

27. Its central location and accessibility from the capital city of Lagos were major considerations in the choice of Ìbàdàn as the headquarters of the Western Provinces (1939), which became the Western Region of Nigeria in 1952.

Political

28. Ìbàdàn is the largest city in Nigeria by geographical area. It is larger in size than Ekiti, Abia, Ebonyi, Imo, Anambra and Lagos States.

It is more populous than Ondo, Osun, Kogi, Zamfara, Enugu, Kebbi, Edo, Plateau, Adamawa, Cross River, Abia, Ekiti, Kwara, Gombe, Yobe, Taraba, Ebonyi, Nasarawa, Bayelsa States and Abuja, the Federal Capital Territory.

And it is more industrialized than Sokoto, Jigawa, Adamawa, Taraba, Plateau, Ebonyi, Ekiti, Osun, Bayelsa, Cross River, Kwara, Kogi, Kaduna, Kebbi, Gombe, Bauchi and Borno States.

29. Ìbàdàn as a city, has 11 local government areas; three more than Bayelsa State and just two less than Ebonyi State.

Facts

30. The first “skyscraper” in Nigeria, Cocoa House, is at Ìbàdàn.

31. Ìbàdàn has the first standard Nigerian stadium; The Obafemi Awolowo Stadium formerly Liberty Stadium.

32. The first television station in Africa is at Ìbàdàn.

33. Ìbàdàn boasts of the oldest surviving private-owned Newspaper (The Nigerian Tribune).

34. The first school in Ìbàdàn was founded by Rev. David Hinderer at Kudeti in 1853.

35. There are more federal tertiary institutions/institutes in Ìbàdàn than any other city in Nigeria.

36. The busiest highway in Nigeria, Lagos-Ìbàdàn expressway, terminates at Ìbàdàn.


37. The city of Ìbàdàn is naturally drained by four rivers with many tributaries: Ona River in the North and West; Ogbere River towards the East; Ogunpa River flowing through the city and Kudeti River in the Central part of the metropolis.

38. Ìbàdàn is the second largest non-oil city economy in Nigeria after Lagos.

Side Attractions

39. Tourist attractions include:

Agodi Gardens and Leisure Park.

Ventura Mall, Samonda.

University of Ìbàdàn Zoological Garden.

Bower Tower.

Mapo Hall.

Kankanfo Inn, and others too numerous to mention.

40. Some notable people from Ìbàdàn include;

Prof. Oluremi Sonaiya (b. 1955)

Prof. Toyin Falola (b. 1953)

Prof. Jadesola O. Akande (1940–2008)

Prof. Oladapo Afolabi (b. 1953)

Mr. James Olubunmi Aboderin (1934–1984)

Dr. Tunde Adegbola (b. 1955)

Otunba Akin Alabi (b. 1977)

Chief Theophilus Akinyele (b. 1932)

Oba Samuel Odulana (1914–2016)

Oba Isaac Babalola Akinyele (1882–1964)

Bishop Alexander Babatunde Akinyele (1875–1968)

Pa Taiwo Michael Akinkunmi (b. 1936)

Chief Richard Akinjide (b. c. 1932)

Kofoworola Abeni Pratt (1910–1992)

Oba Saliu Adetunji (b. 1928) and

Brigadier-General Raji Alagbe Rasaki (b. 1947), just to mention a few.

Atiku The Server Monitor

Okwyjesus:
Your tense is bad and your comment is grammatically wrong.

But you can correct it. Right?

Traveln:
pls modify your comment,I'm no dissing you oo.......

Modify? Why?

Chai! None small things

Noted!

And in government we were teach that one of the feature of democracy is free, fair and credible election and which is not militarize.

lalasticlala:
Exactly

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TheCable

HomepageViewpoint
Leftists on ‘tribalism’: 70 years ago
Edwin Madunagu in Viewpoint


At the beginning it was called “tribal politics”; then it became “ethnic politics”; and, now, it is evolving into “identity politics”. But the phenomenon remains what it has always been—from colonialism to all its bourgeois successors. Sometimes it lies in low intensity—and many people forget it is there, all the time.

At other times it flares up, blowing its poisonous venom everywhere, or merely raising its poisonous head-in silent warning. When the phenomenon erupted in Lagos during Elections 2019 (as it did in Elections 2015) and some Leftists vigorously confronted it in their own way and with their own weapons (through online publications and the social media), I reminded myself that exactly 70 years ago, in the same city of Lagos, a similar thing happened.

The immediate inspiration for this article comes from what youthful Nigerian Leftists, in their early and middle twenties, attempted to do about tribalism and ethnic politics in 1948. To four of these 1948 youths—Anthony Enahoro, Osita Agwuna, Habib Raji Abdallah and Oged Macauley—and their comrades, I dedicate this piece.

In late 1990, when I began the research of radical politics in Nigeria, I traveled from Lagos, where I worked in The Guardian, to Enugu to interview two older comrades: Mokwugo Okoye and S. G. Ikoku. I wanted to question them closely on two particular points made by Richard L. Sklar in his book, Nigerian political parties: Power in an emergent African nation (1963). I planned one particular question for each veteran. For Okoye, the question was on the reported radical opposition of young Nigerian Leftists to ethnic politics in 1948; and for Ikoku, it was on the manner of dispersal of these same militant nationalists and Leftists into bourgeois political formations a couple of years later. But we are restricting ourselves, in this essay, to only one of the questions: the one I posed to Comrade Mokwugo Okoye.

To re-formulate the question I posed to Okoye, I need to summarise the relevant stories as told by Richard Sklar in the sections “The Ibo and Yoruba nationality movements” and “Zikism and radicalism,” both covering pages 64 to 84 of the book. Before I departed for Enugu, I also consulted James S. Coleman’s book, Nigeria: Background to nationalism, particularly chapter 13, “The rise and fall of militant nationalism” and most particularly, the 6-page section “The Zikist Movement (1946-1950)”. And before then I had discussed with another senior comrade, Ayodele Curtis Joseph. My research at that point of departure had led to me to provisional interrogation of several of Richard’s findings and conclusions.

Richard Sklar had written: “The Zikists of (1946-1950) were angry young men of post war Nigeria (that is post-Second World War colonial Nigeria). They were inspired by a patriotic idealism that could not be reconciled with the tribalistic and self-seeking tendencies of the middle-class nationalists to whom they looked for leadership. Their alternative to tribalism, regionalism, and gradualism was a militant program of positive action to which they gave the name Zikism” (emphasis mine). The philosophy of Zikism, I may add, was originally inspired by the advocacies and activities of Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe. But like left Hegelians who rapidly outgrew Hegel and Hegelianism in radical thought, the Zikists rapidly outgrew Azikiwe and the NCNC in militant nationalist consciousness.

Inaugurated in Lagos in February, 1946, the Zikist movement became a nationwide organization within two years. Its leadership in mid-life included Kolawole Balogun (its first president), MCK Ajuluchukwu, Abiodun Aloba, Nduka Eze, Habib Raji Abdallah, Osita Agwuna, Oged Macauley, Mokwugo Okoye, etc. The movement formally joined the NCNC, not as a youth wing, but as a group member.

Then came the last quarter of 1948, a momentous 3-month period in the history of militant nationalism in Nigeria. In his narrative, Sklar said: “In 1948 leaders of the Zikist Movement decided that a revolutionary political drive was required to stem the rising tide of tribalism and revitalize the NCNC”. (Sklar, page 74). The “revolutionary political drive” included the series of lectures and rallies organized by the Zikist Movement in Lagos between October and November, 1948. Prominent among them were the lecture, “A call for revolution”, delivered by Osita Agwuna and chaired by Anthony Enahoro on October 27 and “A call for positive action” delivered by Habib Raji Abdallah 11 days later, on November 7, 1948.

Osita Agwuna’s lecture was essentially a call for rebellion against the colonial power. He asked the people to stop paying tax to the colonial government and start paying it to the NCNC which he described as the new “People’s Provisional Government.” Both Enahoro and Agwuna were arrested and charged with sedition. Raji Abdallah, the president of the movement, declared in his speech that he was a “free citizen of Nigeria, holding no allegiance to any foreign government and bound by no law other than Nigerian native law and the law of nations.” He reiterated Agwuna’s crucial proposal, namely, “pay no more tax to this (colonial) government because if you pay, they use that money to perpetuate their domination over you.” He was arrested and charged with sedition. So were nine more Zikists. The movement responded by distributing copies of “A call for revolution” across the country. The Zikists had achieved their immediate aim: they averted an ethnic war!

According to Sklar, Abdallah refused to enter a plea and was jailed for two years. Agwuna challenged the authority of the colonial court to try him. He was jailed for three years. Enahoro was jailed for six months. Oged Macauley (the son of Herbert Macauley) and Fred Anyiam were each jailed for a year. Nduka Eze was acquitted. He was thereafter appointed by the movement to act for Abadallah, the jailed president. Less than a year later, in November 1949, Leftists and militant nationalists went again into battle against the colonial power—but now over the police shooting of several coal miners at Iva Valley, Enugu. Many more militants, including Nduka Eze and Mokwugo Okoye, acting president and secretary general of the Zikist Movement respectively were arrested and sent to prison.

Nothing in this entire narrative—as exciting as it was—would have taken me from Lagos to Enugu in late 1990 if not the issue of Sklar’s report of youthful Leftists’ intervention in the reported upsurge of “tribalism” and “ethnic politics” in Lagos in late 1948 and the dispersal of the militant nationalists and Leftists into bourgeois political formations after their tribulations of (1948-1951). Mokwugo Okoye was the substantive or Acting General Secretary of the Zikist Movement at the time of the movement’s first uprising (1948) and second uprising (1949).

On getting to Okoye, I put the question to him directly. He confirmed Sklar’s reports, but gave further details. A particular detail he supplied to me was that when Leftists discovered that young people were buying off matchets from Lagos markets for an ethnic war, they (Leftists) mobilized funds and tried to clear off matchets from the markets. On my return to Lagos, I confirmed Okoye’s detail with Curtis Joseph. Thus, militant nationalists and Leftists responded to the dangerous upsurge of ethnic politics in Lagos 70 years ago, first, by diverting the attention of the nation and the fighters politically and ideologically to revolutionary rallies, lectures, campaigns and agitations; and then by practically frustrating ethnic mobilization through the removal of the weapons of warfare from the market.

These were revolutionary interventions with the weapons and methods that were available. And these were adequate, for history rarely poses questions which revolutionaries of that age cannot resolve with materials and methods available or can be developed from what is available. The development of a coherent and consistent revolutionary response to contemporary ethnic or “identity” politics is what is required of the present generation of the Nigerian Left.

Madunagu, mathematician and journalist, writes from Calabar, Cross River state.

https://www.thecable.ng/leftists-on-tribalism-70-years-ago/amp

President Muhammadu Buhari will depart Abuja on Saturday for N’Djamena, Chad, to participate in the Extraordinary Session of the Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CEN-SAD).

Garba Shehu, the president’s senior special assistant on media and publicity, confirmed this in a statement in Abuja on Friday.

Shehu said Buhari and other regional leaders would join President Idriss Deby, current chairperson of CEN-SAD Conference, to deliberate on political and security issues, among others.

The presidential aide said the regional leaders would also deliberate on state of peace and ways to address multifaceted threats in CEN-SAD area, especially Boko Haram and refugees.

He said that the leaders would make a declaration on the entry into force of CEN-SAD revised Treaty intended to fast track the realisation of the objectives of the body.

“During the opening Session of the Conference, special Awards will be given to heads of state and military contingents in Mali, Sudan, Somalia, Central African Republic and in the Lake Chad Basin,’’ Shehu said.

Created by the Treaty of Tripoli on February 4, 1998, with six founding members, Nigeria joined the current 29-member regional economic community in 2001.

The group seeks mainly to create a free trade area in Africa as well as to “strengthen peace, security and stability, and achieve global economic and social development of its members.”

Delegations from 22 member-countries are expected at the extraordinary meeting of CEN-SAD holding at the Radisson Blu Hotel, N’Djamena.

Sudan, which is a member of CEN-SAD, may not be represented at the meeting following socio-political uncertainties in the country caused by the removal of President Omar Al-Bashir from office by the Sudanese military on Thursday.

NAN said Al-Bashir had earlier indicated interest to attend the CEN-SAD meeting holding from Friday to Saturday.

https://www.thecable.ng/buhari-heading-to-chad-for-regional-meeting/amp