Word count as regards a research project is the number of words that is in a research project. Research project is an academic exercise that students undergo at the final year in the university. It is a show of many years of knowledge and ability gained in all the years spent in the university. It is a way of test-running what has been put in place. There is a lot that is expected of undergraduate students from their supervisors during project writing.
Over the years, what was expected of final year students writing research project was number of pages. Most supervisors gave their students number of pages not to go below. So students try as much as possible to meet up with the number of pages given to them by their supervisors. However, in recent time number of pages which use to be the norm and expectation from supervisor to student is no longer in vogue as time has revealed the trick behind meeting up with the number of pages given to students by supervisors. One of these tricks is that number of pages in a research work can be increased using font size as some universities don’t give students a specific font size to use in research project. The number of pages in a research project can be manipulated by the use of font size and the number will automatically be skyrocketed.
The disadvantage number of pages has over word count is that the content of the research project will not be authentic and rich. By richness of a research project it entails the materials and content in the research project. The researcher may not capture all that there is in the research topic. Findings may also be limited especially if it’s a lazy researcher he/she will use the opportunity to just increase the font size of the research project just to achieve the number of pages. But with word count as a target given to students by supervisors in their research project, content will be improved as well as have enough material and authentic findings. The research will be well done. This is because word count cannot be manipulated like number of pages. The researcher will have to give researching and sorting for materials that will help him/her meet up with the word count given by the supervisor.

THE ACT OF PROJECT WRITING

The act of project writing entails more than just coming up with findings of the research but much more which means the research findings must be able to solve an existing problem. It is also a task undertaken by student(s) within a given period of time in a given subject area aimed at making the student have independent capacity for inquiries and to supplement and as well complement formal teaching in his area of study. Project work at the undergraduate level is an undertaking usually at the last lap/year of a journey of four or five years programme depending on the choice of course or academic pursuit/career. It is therefore a point where and when a student leaves a statement as a foot print on the part that he/she traversed over a period of time. The statement or the content of the project may be a building block for the future students or humanity at large. When students are at the point of entry into the university they ought to know that they will leave a footprint by way of project, for this, they ought to read widely and get focused early enough.
It is therefore important that you identify an existing problem then sort for ways of finding solution to the problem by means of carrying out a research and at the end of your findings, you make appropriate recommendations.

WHY TERTIARY INSTITUTION SWITCHED TO WORD COUNT

A) FONT SIZE CAN INCREASE NUMBER OF PAGES

Font size is one of the reasons why tertiary institutions switched to word count instead of the initial number of pages given to undergraduate students by their supervisors. As earlier mentioned in the introductory part of this article, font size is an automatic way to increase the number of pages of a research project and other activity that requires writing.
Therefore, the idea of giving students number of pages to have in their research project is like telling them to manipulate the number of pages using font size. Lazy students will fund it appealing because it will save them the stress of having to research extensively and have rich content in their research project. The materials used for the research project will not be much also. Students might also not cover all area of the research project as expected because all their minds and focus will be ways to increase the number of pages given by their supervisor and the easy way out is to increase the font size.

B) WORD COUNT IS MORE ACCURATE

Another reason for tertiary institutions switch to word count instead of number of pages is that word count is more accurate. It gives an extensive detail of the research project. Students research more and make sure to cover all aspect of the research project when it is word count instead of number of pages. With word count, number of pages cannot be manipulated by students as seen in when it is number of pages.

C) THE USE OF WORD COUNT IMPROVES CONCENTRATION

Full concentration of research project is assured when using word count unlike number of pages. Students tend to focus and concentrate on their research project because they are looking for materials to make the content of their research project a rich one with an authentic findings that will contribute to already existing literature and solve the identified problem which necessitated the research project.

D) IMPROVES THE QUALITY OF A RESEARCH PROJECT

Another reason for switch of tertiary institutions from number of pages to word count is because it improves the quality of a research project. As earlier stated, number of pages can easily be manipulated using font size but word count cannot be manipulated as such it will require students to research more and sort of materials to help them in their research project since they are expected to meet a specific word count or not go below it but can go above the word counts given.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, word count has shown over time to be content authentic than number of pages. It is more accurate, allows students to concentrate more, and also improves the quality of a research project. With these few reasons it is obvious that word count is now preferred especially tertiary institutions to number of pages.

Undergraduate project writing is an academic exercise every undergraduate student must encounter in their years of study in the university. Most universities tend to brief their students on this exercise which they must carry out in their final year as well as give them a clue of what they are expected to do. This is to get them ready mentally, financially, psychologically, and otherwise. Therefore, the process of project writing will require them to make intensive research and come up with a well formulated and articulated project topics and then sort ways to source out materials for their research work.
Undergraduate project writing is an academic exercise usually done at the last lap of a four or five years academic journey depending on the course of study. It is an academic undertaking where a student’s leaves a statement as a part which shows that he/she traversed over a period of time.
Conducting research can be a powerful experience for students. It comes with lots of benefits to both students and the entire education system. It helps to increase research awareness and enthusiasm in undergraduate students; it also improves professional presentation and self evaluation skills as well as promotion of active learning and collaboration with fellow students, supervisors, and professors of the school. The research carried out by undergraduate students makes an original intellectual or creative contribution to their various disciplines.
However, irrespective of the interesting and beneficial part of research comes with it some challenges and one of those challenges are sourcing out materials for research work. Some students get frustrated along the way in project writing because they find it challenging and almost impossible to get materials for their research work especially project topics that are complex or lacks written journals and as a result see project writing as a difficult academic exercise. That is why it is advisable for undergraduate students to choose project topics that are on happenings in the society and events they are familiar and conversant with. That way sourcing for materials won’t be difficult. Undergraduate students can choose to make their project writing difficult or interesting and this is achievable when they understand all that there is in undergraduate project writing as well as choices they make that makes project writing seem difficult and frustrating.
UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT
Undergraduate project is a research work done by undergraduate students to solve an identified problem and make appropriate recommendations. It is also an academic exercise undertaken by students towards the completion of academic pursuit of a first degree as stated in first degree curriculum. It is also a task undertaken by student(s) within a given period of time in a given subject area aimed at making the student have independent capacity for inquiries and to supplement and as well complement formal teaching in his area of study. This enables the student hone-in the theoretical course work in the university. There is no doubt that the exercise will reveal to the lecturer who is assigned to supervise the student, the student’s area of strength and weaknesses. When these weaknesses are corrected during lecturer -student interaction, the student comes out to be the pride of the university which is his/her alma mater.
Undergraduate research projects can be designed to fit a variety of class constructs and to promote student learning at all levels of undergraduate education. Undergraduate research projects can be student or faculty initiated, and students can either participate in a work in progress or enter a project at its start.
WHY YOU THINK IS DIFFICULT
As discussed above on some decisions and choices undergraduate students make as regard their project that makes it look difficult. Below are reasons why undergraduate students see undergraduate project writing as been difficult.
A) LITTLE OR NO KNOWLEDGE ABOUT PROJECT WRITING
Having little or no knowledge at all about project writing is one of the reasons why undergraduate students see project writing as a difficult academic fulfillment and exercise. Just as the saying goes if you are not informed you are deformed. You must understand and have a firsthand knowledge of what you are about to write. That is why an early enquiry and study of what project writing is all about is important. You can either ask your predecessors or even go through already written undergraduate projects to have an insight into what you are about to do. An understanding and knowledge of project writing even before you start or get to that stage is important as it will save you from lots of difficulties others who do not have knowledge of undergraduate project go through which may lead them to frustration because of the difficulties that accompanies not having any information no matter how little about undergraduate project.

B) THE TYPE OF SUPERVISOR YOUR PREDECESSORS HAD

Another reason why undergraduate students view project writing as a difficult exercise; is because of the supervisors their predecessors had while writing undergraduate project. Truth be told some project supervisors can frustrate students and stress the life out of them. In as much as they want the best form the students and to ensure the students come out the best or with an excellent project, it is also important not to make students feel like their efforts aren’t appreciated or they are not making any effort at all. Having such supervisors that will not render assistance to the students and at the same time making him/her feel he/she is not making any effort at all or trying will definitely send the wrong signal to other students that undergraduate project writing is difficult and frustrating. But when students both past and present have good, kind, and supportive supervisors, the notion of project writing been difficult will be no more as students will find it interesting academic exercise rather than a difficult academic exercise

C) THE COST IMPLICATION

Undergraduate project writing can be cost implicating. For undergraduate students that come from poor homes whose parents struggle to pay their fees in school, they may not find it easy with meeting all that their research requires especially for those that their research will require them to travel to get some materials that are not free. For such students there is every tendency that they will see project writing as been difficult because they lack the economic power. However, that is why it is advisable to choose project topics that will not require much of financial commitment from you.

D) CASE STUDY LOCATION

Case study is also one of the reasons why project writing is cost implicating. When you choose case a study that is far from your where you reside or even outside the state where you stay, it will require that you travel and in some cases will have to spend few days there depending on what you want to get. When you case study location is far or even in remote area, it gives you a difficult experience and of course the notion that project writing is difficult. But in this case it is because of the choice of your case study.

NEW IDEAS

Below are new ideas is what you can do to simplify your undergraduate project writing.

A) CHOOSE TOPICS THAT HAVE JUST TWO VARIABLES

Choosing project topics that have just two variables is an idea you can have while forming your undergraduate project topics. Project writing will lot easier when the variables in your project topic are few it will save time researching on them than when the variables are many. It will also save you money and make your project work faster and easier. So when formulating project topic, make sure the variable ion it are not more than two.

B) CHOOSE TOPICS BASED ON WHAT YOU ARE CONVERSANT WITH

Another point to note if you want an easy way out with your undergraduate project writing is make sure to choose topics based on what you are familiar and conversant with also worthy of note is to choose researchable and futuristic project topic. When you choose project topics that you are conversant with and most importantly have interest in, it will give you joy and also make your research work easy as you will not struggle through the whole research process.

C) GET A PROJECT COACH

Getting a project coach is another idea for an easy research work. No one knows it all. Even if you’ve made all the necessary enquiries about project writing, it is also an added advantage of you will get yourself a project coach who is experienced and knows the nitty gritty of project writing. What the coach will do is to help and assist you through the whole research work. He/she will put through and make sure you are on the right track.

D) DOWNLOAD MATERIALS AND DO A LITERATURE MAP TO GAIN INSIGHT

Aside the physical materials you might need which depend on what you are researching on, you can also go online to search for materials on work and studies carried out by other researchers that will be of help to your research work. Also these materials you get online will help you in carrying out a literature mapping which will help you gain insight in your project topic.

E) IMPROVE YOUR IDEAS ON RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

An understanding of your research methodology is vital in the process of your reserve work. After choosing a project topic, the next thing you should have in mind is the methodology to apply which must concise with your project topic. The variables in your research topics are what determine the methodology to use in your research work. There is the primary and secondary data. If your research work requires primary data then you must understand the use of the primary data very well and apply it accordingly in your research work. If it’s the secondary data, then you must also understand it application in your research work. Whatever methodology you use, make sure you understand it very well and apply it accordingly.
However, your research methodology must be able to convince your readers how you propose to carry out the project work.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, undergraduate students must understand that their choices as regards their project starting from the project topic has a great influence on whether the project writing will be an easy and interesting one or a difficult one. As an undergraduate students preparing for project writing, you must be intentional about very step you take towards your final year project writing. Be intentional about the project topic you choose, make necessary enquiries about the project topic you choose and be sure of all it requires form there you do a self examination to know if you are ready for all it takes before submitting the project topic to your supervisor for approval.

Reading is the capacity to understand words contained in a printed or non- printed material and make use of the information for self-improvement and advancement. Individuals read for various reasons such as joy, recreation, relaxation, information, and knowledge development.
Reading proficiency is the key to knowledge. In modern life, reading depends on the individual’s capacity to interpret printed or electronic page fully and accurately. Reading has personal values; it is the door to almost all knowledge and vocations, such that the mechanical worker on the factory floor needs to read some basic material like rules and regulations governing operations on the factory floor. “Reading habit is best formed at a young impressionable age in school, but once formed it can last one’s lifetime,” Failure to read paves the way for all kinds of catastrophes in the society. It is, therefore, important that students should be encouraged to inculcate the spirit of reading right from the secondary level to the advanced level to empower them to have considerable reading skills
Comprehension has to do with understanding and extracting meaning from spoken communication or materials read. Comprehension is an active constructive process involving the use of textual cues and the reader’s background knowledge to build models of the author’s intended meaning.” The presumption here is that meaning resides in the intentional problem-solving, thinking processes of interpreter during such an interchange, that the content of meaning is influenced by that person’s prior knowledge and experience, and that the message so constructed by the receiver may or may not be congruent with the message sent. Meaning is constructed when readers make connections between what they know (prior knowledge) and what they are reading.
Reading comprehension is the act of thinking and constructing meaning before, during, and after reading by integrating the information presented by the author with the reader’s background knowledge.
It is therefore; very important for undergraduate to have study time which will help them develop a healthy reading habit. Reading comprehension is also advised immediately after study which tells how much you understand and have integrated all the information in what you’ve read.

STUDY TIME

Study Time means time allowed off from normal duties granted on full pay to staff members who are studying in approved part-time courses. Study Time means the time allowed off from normal duties on full pay to a staff member who is studying in a part time course which is of relevance to the department.

READING COMPREHENSION

Reading comprehension is the ability to process text, understand its meaning, and to integrate with what the reader already knows. Fundamental skills required in efficient reading comprehension are knowing meaning of words, ability to understand meaning of a word from discourse context, ability to follow organization of passage and to identify antecedents and references in it, ability to draw inferences from a passage about its contents, ability to identify the main thought of a passage, ability to answer questions answered in a passage, ability to recognize the literary devices or propositional structures used in a passage and determine its tone, to understand the situational mood (agents, objects, temporal and spatial reference points, casual and intentional inflections, etc.) conveyed for assertions, questioning, commanding, refraining etc. and finally ability to determine writer's purpose, intent and point of view, and draw inferences about the writer.

STUDY TIME AND READING COMPREHENSION

Most students start out each new semester of school with high expectations starting from departmental assignments, examination and their final year undergraduate projects. They envision themselves being successful in their studies and school work but they fail to put together a realistic plan, or establish a routine, that will enable them to achieve academic success. There are only so many hours in a day, days in a week, and weeks in a term. And if you don't pay attention, the end of the semester will arrive before you know it catching you by surprise. To achieve academic success, you must carefully manage your study time on a daily, weekly, and semester basis.
Comprehending what you study is also important, because it will be no use if you do not comprehend what you read.

CONCLUSION

Reading opens door to the accumulated knowledge of centuries which helps to enrich, illuminate the minds, and widen the mental and spiritual horizon of the reader because the continuous reading of material will serve as a means of strengthening the development of reading. Develop a study habit today and be grateful for this decision later in life.

Meditation is a practice where an individual uses a technique such as mindfulness, or focusing the mind on a particular object, thought, or activity to train attention and awareness, and achieve a mentally clear and emotionally calm and stable state. It is the ability to maintain one’s attention in the present moment. Meditation has however been associated with success in higher education as regards retention. The faculty of voluntarily bringing back a wandering attention, over and over again, is the very root of judgment, character, and will. Therefore, meditation has a way of improving understanding among undergraduate students.
Given that meditation benefits a wide variety of cognitive processes in both the short and long term, educators worldwide have begun to utilize meditation as a learning tool for students across a wide variety of age and education levels. The cognitive skills required for successful knowledge retention may be influenced by meditation training. In education, mindfulness has been shown to improve attention in undergraduate students.
Several studies have shown meditation before examinations and study sessions to result in better scores on examinations compared with students that meditated at other times. It is not enough for students to read, it is also important that they understand what they read as well as retain. Having a good and sharp memory is necessary for a students’ regardless of the level because it is veritable tool for academic performance.
MEDITATION
Meditation is a simple practice available to all, which can reduce stress, increase calmness, and clarity and promote happiness. Learning how to meditate is straightforward, and the benefits can come quickly.
Mindfulness meditation isn’t about letting your thoughts wander. But it isn’t about trying to empty your mind, either. Instead, the practice involves paying close attention to the present moment especially our own thoughts, emotions, and sensations whatever it is that’s happening.
Therefore, when we meditate, we inject far-reaching and long-lasting benefits into our lives. We lower our stress levels, we get to know our pain, we connect better, we improve our focus, and we're kinder to ourselves.
BENEFITS OF MEDITATION
If relaxation is not the goal of meditation, it is often a result. the following are short-term benefits of meditation to the nervous system:
a) Lower blood pressure
b) Improved blood circulation
c) Lower heart rate
d) Less perspiration
e) Slower respiratory rate
f) Less anxiety
g) Lower blood cortisol levels
h) More feelings of well-being
i) Less stress
j) Deeper relaxation
In Buddhist philosophy, the ultimate benefit of meditation is liberation of the mind from attachment to things it cannot control, such as external circumstances or strong internal emotions. The liberated or “enlightened” practitioner no longer needlessly follows desires or clings to experiences, but instead maintains a calm mind and sense of inner harmony.
READING AND RETENTION
Reading is the foundation of all formal and informal learning. Future success is dependent on the learners’ reading ability. It is the gateway to success-the amount of time students spends in reading is the indicator of successful academic life in future.
Retention is the process whereby long-term memory preserves learning in such a way that it can locate, identify, and retrieve it accurately in the future. The longer something is in working (short term) memory, the more likely it will move to long-term memory. The method of keeping information in working memory is called rehearsal.
Reading and retention are interrelated in the sense that a consistent reading can automatically lead to retention. What you continually practice, you become. So is reading and retention, when you read often, you get use to the words and sentences and with time they stick in your memory for a very long time. So for undergraduate students to improve on their academic performance as well as their retention ability, it is important they inculcate the habit of reading. A good study habit is encouraged for any student who wants to perform very well academically and otherwise. Just as the saying goes, a reader is a leader. Reading can also enhance your ability in coming up with a very good and articulated undergraduate project topics for your final year project.
MEDITATION AND RETENTION AMONG STUDENTS
Meditation is a practice where an individual uses a technique such as mindfulness, or focusing the mind on a particular object, thought, or activity to train attention and awareness, and achieve a mentally clear and emotionally calm and stable state. It is a simple practice available to all, which can reduce stress, increase calmness, and clarity and promote happiness. Learning how to meditate is straightforward, and the benefits can come quickly.
Therefore, it is an important practice for retention because it helps you focus your mind as well as helps you gain concentration which is good for rehearsing. For students, meditation once in a while is very good especially after intensive reading, it helps you refresh and mediate ion what you’ve studied as well as retain all you’ve read. It also helps you reduce stress and gain clarity.
CONCLUSION
Conclusively, meditation has shown to improve greatly on the level of students understanding and retention. Meditation in its self is relaxing and refreshing. If adopted by undergraduate students, it will go a long way in helping them clarity in their various courses of study as well as an improved retention.

For many undergraduate students, university life is a major transition in their lives since they are accorded the chance to decide what to do without the undue influence of their parents. The students make various decisions regarding all aspects of their lives such as academics, social life, and leisure activities. However, amidst the new found freedom students have to struggle to meet the expectations of their parents which include expectations related to their academic performance. In addition, society believes that graduating from a high-ranking university is a “passport” to a good job, high salaries, and high social status. As a result, the students are indirectly subjected to a variety of stressors mainly linked to academic success.
The academic stress faced by most students is attributed to poor study habits, such as poor time management, studying for exams, and coursework, which may eventually lead to poor academic performance. In order to overcome the pressure from academic stress the students have to employ suitable coping strategies like in any other stressful situation. There are various coping strategies used by students when experiencing academic stress. Some resort to avoidant coping; alcohol/drug abuse, denial and behavioral disengagement; while others cope actively through acceptance, planning, and positive reframing and taking the necessary steps to overcome the academic stress.
Worldwide, universities are responsible for making sure that students have adequate knowledge and skill in their curriculum of lectures, simulations supervised practice, mentoring, and hands-on experience to boost individual skill-set. Unfortunately, some aspects of the training process have unintended negative consequences on students’ physical and emotional health. The high societal expectations on students to perform various undefined, inconsistent, and unachievable roles in the present socio-cultural, economic, and bureaucratic contexts of the society cause heavy stress on students. Findings from various undergraduate projects revealed that students experience a relatively high level of personal distress with adverse consequences on academic performance, competency, professionalism, and health.
Academic performance is mainly a function of students’ study habits referring to the student’s way of study whether systematic, efficient, or inefficient. The study habits that influence the academic performance of a student include: time management, setting realistic academic targets, setting rewards on completion of a task, revision, organization of materials, and notes-taking during lectures. Hence, study habits are coping strategies used by students to overcome academic stress so that they can meet the demands imposed on them by the academic environment. This is reaffirmed by studies which show that study habits positively correlate with academic performance.
Despite all the sources of stress in the academic environment, the future of the students depends most on high academic performance. It is estimated that 10 to 30 percent of the students experience academic related stress that affects their academic performance. Academic stress is documented to have several negative effects not only to the academic performance of the students but also to their well-being. Academic stress is seen to interfere with the students’ way of life, cognitive processes, and adaptive behaviors such as class attendance. Studies have shown that there is a positive association between academic stress, depression, and physical illness, which these associations decrease with the provision of informational support.
However, naturally, everyone needs a certain amount of pressure to perform at their best. But when pressures exceed a person’s ability to cope, the result is stress. Prolonged stress can set up distress and shut down the ability to cope with ordinary situations causing illnesses. Stress is the wear and tear our bodies experience as we adjust to our continually changing environment; it has physical and emotional effects and can create positive or negative influence on us. As a positive influence, stress can help to compel us for action. As a negative influence, it can result in feelings of distress, rejection, anger, and depression, which in turn can lead to health problems.
CRAMMING
Cramming is an emergency test-preparation strategy that involves an attempt to absorb copious amounts of information in a short period prior to an exam. Cramming is a memorization technique that only lasts for the short term. It is trying to learn a lot very quickly before an exam
WHY STUDENTS CRAM
A) LIMITED TIME FOR PREPARATION
One of the reasons why students cram is as a result of limited time for preparation whether for test or examination. When students are not prepared especially those who do not have a good study habit or lacks reading time-table, they are always victims to an immediate and emergency study which automatically leads to cramming.
B) FEAR OF FAILURE
Another reason why students cram is fear of failure. The fear of failing a particular course or courses can lead to students resorting to cramming as the only away to give to the lecturer what he/she wants. Some lecturers also make students think the only way they can pass their course s by giving them exactly what they taught in class. Therefore, for the fear of not failing or having a carryover in a course, students tend to cram so as to give it back to the lecturer almost if not verbatim.
C) INABILITY TO EXPRESS THEMSELVES
Even though it is the institution of higher learning, there are still students who cannot express themselves very well even in simple English. Therefore, because such students are unable to express themselves in an examination, they resort to cramming as the only way they can answer examination questions.
CRAMMING AND STRESS LEVEL AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
For many undergraduate students, university life is a major transition in their lives since they are accorded the chance to decide what to do without the undue influence of their parents. Hence, the students make various decisions regarding all aspects of their lives such as academics, social life, and leisure activities. However, amidst the new found freedom students have to struggle to meet the expectations of their parents which include expectations related to their academic performance.
However, University students encounter a great deal of academic, personal, and social stress during their academic activities. Although some degree of stress is essential to stimulate and motivate individuals to achieve their goals, stress can be a barrier for concentrating, problem solving, decision making, and other necessary abilities for students’ learning. Education in the university is generally perceived as being stressful. Due to this, the causes of stress have been studied in several studies
Most undergraduate students, as a result of the stress they pass through in school, they may not keep to their reading time-table or improve on their study habit. As a result of this, they are moistly caught up in the web of unpreparedness towards examination and when they find themselves in this situation, the only remedy they may have is to cram so as to pass their examinations.
CONCLUSION
Stress is inevitable in human life, given the conflict between our needs and the realities of our environment and its relationships. Stress is common problem of every individual particularly for University students. These students are a special group of people that are enduring a critical transitory period in which they are going from adolescence to adulthood and can be one of the most stressful times in a person’s life.

The world in which we find ourselves today is highly driven by knowledge assets rather than just physical assets. Knowledge asset in the world today is more valuable and relevant especially in creating a competitive and differential advantage with contemporaries and a nation at large. For this reason, attempts are made at micro and macro levels to increase the stock of knowledge assets as a strategic choice for increasing development at diverse levels. Early development is always a better choice, in any form of development, so as to earn the best fruit of input or labour. This means that students’ project work in their undergraduate curriculum is aimed at meeting the knowledge needs of the students, society, and the world at the level and stage when the body and mind are willing and receptive to knowledge.
Undergraduate project writing is an academic exercise usually done at the last lap of a four or five years academic journey depending on the course of study. It is an academic undertaking where a student’s leaves a statement as a part which shows that he/she traversed over a period of time. However, the statement or the content of the project may be a building block for the future undergraduate students, university, or humanity at large. When students are at the point of entry into the university they ought to know that they will leave a footprint by way of project, for this, they ought to read widely and get focused early enough. It shows what they’ve learnt as well as the problem they’ve identified and seeks solution to which can be beneficial to a group of people, society, or the nation.
In writing an undergraduate project, it is expected that it should be well organized, properly documented, and carefully edited. However, a good project expected of a student who has spent four or five good years in the university to be orderly, logical, honest, imaginative, and accurate virtues of a good scholar, and virtues which all potential scholars should aspire to acquire.
Undergraduate Project Writing
Undergraduate project writing is an academic exercise undertaken by students towards the completion of academic pursuit of a first degree as stated in first degree curriculum. It is also a task undertaken by student(s) within a given period of time in a given subject area aimed at making the student have independent capacity for inquiries and to supplement and as well complement formal teaching in his area of study. This enables the student hone-in the theoretical course work in the university. There is no doubt that the exercise will reveal to the lecturer who is assigned to supervise the student, the student’s area of strength and weaknesses. When these weaknesses are corrected during lecturer -student interaction, the student comes out to be the pride of the university which is his/her alma mater.
Most Important Aspects
A) The Problem Statement
One of the most important aspects of undergraduate project is the problem statement. You must as a matter of fact be very specific about the identified problem which necessitated the research project topics in the first place. For there will be no research without an identified problem. Your readers or audience will be much interested in knowing your statement of problem even before delving into the findings of the research proper. So you must state the problem which comes after your background of study.
B) The Project Aim
The project aim entails what the project or research sets out to achieve in the area of research. It tells your readers your main aim and purpose of carrying out the research. It is like a door that opens the research findings. As your audience will want to know why and what you intend to find out in your research which is one of the most important aspect of a research.
C) The Review Of Related Literature
The review of related literature is reviewing the findings and studies if other researchers which is related to your project topic. It is a diligent, honest effort to highlight and acknowledge the efforts made by earlier researchers in a particular area of research. However, a good literature review enables the researcher to see where there are gaps in the progression and growth of knowledge in that area of research. It is through such gaps that the researcher can hope to make his own little contribution to knowledge.
The review of related literature shows your audience that you know and understand your project very well. As regards review of related literature in your project writing, you need to ask yourself some questions such as what research has been done or carried out before that is related to your project topic, is there any research trying to solve the problem you’ve identified and wish to find solution to as well as how to contribute and close the gap in knowledge by other researchers. When you answer these questions, then you can be sure of what to look out for when reviewing related literature in your project writing.
D) Research Methodology
Methodology indicates the way the research will be carried out. Whatever methodology you intend to employ in your project writing, is highly dependent on your project topic and the variables in them. You must know the different between the primary and secondary data and which to apply in your research work. Through your research methodology, your readers are aware of how the research and findings were done as well as how you arrived at your conclusion at the end of your research. However, your research methodology must be able to convince your readers how you propose to carry out the project work.
E) Data Analysis
When it comes to data analysis, if your methodology is based on primary data you will know that you will be expected to research using questionnaire. These questionnaires will be printed and distributed to the participant and after the participant has filled and you’ve ascertain that they filled the questionnaire correctly, then you collate the data and analyze it using simple percentages but if the methodology permits the use of secondary data you collect the data from statistical bulletin for each variables on the project topic. When the data is complete you can now analyze using ordinary least square regression.
Conclusion
Conclusively, writing project and it findings is a contribution to an existing knowledge and also solves a problem. Therefore, it must be done following all that is required and the steps in project writing.

Confidence is the cloth you must wear as a student especially during your final year defense. Confidence has a way of presenting your work as a good one even before you start explaining your research work. It’s like the mirror by which your audience sees through on how well you understand your research work.
It is a known fact that once undergraduate student get to their final year in the university, that you must be expected to write a final year project to round up their study as well as acquire their bachelor degree in the university. Therefore, in writing of this final year project, it will require them to make accurate and intensive research in order to come up with a well formulated and articulated project topic and then sort ways to source out materials for their research work.
However, in the exercise of project work by final year students, a supervisor is usually attached to them to oversee their project work and guide them through it all in order to come out with a very good research work. After the completion of the research work, the next thing is to defend the research work which tells how well you understand your project topics as well as letting them in on your findings in the course of your research and finally make feasible and realistic recommendations.
However, when it comes to project defense, undergraduate students gets fidgeted and anxious because they are unsure of what to expect or questions to be asked by the defense panel in the defense hall. Some undergraduate students though well prepared and have a very good knowledge of their research topic; they get tensed once they get to the defense hall or are asked certain questions. For any student who shows this trait before his/her defense panel is only sending a message of lack of confidence in his/her research work and obviously does not know his onions.
Nevertheless, project defense can be very easy contrary to what most students assume or perceive it to be. To have a successful defense project, it is expected that you first of all believe in yourself, have full confidence in yourself and tin your research work, understand your research topic and have all the firsthand details of your research work before your defense date. During the defense, questions from the defense panel and even your supervisor are expected; as such you should be ready for them and be confident as well. The questions asked during defense are to test your knowledge on your research topic and to be sure that you carried out a thorough research to come up with your findings and the conclusions you arrived at as well as feasible recommendations.
Project defense is like an examination because there is mark awarded to it which is very important to students as the mark awarded can either increase or decrease their GDPA so you must ensure not to portray any attitude that will send the wrong the message to your audience/defense panel. The only difference between a project defense and a general classroom examination is that in this case the students know more than the supervisors’ because that is for those who did an extensive research on their project topic. Students often expect questions to be difficult and attacking, and answer them accordingly.
Therefore, it is relatively common that the defense panel will ask one or more questions as regard your research work. It is however, expected that the students answer the questions, and clarifies his/her audience on any doubt they have concerning the findings of the research. Undergraduate students must ensure not to stumble or underperform when asked certain question that is why it is advised to be abreast with your research work and have ideas of possible questions that would be asked of you in the defense hall. However, there is no universal standard method of conducting oral defense. It differs from one institution to another.
Above all, you must be confident while defending your project work it goes further to show to your audience that you know and understand your project work to the later. It also portrays the extent you went in your research for you to exude such confidence.

FINAL YEAR PROJECT DEFENSE

Project defense is a vivid explanation of what your research findings are and the solutions you recommend as regard the problem you identified. It is usually written at the final year of study in the university. It is also a show of knowledge acquired in all the years in the university as well as your contribution to the existing body o knowledge to the school and the society at large.

HOW TO BUILD UP CONFIDENCE BEFORE YOUR FINAL YEAR PROJECT DEFENSE

A) BE FAMILIAR WITH YOUR AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF YOUR RESEARCH

One of the ways to build your confidence before your final year project defense, is to be familiar with your aims and objectives. Your audience would want to know what prompted the research topic, what problem did you identify which triggered the choice of the research project topics. So you must have your aims and objectives of your study at the tip of your fingers to avoid fumbling when asked at the defense hall or by your audience.

B) ASK QUESTIONS FROM THOSE THAT HAVE DEFENDED BEFORE YOU

There is a saying that no man is an island likewise no man is an embodiment of all knowledge no matter how far you’ve read and schooled. We learn everyday as well as seek to improve on the knowledge we already have.
Therefore, before your project defense, seek insight from those who have defense before you and have an idea of questions that are likely to be asked as this will help in your defense practice and also improve you where needed.

C) BE CONVERSANT WITH YOUR PROJECT TOPIC

Another point to help you build your confidence is to be conversant with your project topic. You must have a good knowledge and understanding of your project topic. That is why from the beginning, it is advised that you choose project topic that interest you and draws your attention avoid choosing topics because your friend or parent suggested it. A topic that is not chosen by you will definitely give you difficulty along the way. A good knowledge and understanding of your research topic will give an edge during your project defense as well as boost your confidence.

D) HAVE A GOOD RELATIONSHIP WITH YOUR SUPERVISOR

A mutual and good relationship with your supervisor is very important as far as final year project writing is concerned. You definitely need your supervisor if you must have a hedge free and excellent research work. Having a good relationship with your supervisor will also help you during your defense. For example; there are may be some highly technical and intellectual question that you may be asked during your defense, your supervisor could assist you with the answer or even wave off the question just because of your relationship with him/her.

E) DRESS SMARTLY/DECENTLY

Dressing smartly and decently on your defense day is a pass already even before you begin your defense. Smart and decent dress has a way of attracting the attention of your audience to you and will also send a positive message about you to them. As the saying goes “first impression matters.” It is also for your own good because it will boost your confidence. When you are indecently dress, you don’t feel comfortable and self confidence will elude you even when you need it most.

F) GO STRAIGHT TO THE POINT

Be concise and go straight to the point in your defense. Avoid going round and round and repeating words over and over again, it will bore your audience and give you a bad mark. And by the time you notice that your audience no longer have interest in what you are saying, your confidence diminishes instantly. You may even begin to stammer. Endeavor to also use simple but good English in explaining your project work it will save you the stress of trying to use big grammar to impress your audience who may not even understand you on the long run.

G) PRACTICE WITH YOUR COLLEAGUES AND ALLOW THEM ASK YOU QUESTIONS

Practice they say makes perfect. you may want to practice with your colleagues by making them your defense panel and allow them ask your any question as regards your research work. by so doing, you will be improving your defense skills and be ready for any question that you may be asked.

H) PRAY FOR GRACE
Finally, pray to God for grace. For no matter how prepared you are for your defense, you need grace to carry you through it all.

what is your full name? call them with this number 08068929770.

The Internet and Web-based technologies have become a popular platform for the development and delivery of Distance Learning programs in an online class setting. Learning is the act or process of developing skill or knowledge. Modern, web-based learning and computing provides the means for fundamentally changing the way in which instruction is delivered to students.
The growth of the Internet in the world provides many opportunities to many people around the world in many different ways. When students are considered, the use of the Internet is mainly for business, information sharing, social and entertainment purposes. However, it is very obvious that the Internet provides not only social connection and businesses, but also academic and scientific information as well. Additionally, the Internet can be used as a tool to learn the latest news all around the world as well as getting any kind of information that serves different purposes such as learning more information about a hobby or health. Therefore, it can be said that the Internet is the source of spreading information quickly to a large audience and of going beyond the limitation of time and space. In the light of the above information, it is vitally important to encourage students to use this invaluable source to get any kind of information they need in their academic studies.
Distance education is the kind of education in which students may not always be physically present at a school. In other words, you learn, study, and qualify in your chosen subject online without having to attend an exam center, a college building, or university campus. The majority of distance education today takes place using the Internet, now readily accessible for the vast majority of students whether in their own homes or at facilities such as local libraries. These electronic means are used to distribute the learning material, keep students in touch with teachers, and provide access to communication between students. Of course, distance learning can use other technological formats as well including television, DVDs, teleconferencing, and printable material, but the immediacy and functionality of Web learning has made it a first choice for many distance learners.

See research materials on distance education

Online programs often take advantage of a number of emerging technologies to make keeping in touch and effectively communicating ideas easier and more efficient than ever before and students may find themselves using interactive videos, e-mail, and discussion boards to complete their lessons.

DISTANCE LEARNING

A method of studying in which lectures are broadcast or lessons are conducted by correspondence, without the student needing to attend a school or college. However, distance learning can also be called distance education, e-learning, or even online learning. This is a form of education in which the main elements include physical separation from teachers and students during instruction and the use of various technologies to facilitate student-teacher and student-student communication. It also involves a series of lectures supplemented by further reading materials, periodic tests, assignments and regular tutorials. The main difference is that is that all the activity takes place online.

THE INTERNET

The internet is a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols. The Internet is also the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices.

INTERNET AND DISTANCE LEARNING

Distance learning or e-Learning exploits interactive technologies and communication systems to improve the learning experience. It has the potential to transform the way we teach and learn across the board. It can raise standards, and widen participation in lifelong learning. However, it cannot replace teachers and lecturers, but alongside existing methods it can enhance the quality and reach of their teaching, and reduce the time spent on administration. It can enable every learner to achieve his or her potential, and help to build an educational workforce empowered to change. It makes possible a truly ambitious education system for a future learning society.

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INTERNET TO WORKING CLASS STUDENTS

The importance and relevance of distance learning to working class students cannot be overemphasized. However, it is very obvious that the Internet provides not only social connection and entertainment, but also academic and scientific information as well. Thus, it is vitally important to encourage students especially working class students to use this invaluable source to get any kind of information they need in their academic studies because the development of the Internet would be meaningless if it is not used appropriately in education. Therefore, new digital technologies have been widely involved in higher education institutions as well as other sections of the education system all over the world.
In addition, Internet use has the potential to improve the quality of education and also bring about numerous positive changes to teachers and instructors. The Internet enables also working class students to find information as well as allowing them to think critically and creatively, to become collaborative and cooperative workers and to solve problems.

CONCLUSION
Conclusively, in formal distance education, there is enormous potential for widening access to higher education and increasing the diversity of student population since online technologies provide opportunities to learn anywhere, anytime from anyone. New technologies facilitate greater collaboration, both with global partners and at a more local level. With the internet students are able to learn at the comfort of their homes as well as an easy way-out for those who are working class students and may not have the time to attend lectures.

Project defence is an academic exercise that every student must undergo when they get to their final semester in final year. Undergraduate students are expected to write a research project in their final year of their academic pursuit which extends to defending the project. In writing project, students integrate all the skills and knowledge they have learnt from previous studies into real life practice by going into the field to research on the project topic they’ve chosen which explains the problem they’ve identified.
Undergraduate research is the exploration of a specific topic within a field by undergraduate students which in turn makes an original contribution to their discipline pr course of study. It is also an important academic activity that integrates acquired knowledge of years of study with professional application. However, project writing and project defence are more demanding than any other academic activities or any kind of teaching and learning. This is because it requires an independent inquiry, exercise of judgment and an articulated and well standard presentation of your thesis to prove an understanding of your research work. Overall, the written research work should be well structured and articulated.

UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT DEFENCE

Undergraduate project defence is an academic exercise that students undergo. It entails that students defend their written project in the presence of their supervisors and others that make up the defence panel.
It is expected that during the project defence, students explain their reason for carrying out the research, the problem statement, their research findings, as well as appropriate recommendations. Questions may be asked as regards your findings, make sure to be prepared ahead of time that is why it is pertinent that you have a very good understanding of your research topic.

HOW TO SCORE A IN UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT DEFENCE

A) CHOOSE A TOPIC YOU UNDERSTAND

One of the ways to scoring an A in an undergraduate project defence is to make sure whatever topic you choose; you have a very good understanding of it. Choosing a project topic you understand and have a keen interest in is very impiortnat in the success of your project defence. Remember that your project defence carries more marks than any of your courses, and it can either lift or bring down your CGPA. Therefore, it is advised that you take your project defence very seriously which begins with choosing a project topic that you understand. Do not allow anyone make a choice of any undergraduate project topics to you. Make sure whatever project topic you are researching on is a topic you chose yourself.
Therefore, your project topic should stem from a problem you have identified or that has drawn your attention and you are interested in finding solutions to the problem as well as making appropriate and feasible recommendations.
Choosing a project topic is very important because it will help you a great deal on the day of your defence. No one gives what he/she doesn’t have. You must have an understanding of something to be able to give a vivid and concise explanation to it to the understanding of your audience. It only shows that you know what you are doing as well as understand your project topic very well.

B) UNDERSTAND THE PHYSICAL APPLICATION OF YOUR PROJECT

It is not enough to write a project topic but you must understand that there is a part for physical application of your research and you must ensure that in the course of your research work.
During your project defence, your audience expect you to tell them the physical application of your project work that is to say how can your research be applied in solving the problem you have identified which necessitates the research work in the first place. What is the point of research if it cannot be physical applied or feasible and achievable recommendations.
Therefore it is important that you understand the physical application of your research work even before appearing before the defence panel this will boost your confidence and gain you an applaud from your audience and of course an excellent mark.

C) UNDERSTAND YOUR RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

An understanding of your research methodology is vital in the process of your reserve work. After choosing a project topic, the next thing you should have in mind is the methodology to apply which must concise with your project topic. The variables in your research topics are what determine the methodology to use in your research work. There is the primary and secondary data. If your research work requires primary data then you must understand the use of the primary data very well and apply it accordingly in your research work. If it’s the secondary data, then you must also understand it application in your research work. Whatever methodology you use, make sure you understand it very well and apply it accordingly.

D) BE ABLE TO EXPLAIN YOUR STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM AND APPLY THE METHODOLOGY TO SOLVE IT

Another point to having a good defence and scoring excellently well in your project defence is to be able to explain your statement of the problem and apply the right methodology to solving the identified problem(s). Every research begins with the identification of a problem and then solution. If you cannot clearly explain your statement of the problem which led to your research then it will assumed that you don’t know what you are doing neither do you understand your research work properly and may look as though you didn’t carry out the research yourself.
Therefore, you must understand the statement of your problem to the conviction of your supervisor and other audience present.

E) BE CONFIDENT

Confident is a robe you must wear always and al times if you must go far in life. Nobody believes or have confidence in anyone who doesn’t believe in him/herself. Therefore, even during your defence, it is expected you wear this robe. Be confident in defending your research work. This is your research work and not another’s so you should stand firm, be bold and confident. This will pass a message to your audience that you understand your research work very well without giving them any reason to doubt your research work.

F) PRAY FOR GRACE

Lastly but not the least pray for grace. No one goes far without grace. Grace is an unmerited favor. If you dont find favor in the sight of your defence panel during your defence, even with all the points above, they may still not find it appealing and that may give you a poor mark in your defence which will obviously affect your CGPA. So pray for grace to see through even after having all the points listed above.

In the process of selling goods and services to consumers, companies must decide on a reasonable price for which they want sell their goods. The decision on the price of goods and services by a company is mostly driven by economic concerns. However, psychological factors also need to play a role since the customer’s buying decision is a psychological evaluation of the product’s properties including its price.
Rounded or non-rounded prices it has effect on consumers which students are inclusive. Rounded or non-rounded prices determine and influences on the purchasing power of consumers. Since rounded numbers are more prevalent in everyday communication and are more fluently processed, it is argued that rounded numbers increase the reliance on an emotional evaluation of the subject, lead customers to stronger rely on their feelings when evaluating a product. Most consumers belief that non-rounded numbers against rounded numbers in goods and services increases a reliance on thoughts and cognitive judgment. Therefore, the purchase of goods by consumers is based on both emotion and cognitive reasoning. If consumers are in an emotional state for instance they are buying products for their own personal use, products are more evaluated if the prices are rounded, as rounded numbers are more fluently processed in this case. However, if consumers are cognitively driven in terms of purchasing goods for instance purchasing a product for work or school, those products will be evaluated if the price is non-rounded. Rounded Price effect, is hypothesized to be mediated through a sense of feeling right.
PRICE OF COMMODITIES
A commodity is a basic good used in commerce that is interchangeable with other goods of the same type. Commodities are most often used as inputs in the production of other goods or services. The quality of a given commodity may differ slightly, but it is essentially uniform across producers.
In economics, a commodity is an economic good that has full or substantial fungibility: that is, the market treats instances of the good as equivalent or nearly so with no regard to who produced them. Commodity prices are the discounted sums of rational expectation of future' payoffs associated with holding the commodity. The price of a commodity good is typically determined as a function of its market as a whole.

PRICE OF COMMODITIES AND CONSUMER PREFERENCE

Non-round prices, which are associated with discounts and lower prices, may communicate that a product is a good deal and this may increase choice and/or sales under circumstances that enhance the salience or importance of low prices for instance for commodity products, when brand recognition is high, and/or for price conscious consumers. Round prices, which are associated with high quality, may communicate that a product is of high quality and this may increase choice and/or sales under circumstances that enhance the salience or importance of product quality for instance for differentiated products, when brand recognition is low, and/or for quality conscious consumers.
However, there is a better way to test for consumer preferences for round numbers is to allow consumers to choose the prices they actually pay for goods and services and to see if they disproportionately choose to pay round prices.

ROUNDED PRICE EFFECT AND STUDENTS PURCHASE INTENTION

Students purchase intention is highly dependent on how they perceive a products as well as price. Rounded price has effect on purchase intention of students as they may have perceive and evaluate goods that have rounded prices than non-rounded prices goods. For instance, students may walk into a shopping mall or supermarket to purchase a particular good or goods, on reaching there if the prices of the goods he/she intends to purchase has rounded price it’s more evaluated and increases the pleasure of purchasing that products. The effect of rounded price effect is also seen in the purchase of books, project materials, beverages etc. This is mostly seen when a customer is purchasing a particular products for his/her personal use. But when a customer is purchasing products for school or work, the non-rounded price products are more appreciated and evaluated.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, companies should understand how their customer see and perceive rounded and non-rounded prices on goods and services. They must understand that customers purchase can be based on emotion or cognitive driven as the case may be.

With the advent of technology and with its improvement on daily basis, one can say that it has led to the extinction of some methods previously used in doing some things and also the death of the use of probability. Probability was used to make some uncertain predictions which of course cannot be reliable. The study of probability is gradually becoming a thing of the past as the society has advanced so far as having instrument to predict the future and not working based on probability. Technology has led to numerous changes in the world today which has led to growth and development and even continuous research projects on how to make the world better and easy for people especially with the use of science and technology.
In terms of education, technology has expanded the range of graphical and visualization techniques to provide powerful new ways to assist students in exploring and analyzing data and thinking about statistical ideas, allowing them to focus on interpretation of results and understanding concepts rather than on computational mechanics. Graphing calculators alone, highly valued for their ease of use, low-cost and portability have been instrumental in bringing statistical content to lower and lower grade levels.
One of the most important uses of technology is its capacity to create opportunities for curriculum and instruction by bringing real-world problems into the classroom for students to explore and solve. Technology facilitates the discussion of more interesting problems and data sets often accessed from the Internet. We now have the power to have students analyze real and often messy data, giving students a better idea of what statisticians do by having them go through the process of collecting, analyzing and making conclusions to investigate their own questions.

TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENT

Scientific or technological advancement is the generation of information or the discovery of knowledge that advances the understanding of scientific relations or technology. Or even more simply, a technological advancement advances the understanding of technology.

PROBABILITY AS A SUBJECT

Probability theory, a branch of mathematics concerned with the analysis of random phenomena. The outcome of a random event cannot be determined before it occurs, but it may be any one of several possible outcomes. The actual outcome is considered to be determined by chance.

NEW TECHNOLOGY AND THE DEATH OF PROBABILITY

With the introduction of new technology especially in the education sector and also in the health sector, it can be said that the use of probability is death because their technological instrument that can be used to check and get all necessary information that are not physical yet. For instance in the past before the advent of technology; when a woman is pregnant, she doesn’t know the sex of the baby. But with the introduction of new technology, a woman can check and know the sex of her baby with the help of a doctor. The use of probability for predictions are long now and no longer in vogue as people can be sure of what they want to know as far as science and technology is concerned.

TECHNOLOGY AND STUDENT LEARNING

Technology has helped greatly in teaching and learning in school especially in the teaching of statistics. However, as more and more technological tools become available, and as student facility with such tools greatly increases, it is becoming increasingly important to focus on the best ways to use such tools in the classroom. It is important to keep in mind that many of these learning tools have different goals and it may be necessary to employ different tools for different learning goals and that a combination may best aid students. If using a combination of technologies, it is important to address learning issues for students. There’s always overhead in learning to use a tool itself before students can benefit from the tool for learning statistics. Students do seem adapt at learning to use different types of software in the same course but teachers may also aim for a more consistent look and feel, at least in the instructional aides they provide to accompany the tools, and to consistently provide guidance on when to use the different tools.
In addition, technological tools can bring exciting curricula based on real-world problems into the classroom; provide scaffolds and tools to enhance learning; and give students and teachers more opportunities for feedback, reflection, and revision.

CONCLUSION

Technology has a great potential to enhance student achievement and teacher professional development, and it will most likely continue to impact the practice and the teaching of statistics in many ways. However, technology has an impact on education only if it is used appropriately.

Research thesis is a significant part of all academic curriculum and students must write a research paper during their educational period when they get to final year. Here, the main aim of writing a research thesis is for improving the skill to make use of collected information to support your point of view on a particular topic. As a researcher you want to have a solid grip in the fundamental ideas and terms used in the respective field that you are writing. It is simple to write a good research thesis if you understand your research topic very well.
Writing a good thesis is achievable if you understand the writing pattern of a research. One of the important things to do before setting out to write your paper is to make your time schedule. Research paper writing includes many tasks such as thesis writing, collection of needed information, preparation of draft, etc, as such; it should take more time. You need to split the time allowed for your research paper to various processes.
Choosing of a right topic is another important thing to follow a research thesis. You should select a topic which is interesting to you to make the entire research process straightforward. And confirm that you know something related to the topic for developing your point of view on that topic. This will help you to save your time from a deep research. Collect needed information to support your thesis using various resources available. Make use of great books related to the topic, academic publications, magazines, and internet resources such as educational websites and blogs of educational institutions and government authorities. Move to your writing processes with the collected resource. Go through your point of view on the topic and use the appropriate resources to support it. Try at most to give a variation to your research writing to give a better attraction to the final paper. If it is not clearly maintained, the allocation of collected information will make bad effect in your entire research writing. Your attitude towards the research writing process is the key factor which determines the final result of your research. If you pay good attention, surely you will get a great result too.
RESEARCH THESIS
A research thesis analyzes a perspective or argues a point. Regardless of the type of research paper the researcher is writing, the researcher should present his own thinking backed up by others ideas and information. A research thesis involves surveying a field of knowledge in order to find the best possible information in that field and that survey can be orderly and focused.

CONSTRAINTS/COMMON ERRORS ATTACHED TO THESIS

Constraint is any element or factor that prevents a system from achieving a higher level of performance with respect to its goal. In writing research papers, it is important to prevent some very common errors by avoiding these research papers writing blunders enumerate below;
TIME: One never means to do it, but somehow deadlines often creep up out of nowhere. For big research papers, try to make a timeline in your planner. Schedule dates that you would like to have certain tasks completed (such as your outline and first draft) and maintain your progress. For instance, as earlier stated, if you are targeting three months for your research paper, then schedule the first ten to fifteen days for managing your thesis statement, the next fifteen days for collecting the useful resources to hold up your thesis and the following days for your writing and editing process. Making strides ahead of time will keep the stress and late nights to a minimum as the turn- in date draws nearer.

BEING AFRAID TO ASK FOR HELP: some students get scared to ask for help from their colleagues or even supervisors. Students should not hesitate to contact their supervisor especially when not sure of how to get started or how to progress with research thesis; they are there to help you. Schedule a meeting and bring along some of the work you have done so far. As a researcher, you can also seek the services of a research assistant or a consultant. You cannot know it all, there must be an area you would need an expertise advice to achieve the desired quality required.

HOW TO AVOID YOUR THESIS BEING REJECTED
A) FOLLOW THE THESIS FORMAT
One way to avoid your thesis being rejected is to follow the thesis format. In writing a research thesis, it is important that you understand the format required in writing your thesis, that way you get your research work accepted by your supervisor.
B) ESTABLISH A GOOD RELATIONSHIP WITH YOUR SUPERVISOR
In writing research thesis, it is important that you establish a good and mutual relationship with your supervisor because he/she will be of immense help to you in making sure you have a good research thesis at the end of the day.
C) AVOID PLAGIARISM AT ALL COST
Make sure your avoid plagiarism at all cost in the process of your research thesis. In as much as you would write the findings of other researchers in your thesis especially in your literature reviews, it is pertinent that you site those whose work you used in your research work by referencing them in your work.
D) HAVE A GOOD UNDERSTANDING OF YOUR THESIS TOPIC
Research topic emanates from a detailed and insightful analysis of a research problem as one of the possible ways through which a solution could be contributed to the problem. Such analysis might involve experiences gained from literature review. Generally, research topic should reflect three components: the independent variable, the dependent variable, and the population under study. The dependent variable is the problem variable while the independent variable is that whose influence or relationship to the problem variable is to be established, and which if effectively manipulated is highly likely to bring about desirable changes in the problem variable.
Above all have a good understanding of your thesis topic. The understanding of your thesis topic will help you write a very good thesis without much stress.
E) APPLY THE RIGHT METHODOLOGY
It is important that you apply the right methodology in your research thesis. For instance if your topic is not quantifiable then your research method would be questionnaires to get responses from his/her respondent but if the variables in the topic are quantifiable for example topics related to economics; then you use secondary data such as CBN statistical bulletin or cenbank.org. Topics that fall under secondary data usually require the ex post facto research design where we can form a model to relate the two variables.

F) COMMUNICATE ALWAYS WITH YOUR SUPERVISOR

Ensure you always communicate with your supervisor. Keeping the communication line active between you and your supervisor will help avoid some unnecessary mistakes in research thesis.

CONCLUSION

Offering thesis by students is one of the major academic activities which is not only the first systematic step for familiarizing students with research, but also it is used as a criterion for evaluating individual competence of the student in scientific research and obtaining related skills. Thus, it can be argued that the way of directing the thesis is not only crucial in training the student and promoting his scientific skills, but also it is effective in promoting quality of scientific products, produced by the university which are useful in improving the university's scientific rank.
Therefore, it is important that students try as much as possible to avoid mistakes that would lead to the rejection of their thesis after putting in so much work to it.

For students who aspire to further their education by means of getting into the higher institution to study their dream course in order to be useful to themselves and the society at large. The jamb examination is an examination required for every student to take before gaining entrance into the higher institution. Every higher institution has its cut off mark that allows legible students to write the post UTME of that institution before final admission into various departments. Therefore, it is necessary for students to try as much as possible to score high in jamb in order to successfully gain admission into any university of their choice in Nigeria. However, lots of things and effort channeled in the right way is required on the part of the students to be able to score high at least form 250 and above.
There is an urgent call by all education stakeholders on improved performance in jamb examination because the high rate of poor performance in jamb examination is alarming and frustrating to the students as well. Poor academic performance among undergraduates has shown trio be connected to the channel through which they gain admission into the university. The poor performance of student in jamb has led to some universities bringing down their cut off mark just to allow students entry into the institution and in turn the students eventually perform poorly in their course of study. More so, using JAMB as a yardstick for admission of students into Nigerian universities has led to the intake of poor candidates, characterized by high failure rate, increase in examination malpractice, high spill over and the production of poor quality output that are neither self-reliant nor able to contribute effectively in the employment world. Students need to look for ways to improve and do better in UTME examination.

UTME EXAMINATION

The UTME examination is an examination taken by students in order to gain admission into higher institutions of their choice. For admission into any institution, it requires students to score the required cut off mark set by the university management for entrance into the school.

WHY STUDENTS HARDLY SCORE MORE THAN 250 IN UTME EXAMINATION

The poor performance or low score of students in jamb examination is not unconnected with self confidence accompanied with unpreparedness on the part of the students. Most students usually believe that the UTME examination is business as usual and what they expect but end up getting disappointed when they get into the examination hall and are issued the question paper. Over confidence is one factor that militates against the high performance of students in UTME examination. Having confidence in yourself is a good one and an applaud quality, but should be accompanied with preparedness and knowhow of whatever you are venturing into. Do not be so over confident that you forget to abreast yourself withy all the knowledge and preparations you need to make before your examination day.
Another reason why students hardly score high in UTME is because some students register subjects they are not so good at may be because of the course they wish they study in the university. The truth is students should learn to go for courses they are good at and would be glad studying it rather than going for courses just because their friends are going for it or because of their parents. This leads them to registering subjects that is required for their course of study in the university which they are not so good at thereby end up coming out with a poor or average score in UTME. Students should be encouraged to go for courses they are good at and find interesting rather than been forced to study a course against their wish.

HOW TO IMPROVE

A) GET A COACH

With the incessant failure and poor score in UTME, it is important to sort for ways to improve on the performance of students in UT,E examination and one of such ways is to get a coach. Parents and guidance can help their child by getting an examination coach for him/her to put their child through the process of examination and the likelihood of what to expect in the examination hall. The coach will also teach your child and help improve on his/her knowledge of the subjects he/she would be writing in UTME examination.

B) USE PAST QUESTION

I have heard many say that JAMB will not use past question to set Exam this year. Some are also saying that it’s valueless to use JAMB Past question to study for or prepare for Exam. However, this is the mistake most students make not knowing that it is one of the most effective ways to study and prepare for UTME examination which requires students to study hard in all the subjects they are writing.
By going through past UTME question, One is able to completely have a knowledge in all the required topics and the main point that was discussed on the topics before moving over to using past questions. This method of Jamb preparation is also very effective for some set of people and has helped a lot of them to score high in Jamb as it involves Preparing and Studying Jamb Past Questions or Jamb CBT enabled Application or software.
This way, one is able to master the method in which Jamb sets they question and also master the answers to each of those questions as they appear in Jamb question paper which will help the reader to score high especially when those questions are repeated during the main Jamb Examination. This Method has been made easier for this set of people by introducing a platform that enables aspirants prepare and master all Jamb questions and answers to each of the question.

C) LEARN FROM PAST MISTAKES

Some students have done some mistakes in their previous UTME examination. Some common mistakes students make in jamb are wrong filling of their personal information such as their names, wrong ticking, or shading of answers on the wrong subjects etc.
Students should be mindful not to make previous mistakes they did in UTME examination.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, students must understand that it requires an extra effort and study to get into their desired higher institution and one such ways is by scoring high in jamb in order to meet up with the cut off mark of their choice universities. Therefore, they must study and be well prepared to sit for the examination.

Education is one of the most vital aspects of every human life and the society at large. It is the most important aspect of human resource growth and development. Therefore, it is important to ensure academic performance of students at all levels which plays a vital role in producing graduates that will become great leaders and manpower for the country which is the responsible for a country’s socio-economic development. It is therefore, very important for students to make good career choices that will effect positively on them and their environment. The choice of profession or career they make is very important and should be made with utmost consideration of factors such as environmental factors which could be internal or external. The choices students make as regard their profession or area of specialization is what drives the individuals daily schedule for the rest of his/her life as well as their life style, work balance and general quality of life.
Accounting is one subject that cannot be jettisoned from the daily activities of human lives irrespective of the individual’s profession or career. Accounting is concerned with the acquisition of knowledge for recording, analyzing, interpreting, and summarizing the financial data of an organization or enterprise. Every business needs the knowledge of accounting to strive and ensure growth. Therefore, the academic performance or effective and efficient area of specialty of an individual cannot be separated from the home environment in which the child lives. This is because the home environment offers the child with all the support and security he/she needs especially in the choice of career and area to specialize on. Education which offers to train people in becoming useful to themselves and the society and the starting point of been useful begins at home.
People are motivated to work and improve on the area of specialization when their home environment are filled with interesting activities that challenges them to improve on what they do or skills acquired. Some homes have lots of activities that stimulate the child towards thinking of a taking a particular career such as accounting. In some homes you may find that the father and mother are practicing same career, such can influence the child in making some career choices. Much of the variability in the relation between family income and children’s intellectual development comes from the family provision of a stimulating home environment. Children intellectual development is most strongly influenced by the home environment during infancy and early childhood especially when they are under the direct influence of parents. As children mature, schools and peers also begin to play a role in their intellectual socialization. There is much evidence supporting the hypothesis that the quality of a child’s early learning in the home environment relate positively to the development of intelligent and reading skills and parental involvement in schooling also predict achievement.

Home Environment

The home environment entails emotional warmth displayed by parents while interacting with their children; provision of stimulating and learning experiences in the home and physical surroundings such as safety of play areas and cleanliness. Home environment also refers to aspects of people’s domestic lives that contribute to their living conditions. These factors may be physical (poverty, psychological conditions due to parenting; social circumstances (Empty nest, living alone etc or wider cultural patterns of life related to the location (Suburban environments, Urban environments.

Career Choice

The career choice decision is also difficult not just because of the range of career options available to an individual in the current environment, but having an adequate understanding of a career without getting into it. Too often, only after a person has made sustainable commitments in time, energy, and money or has cut off other opportunities by taking steps to enter a career, does he or she find that it is not what was expected or wanted.
Making a career choice requires getting in touch with ourselves and our surroundings. There are clearly two ways of looking at and assessing options. On one hand it is about intuition and listening to the heart, which helps us create a vision of what one wishes to accomplish in life and how we influence the world. On the other hand it is about the evaluation of the inner self and the environment and uses the brain to evaluate what option is the most suitable one. The former evaluation is usually made in a relaxing environment both physically and mentally. The latter involves considering the pros and cons of each of the options that come from first part. Having a work life balance involves determination and persistence while looking ahead and at the same time being not hugely critical of the past and enjoys the accomplishments and achievements.

Home Environment And Accounting Student Area Of Specialization

The home environment provides the foundation for learning and is an element of an individual life that can affect their career choices and course of study like accounting. The home environment provides opportunities to learn outside the school which helps in facilitating student success in the school environment. Parents’ educational level has the most influence on a young child’s academic performance. It however, affects accounting student area of specialization.
It has been studied that the school environment alone cannot single handedly provide all the support a students’ needs to scale through as an accounting students or improve on the academic performance of the student but rather they can play estimate role in laying foundation of the child in learning how to read and write however, this influence is characterized by various factors such as the parents educational attainment and cultural values. There are innumerable environmental factors that affect accounting student area of specialization. It is obvious that how well an accounting student performs is directly related to his or her environment as well as learning facilities and socio cultural values of the home. Every child is born with certain level of intellectual ability and capability but a good conducive home environment with adequate learning facility will help boost intellectual and academic capability of the child as well as bring out the best in him/her in whatever area he/she chooses to specialize on.
Parent from good learned environment will always have good attitude toward education and make provision for learning materials that will improve and impact on the academic and career choice of the child as well as facilitate the learning process. Educated parents will always believe that it is important to help a child with his or her career choice, educating the child on the things involved in any career choice he/she has chosen and also encourage and motivate the child in his/her course study such as accounting. But however, this is the opposite if a child is from a poor home environment with uneducated or illiterate parents this to a large extent deprives the child the necessary support and opportunities to learn and improve as well as leaves the child struggling with teaching and learning process.

Conclusion

Conclusively, the home environment of a child influences his/her academic achievement as well as career choice. Parents tend to be a motivating factor to how well their children perform in area of specialization. The accounting profession needs total support of parents but when reverse is the case, the child tend to struggle through it.

In the Nigeria tertiary institution today, lecturers and teachers always look out for ways to improve the academic performance of students. There have been so many considerations on the factors or causes of the variation in academic performance of students. Over the years the bone of contention has been centered on teachers’ quality, instructional materials, learning environment and seminar to be ways of improving students’ performance. But when it comes to final year projects the opposite is always the case.
Writing a project is always very technical compared to day to day departmental activities. That is why when an undergraduate student gets to 300level, the lecturers starts engaging them on courses that has to do with project writing and research methodology. Recently I have handled few students the technicalities involved in research methodology.
From my experience what I have noticed during the seminar I had with some students on research methodology is that individual difference is really playing out so well amongst the students. Some of the students can repeat perfectly the exact words you said but cannot put them in their own words while some may not say the exact word you speak but can put it in their own way; at the end of the day they will mean the same thing. That is what when students are writing their projects.
Secondly, some students are naturally multi-tasking by nature; they can attend to lectures and handle their undergraduate project at the same time without being stressed up while some may not be able to do it.

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE

Individual variation is a universal phenomenon. It is said that no two individuals are exactly alike they differ from each other in some way or the other. Such a similarity or difference between persons reveals individual differences in the early 1800s. The science of psychology studies people at three levels of focus captured by the well known quote: “Every man is in certain respects.
The study of individual differences helps to understand not only what makes humans similar to one another, but also what makes them different. By considering the variations that can occur from one person to another, one can best understand the full range of human behavior Children develop at different rates. This, in turn, creates variations among individuals. Again, these differences can be either qualitative or quantitative. For children in any preschool classroom setting, the differences in temperament, personality, intelligence, achievement, and physical factors such as height and weight, are noteworthy and reflect a wide range of normal variation. Some children grow rapidly and others grow more slowly. There also are racial and gender developmental variations.
It is important to understand that the concept of individual differences is the basis upon which one child is compared to another. An understanding of individual differences provides the foundation for recognizing normal variations as well as extreme differences among children and, thus, for identifying those who may have special needs. In general, understanding of the various developmental levels is enhanced by familiarity with the concept of individual differences.
Each student is a unique individual, different in cognitive and affective development, social maturity, ability, motivation, aspiration, learning styles, needs, interests and potential. Apart from this, there are other factors underlying student differences. These include innate differences in intelligence, differences in social and economic background, variations in past learning experiences, and perhaps variations in the level of congruence between the learner and the curriculum. In view of these factors, catering for individual differences is intended neither to narrow the gap between individuals nor to even out their abilities and performance. It should aim for understanding why students are able or unable to learn well and finding appropriate ways to help them learn better.

ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT

Academic achievement has to do with what an individual or student is able to accomplish by execution of class work in the school. Academic achievement is something a learner do or achieve at school, college or university, in class, in a laboratory or field work. Academic achievement can also be seen as an achievement of individuals’ objective to various types of knowledge and skills. According to the author the objective are established based on the age, prior learning and capacity of individuals with regards to education, socialization and qualification.
The purposes of academic achievement measurement are to determine the relative effectiveness of a programme in terms of students’ behavioural outputs; to identify students growth or lack of growth in acquiring desirable knowledge skills, attitudes and social values; to help teachers determine the effectiveness of their teaching technique and learning material; to help motivate students to learn as they discover their progress or lack of progress in given task; to encourage students to develop a sense of discipline and systematic study habits; to acquaint parents or guardians with their children performance; to predict the general trend in the development of teaching learning process; to make reliable decision about education planning and to provide educational administrators with adequate information about teachers effectiveness and school need.

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE AND STUDENTS PERFORMANCE

Individual difference is prominent in the academic performance of students in Nigeria. At the end of every semester there is always variation in CGPA of students. There are so many things that make up individual difference. Some of the causes of individual difference are hereditary, environment, parent or guidance, mode of nutrition, age, gender, maturity etc. Among all these factors, age and hereditary are the major factors influencing students’ performance.
The advantage of older students over younger students is not, however, consistently reported, with some studies reporting younger students outperforming more mature students. Such contradictory findings have been related to the discipline of study, with younger students performing better than mature students in science and engineering/technology-related final year project topics, and the pattern of age-related variation in performance differing across subject areas. Suggested explanations relate to the advantages of mature students, in terms of increased motivation and superior study skills, being less relevant in certain disciplines, where core knowledge and continuity of study provide younger students with the advantage. Differing lifestyle commitments of mature students, including family responsibilities and integrating life experiences with academic learning have also been suggested as potential limiting factors, making it difficult for mature students to meet the increased expectations of science-based courses high in content and contact hours.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion individual difference affects the students’ achievement in their final year projects. it is reasonable to state that students whose profile includes strong beliefs in their academic capabilities and who adopt more meaningful approaches to learning (i.e. have positive academic self-efficacy beliefs and adopt a deep and/or strategic approach to learning), who have a record of relevant prior academic achievement and are more mature are likely to achieve greater success within final year projects. Although the higher education learning experience already appears to foster the development of such ‘academic belief systems’, that students do not appear to perceive their learning environment as potentially controllable is concerning and an issue which should be addressed by academic institutions. It may be that the increasing transparency of all academic processes, along with increasing student consultation, is already, at least in part, ameliorating the issue by promoting a sense of control in students.

What makes you different and unique from others is your personality. Personality is a mirror of what you do and say. People see and know you from that which defines you which is your personality. It defines who you are and in from how unique you are from others. Supervising undergraduate student projects is part of the teaching and learning process in higher institutions. It is expected that undergraduate students work with their assigned supervisors in order to come out with an excellent project. On the other hand a positive mind and willingness to work and assist final year undergraduate students with their projects is expected of the supervisor. However, writing of final year project or thesis on a topic specifically related to an area studied in the program which requires expert supervision is not only peculiar to Nigerian universities but universities around the globe. Therefore, it is advocated that the nature and quality of the project supervision which is complex and diverse depends on a number of factors which includes supervisors’ personality. A good relationship is encouraged between supervisors and supervisees in order to have a good project.
The personality of supervisors has a great effect on the outcome of undergraduate project. The behaviour and attitude of a supervisor is a strong determinant factor on how an undergraduate project turns out. Supervisors have a vital role to play as far as undergraduate project is concerned. As such the task of supervision becomes more arduous. The onions is on supervisors to ensure that their supervisees are carrying out research in their own area of competency and not in an area that the supervisor is competent in for the role of the supervisor is to enhance student’s existing competence.
The outcome weather of undergraduate projects can be as a result of many factors some of which are caused by students or supervisors. In the part of students it could be that they are dissatisfied with the supervision process and poor students-supervisor relationship as a result of the supervisor’s personality.
Some supervisors are harsh and lack the act of friendship between them and their supervisees they make their students feel frustrated and lack the motivation to write their research project. Some supervisors even use discouraging words making their students feel they are not doing enough or doing their best especially for students who are really trying to come out with the best project. to supervise an undergraduate student project, the supervisor is expected to take the supervisee through an assiduous journey which can be exciting as well as challenging. Therefore, an effective and efficient supervision demands a good relationship and interaction between supervisor and supervisee in order to come out with a good and quality research work. The supervisor is expected to encourage and be a source of motivation to the students rather than be the source of their frustration. An exhibition of bad personality from the supervisor will be a strong opposing factor to the success of an undergraduate project resulting to a bad outcome. The supervisor is also expected to know his/her limit in terms of building friendship with the students in order to avoid students getting lazy and developing a laxity attitude towards their project because they feel they are friends with their supervisor. He/she must understand the challenges experienced by the students in the process of completing the postgraduate research projects and encourage them in a way possible. Since students lack experience and knowledge in the various aspects of research, supervisors need to provide comprehensive advice, support and direction. However, it has been studied that students demonstrate higher levels of intrinsic motivation when they are provided with constructive and informative feedback. However, these feedbacks provide discernments that act as a robust motivation for further improvement.

PERSONALITY

Personality is a dynamic organisation, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person's characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors. It is the blend of characteristics that makes a person unique. The continuities, consistencies and stabilities of personality traits and dispositions over time define personality development. An individual’s personality is the complex of mental characteristics that makes them unique from other people. It includes all of the patterns of thought and emotions that cause us to do and say things in particular ways.

PROJECT SUPERVISORS’ PERSONALITY AND PROJECT STUDENT PERFORMANCE

What determines quality supervision is dependent on the relationship between the supervisor and supervisee with the supervisor possessing a good and admirable personality. A good supervision is posited as lying on a continuum between an active and passive and direct and indirect supervision, with the most appropriate supervision for undergraduate research as indirect-active and indirect-passive which allows student to find solutions to their problems. As such students should not be overly dependent on the supervisors but rather take it upon themselves to initiate discussions by requesting assistance only when needed.
Supervisors should see themselves as gatekeepers and as such commit themselves to assisting students in producing an undergraduate project that is up to standard. Whatever attitude and behaviour supervisors portray contributes on the outcome of undergraduate students’ project.
Several studies have indicated that the supervisors should possess a personality that is committed to helping students remain motivated and excited about their research work. This can be regarded as a shaping and supporting role which is inseparable elements that must be incorporated in everyday practice in supervision as far as undergraduate project is concerned. A good supervisory relationship is also characterized by the confidence of a supervisor, rendering assistance to undergraduate students when asked which can either be guidance on writing, materials and general project knowledge. Therefore, a knowledgeable supervisor with research experience and the relation of specific academic achievement would be glad to advice as well as assist students in the course of their undergraduate project. The perceptions on face-to-face feedback provided by supervisors have led to many concluding that supervisors that provide positive feedback relate very well with students and enquire how their project writing is going as well as give advice to students on the next steps to take which are considered by students as effective and encouraging.

CONCLUSION

Conclusively, supervisor and supervisee relationship plays a significant role in ensuring successful supervision. Prolific supervision depends on a number of elements comprising from good and admirable personality, trust, respect, and safety in the relationship as well as an active, intelligent and responsible involvement by all parties.
Supervisors must understand ways in which they can get their students to come up with a good project and some of the ways are through effective guidance, make sure students have good knowledge in the area of research they choose, personal support to students in area of need etc. It is believed that an improvement in the quality of supervision which has a lot to do with the personality of the supervisor will help to bring about a better quality project work and improved students learning.

Fraud and fraudulent activities affect every business. The issue of fraud poses a challenge to many industries with the banking industry inclusive regardless of the introduction and use of fraud detection technologies. As a result of fraud it has ultimately resulted to the failure of many banks and decline in customer patronage. However, with the development in the field of information and communication technology it has made it has created a form of complexity in the banking industry which has obviously changed the nature of fraud and fraudulent activities. Among the Nigerian industrial sectors today, one can say that the banking industry is the most visible and arouses the most public interest and want of patronage. The banking industry has proven its relevance and importance in the economy of the country which is visible in kits role in financial intermediation, provision of an efficient payment system and facilitation of the implementation of monetary policies. However in spite of its functions and importance to individuals and the country at large it’s very integrity and survivability of these laudable functions have been called into question in view of incessant frauds and accounting scandals. Therefore, as a result of incessant bank fraud that is on the increase, it has discouraged and sends the wrong message to people on the reliability and credibility of the banking industry. Undergraduate students who use the bank to save and make financial transactions especially as regards to school fees and other payments may be skeptical about patronizing the banking industry for any form of transaction for fear of losing their money. And as undergraduate students they have little to save and as such wouldn’t find it enough losing any amount of money whether personal or for a particular purpose. Some undergraduate students even prefers to keep their money with them than depositing it in the bank for the fear of been duped.
In spite of the banking regulation and bank examination by the Central Bank of Nigeria, the supervisory role of the Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC), and The Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria (CIBN), there is still a growing concern about fraud and other unethical practices in the banking industry which greatly affect undergraduate students banking habit.

BANK FRAUD

Bank fraud is the loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems, or from external events. It is also those activities undertaken by an individual or company that are done in a dishonest or illegal manner, and are designed to give an advantage to the perpetrating individual or company.
Bank fraud is whenever a person knowingly executes, or attempts to execute, a scheme or artifice to defraud a financial institution; or to obtain any of the moneys, funds, credits, assets, securities, or other property owned by or under the custody or control of, a financial institution, by means of false or fraudulent pretences, representations, or promises.
Fraud is the act of depriving a person dishonestly of something which is his or something to which he is or would or might but for the perpetration of fraud, be entitled. It is an intentional perversion of truth for the purpose of inducing another, relying upon it to part with some valuable thing belonging to him or to surrender a legal right.
A false representation of a matter of fact, whether by words or by conduct, by false or misleading allegation or by concealment of that which deceives and is intended to deceive another so that he shall act upon it to his legal injury. In short it is anything calculated to deceive, whether by a single act or combination or by suppression of truth or suggestion of what is false whether it be by direct falsehood or innuendo, by speech or silence, word of mouth, look or gesture.

INTERNET BANKING

Internet Banking is a type of banking which allows customers to access their financial and banking services via internet world wide web. It’s called an Internet Banking because an Internet bank has no boundaries of brick and mortar and exists only on the internet. However, because of the nature of internet banking it gives internet fraudsters the opportunity to attack customers who are not physically present on the web or even the bank to authenticate transactions. But because of ease and convenience, internet banking has continued to be on the increase.
In other words, internet banking refers to the banking operations, which is done over the World Wide Web. More specifically, Internet banking refers to the deployment over the Internet of retail and wholesale banking services. It involves individual and corporate clients. It also includes bank transfers, payments and settlements, documentary collections and credits, corporate and household lending, and other businesses. It is therefore Internet banking is enhanced by the ability of customers to conduct banking transactions anytime and anywhere, faster and with lower fees compared with using traditional bank branches

BANK FRAUD AND BANKING HABIT

With the increase in bank fraud and fraudulent activities in the country through such means as the ATM, bank cheques, bank mobile applications, security pins etc. it is creating fear in people and lack of trust and reliability in the banking industry and as such affect their banking habit. Students are beginning to resort to the use of “kolo” and daily contributions to an individual rather than transacting with the bank.

HOW TO AVOID BANK FRAUD

Fraud detection and prevention is at the heart of every fraud management system. Detection of fraud is highly complex, and a large percentage of fraud cases are actually detected externally or by accident. However, various approaches have been applied such as lifecycle monitoring and verification which is believed to reduce the incidence of fraud overall. But despite the approaches implored, fraud has continued to gain grounds in the country. Below are some of the ways to avoid bank fraud.

A) SECURE YOUR SECURITY PIN

One of the ways to avoid bank fraud is to secure your pin. Customer services in bank will always tell you whenever they are giving you an ATM that you should secure your pin. Securing your pin here means that you should make sure it is only who knows your pin and no other. Avoid telling anyone not even a family or a close friend your pin because there are case where fraudsters may use your family member to defraud you. So in whatever you do make sure your pin is private to you.

B) ONLY CONSUME INFORMATION PROVIDED BY YOUR BANK

It is a good and a welcomed development theta the bank at times sends out message to their customers warning them that they will never send a message asking for your pin, password or any other sensitive information that has to with your financial account. So be very careful and try to verify from your bank on any information you receive concerning your financial account before acting on it.

C) DO NOT USE THE NAMES PEOPLE CALL YOU AS YOUR PASSWORD

People tend to make it a habit of using their names or numbers popular known to family and friends. This particular act had put a lot of people ion trouble and victims of fraud. It is advised that you use a number or letter known to you alone to avoid any means fraudsters might want to use to defraud you.

D) CONSIDER USING BIOMETRIC ON THE ATM OVER THE ATM CARDS
Automated Teller Machine or automatic teller machine also known as automated banking machine (ABM), cash machine, cash point is a computerized telecommunication device that enables the customers of bank to perform banking transactions without the need of cashier, human clerk or bank teller. In this case it is advised that you use biometric on the ATM on the ATM cards for your transactions.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, it is known fact that a prominent feature of bank failure which led to the reforms in the banking sector in Nigeria was fraud. This indicates a fundamental problem with fraud investigation and management in Nigerian banks. There is, therefore, need for a comprehensive fraud management scheme to have a holistic view of all the factors involved in fraud occurrence to avoid mistrust of customers in the banking industry.

The kind of family you come from has a great influence on your occupational aspiration and career choices you make. It contributes to your thought as to what to achieve in life. However, whatever decision you make as regards your occupational aspiration, never allow your family background to limit you and your goals in life. Believe that irrespective of where you are coming from you can make a positive change and influence your environment positively. Therefore, you must understand that your occupational aspirations and expectations are great determinants of your short term and long term career choice and a reflection of your future social mobility, achievements and career self concept. It is encouraged to have high aspirations in life as well develop talents and skills that enable you become an active citizen as well as impact and contribute positively to the society. Most people make occupational aspirations that reflect on their potentials yet untapped and sometimes influenced by family background. However, as people go through life there is a tendency for them to change their occupational aspirations which could have been influenced by family, peers, environment as well as wider forces such as the labour market etc. you must learn to be your own motivation, let your dreams motivate you. As a matter of fact the more you ponder on your aspirations the more excited you should be and seek ways to improve and be the best in it. some people along the line in their occupational aspirations get discouraged may be because they are not getting the necessary support they need which could be financial support, emotional support, psychological support etc. but regardless of whether you are getting support or not do not allow it deter you in improving on your occupational aspiration. Over time, as young people become more aware of the obstacles they face or may face because of their occupational aspirations, they may lower their aspirations to meet their expectations, particularly when facing multiple barriers to success. There is evidence to suggest that, in general, parental aspirations predict children’s achievement, even after taking into account family background.

Occupational Aspiration

Occupational aspirations are the thoughts, feelings, fantasies and goals that people have about their work, that affect their motivation and decision making in respect of their occupational choice and subsequent participation in their occupation. Occupational aspirations can also be seen as an individual’s expressed career and related goals or choices.

Family Background

Your background is the kind of family you come from and the kind of education you have had. It can also refer to such things as your social and racial origins, your financial status, or the type of work experience that you have.

Effect Of Family Background On Occupational Aspirations

The effect of family background on occupational aspirations of their children cannot be overemphasized this is because the family influences everyone including their values, attitudes and even their occupational choices in life. This explains the level of effect family has on the general development of a child including the child’s judgment of which career to pursue. However the type of occupational choices the child makes can be deduced from the family’s values and educational statuses in the family.
As the family is the social group with which the child has direct contact, it determines not only the individual’s personality but also his vocational interests, at least to some appreciable extent. A child is raised in accordance with the values of the family and as he grows he learns, internalizes and concretizes the behaviour patterns to which he is exposed. All these behaviour patterns and training which the child learns from the family often determines his job perception and subsequent occupational decisions and aspirations.
In addition, parental attitude towards work, occupation and education also impact strongly on the occupational choice and aspiration of their children. Children raised in a home dominated by a certain occupation are likely to be influenced by that occupation. Some families are noted for maintaining certain occupations across several generations.
There are lots of prestigious and lucrative occupations in the society today as a result, you see parents compelling and encouraging their children to toll towards the line of those lucrative occupations. This is eminent among both rich and poor parents. For the rich they would want their children to maintain the status quo of the family and for the poor parents all they seek is to be liberated from then shackles of poverty and lack. From them above it can be seen that parents usually have purpose and intentions for wanting a particular occupation for their children and as such seek to effect on their choice of occupation.
However, there is a popular view that a child learns about occupations and desires a particular occupation through examples of the parents as they visit their parents’ work places. If the impression they get about their parents occupation is good then the child seeks to identify with the occupation but if they are bad and not lucrative, the child rejects such occupation and never desires it. The type of occupational aspirations of a child is inherited obviously and directly from parents and influenced by family background.

How To Improve Your Occupational Aspiration

A) Believe In Yourself

No one ever goes far in life or achieve their dreams and aspirations without first believing in themselves. Therefore, one of the ways to improve your occupational aspiration is to believe in yourself believe that you can achieve whatever your set your mind to achieve regardless of the obstacles and challenges you may encounter. The bigger your dreams and aspirations the bigger your challenges you may face. You must set your heart to your dreams and be prepared for failures as well. The most important thing is that you never allow your failures discourage you or make your feel less of yourself.
Therefore, for the world to believe in you, you must first believe in yourself and show yourself approved by your determination, focus and consistency in whatever you do. Self believe will take you to places and height you’ve never imagined you could get to in life. Just stay focused and believing.

B) Evaluate Your Passions

Another way to improve on your occupational aspiration is to evaluate your passions. Believing in yourself is one thing, and then evaluating your passion is another. Your occupational aspiration must be linked to your passion to an extent. You must understand and find out what you have interest and passion for. If your occupational aspiration has nothing to do with your passion, then it is time for evaluation and reevaluation. Aside the financial gains and growth that is accompanied with occupational aspiration, it is important to evaluate your passion and be very sure of what you want. Your occupation should also make you happy and fulfilled aside putting food on your table.

C) Commit To Great Selling

You must understand that whatever you are good at sells even without many adverts and marketing. Your skills and abilities will market you and sell you to your targeted population. The understanding of this will change a whole lot of things and your perceptions on any occupation you choose. It will also help you improve greatly in whatever field you are in. you will seek ways to improve everyday because you want to sell yourself to the world and showcase your potentials. Knowing this and putting it into practice will take you to your goals faster as well as take you to greater heights in life.

D) Learn From People That Have Succeeded With What You Have Passion For

There is a saying that no man is an island and no man knows it all. You need people as much as people need you in life. Therefore, to know more is to understand that you don’t know and seek to know. If you must succeed and improve in your occupational aspiration, you must be humble to learn from people that have succeeded in that occupation and in what you have passion for. When you learn from them, you get to know what they are doing or have done that you are not doing and make necessary adjustment and application where needed.

Conclusion

Before the advent of formal education in Nigeria, the family used to have veto powers on the occupational decisions and aspirations of its members. Vocational guidance which used to be the prerogative of the parents no longer commands such influence, that is, the influence of parents, because of the changed and dynamic of socio-economic conditions in the country. But then, it would be wrong for one to assert that the family has completely lost its influence on the vocational life of its members because directly or indirectly, it still has. However, irrespective of family background and influence on the occupational aspiration of their members, it is important to make occupational aspirations that interest you and in line with your passion and seek ways to improve in it.

The interesting part of democracy not only lies in the number of registered political parties and voters but rather on the degree of popular participation in the general democratic process which includes voting. Democratic process is a process expected of every citizen of voting age to participate in this is because the process not only avails them the opportunity to exercise their ultimate sovereignty but to take actual part in the government of the nation. However taking an actual part in government does not entail occupying a portfolio in government but rather gives citizen a compulsory role to play in choosing who governs them which can be done through contesting or voting of credible members to represent them. One of the features of democracy is effective participation in voting process in electing credible persons. Therefore, a political system is democratic to the extent that its most powerful collective decision-makers are selected through fair, honest and periodic elections in which candidates freely compete for votes and in which virtually all the adult population is eligible to vote. But unfortunately, the incessant acts of bombings, kidnapping, harassment and electoral violence associated with electoral process in Nigeria not only destroys and sends a negative perception about the country’s democratic process but it also weakens active voting process as voters gradually losses interest in coming out to vote since the security of their lives and properties are not assured.
Voting, which is supposed to be an important ingredient of democracy, is perceived as the business of party supporters and political thugs who are paid peanuts to turn the whole process of election into a violence-packed political jamboree suitable for only fiendish individuals with violent minds thereby making many Nigerians believe that politics a dirty and dangerous game.
From most political science researches I have seen, I notice that political trend in the country does not encourage popular participation in politics as active participation in political activities is tantamount to embarking on a journey of no return. Many Nigerians even believe that with or without their votes the electoral commission already has their winners and as such the people feel reluctant in coming out to vote in mass. The true meaning of politics has been wrongly interpreted by the attitudinal and behavioural expressions of our politicians who venture into politics not with the mind to serve but to be served. They interpret politics to mean a platform for selfish aggrandizement and accumulation of wealth and fame to the detriment of the electorates thereby subjecting citizens to perpetual suffering and struggle to make ends meet while those who are supposed to be serving them are feeding on them and living a luxurious and expensive lifestyle. Winning of elections in Nigeria does not depend on the people’s choice but on the number of political thugs, cultists, political god-fathers and mothers at the disposal of public office contestants. All these happenstances during electoral process are what discourage the electorates form active participation during election thereby promoting political apathy among the citizens.

ELECTORAL VIOLENCE

Electoral violence is any harm or threat of harm to any person or property involved in the electoral process or during election periods. Electoral violence is also seen as all forms of organized acts of threats physical, psychological and structural aimed at intimidating, harming and blackmailing a political stakeholder before, during and after an election with a view to determining, delaying or otherwise influencing an electoral process.
Electoral violence thus constitutes any threat, intimidation or assault intentionally committed to mar the whole electoral process it could be to prevent the wining of a particular party or candidate or just to cause total disruption of the electoral process. By the electoral process, I mean the process created legally for the conduct of elections in a democracy which enables a free, fair, just and equitable determination of who leads or govern in a country. However, any action that hinders the electoral process from producing a free, fair and credible election constitutes electoral violence. Also rigging and the manipulation of the electoral process to the advantage of a particular candidate or political party, perpetrated at any level of the electoral process from the delimitation of the constituencies to the adjudication of election disputes constitute electoral violence. In the realm of politics, electoral violence is the worst form of political violence because it undermines a democratic process and endangers the security of the state and the stability of the economy.

POLITICAL APATHY

Apathy is the mental state of not caring much about something or about anything at all. It is the suppression of passion, emotion or excitement for something. We have political apathy, religious apathy, cultural apathy, etc.
Political apathy is defined as the lack of interest in taking active part in matters of politics either by voting or being voted for or having no share in political activities. Political apathy is expressed and measured by the degree of political phobia and non-participation in political activities in a country. But contrary to situations in which more Nigerians clamour for democracy they however, at the same time shun political activities such as participation in elections, contributing to public opinions, joining of political parties etc. which gradually leads to political apathy.

ELECTORAL VIOLENCE AND POLITICAL APATHY

The continuing dialogue on the subject of global decline in voter turnout during elections has raised major concerns not only among political scientists, intellectuals, researchers but also among different renowned electoral institutions, governments and as a matter of fact, among concerned citizens of the globe. Elections, which principally determine the level upon which countries have been able to achieve social equality, as it presents to the citizens the opportunity to decide who represents them in governance, is elementary to the stability of democracy. The duly deserved opportunity the masses have to elect those that represent them in governance is fundamental to democracy because it regulates representation of popular will. However, persistent display of lack of psychological involvement in Nigeria’s electioneering processes by the citizens over the years has been the major clog in the developmental wheel of the country’s democracy.
Overall, the electioneering processes of Nigeria over the years have been characterized by several untoward tendencies ranging from massive frauds, rigging, intimidation of both opponents and potential voters, state interference, lack of ideological conviction of the ruling class, lack of continuity, violence, to mention a few, hence apathy naturally sets in.

CONCLUSION

Conclusively, political apathy can be seen to some degree in every society, be it in the developed world or the developing countries, but the degree to which it prevails differs between countries. However, for a democracy to be strengthened there must be a high level of political awareness with genuine interest in political activities on the part of the citizens. Unfortunately, the intensity of electoral violence and fraud in Nigeria has left the task of nation-building entrusted to the care of political plunders, social marauders, and corrupt over-ambitious politicians who ordinarily would not have gotten close to the corridors of power had there been popular participation and high voters turnout in public elections.
Voter apathy is a product of electoral violence and it negatively impacts upon the electoral process and its outcome. There is, therefore, the urgent need to embark on serious holistic electoral reforms that will bring about free, fair and credible elections to stimulate popular participation in the electoral process. There is need for activation of Electoral Laws; active role of the people in fighting electoral violence, Incumbent political office holders should resign before contesting elections, Deployment of trained security personnel to election venues to ensure a free, fair and credible election devoid of any form of electoral violence.

Computer science projects is usually the most technical and time consuming and relatively costly. The beauty of it is, student tend to learn one or more programming languages depending on the requirement from his or her supervisor. Most students these days do not prepare themselves before their research project topic is given to them by their supervisor. It is very important for any computer science student to always make out time to learn some programming languages. Even if a student can learn one of the programming languages say: C++ or C#.
Student are always thrown into confusion between C++ and C#; the similarity is; at the basic level they seem the same since they are both object oriented. The major difference is on the level of abstraction and memory. C++ can code on any platform but the C# is targeted towards window OS. Let us not go into discussion all programming languages. The article is all about source code and its importance to computer science projects.

SOURCE CODE

Source code is the fundamental component of a computer program that is created by a programmer. It can be read and easily understood by a human being. When a programmer types a sequence of C programming language statements into Windows Notepad, for example, and saves the sequence as a text file, the text file is said to contain the source code. Source code and object code are sometimes referred to as the "before" and "after" versions of a compiled computer program. For script (noncompiled or interpreted) program languages, such as JavaScript, the terms source code and object code do not apply, since there is only one form of the code.

PROGRAM & PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

A program is a set of instructions written in a language understandable by the computer to perform a particular function on the computer. A well written program could be parceled well to form an application package customized for solving specific type of problem on the computer system. A computer programmer is computer scientist (a professional) skilled in using constructs of programming languages to develop executable and acceptable computer programs. A software developer is a programmer. Programmers often work hand in hand with system analysts on large projects. Programming languages are artificial notational languages created or developed to be used in preparing coded instructions on the computer for later execution by the computer. They are usually composed of series of usage rules (syntax) that determine the meaning (semantics) of expressions written in the language. Each programming language comes handy with its own translator i.e interpreter or compiler as the case may be. Programming is the art of developing computer programs with the aid of selected programming language by a computer programmer. It is a special skill whose quality is tested by the quality of the resulting program or software. In programming, programming stages must be properly followed, i.e from problem definition to maintenance and review.
A programming language is a mathematical calculus, or formal language. Its goal is to express algorithms in a manner that is unambiguous to people and machines. Like any calculus, a language defines both syntax and semantics. Syntax is the grammar of the language; the notation. Semantics is the meaning of that notation. Since syntax can easily be translated, the semantics are more fundamental.

COMPUTER SCIENCE PROJECT AND SOURCE CODE

Computer science depicts creativity and it’s the pre-requisite to become a good programmer. Every computer science student is expected to create something during his/her final year project defense. The only way for a project supervisor to ascertain that a student carried out his/ her final year project effectively is by demanding for the source code for the work he/she did. The source code gives a computer science projects a kind of completeness.
The chapter four of other research project works usually contains data analysis and the statistical bulletin or research questions are usually attached at the appendix of the complete project work. But the situation is different for computer science project; the chapter four of computer science project deals with the design and implementation. Here the source code serves as the research questionnaire and the statistical bulletin for computer science projects.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion; the source code for computer science project is one of the most important aspects of computer science project. The source code is usually contained at the annex of the complete project. The source code explains to the readers/supervisor the aim and the outcome of a computer science project.

There are many opinions about grading systems. As a matter of facts, there are as many as there are users of grading systems. Every training institution that is required to assess its trainees has its own format of grading system since a grading system is a platform for the application of Assessment Instruments. There are also many different Assessment Instruments that are also used by different training institutions. All these grading systems do not address the same objectives and purposes. Because of these different shades of opinions and freedom to use whichever is considered suitable for a given situation, much study has not been done on the subject. It is discovered that people copy one format or the other without knowing fully the original purpose for which what is copied is intended.
CGPA is one of the major criteria for academic performance in the Nigeria tertiary institutions. The dream of every student is to come out with a good CGPA after graduation. Most students depends on their undergraduate project work to get a higher CGPA but the reverse is the case at most times especially when the point give to project work by their department is very low.

Academic Performance

Student success often closely related to the faculty in University being successful in retaining the best educators, programs and enrolments of the best talent. Nigeria always emphasized on academic success for student where they will be looked highly compare to others. Test scores is the measurement in differentiating student’s level of knowledge for them to go further in their studies, gaining scholarship and obtain better entry level at top universities. Student depends on university ability to provide them with the best available programs as pathway to their future success so that they will develop best skill and knowledge during their working life. It was the student attitude towards their study being the one criterion that makes the difference in their academic performance at university level where there has been positive relationship between the variables.

CGPA

CGPA (Culmulative Grade Point Average) A CGPA is your academic performance from 0.00–4.00, calculated as an average of your GPA from all completed terms/semesters. Grading in education is the process of applying standardized measurements of varying levels of achievement in a course. Grades can be assigned as letters, as a range, as a percentage, or as a number out of a possible total. In some countries, grades are averaged to create a grade point average.

How Is CGPA Calculated

To calculate a CGPA, you simply divide your total score of grade points for all subjects throughout your semesters by the total number of credit hours attended. GPA and CGPA are indicated by a number as opposed to the percentages or grades that are assigned under the Nigeria grading system.

The Need To Start Building Your CGPA From Year One

There is every need for students to start building their CGPA at a very early stage. Year one is one of the most difficult year for every students because they will be running up and down for lectures and course registration. Most of the students will become exhausted and will not have time to read. But the truth is, if any undergraduate student wishes to come out with first class or second class upper, he/she should put in much effort from his/her year one. This is because most of the year one courses is quiet similar to their secondary schools subjects. There are so many reasons as to why most students face significant challenges in their year one; one of these reasons is family background or socio economic status of their parent.
The socio economic status of parent can affect the students’ performance in their year one. Settling down in the Nigeria Universities need finance. Student has to get handouts, hostel accommodation and other stuff. Student that lacks most of these things will not be stable emotionally, psychologically and physically. But if any student can overcome all these challenges, I think there will be hope for a brighter future in terms of academic performance.

Conclusion

In conclusion, CGPA is the measure of academic performance in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. Every student is expected to be given the orientation of the need for a higher CGPA. Parents should also ensure that their kids settle well in school.

In order to gain a full understanding of either the qualitative or quantitative approach, it is important to first give an overview of what research is all about. Research deal with the search for knowledge and also can be utilized to investigate knowledge and facts. Research h can also be defined as a scientific and systematic approach towards the search for information on a particular subject matter. From that above definition, it can be said that research is carried out to seek and provide solutions to an existing problem or add to an existing knowledge with a futuristic scope.
Undergraduate research projects can be utilized in propounding of new theories as well as support some theories. More so, research can be said to be involved in building of knowledge, carrying out some experiments in order to find the cause and effect of a particular problem as well as to provide the basis for further research by other researchers. However, many at times people have mistaken research for what it is not like saying research is all about gathering of information. But on the contrary, there is more to research than just gathering of information. Research therefore, involves the collection, analyzing, and interpreting of data in order to get a thorough understanding of an event, happening, fact, or situation. From the above, it can be seen that research is systematic because it follows certain guidelines in arriving at a conclusion from its findings. The systematic nature of an accurate research, it avails researchers on what should be added as well as what should be excluded from the research. It also tells the direction the research should go and how the research should be carried out. Research as a process of steps used to collect and analyze information in order to increase our understanding of a topic or happenstances.
QUANTITATIVE APPROACH

Quantitative approach emphasize objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data using computational techniques.
A quantitative research method deals with quantifying and analyzing variables in order to get results. It involves the utilization and analysis of numerical data using specific statistical techniques to answer questions like who, how much, what, where, when, how many, and how. Quantitative research approach is an approach that explains an issue or phenomenon through gathering data in numerical form and analyzing with the aid of mathematical methods; in particular statistics. Furthermore, using the quantitative approach in a research, numerical data are collected and analyzed using statistical methods. Quantitative approach also involves the collection of data so that information can be quantified and subjected to statistical treatment in order to support or refute alternative knowledge claims. However, it must known that the quantitative approach in a research employs strategies of inquiry such as experiments and surveys, and collects data on predetermined instruments that yield statistical data.
Quantitative Research establishes statistically significant conclusions about a population by studying a representative sample of the population. The population consists of the entire group being studied. It does not matter if the population is broad or narrow; only that it includes every individual that fits the description of the group under study.

QUALITATIVE APPROACH

As a result, the qualitative approach has gained momentum as a mode of inquiry over the years. Qualitative research is a form of systematic empirical inquiry into meaning. By systematic it means planned, ordered and public following rules agreed upon by members of the qualitative research community. Therefore, qualitative approach describes an event in its natural setting. It is a subjective way to look at life as it is lived and an attempt to explain the studied behavior. Rather than design an experiment and artificially control the variables, qualitative researchers use anthropological and ethnographic methods to study the participants. As little intrusion as possible should occur in qualitative research and a researcher will frequently observe the participants unnoticed.
Qualitative approach is used in understanding social phenomena and happenstances. Therefore, it can be said to focus more on real life inquiries. It also goes further in focusing on the "why" and “how” rather than the "what" of social phenomena and depends on the direct experiences of human beings as meaning-making agents in their everyday lives. However, a researcher can choose to use any of the qualitative approach such as Descriptive Research, Correlation Research, Experimental Research, and Survey Research.

WHY STUDENTS PREFER QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO QUALITATIVE APPROACH

There are several reasons why undergraduate students prefer to use the quantitative approach to qualitative approach in their research. Some of the reasons are: quantitative research is more preferred over qualitative research because it is more scientific, objective, fast, focused and acceptable. However, qualitative research is used when the researcher has no idea what to expect. It is used to define the problem or develop and approach to the problem.
Instead of providing a broad view of a phenomenon that can be generalized to the population, qualitative research only seeks to explain a current situation and only describes that situation for that group. Because of the nature of qualitative approach which focuses only on a current situation, it is therefore mostly done in the field. Although a focus group is conducted in a controlled environment, the open ended questions and lack of rigid sample selection make it seem more like a field exercise. Whereas quantitative research seeks to validate a theory by conducting an experiment and analyzing the results numerically, qualitative research seeks to arrive at a theory that explains the behavior observed. In this way, it can be said that quantitative research is more deductive and qualitative research is more inductive. Some other reasons are:

a) It Is Easy To Interpret And Fast: quantitative approach is easier to interpret than the qualitative approach to research. The quantitative approach is fast because data collection using questionnaires is relatively quick for because it gives audience the comfort of their time to fill up their opinion as regard the case study.

b) Easy with statistical tools: the statistical tools used in quantitative approach are easy and simple to use. A large amount of data is gathered and then analyzed statistically. This almost erases bias, and if more researchers run the analysis on the data, they would always end up with the same numbers at the end of the analysis.

c) Research hypothesis are easily tested: in quantitative approach, research hypothesis can be easily tested and verified.

d) Less biased/objective: quantitative approach basically aims for objectivity i.e. a research without bias, and is separated from the data. Researchers have clearly defined research questions to which objective answers are sought.

Conclusion
In conclusion, in as much as qualitative data adds humanity to data, quantitative data usually comes at the end to use numerical data to make conclusions and appropriate recommendations to the problem. However, both qualitative and quantitative approach has their flaws. It is imperative to note that quantitative research method deals with a larger population and quantifiable data and will, therefore, produces a more reliable result than qualitative approach in a research.
Finally, it could be deduced that the first thing a research tackles or deals with is explaining of an issue be it qualitative or quantitative. Both are good but it depends on what you want to achieve in the research.

In the business world today whether small or big business, one of the top priorities is to grow and improve in sales and customer loyalty. Improvement of any business is important in order to expand assets, sales and market size. And one such ways to achieve this is through effective marketing using advertisement as one among many marketing strategies. The obvious growth, survival and importance that come with marketing of any sort cannot be overemphasized and overlooked. Marketing been practiced around the globe have been seen as an activity of getting companies to sell goods and services. Therefore, an effective marketing plays an amazing role in the general success and growth of any business and is a critical and important factor for the growth and survival of any business in the competitive business environment.
Advertising is an important factor in facilitating competition among companies because it enables them to communicate more efficiently with their customers and thus compete for their attention, loyalty, trust and preferences of goods and services. Advertising has proven over the years as a strong factor which encourages companies to compete and provide new and quality products to satisfy the needs and wants of their consumers.
Since advertising is the means of informing as well as influencing the general public to buy a product or services, the company must provide nothing less than quality and affordability if they must succeed, grow, increase market size and retain the patronage and loyalty of consumers in the competitive business environment. Advertisement is very important in growing a business because it also helps in creating awareness in the midst of potential buyers. Advertisement can be done through the following mediums like television, radio, newspapers, social Medias, billboards, magazines, posters and even web advertising. It is a promotional activity for marketing a commodity whether goods or services.
In the business world today with mass production and distribution, advertising seem to be a more powerful and reliable tool in marketing. For an effective communication by a company to its prospective and present customers on business information, then the use of advertising is advised. The power of advertising is that it provides information about the company’s products and services, its product qualities and place of availability. More so, advertising has formed an integral part of our daily lives. Advertising not only grows a business it also contributes to the development of the economy by increasing demand and by encouraging economic activities which in turn improves the income. It motivated people to consume more material and thereby improves their standard of living. Effective advertising generates demand for goods and services and calls for more production which requires more physical and human resources, thus creating employment opportunities. Furthermore, companies must understand that it is not enough to provide products and services that people want through an efficient distribution network and at prices that people can afford, they must however know that people have to learn about the product and of course what the product can do for them before they can become customers.

ADVERTISING

Advertising can be defined as any form of paid strategic communication by an identified sponsor that aims at informing and/or persuading receivers about an advertising object (e.g., product, service, brand, organization, or idea). It is usually conveyed through purchased time or space in mass media.

ADVERTISING AND MARKETING

Marketing is defined as the process by which companies create value for customers and build a strong customer relationship in order to capture value from customers in return.
Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as "the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large". Through an effective and successful marketing, an organization must know where they would want to be on a long term basis that is why it is often said that marketing strategy is a continuous process. Effective advertising generates demand for goods and services and calls for more production which requires more physical and human resources, thus creating employment opportunities. That is why marketing is seen as a marketing logic by which business will hope to achieve its marketing objectives. In the business world, there is safely no time and activity where the marketer must not therefore make the right decision about the four components of the marketing mix - price, product, place/distribution and promotion through the employment of marketing strategy like advertising.

SEVEN (7) MAJOR EFFECT OF ADVERTISING

Advertising is very important in every business organization; there are so many undergraduate project materials on advertising and the business environment but because of time factor I decided to list just seven effect of advertising as show below:
a) Sales volume: one of the major effects of advertising is sales volume which is used to measure the amount, usually in cartoons/crates, etc, of the product being sold at a given point in time. This is commonly used as well with products but it could be as used within a service company.
A company that is in the product line usually develops a basic platforms and modules that can be added to meet with their customers’ requirements. When an advertised product is actively backed up by economies of scale in terms of large production of goods and services, then a sales volume is assured and achieved. However, it the quantity of products in the market does not meet up with the demands of the consumers, consumers are likely to lose trust and confidence in the company and that will spell doom in terms of sales that is to say the likelihood of drop in sales volume is eminent. Therefore, when companies advertise their products, they should be sure of having enough products to go round if otherwise, the reputation of the company is at stake and consumers may sort for alternative products of other companies or competitors. By so doing, a company may gradually start loosing the trust and loyalty of their customers to their competitors.

b) Brand awareness: another major effect of advertising is brand awareness. Through advertising, awareness is created and lots of people get to learn about the products and what it will do for them. Brand plays a huge role in the sales of products in the market. Branding helps companies and organizations to draw the attention of consumers to their products and services they can offer. Every Brand’s success is held by creating a strong and positive image and ensuring its recognition and awareness. Your customers must trust your brand to patronize you. The trademark image of a company influences the decisions concerning the purchase of products. Companies must grow its bran, because the greater the popularity of a brand, the more acceptable and most patronize brand by consumers. The satisfaction that comes with a product after been used by a consumer automatically makes him/her a loyal and retained customer. As a matter of the fact such consumers end up referring other people to use the brand. Thus, the achievement and maintenance of the positive results in branding are in direct connection to the company’s constant and interminable hard work in this direction.
Building brand awareness in competitive markets plays an active and important role in the modern marketing environment. It is now widely acknowledged and an established fact by companies that strong brand awareness creates a competitive advantage in the marketplace which enhances their overall reputation and credibility as a brand or company.

c) Promote business image and reputation: another effect of advertising is that it promotes business image and reputation. Through advertising, customers are familiar with the products which help in creating the business image and reputation. When a company have a good reputation its automatically create trust among the consumers.

d) Profit maximization: the maximization of profit by a company can either be increased or decreased. It can increase per unit revenue or decrease per unit cost. However both can occur simultaneously. However, there are ways to achieving profit maximization such as brand image, customer collaboration, innovation, outsourcing of products and services, moving away from unprofitable customers and Reducing quality. Some of these are targeted to increase per unit revenue; some are focused on per unit cost reduction.

e) Product and services display: through advertising the products and services a company offers are displayed for potential customers and possible referrals.

f) Gives room for customers’ review of products and services: many companies around the world are gradually keying into advertisement likewise consumers are beginning to have a say in the products and services been churned into the market; especially now that competition is becoming fierce in the country among existing manufacturing companies and new entrants. Advertising gives room for consumers to give a review of a particular products and services. The reviews consumers give about a products is a gate way to growth and more customers or a gate way to losing customers.

g) Improves organisational performance: through the reviews of products and services by consumers, organisations will know what areas to improve on and what products best suits the demands of the consumers thereby improving general organisational performance.

CONCLUSION

Conclusively, while advertising offers a reason to buy, sales promotion offers an incentive to buy. Effective communication is often a pre-requisite for successful marketing and what can offer a significant advantage that may distinguish the product or service from that of competition is the promotional mix used to influence the target market to purchase a firm’s product.
However, advertising tool has produced good results in case of consumer goods and services. To some extent, packaging has replaced the counter salesman. It is very important that the company’s advertisement is so devised that it achieves marketing objectives optimally. It is not an easy task but it is achievable.

The prevalence of choosing the wrong career among undergraduate students cannot be overemphasized. This is because there are lots of factors that tend to influence greatly on the career choice of undergraduates. Most of them when it comes to choice of career can get extremely confused as regards the choice of career. The confusion sometimes stems from the career choices of others or the influence of parents, guardians, spiritual directors and even peer groups. The success and failures of others in that career field is also a great influencer to the career choice of undergraduates. Peer pressure can influence the career choice of undergraduates in the sense that they have a way of making a particular career look more attractive and a ladder to the top while looking down on other careers as unattractive. It is very important to go through some undergraduate project topics that are based on career choice; reading up articles about career choice will not only influence their career choice but also give them insight on a good career path to follow.

PEER PRESSURE

Peer pressure is when you are persuaded and forced by your peers to do something you have refused to do or participate in. but because of the pressure coming from your peer group, you succumb to their demands. Peer pressure has a way of forcing their influence on you whether you like or not. As a result of peer persistence, you yield to their plans and idea.

CAREER CHOICE

Career choices are mainly exercised after going through an objective assessment and outlook of the benefits of the job and what comes with it. Factors may include the salary, other benefits, location, opportunities for career advancement, etc. Therefore, career choice is the decision an individual makes concerning his/her life which is influenced by multiple factors that includes cultural values, family background, personal attitude as well as career expectations and many more. Undergraduates must come to the understanding that the career choice they make will go a long way in determining a huge part of their lives. Your career choice is what will take most parts of your life. That is why the choice for a career is not an easy one and must be done considering some certain factors. If you find out you have chosen the wrong profession, it is even more important to carefully think about the next step to take. Career choice is a delicate and complex part of the human life and most be taken with absolutely seriousness and carefulness. However, in life people tend to make a career switch, however in making this switch it is important that you find out what you have passion and interest for. You can decide to undertake a career test to ascertain the career that fits and interest you as well as tells you which area of expertise you will probably find a profession suitable for you.

THE EFFECT OF PEER PRESSURE ON CAREER CHOICE

The effect of peer pressure on career choice is massive because they have a way of painting the career of their choice as the best as against your own choice. They tend to shove down their opinion on you and force you into agreeing with their choice of career.

HOW TO IMPROVE

A) SEEK COUNSELING HELP

One of the ways to improve on career choice is to seek counseling help. Seeking the counsel of a counselor as regards the choice of career is advisable in making the right career choice. However, you can sieve out whatever the counselor says to you, you don’t have to take in totally what the counselor says. The counselor can only advice you but not forced you into choosing any career.

B) GO AFTER YOUR PASSION

Passion towards a particular career should be your yardstick for choosing any career. Choosing the right career path is very important for undergraduates because the choices you make today will determine who you will become tomorrow that is why it is important to take into consideration many factors when choosing a career. Your future and how it turns out is greatly influenced and determine by the career you choose today so be wise and very passionate about whatever career you intend to choose.

C) WORK ON YOUR SENSE OF JUDGMENT

Your sense of judgment will help you in making a career choice. You must work on your sense of judgment and understand when your instinct is at peace with your decisions as regards your career choice.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, do not allow peer pressure force you into career choice that you don’t have passion and interest for. In as much as you must consider many factors while choosing a career, you must not allow pressure from either peer groups or families influence your choice of career. Your career is solely your decision to take and non other.

Over the years motivation has shown to be one of the fundamental aspects in explaining and understanding the behaviour and attitude of people at workplace as well as how it affects organizational performance. Motivation is a stimulating factor that has a great influence on the performance, behaviours, attitude and a determining factor to the level of workers commitment, strength, dedication, passion and concentration on organizational objectives and goals. These stimulating factors can be promotion, pay or even work it. Therefore, organization must realize that its success and achievement of organizational goal is dependent upon employees being motivated to use and direct their full talents, skills and abilities towards the success of the organization. However, several undergraduate projects had revealed that organizational goals becomes unrealistic and almost impossible without making sure that employees are duly satisfied and motivated with their job. Organizational management must know that motivation strengthens and reshapes the actual performance of employees towards the attainment and accomplishment of a specific or general organizational purpose.
One of the functions managers perform is motivating of employees which are obviously the most complex this is because what motivates employees changes with time. Aside managers looking for ways to motivate their employees, they should as well try to understand why they exhibit certain behavioral pattern at work.
Why retention of employees is very important is to prevent the loss of competent and well committed employees from leaving the organisation as this could have adverse effect on productivity and profitability of the organization. However, retention practices have become a daunting and highly challenging task for organizational managers and Human Resources (HR) practitioners.
The retention of employees in an organization is very significant to the development and the accomplishment of the organization‘s goals and objectives making the retention of employees a vital source of competitive advantage for any organization.

MOTIVATION

Motivation is the willingness and ability of employees to perform a certain activity or task in relations to the attainment and achievement of organizational goals and objectives.
Motivation can be a way of encouraging workers to perform efficiently and effectively towards organizational success. However, the motivation should always be directed towards an organizational purpose.
Therefore, since motivation becomes invisible, it should not always been seen as the only way to explaining the behavioural pattern of workers in the workplace but also a means of adapting and integrating to the existing structures and processes within the organizational environment.
When employees are highly motivated, they willingly devote time and develop strong passion and loyalty to work by creating better ways to get task done with all sense of enthusiasm and commitments and love.

ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE

Organizational performance comprises the actual output or results of an organization as measured against its intended outputs. Organizational performance encompasses three specific areas of firm outcomes: financial performance; product market performance; and shareholder return. The performance of any organization is dependent on its employees.

HOW MOTIVATION RETAINS AND IMPROVES ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE

Motivation greatly influences organisational performance. The ay and manner organizational management treat their workers will determine the effort and determination they put towards achievement of organizational objectives.
However, retention affects the entire performance of the organization. The ability to retain good and dedicated employees is a critical competitive weapon to the success and performance of the organization.
Organizations today are now realizing that their employees are, by far, their most important asset, and this simply means when workers are satisfied with their work and their working conditions and environment they will be willing to stay longer in their organization to help achieve the organizational goals.
One of the traditional ways of managing employee retention and turnover is through organisational motivation system. This motivation could come in form of salary, promotion, bonuses and other incentives. When the reward system is effectively managed, it helps in achieving organization’s corporate objectives, maintains and retains a productive and loyal workforce. If employees perceived they are inadequately rewarded, it is often likely that they will leave; and replacement can be costly and in most cases not readily available.
It has been observed that employees who stay longer in an organization are mostly familiar with the organizations policies, guidelines, rules and regulations and therefore contribute more effectively to the organization than workers who would not stay long. Employees who stay longer are also more loyal to the management and the organization at large.
Therefore, it is pertinent for organizations to retain productive employees with potentials that can move the organization to the next level of success. This is so because no organization can survive and achieve its goals if all the top and skilled employees quit; it is essential for the organization to retain those employees who really work hard and are indispensable for the system.
Employees’ retention also attains benefits such as customers’ satisfaction, better service and lower costs. Employee retention clearly explains that satisfied employees who are happy with their jobs are more devoted to doing a good job and are vigorous to improve their organizational customers’ satisfaction. Employees who are satisfied have higher intentions of persisting with their organization, which results in decreased turnover rate

CONCLUSION

Retention strategies strengthen the ability of businesses to attract and retain their workforce; a strategic approach to employee retention may include adopting effective methods of engagement, safe and healthy workplaces and creating flexible work arrangements. Retention practices also help to create an inclusive and diverse workforce where barriers are reduced and individuals can carry out their duties in an acceptable manner.
The extent in which employees are motivated in their work depends on how well those employees are able to produce in their job. Motivation is expected to have a positive effect on quality performance; employees who are characterized by a high level of motivation show a higher work and life satisfaction.
Having a high level of motivation is therefore in itself valuable for employees and a decrease in motivation might affect employee’s performance and productivity. The motivation leads to high level of initiative and creativity from the employee and where monitoring is difficult, motivation is therefore extremely important for ensuring high quality performance.

The covid 19 pandemic came as a shock to the whole world. The impact of the covid19 is experienced round the globe. The corona virus disease can originated from Wuhan in china and since it has moved from one country to the other. The messages from social networking sites like facebook and twitter is frightening. There level of covid19 message hoax has increased overtime. I have read lots of research project materials concerning message hoax and found out that it can be very dangerous and misleading.

Message Hoax And Misinformation

Accuracy of information is paramount in our society (Zubiaga & Ji, 2014). The rise of social media has not been without critics. Some have pointed to the unreliability of information in social networks and complain that the quality of the information is being undermined by a growing “cult of the amateur, and that rumours and falsehoods can be instantly spread around the world (Keen, 2007). There are four key elements required in order for a hoaxes story to be successful (Hazard Owen, 2017). These are emotional appeal, a seemingly air of authority, effective insertion to the online world, and an amplification network such as Facebook.
Hoaxes on social media became extremely prominent and spoken about in light of the 2016 US Presidential election. The spread of misinformation is especially important in the context of breaking news, where new pieces of information are released piecemeal, often starting off as unverified information in the form of a rumour. These rumours then spread to large numbers of users, where they influence one’s perception, and one’s understanding of events, despite being unverified (Zubiaga et al., 2016).
Content form, or content mill is a company that employs a staff of freelance writers to create content designed to satisfy search engine retrieval algorithms with the goal of attracting views and advertising revenue (Valenza, 2016). Teens gravitate toward hoaxes and opinionated current events shows far more than official news. They do so not because they are disinterested in news, but because these kinds of sites often offer more substantive, and sometimes even more exciting discussions of the news and its implications (Marchi, 2012).
Hoaxes stories are becoming more and more successful nowadays because they appeal to readers’ emotions. Also, at first glance, they often do not seem to be completely fictitious- they, most times, have an air of legitimacy. This can often be as a result of the herding phenomenon, which is a phenomenon that occurs as more journalists begin to cover a story, even more journalists are likely to join the herd, imitating the angle the story initially took rather than developing alternate or original approaches or angles (Valenza, 2016).
Whatsapp and facebook is an example of a social media site where in information and misinformation comes hand in hand, and it can sometimes be extremely difficult to distinguish between both. Information shared on Whatsapp and facebook can be easily verifiable in some cases, e.g., when following soccer game and someone reports a goal scored by one of the teams. In this case, a user may resort to other sources or check whether others are reporting the same about the event, in order to ensure that the information is correct.
However, there are other kinds of information that are much more difficult to verify, for example, when someone shares a picture allegedly taken in their neighbourhood during a natural disaster. In this case, unless the user is in that place at that moment, or have some other evidence to certify that the picture is real, judgement calls will have to be made on the user’s part, by putting together all the information and background knowledge that is available to them at that time (Zubiaga & Ji, 2014).

Covid 19 Message Hoax

There is lots of misinformation the corona virus pandemic; there are lots of scammers using the covid19 pandemic as means of scamming people. There are lots of people that have lost their personal information during this period of covid19.
Another effect of this message hoax is on the increase of information overload. The growth rate of information overload has cause of emotional trauma among people especially the female gender.

Information Overload

Information overload according to Wikipedia could be defined as the difficulty in understanding an issue and effectively making decisions when one has too much information about that issue. Generally, the term is associated with the excessive quantity of daily information.

How To Avoid Information Overload

Information overload can be very danger but the good news is that they can be avoided. Below are some of the proven ways to avoid information overload during these period of covid19.

Look For Credible Source Of Information And Stick To Those

These days information from social networking sites like facebook, twitter and instagram is no longer 100percent efficient; bloggers with aim to drive traffic to their websites tend to utilize the opportunity presented by the covid19 pandemic to post false information on covid19. There few platforms to get credible information on covid 19. One of the credible information platforms is the CNN news and other government owned news platforms.

Seek The Help Of A Counselor

The way people take information varies from one person to another; some people out fear committed suicide during these period because they could digest the information they hear from some social networking sites. Whenever you feel overwhelmed by the information you receive from social media on covid19 do not hesitate to seek the services of a counselor.

Be brave

Just as the saying “this too shall pass”; always believe that the covid19 pandemic will one day pass away. You need to be brave during this period. All you need to do is to follow the safety guidelines from the health authorities and remain calm until the pandemic is controlled.

Conclusion

In conclusion the level of message hoax on covid19 pandemic has increased overtime. The credible source of information during this period is those from government owned platforms and the likes cnn, and bbc.